SEAC4RS: Mission Wrap-upSynopsis, Representativeness, and Context of the Measured Aerosol Environment During SEAC4RS

J.S. Reid (NRL 7544), R. Ferrare (NASA LaRC), J. Redemann (NASA Ames), O. B. Toon (CU)+ the team

NCAR

Aqua MODIS, Aug 23, 2013

Talk objectives

• Briefly review mission questions

• Also briefly review mission environment

• Mostly I want to provide some context to what it was we saw regional pollution wise during the mission using Aug 30th as an example.

My opinion: SEAC4RS aerosol findings are qualitatively in line with what is known on the regional tropospheric aerosol front. But SEAC4RS is an unprecedented datasets to work on the details of remote sensing

monitoring and data assimilation of the regional climate and air quality components. The talks and posters today are clearly heading this way.

Big Topics for linking remote sensing, aerosol particles and radiation

1. Can we generate a benchmark radiation polarimeter and lidar development data set (Dust, smoke(s), hazes, AOT>0.4; +varying land surface).

2. What physically is it the lidars are actually seeing in the planetary and convective boundary layer?

3. How representative are AERONET retrievals at high and low AOTs?

4. How well do remote sensing systems detect/represent smoke and absorption over clouds? (see Starr’s talk)

5. How do we connect “radiance-world” (cloud-aerosol-gas remote sensing) with “irradiance-world” (forcing/absorption), and remote sensing products to in-situ observations.

6. In heterogeneous aerosol and cloud scenes, how well do we actually represent the 3 d radiation fields by satellite and models (total irradiance, direct/diffuse)? Can we resolve cloud bias in remote sensing data vs 3 d radiative effect, “twilight zone” phenomenon and cloud halos?

7. Compared to the extensive surface network, how much value is there in remote sensing data in representing surface air quality?

8. How are optical properties of smoke particles changing in the far field due to the competing effects of coagulation, SOA product and evaporation/breakdown?

9. Are polarimeters capable of detecting BrC formation, and when coupled to models, monitor SOA formation?

10. Can we find a typing point in warm rain formation/suppression in the gulf?

11. To what extent do convective boundary layer processing and the radiation fields above clouds decouple aerosol chemical, thermodynamic and optical properties across the inversion?

12. How do processed aerosol particles in mid and upper level detrainment layers differ from their boundary layer counterparts?

13. What is BrC and how does it relate to particle absorption properties?

Engineering

AppliedScience

BasicResearch

Overall SEAC4RS Aerosol Environment.

August MODIS Combined AOT

September MODIS Combined AOT

Aug 19

Sept 11

0 0.50.25

0.200.20

0.1

0.17

0.16

0.110.18

0.14 0.15

0.26

0.09

August AERONET 500 nm Fine AOT

0.23

0.09

0.14

0.20

0.18

0.18

0.19

0.180.14

0.170.12

0.16

0.18

0.20

2013 had low average AOTs, but lots of variability!Combination of NW smoke and pollution, plus gulf coast dust

(Aug 8) and smoke over west coast stratus (Aug 6)

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

Jun/20 Jul/4 Jul/18 Aug/1 Aug/15 Aug/29 Sep/12 Sep/26

Centreville, AlabamaMingo/Ozarks, Missouri

AE

RO

NE

T F

ine

AO

T (

500

nm

)

0.02!

Peak pollution events

NW Biomass Burning

Aerosol RelevantFlight Components

Aug 6: Oregon fire & smoke over stratusAug 8: Houston transit-African dustAug 12: Training day ER2/DC8/Lear-Good

aerosol-cloud and convection flight.Aug 14: SEUS Tour #1-ER2/DC-8 stacked at

Mingo. Just missed smoke.Aug 16: NAM cross country-Smoke profile

in Colorado, 4 corners and N Texas pol.Aug 19: Midwest Montana smoke flight.

Strong smoke gradientsAug 21:SEUS Tour #2 1-ER2/DC-8/Lear

stacked convection. Aug 23: Day in the life of an Arkansas

pressure cooker. Aerosol and ER2/DC-8/Lear convection dev.

Aug 26: Suitcase P1 to the Rim & Idaho fires

Aug 27: Suitcase P2 follow Rim smokeAug 27b: ER2 over AERONET

Aug 30: SEUS Tour #3, 2 stacked ER2/DC8 Sep 2: ER2/DC-8/Lear Land convection daySep 4: ER2/DC-8 Marine convection daySep 6: SEUS Tour #4+NAMSept 9: N. Louisiana TerpinesSep 11: SEUS Tour #5+ 2 AK convective cellsSep 13: Gulf coast tropical convectionSep 16: Sample across a front.Sep 18: ER2/DC-8/Lear Petrochemical day

w/ two cells + Houston plume.Sep 21: DC8 SEUS Front samplingSep 23: Transit home via Ozarks.

