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Solar District Heating in Urban Planning


SDHplus project Project partner:

Solar District Heating in Urban Planning 2

1. Introduction

1. Introduction to the SDHplus project and the keynote

2. Introduction to solar district heating (SDH)

3. Technical aspects of SDH

4. SDH in different urban contexts and planning aspects

5. Legal framework from EU to local level

6. Recommendations

7. Conclusions

8. References and further information


AMORCE

803 adhérents*

548 collectivités : 2/3 des adhérents Regroupant 60 millions d’habitants, reparties sur l’ensemble du

territoire français (métropole, insulaire et ultra-marins), Communes, Intercommunalités, Conseils Généraux,

Conseils Régionaux

255 grandes entreprises: 1/3 des adhérents Fabricants, Exploitants, Bureaux d’études, Cabinets Juridiques, Associations,

Fédérations...

Le nombre d’adhérents a doublé en 10 ans


SDHplus – New business models for solar heating and cooling

Business models fort solar district heating Case studies fort ‘first-of-its-kind’-plants and innovative DH net integrations Marketing approaches fort distict heating with solar heat One-to-one coaching of learning countries ES, FR, HR, LT, PL, SI International SDH conferences and workshops Implementation in 12 EU-countries

www.solar-district-heating.eu Supported by:


Why this keynote ?

To show the key role of urban planning in reaching EU and local renewables targets • Key aspects of solar district heating regarding urban aspects • Why can SDH contribute to achieve these targets? • How are urban, energy and heat planning linked? • How can SDH be integrated into different urban contexts? • How is SDH development decided or not? • What are the legal frameworks relevant for SDH regarding urban and

heat planning?

What role of urban planners in the SDH development ?


2. Introduction to solar district heating

2.A. What is District Heating (DH)? 2.B. What brings solar in district heating (SDH)? 2.C. Where is it used? 2.D. What links between SDH and urban planning?


2.A. What is district heating?

Heat production unit

Substation

Source : ADEME Île-de-France


2.A. What is district heating?

What is district heating ?

District heating network

Substation Building heating system Heat exchanger

Drinking water network Domestic hot Water preparation

Source : Vic-Montaner Energie Bois


2.B. What brings solar in district heating?

What is solar district heating ? Solar district heating plants consist of large fields of solar thermal collectors feeding their produced solar heat into block or district heating networks in urban quarters, smaller communities or large cities. The solar collector fields are either installed on free ground or integrated into building roofs.

Heat production unit

Substation



2.B. What brings solar in district heating?

10

• Emission free & renewable

• Available everywhere - Self-sufficiency - Security of supply - Local development

• Economically sensitive: - Long-term cost stability - Reduced costs and higher

efficiencies in comparison with individual solutions

- Already realized cost-effectively in EU


2.C. Where is SDH used in Europe ?

216 solar thermal plants for the generation of heat and cold each with more than 500 m² collector area / 350 kWth nominal capacity

Source: Solites


2.C. Where is SDH used in France?

Balma

Juvignac

Solar field on a parking lot

Solar field on a roof top


• Any urban area needs heat for 73% of end energy consumption in the residential sector.

• Usually 50% of the total end energy consumption of a territory is

heat.

• Renewable heat need to be developed as well as energy efficiency. • In France, 40% of heat delivered by DH is renewable or recovery

heat (vs. 19% for electricity, less than 0,1% for gas)

RES DH (and hence SDH) are efficient assets to achieve RES development targets on a territory

2.D. What links between SDH and urban planning?

Source : ADEME, Building energy consumption key figures


2.D. What links between SDH and urban planning?

• DH and solar equipment comply with urban rules • DH pipes follow streets • DH development depends on urban development (density, buildings

consumption,…) • Local authorities are responsible for DH, SEAP, urban planning



3. Technical aspects of SDH

3.A. Central/Decentral system 3.B. Collector integration 3.C. Building integration 3.D. Storage 3.E. Underground long-term thermal energy storages 3.F. Solar integration decision making process

Solar District Heating in Urban Planning 16 Source: Solites

• Supply of solar heat to the heating plant

• With storage, can contribute to more than 50% of the heat demand

Central Decentral

• Collectors are placed at suitable location around the district heating net

• Direct feed-in into the district heating pipes

• Storage not necessary

3.A. Technical concepts


3.B. Collector integration

• simple and convenient, if • suitable areas are available • realized up to 50 000 m²

• in urban context • more complex • aesthetical requirements • use of existing areas

• in urban context • use of existing infrastructures

Source: Solites, Arcon, STW Crailsheim, Cofely


3.C. Building integration

Elevated

Integrated

Facade / Roof - mounting

Facade Roof

Source: Solites


3.D. Storage

• for large solar thermal plants (>1 MWth), storages with several 100 m³ are usually needed

