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SE Asia Bennett G9

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Pagan Civilization

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Pagan Location: along the Irrwaddy River, Myanmar.

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Pagan Achievements Controlled fertile rice growing lands. Rulers rich and powerful Buddhist missionaries.

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Vietnam: Eastern part of mainland peninsula, South of China, along the Red River Delta

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Vietnam Location

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Vietnamese Achievements Freed 65 towns from the Chinese Chinese culture influenced art, poetry, and customs and language. Confucian philosophy. Independence in 939 AD from China.

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Khmer Kingdom Cambodia, Mekong River Delta

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Khmer Achievements One of the most powerful kingdoms of SE Asia. Created a writing system. Lived in large cities because of successful farming Golden Age Contact through Indian trade (cultural diffusion). Built temples Engineers built water systems, canals, and reservoirs.

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Tai Kingdoms- Thailand

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Tai Kingdom Achievements Expanded through fighting the Mongols. Created a capital. New dynasty with Bangkok as their capital People still recognize the royal family. Never imperialized by European power.

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Island Empires

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Island Empires Achievements Profited from the Spice trade Controlled the Strait of Malaca. Worshipped Hindi gods.

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Patterns of Life in SE Asia and Imperialism Religions/Belief Systems Animism- all things on Earth have spirits Hinduism- from India Buddhism- From India and China Islam Majority religion in Malaysia and Indonesia Christianity Majority of Filipinos are Catholic- brought by the Spanish.

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Economics Rice major food. Wet rice farming Dry rice farming Fishing very important Most villages are located along or next to rivers

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Social life Men superior to women. In Vietnam, women could choose who they married.

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European Influence- Imperialism in Southeast Asia What is imperialism? 1500s- Portuguese were the first to explore SE Asia. Began trading for spices. SPICE ISLANDS Europeans were jealous of the Arab traders getting rich off of these islands.

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1700s-1800s: More European countries show interest in SE Asia. Wanted tea, sugar, coffee, raw materials for industrial revolution

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The Dutch in Java Effects

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British in Malaya Effects

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Vietnam Effects

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Cambodia

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Laos Effects

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Philippines Effects

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A New Political Map Growing Nationalism Nationalism= Japan took over most of SE Asia during WWII. At first, people were happy to be rid of European powers. Then, Japanese turned on the people of SE Asia. Tortured and killed civilians, exploited their resources for the war and burned down Buddhist monasteries. SE Asian Nationalists fought back. By 1945, many were well-armed, experienced guerilla fighters.

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After Japans Defeat in WWII Peaceful Transitions U.S. gives the Philippines independence in 1946. Britain gives up Burma. Malaya Took the name Malaysia in 1963. Indonesia Dutch fought to regain control of Indonesia. Indochina French fight to regain control

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Challenges for New Nations Little experience with self-rule because of colonization. Unifying diverse populations was a challenge. Economic problems

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Philippines Income inequality from Spanish rule. Encomienda system: Huk rebellion. Huks=communists. Fought the government U.S. helped squash the rebellion.

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Huk Rebellion

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Cold War Following WWI, Vietnamese nationalists pushed for more independence from France. Ho Chi Minh emerged as the leader of the independence movement in Vietnam. Goals: build a communist government and win independence. Ho and the nationalists fought against the Japanese in WWII. After WWII, tried to expel the French from Vietnam. For 8 years, they fought the French.

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Ho Chi Minh

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Vietnam Soviet Union and China supported Ho and his nationalists because he was a communist. United States supported the French because they did not want Vietnam to fall to communism= domino theory. France withdrew from Indochina in 1954. Communists now controlled North Vietnam. A non-communist government was set up in South Vietnam led by Ngo Dinh Diem

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Vietnam War Diem was supported by the U.S. Underground group of communists in the South called the Viet Cong or VC tried to overthrow Diem. Diem assassinated in 1963

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Vietnam War US starts sending special military advisers into Vietnam in 1963. Ho responds by secretly sending North Vietnamese troops into the south through Laos and Cambodia. 1964- two American patrol ships are attacked in the Gulf of Tonkin. Congress passes the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution- gave President LBJ the power to use force in Vietnam.

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Vietnam War US sends 500,00 troops. Viet Cong continue to fight effectively- backed by USSR and China. War spread to Laos and Cambodia along the Ho Chi Minh Trail. Americans leave Vietnam in 1975 and the south fell to the Viet Cong. U.S. cut off supply and trade and Vietnams economy suffered for decades.

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Tragedy in Cambodia After fall of Saigon, Cambodia falls to the Khmer Rogue and Pol Pot. Khmer Rouge= communists. Pol Pot sets out to expel all foreigners from Cambodia. Forced people out of the cities and into the countryside Many died of starvation.

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Khmer Rouge

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Genocide in Cambodia Pol Pot sought to kill anyone who did not agree with his communist party. During his reign, 2 out of 7 million Cambodians were systematically murdered= genocide. Pol Pot was overthrown by Vietnamese and Cambodian forces in 1979.

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The Killing Fields

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Pol Pot Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K1_foA2mvTw

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Aftereffects of the War (Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos) Killed millions of SE Asians Destroyed roads, bridges, and irrigation systems. Chemicals used by the U.S. destroyed trees and plants. Many refugees left Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia to settle in Thailand and Hong Kong.

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Agent Orange

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Before and After Exposure to Agent Orange