Biomass BurningClouds/ConvectionDustRegional PollutionRadiation

Sulfate and Organicspattern recognition

GEOS Chem Aug -SeptCourtesy Patrick Kim and Daniel Jacobs (Harvard)

IMPROVE +CRN Summer 2013Courtesy Jenny Hand, CIRA

The backdrop: The PM decline at Centreville

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014

31 d

ay B

oxcar

PM

2.5

Centreville 31 day boxcar PM2.5

PM2.5 (mg m-3) Jun July Aug Sept

2003-2007 14.0+/-2.4 13.8+/-7.7 16.2+/-7.1 16.1+/-8.5

2008-2012 12.0+/-5.6 10.7+/-5.1 10.5+/5.1 9.7+/-4

2013 8.6 6.6 8.2 9.6

Data from E. Edgerton (Search)

Daily Average Statistics

“The something that happened”

Certainly there is a change in chemistry. SO2 down by 50% in les 2 years

An example from Centreville PM

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

0 10 20 30 40 50

Centreville August-September

2005-20072011-2013

BC

(g

m-3

)PM

2.5 (g m-3)

0

5

10

15

20

25

0 10 20 30 40 50

Centreville August-September

2005-2007

2011-2013

SO

4= (g

m-3

)

PM2.5

(g m-3)

~46%

~27%0

2

4

6

8

10

0 10 20 30 40 50

Centreville August-September

2005-20072011-2013

OC

(g

m-3

)

PM2.5

(g m-3)

24%

9%

Sulfate:Clear reduction in mass fraction and population

Organic Carbon:Clear change

in mass fraction (other way)

but not population

Black Carbon:Change in extremes, but mean amount is

the same

Also as was discussed last time the 2013 was “anomalously” wet in the SEUS. There is a clear climate shift over embedded in the

chemistry signal

500 mb height anomaly (m) Rainrate anomaly (m)

2013 Jun-Sept NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

Co

un

t

500 nm Fine Mode AOT-well QAed

26 ER2 flights near AERONET casesSampled Fine AOTs-Tentative. RSP and eMAS hit all of these

Leland 8/30U. Buffalo 9/11

Centreville 8/30 (2)Mammoth 8/30

Mingo 9/6Leland 9/11

Yorkville 8/30Leland 9/9

Yorkville 8/12Huntsville 8/12, 8/21

Centreville 9/2Baskin 9/11

+~21 ER2 over DC8cases w/ 4STAR

DC8-ER2 Crossing(Compiled from GISS database)

Date Level of Coordination Type 500nm AOT

8/2 >1 hr Aerosol Southern CA N/A8/6 Stacked <15 min over Cloud & Regional Smoke & Over cloud ~0.75?8/8 <1 hr Rural, Dust 0.1-0.358/12 Stackedx2< 15 mi Marine, SEUS 0.08-0.28/14 Stacked <30 min CEUS 0.1-0.258/16 Stacked <30 min Smoke 0.1-~0.48/19 Stackedx2 <15 min Smoke 0.3-0.78/21 Stacked <15 min Aerosol SEUS, Cloud 0.05-0.268/23 Stacked <15 min Aerosol over Cloud Mixed Aerosol /Cloud ~0.258/30 Stacked x 2<30 min Aerosol &Regional SEUS, CEUS 0.13-0.509/2 Stacked Cloud 0.29/4 Stacked Cloud N/A9/9 Stacked SEUS ~0.1-0.39/11 Stacked, regional Cloud, Ozark ~0.59/13 Stacked Cloud Cloud N/A9/18 Stacked Aerosol and Cloud Mixed Aerosol/cloud 0.05-0.2

AirMSPI Targeted Mode(Courtesy Felix Seidel, JPL)

Good distribution of smoke, marine, and organic dominated pollution but a little lean in high sulfate areas

AirMSPI over AERONETDate Time Site Region/Type AERONET

AOTNotes

8/2 18:4019:30

USC_SEAPRISMFRESNO_2

LA/UrbanCentral Valley

0.150.04

DC8 in reg.