• decentrally integrated solar thermal plants can be operated without storage

• for higher solar fractions (> 20%), larger long-therm thermal energy storages are needed (from several 1 000 m³ to several 10 000 m³)

• Large thermal energy storages can also be realized underground in urban areas

Source: Solites; www.saisonalspeicher.de


20

3.E. Underground long-term thermal energy storages

Pit thermal energy storage artificial „pond“ with storage material

Tank thermal energy storage Reinforced concrete tanks with water

Borehole thermal energy storage Heat storage directly in the underground

Aquifer thermal energy storage Heat storage in naturally occurring self-contained layers of ground water

( )

( )

( )

( )

Source: Solites


3.F. Solar integration decision process

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

No

No

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Is it feasible to locate solar thermal collectors on the roof?

Is there available free space for tank and technical installations in a heating room?

Is the heating system of the building centralized?

Is/can the building be connected to a DH net ?

Is it elsewhere feasible to integrate a solar thermal plant on the DH net?

Is the heating system of the building centralized?

Is it feasible to implement a centralized heating system in the building?

Is it feasible to implement STS on the existing DH facility?

No solution for solar thermal integration

Connection to district heating with solar thermal fraction

Solar thermal plant connected to the DH net (feed-in)

Solar thermal plant for domestic hot water and heating

Is it feasible to implement a centralized heating system?

Solar district heating

Is the domestic hot water supply centralized?

Solar thermal plant for domestic hot water preparation

Is the integration of a solar thermal plant in DH net a preferred solution?

Is/can the building be connected to a DH net ?

Is it feasible to implement a solar thermal plant on the existing DH net?

Is it feasible to connect a solar thermal plant to the DH net? (feed in)

Source:Solites


4. Solar district heating in different urban context and planning aspects 4.A. SDH urban context • Villages • Districts • Cities

4.B. Planning and organizational aspects • Required areas • Available areas on buildings • Including solar in development plan • Stakeholders for SDH development


4.A. Solar district heating nets for districts, villages and cities

Plant in Stuttgart Burgholzhof (DE) Plant in Stadion Liebenau, Graz (AT) • district heating nets to

supply new construction or refurbished districts in urban areas

• use of existing structure (roof or infrastructure)

• Central or distributed systems possible

• Integration of large solar thermal plants in district heating nets for cities

• use of existing structure (roof or infrastructure)

• Central or distributed systems possible

• renewable district heating nets to supply entire villages in rural areas

• use of open areas

Plant in Marstal (DK)

Source: Solites Marstal District Heating, EnBW, SOLID


4.A. Solar district heating for villages: Büsingen (DE)

• Solar district heating for villages and small communities

• Complete restructuration of the heat supply of the entire village

• 100 % renewable energy net with biomass and solar thermal energy

Source: www.buesingen.de


4.A. Solar district heating for villages: Büsingen (DE)

• Collector area : 1.100 m²

• 12 % solar fraction over the year

• complete new district

heating net

• first large-scale solar thermal plant for a Bioenergy village

• Solar thermal energy covers the heat demand in summer

• Operation start: 2013

Source:Solites


4.A. Solar district heating for districts: Gardsten (SE)

Göteborg

Gardsten

• Distributed plant for a district

• Collector area: 150 m²

• One aspect from a whole concept to improve the quality of life and the

energy efficiency in the district

• Construction of large solar thermal plants on several buildings

• Integration in one of Europe‘s

largest district heating net with a net length of 1 000 km

Source : www.new-learn.info; https:\\earth.google.de


4.A. Solar district heating for districts: Bamberg (DE)

• Integration of SDH in an urban planning contest

• Inhabitants awareness of the energetic mobilisation

Source: pesch partner architekten stadtplaner


• Integration in an urban district heating net

• Collector area: 3 400 m²

• currently largest evacuated-tube solar thermal plant

• Decentral feed-in from heat in the net

• Solar fraction over 50 % in summer

28

4.A. Solar district heating for cities: Wels (AT)

Source: www.nachhaltigkeit.at; www.ritterl-xl-solar.com


4.B. Planning aspects and implications of SDH – required areas

Jagstheim

Renewable district heating nets to supply entire villages in rural areas

Source: Solites, City of Crailsheim


4.B. Planning aspects and implications of SDH – required areas

Jagstheim

100 % of the heat demand covered with renewable energies

• app. 400 ha area needed for biomass to reach 100 % coverage of the heat demand

• app. 21 ha area needed for solar thermal to reach 100 % coverage of the heat demand

Source: Solites, City of Crailsheim


4.B. Planning aspects and implications of SDH – available areas on buildings

• Size of the collector plant • Roof slope

• Roof shape

• Condition and load capacity of the roof

• Orientation (S, SE, SW)

• Shading

• Room for pipes in the buildings ?

