scott myers, entomologist usda-aphis-ppq …...4/8/2016 1 scott myers, entomologist usda-aphis-ppq...
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4/8/2016
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Scott Myers, Entomologist
USDA-APHIS-PPQCenter for Plant Health, Science and TechnologyBuzzards Bay, MA
USDA Otis Laboratory – Buzzards Bay, MA
Mission: Develop, refine, and transfer technology to APHIS
Areas of Research:
Insect RearingBiological ControlPesticides Molecular DiagnosticsTrapping and Survey Phytosanitary Treatments
exportimportdomestic movement
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AGRICULTURE ENFORCEMENT ALERTS: April 8, 2011
Atlanta: Agriculture Canine Intercepts Prohibited Fresh Herbs with Actionable Pest (Miridae) in Shipment of Personal Effects
Baltimore: Two Passengers found with Bush Meat in LuggageProhibited Chicken Feet and Beef Meat from China found in Passenger BaggageDiptera Larvae Detected in Pumpkins from Costa Rica
Boston: Prohibited Fruit, Plant Products and Propagative Material
El Paso: Live Baby Alligator Discovered
Houston: Global Entry Participant found with Undeclared Pork Meat
Laredo: Platypodidae sp., an Actionable Pest, Found In Marked Wood Packaging MaterialChrysobothris sp., a Quarantine Pest, Intercepted on Marked Wood Packaging Material
New York: Pork found Concealed in Metal Cans
San Diego: Prohibited Fruit Concealed in Bags of SeedsSoil and Citrus Contamination on Recyclable Plastic Scrap Shipment
San Francisco: Sixth Khapra Beetle Interception with Indian RiceLive Khapra Beetle Intercepted in Personal Effects SuitcaseFresh Mangoes with Anastrepha sp. from Mexico via Express Mail (04/03/11)Fresh Mangoes with Anastrepha sp. from Mexico via Express Mail (04/04/11)Cerambycid Larva Intercepted in Marked Wood Packaging Material from Spain
San Juan: Three Separate Cut Flower Shipments found Infested with Actionable Insects (Thrips, Noctuidae, Tortricidae, Aphidae)
Wood boring beetles in solid wood packing material stamped as treated (heat or methyl bromide)
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Port Interceptions Project
o Collaboration with Customs and Border Patrol (CBP)
o Collecting live wood borers from the ports as they are intercepted
oRearing larvae to adults to identify unknown species
o Expanding DNA database for identification of immature insects
o Documenting pathways, wood types, treatment facilities and insect species to evaluate efficacy of treatments currently in place and reduce the number of interceptions
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Recent Forest / Tree InvasivesEmerald Ash Borer Asian Longhorned Beetle
Sirex noctilio
Walnut twig beetle
Redbay Ambrosia beetle
Winter Moth
Hemlock Woolly Adelgid
Gold spotted oak borer
Asian Longhorned Beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis
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Asian longhorned beetle larvae
Common Name Genus Notes
Maple, boxelder Acer All U.S species – Japanese maple rarely attacked
Horsechestnut, buckeye Aesculus Several US records, some heavily infested
Birch Betula Apparently less preferred than maple
Poplar Populus Favorite in China, few US records
Willow Salix Weeping, pussy and white highly favored
Elm Ulmus Less preferred than maple
Asian Longhorned Beetle – Preferred hosts
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1996 – NYC/Long Island area, NY – ongoing, populations greatly reduced
1998 – Chicago, IL - eradicated2002 – Jersey City, NJ - eradicated2004 – Middlesex / Union County, NJ
– last detected in 20062007 – Staten Island, Pralls Island, NY – ongoing2008 – Worcester, MA – ongoing2011 – Bethel, OH – heavy infestation - ongoing
Asian longhorned beetle finds in the U.S.