8/12 16:25 SEARCH Centreville 0.12 DC8 in area

8/19 16:24 Cart_Site GP/Smoke ~0.4 No l2; DC in area

9/6 22:1722:41

MingoUpper Buffalo

OzarksAK

0.30.15

DC in area

9/9 20:04; 20:23; 20:4721:45;22:06;22:27;22:49;23:09

CALIPSO CarthageBaskin

LouisianaMississippi

0.150.30

DC-8 Coordination

9/11 19:5620:17

BaskinLeland

Mississippi Valley

0.30.3

9/22 19:24 DRAGON Clinton 0.1

9/23 20:56 Bozeman 0.05

DC8 Flight Representativeness for biggest sampled pollution events

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

Centreville Aug-Sept 2013

Day

s

Fine Mode AOT (500 nm)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

Huntsville Aug-Sept 2013

Day

s

Fine Mode AOT (500 nm)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

Mingo Aug-Sept 2013

Day

s

Fine Mode AOT (500 nm)

A30 S11S6 S6S6

• AERONET August-Sept 2013 distribution with green flight ticks.

• Noted are flts with pollution AOT>0.3 along track. August 30, Sept 6 & 11.

• Boobie prize over Louisiana for Sept 9th, AOT=0.28

• ER2 support for radiation on August 30 for AOT>0.3. But, good things from Aug 23.

• For Centerville, daily PM2.5 was 16, 15, and 11 mg m-3 for Aug 30, Sept 6 and Sept 11 respectively. Site max was 30 mg m-3 w/ AOT 0.3 on Sept 8.

A30S11

Looking at August 30th

Birmingham (4star-)

Mingo (0.13)

Mammoth Cave (0.24)

Centreville x2(0.4-0.5)

Leland (0.5)

August 30, 2013 w/AOTs

Huntsville (0.47)

Yorkville (0. 5)

August 30th Going from Means to Events

August 30th, 2013 24 hr Surface Conc

Sulfate

Organics

Courtesy Patrick Kim and Daniel JacobsIMPROVE+CSN: Courtesy of Jenny Hand

Aug 30 StatsQualitatively what I expect, what about quantitative?

Region PM1CU

SO4=:Org

CUAOT

500nmkappaGF

DASH-SPF(80)

LARGEF(90)NOAA

S LA 27/16 0.6/0.65 ~0.3 0.39 / 0.47 1.5/1.45 2.3/2.36

S Miss 24/19 0.3/0.3 ~0.35 0.26 / 0.32 1.3/1.35 2.0/1.85

S Birm/Cent 22/16 0.5/0.3 ~0.5 0.30 / 0.36 1.45/1.3 2.4/2.0

Mammoth Cave 18 1.2 ~0.24 0.53 1.7 2.5

Ohio RV 12 0.8 0.2-0.3 0.40 1.55 2.65

Ozarks 9 0.6 0.13 0.34 1.4 2.4

NE Miss 18 0.6 0.2 0.41 1.45 2.2

Aug 30th Centreville eMAS(Courtesy of Rob Levy, GSFC)

RGB

Centreville

Mammoth Caves

AirMSPISweep over Centreville

RGB

DOLP

Moving on to the verticalWe need to make sense of multiple points of view.

Joint NRL, Wisc, LaRC

SEUS Average Airborne HSRL ProfileSouth to North ~ 400 km

9

0

SSEC HSRL deployment to Huntsville~2 hrs

3

6

Alt(km)

28-84

43-88

35-86

LatLon

Alt (

km)

CALISPO across SEUS, Aug 30.

ICAP ForecastAll Valid 30 Aug 18 Z

Aug 27 0Z run

Aug 28 0Z run

Aug 29 0Z run

Aug 30 0Z run

Fine Aerosol Optical Thickness (550 nm

)

0

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

Aug 30. Model comparison

ICAP Member Models Aug 30 0Z run Valid 18Z

SulfateOrganics

0 0.50.40.30.20.1550 nm AOT

MODIS Combined AOT GEOS Chem 24 hr Surface Concentrations (mm m-3)

Aug 30: Flavors of NAAPSBoth chemistry and meteorology at work in a good prediction

MODIS Combined AOT NAAPS Deterministic 0Z run, Valid 18z

NAAPS AOT Reanalysis

E-NAAPS 20 member 0Z run, Valid 18z

E-NAAPS 20 member 18Z run, Analysis

0 0.5

E-NAAPS 80 member 18Z run, Analysis

So coming up:Some Relevant Talks

• Measurement context, consistency, qualityMurphy, Chen (poster), & Ziemba (poster)

• Aerosol mixing state, thermodynamics and regional measurementsFroyd , Shingler , Meland (poster), & Schwartz (poster)

• Radiation physics and closureBrock, Song, Schmidt (poster)

• eMAS and VIIRS productsHolz , Levy, Arnold (poster), Remer (poster):

• Polarimeters and polar radiationCairns, Kalashnikova, Martins, Espinosa (poster), Sweidel(poster)

• Evaluating & Combining lidar data with models Ferrare, Campbell (poster), Kuehen (poster) and da Silava (poster)

• Aerosol trends and contextKim, Tosca