• Check

monument protection !

Source: Solites


4.B. Planning aspects and implications of SDH - available areas on buildings

Adapted roof areas

Evaluation of data on usable areas for SDH in the frame of energy planning:

• Proximity of existing or planned district heating pipes

• Usable areas in m² * usability factor (80%) = resulting area

• Acquisition of data on the type of buildings, the use of infrastructure and ownership situation

Source: Solites


4.B. Including solar in the development plan

The integration of solar thermal energy in the development plan cannot be prescribed, in most of the cases. However, it can be enabled or supported through requirements.

Roof shape

• Pitched roof, gabled roof, flat roof

• Roof slope

Shading • Distance to surrounding

buildings

• Height of surrounding buildings

• Height of vegetation (also in future)

Source: Solites

Orientation • Adapted orientation of

the roofs edges, so that the roof area faces towards south (south-west, south-east)


4.B. Stakeholders and decision making for SDH development

End user

Urban planner

Building promoter

Local Authority

Project supervisor

Building owner

State – Regulatory framework

Assistance



End user

Urban planner

Building promoter

Local Authority

Project supervisor

Building owner


Assistance

Communication, (financial) incentive

Communication & (financial)incentive

RES feasibility study mandatory

Subsidies Building rules (including thermal efficiency)


4.B. Stakeholders and decision making for SDH development National or local subsidies helped DH nets length to grow by 35% in 5 years thanks to the « Heat funds » in France. But solar heat plants represent 35% of the projects helped and less than 1% of the renewable production helped. Extra costs of solar DH technology have to be taken into account to

make the subsidies efficient enough to make new projects raise. RES feasibility study is mandatory for any new urban area. It has to include a RES DH feasibility study. This study is too often done only to comply with the regulatory obligation, not to really evaluate the RES DH feasibility. Local authorities and urban planners should make sure of the good

quality of this study. Solar district heating should be included in the study.


4.B. Stakeholders and decision making for SDH development Building rules and thermal efficiency rules have to take DH into account. Connexion to a low carbon DH allows lower energy efficiency of the building and hence, lower construction costs. Furthermore, by connecting the building to a RES DH, the promoter doesn’t need neither to install solar thermal panel on the roof top nor to take care of their operation and maintenance. Urban planners and local authorities should take into account these

costs reduction: promoter may pay for a part of the RES DH development in the land tax.

For new buildings, a RES feasibility study is mandatory. It can, but doesn’t has to, take DH into account. Urban planning department of local authorities should make sure that

DH and SDH is included in the RES feasibility study before validating the building permit.


4.B. Stakeholders and decision making for SDH development National and local communication & incentive have a key role in the final decision making of the building owner or the end user.

Local authorities and urban planners should communicate about SDH and its advantages.

Transparency and visibility on the heat price is a key point

Financial incentive to connect to the SDH could be proposed if it can help to win the decision making.



End user

Urban planner

Building promoter

Local Authority

Project supervisor

Building owner


Gaz and electricity operators (suppliers &

distributors) : communication &

incentive

Assistance

Communication, (financial) incentive

Communication & (financial)incentive

RES feasibility study mandatory

Subsidies Building rules (including thermal efficiency)

DH operator


4.B. Stakeholders and decision making for SDH development Gas and electricity operators are often in touch with all stakeholders before new urban area projects.

• They may influence the decision making.

• They may give financial incentive to connect to gas net and hence compete the DH development.

DH operators are rarely in touch with stakeholders before the project, only after the decision has been made.

• They are not part of the decision making

Should urban planners and local authorities include all or no energy operators (gas, electricity, heat) in their decision making ?

Qualified assistance and good feasibility studies are important.


5. Legal framework from EU to local level

5.A. EU vs. DH and Urban planning

5.B. Legal framework at national level

5.C. Legal framework at regional level

5.D. Legal framework at local level


5.A. District heating and urban planning in EU policy

• Energy Efficiency Directive 2012/27/EC :

− Member states have to evaluate their DHC potential and adopt national plans, which may be constituted of regional and local heating/cooling plans (Article 14 and Annex VIII )

• Renewable Energy Directive 2009/28/EC :

− sets binding targets for final energy consumption from renewable sources by 2020 (and national specific targets) − Members states are encouraged to implement /develop district heating and cooling as an efficient technology, adapted for the integration of renewable energy source in the heating and cooling sector at large scale


5.B. Legal framework at national level

• Energy laws : - 23% renewables by 2020, 32% by 2030 - 75% on GHG emissions by 2050 - x5 renewables used in DH by 2030

• Financial law : - Reduced VAT (5,5% instead of 20%) for DH up to 50% renewables - Financial support for RES and DH