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Worcester, MA: ALB Infestation 2009-2010
Worcester, MA 2010
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Wood‐boring wasp of pines native to Europe, Near East, and North Africa
Not a pest in its native habitats
Pest of exotic pine plantations in the Southern Hemisphere
Only Sirex species that attacks relatively healthy pines
Green Triangle outbreak – Australia 1988
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Dark-brown to black spine protruding from tip of abdomen
3 – 7 instars
Larval development can last from 10 months to 3 years in nature.
galleries
larval galleries
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Usually one year life cycle
Adults emerge June to September and live 2 – 3 weeks.
Females drill holes in trees and insert
o Toxic mucus and a symbiotic fungus, Amylostereum areolatum.
o Eggs if the tree is suitable.
The mucus and fungus kill the tree.
Sirex egg hatch is stimulated by the fungus and larvae feed on fungus.
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Pro
por
tion
of
Tot
al T
rap
Cat
ch
Cumulative Degree Days (Base 6.8 ºC)
2007200820092010
Survey and trapping research in NY and PA
Evaluate trap types and lures
Determine seasonal flight periods and Degree day models
Tree (Pinus species)
Fungus (Amylostereum areolatum)
Woodwasp(Sirex noctilio)
Nematode(Beddingia siricidicola)
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Potential: pine resources in the eastern US
PineSpruce-firOak-pineDeciduousNon-forestWater
Forest type groups
Approximate currentSirex distribution
Discovered in southeastern Michigan near Detroit in 2002.
Likely in Michigan 10+ years before it was detected
Larvae feed on the inner bark of ash trees, disrupting the tree's ability to transport water and nutrients
Tens of millions of ash trees killed200 Million Elm trees killed by Dutch Elm Disease7.5 Billion Ash in US threatened by EAB
Emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis
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Natural Spread: Adults are strong fliers Population can move at
least 750 m in one year
Difficult to Detect low density infestations
Artificial Spread: Firewood Logs Nursery stock
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Regulatory: maintain quarantine compliance
Outreach: firewood inspections, signage, web site, early detection and public awareness, “The Green Menace”, etc.
Fumigation –Efficacy of Methyl bromide and MeBr alternativesWood penetration of fumigants
Conventional Heat Treatment –developing heat treatments standards for firewoodevaluation of ISPM-15 standard on invasive insects
Microwave / Radiofrequency –Development of treatments for wood packingISPM – 15 approval (for international trade)
APHIS Treatment Research for Wood Products
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Treatment for firewood in EAB quarantine adopted by APHIS – Feb 2011(T-314-a)
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Temperature data loggers used to verify treatment schedules
Firewood producersrequired to monitor temps and maintain records for each run
Kilns used for Heat Treatment of Firewood
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180+ °F core temperature
Hot Water Treatment of Veneer Logs for EAB
Photo: Kathy Keatley GarveyPhoto: Jim LaBonte
Photo: Bud Mayfield
Tree killing canker Geosmithia morbida
Walnut twig beetle, Pityophthorus juglandis
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Widespread throughout the Western U.S.; first detected in the Eastern U.S. in Aug 2010
Walnut twig beetle is native to Southwestern US and Mexico, host Arizona walnut, Juglans major
forestthreats.org
2011
2010
Thousand Cankers Infestation: Knoxville, TN
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Infested walnut log sections fumigated to develop treatment for export and domestic movement
Treated log sections evaluated separately for survival of pathogen and beetle emergence
Emergence Containers for Walnut Twig Beetle
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Early results indicate fumigation was not effective at 4.5°C at schedules tested. Some 15.6°C treatments were effective.
Steve Fraedrich, USDA Forest Service
E. Peachy et al., Colorado State Univ. 2011
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Emergence of walnut twig beetle and persistence of Geosmithiafungus in felled logs left outdoors in Boulder, CO
E. Peachy et al., Colorado State Univ. 2011
How long does fungus persist in cut logs Are non-infested logs susceptible to attack
post-harvest Other vectors Management options to mitigate risk of
spread?
