scrubbers, alternative fuels and innovative technologies · • lng • scrubbers • new compliant...

Scrubbers, alternative fuels and innovative technologies

Konstantinos SfetsiorisResearch Associate, CERTH

“Air Quality (emissions) measurement in Ports”

Αίθουσα Εκδηλώσεων Ο.Λ.Π. ΑΕ, 16 Φεβρουαρίου 2018, Πειραιάς

• Hydrogen – Fuel Cells

• Hybrid/Fully Electric

• Methanol

• LNG

• Scrubbers

• New compliant oil blends

• Distillate fuels

Milestone: 0,5% SOx in marine sector worldwide by 2020

Current: 0,1% SΟx in ECA – 0,1% SΟx in all EU ports

How can we achieve the targets set by current and upcoming regulations?


Mature

Innovative

Low-Sulphur Oil

Low-Sulphur distillate oil (MDO-MGO) Hybrid fuels – Oil blends

No CAPEX

X High fuel costX Lower viscosity and lubricity than HFO X Different ignition and combustion

characteristics Increased maintenance to piston rings and valves

X Availability of the fuel - refineries

No CAPEX Better fuel characteristics in terms of

viscosity, lubricity than low-Sulphur distillate oil

X Compatibility with HFO engines?X Fuel quality – ship safety?X Availability of the fuel - refineries

Scrubbers LNG Methanol Fuel CellsHybrid/ electric


Open loop Closed Loop Hybrid

Use HFO Low CAPEX (100-180€/kW) Low required space

X Prohibited to some European ports/

X Difficult to operate in swallow ports due to sand

X Efficiency dependable on water alkalinity

Use HFO Compatible to all ports

X High CAPEX (350-400€/kW)X Chemicals (caustic soda) for

the freshwater medium inside the ship

X High required space (Space for freshwater tank, heat exchanger, sludge management)

Use HFO Compatible to all ports Flexibility

X Complicated operationX High CAPEX/OPEX

How it works?


Low-Sulphur Oil Scrubbers LNG Methanol Fuel CellsHybrid/ electric

Source: PureSOx, Alfa Laval (edited)

Proven technology (100+ vessels in operation)

No SOx, PM (Regulation coming?) Low NOx CO2 reduction (MRV – higher CO2 costs

next years) Lower price than MGO

X High CAPEX for ship retrofit (3-20 M$) –Attractive payback where LNG market exists

X Space for LNG tanks on ship (lower energy capacity than diesel)

X Limited (but growing) availability of bunkering infrastructure in South Europe/Non-ECA Areas

Source: DNV GL

Source: DNV GL

Source: GIE



Fuel Source: Natural Gas, Biomass, CO2

Environmental-friendly (Similar to LNG) No need for cryogenic tanks Available technology Low infrastructure costs (liquid fuel) Lower retrofit cost than LNG (5-10m€) Green source, if produced by RES

X Low energy capacity X High energy content price (similar or

higher than MGO) X High energy demanding process – high

production costs (need for RES electricity?)

X High toxicity

World’s first methanol-powered ferry: Ro-PAX : Stena Germanica

Operates in Baltic Sea from 2015

LHVMethanol: 21,2 MJ/kgMGO: 42,4 MJ/kg

1 tonne MGO– 2 tonnes methanol

Methanol price in Euro per tonne



Reduce emissions, noise when in port/low speeds Run engines at optimum loads Avoid transient engine loads Use shore power Be able to combine RES and other technologies

X No change to fuelX High battery costs (projected to 500 USD/kWh or lower in few years)


Low-Sulphur Oil Scrubbers LNG Methanol Fuel CellsHybrid

Mechanical propulsion – on board power battery hybrid system Electric propulsion (only batteries/only generators/mixed) Distributed battery system to each propeller system (suitable for

high propulsion thrust) Hybrid battery, electrical, mechanical propulsion and DC

distribution Combination with different fuels/shore power/fuel cell/RES

Hybridization types

1st carbon-fibre battery/hybrid ferry (2016)“Vision of the Fjord”

1st LNG/battery hybrid passenger ferry (2016)“Fannefjord”

Zero Emission Lower energy consumption than

conventional fuels (up to 50%) High efficiency (Li-Ion up to 99%) Public Acceptance

X High battery prices X Infrastructure (boost-charging)X Suitable only for short-distances

1st zero emission Electric Car Ferry (2015)“Ampere”

2 Energy Storage modules ( 2 x 520 KWh) - lithium-polymer battery pack – Fully charged in 10 minutes!


Low-Sulphur Oil Scrubbers LNG Methanol Fuel CellsFully electric

Source: Li-ion batteries

CEF Transport EL Project (recently approved by EU)

SuperGreen (19.7M€ budget)

• 3 all-electric commuter vessels• 1 hybrid LNG/electric catamaran vessel

Fuel Cells for Shipping

Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC)

Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) / HT PEM

Source:EMSA

No CO2 emissions (hydrogen only) High power to weight ratio (100- 1000W/kg)

X Only purified hydrogen as fuel–Sensitive to contamination

X Need external reforming for HCX No waste heat recovery – low

working temperature (PEM)

Fuel flexibility (LNG, methanol) Internal reforming High efficiency (60% (with heat

recovery up to 85%)

X Higher required space than PEM

Suitable for auxiliary engines/hybrid ships





Fuel Cells for Shipping - Projects

ZemShip –Alsterwasser100kW PEM tested

Hornblower Hybrid Hybrid ferry with diesel, batteries, PV, wind and fuel cell 32kW PEM

SF-BREEZEFeasibility study of a high-speed hydrogen fuel cell passenger ferry 120 kW PEM per module Total 2.5 MW

Hydrogen Methanol Diesel

METHAPU Undine20kW SOFC tested “Viking Lady”

E4Ships Pa-X-ell60kW modularized HT-PEM “MS MARIELLA”

E4Ships ShiBZ100 kW containerized SOFC “MS FORESTER”


Summary

Scrubbers and distillate fuels/oil blends are a viable option to comply with the new emission regulations by 2020

BUT• Open-Type scrubbers are prohibited to some European ports• Viable with HFO as main fuel (Will be available in the market after 2020?)• Distillate fuel/oil blends require investments in refineries

LNG is the most promising and viable alternative fuel, but requires high investments in ship retrofit/new builds and terminal infrastructure

Methanol is ready-to market and could be a viable option, but it is currently expensive compared to MGO and HFO

Battery/Hybrid and fully electric ships are hot technological applications nowadays, best suitable for low speed operation (hybrid) and short-distance ships (ferries) (fully electric)

Fuel Cells in shipping sector is a high efficient innovative technology, ready to be combined with other fuels in hybrid ships, but currently expensive, with limited availability, reaching power of hundreds of KW.

Thank you!


scrubbers, alternative fuels and innovative technologies · • lng • scrubbers • new compliant...

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