• Construction and urban planning laws: - Obligation of RES feasibility study for new building > 50 m2 & new urban areas - higher regulatory consumption permitted for buildings connected to low carbon DH - BUT : solar thermal energy brings more benefit when not connected to a DH since

it’s not taken into account in the regulatory consumption

CO2 emission of the energy (of the DH for example) Target of primary energy per square meter (on average)

Up to 150 g CO2 / kWh 50 kWh 100 to 149 g CO2 / kWh 50 kWh + 10%

50 to 99 g CO2 / kWh 50 kWh + 20% 0 to 49 g CO2 / kWh 50 kWh + 30%


5.C. Legal framework at regional level • No regional laws, but energy-planning documents

• Schéma Régional Climat-Air-Energie (SRCAE) :

- Can identify, from heat demand & existing DH, DH development potential - Goals for DH development and energy mix (solar, recovery heat,…)

DH development potential in Île-de-France

Source: Solites DRIEE Île-de-France ile-de-france.reseaux-chaleur.fr


5.D. Legal framework at local level • Local urban planning : Plan Local d’Urbanisme (PLU) and SCOT

- Minimum construction density (and hence, energy density) can be defined - Mixed uses of buildings => stable energy consumption - Roof solar panel installation can be limited

• Local energy planning : Plan Climat-Air-Energie Territorial (PCAET) - Renewables targets but not restrictive

• Local authority can classify a DH to make connecting mandatory IF :

- > 50% renewables on the DH - DH economic situation is stable - Energy is counted on each substation (mandatory by mid. 2015)

FOR : - New buildings - Existing buildings when a boiler (> 30 kW) is changed

• In new urban areas the local authority or the urban planner can make DH connecting mandatory (no specific legal framework)


5.D. Legal framework at local level • DH master plan (french “Schéma directeur”)

− Inventory and prospective plan (10 years) − Aims : economical, environmental, technical improvement − Take into account new energy needs (renovation, new clients, temperature needs) − Take into account new energy sources (solar) − Evaluate different development scenarios − Establish an action plan − Has to be done by 2019 by local authorities for every DH (new energy transition law)


6. Options for actions and recommendations

6.A. At national level : RES and solar strategic plan

6.B. At regional level : RES DH inventory, potential and targets

6.C. At local level : RES DH map, energies master plan, classification


6. Options for actions and recommendations at national level

• Make new RES DH feasibility studies mandatory in all cities > 20 000 inhabitants

• Adapt national subsidies to SDH extra costs

• National renewables development plan National solar and DH potential => main targets for SDH

market share

• Urban planning tools Add in the Local Urban Planning document the obligation to

coordinate energy networks (gas, electricity, DH) development through an energy master plan.


6. Options for actions and recommendations at regional level

Example in France (Île-de-France) : • Open map with heat needs, DH development potential

• RES DH development target in the Regional Climate-Air-Energy plan : − To connect 450 000 housing more by 2020 − To reach 50% renewable and recovery heat in DH by 2020


6. Options for actions and recommendations at local level • Insert DH net map in the local urban planning document (example of

Grenoble, France)

• Consider DH classification (obligation to connect to the DH)

Local Urban Plan with DH map in red - Grenoble

• Make sure RES mandatory studies for new buildings and new urban areas are seriously done and take RES DH solution into account.

• Build an energies master plan (gas, electricity, DH)

To optimise energy nets development and investments

To identify dedicated DH, low temperature DH and SDH priority development areas


7. Conclusions

• (Solar) district heating and cooling for communities and cities

– Modern district heating and cooling (DHC) systems can significantly contribute to the achievement of local and EU energy policy objectives.

– Large-scale and flexible integration of RES, such as solar thermal, in particular in urban areas – Cost competitiveness and long term price stability in comparison to individual solutions – Solar energy is available everywhere and free of emissions

• DHC development and urban planning are linked and solar has to be integrated

– DHC development requires energy and heat planning at local and at regional level – Energy, heat and urban planning are linked in many aspects

• Main recommendations for developing RES and solar district heating

– Binding implementation of energy and heat planning at local and regional level – Integration of SDH in all phases of the planning process – Consideration of SDH in energy concepts – Communication and support to involve stakeholders at local and regional level – Demonstration plants and best practice projects


8. References

SDHplus project: www.solar-district-heating.eu

AMORCE: www.amorce.asso.fr

SOLITES: www.solites.de


8. Further information

53 53

SmartReFlex www.smartreflex.eu RES H/C SPREAD www.res-hc-spread.eu STRATEGO www.heatandthecity.org.uk/about/workshops/stratego_project SPECIAL-EU www.special-eu.org SUSREG www.susreg.eu CASCADE www.cascadecities.eu UP-RES aaltopro2.aalto.fi/projects/up-res/

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