scoel/opin/403 diesel engine exhaust - europa · scoel/opin/403 diesel engine exhaust emissions...
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H Greim A Hartwig D Heederik L Levy E Pospischil T Santonen M Van Tongeren D Papameletiou C L Klein Adopted 21 December 2016
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Opinion from the
Scientific Committee on Occupational Exposure Limits
EUROPEAN COMMISSION
Directorate-General for Employment Social Affairs and Inclusion Directorate B mdashEmployment Unit B3 mdash Health and safety
Contact Dr Christoph Klein
E-mail EMPL-SCOELeceuropaeu ChristophKleineceuropaeu
European Commission B-1049 Brussels
EUROPEAN COMMISSION
Directorate-General for Employment Social Affairs and Inclusion Scientific Committee on Occupational Exposure Limits
2017
SCOELOPIN2016-403
Diesel Engine Exhaust Opinion from the
Scientific Committee on Occupational Exposure Limits
LEGAL NOTICE
This document has been prepared for the European Commission however it reflects the views only of the authors and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein
More information on the European Union is available on the Internet (httpwwweuropaeu)
Luxembourg Publications Office of the European Union 2017
ISBN 978-92-79-65251-6 (PDF) doi 102767299599 (PDF)
copy European Union 2017 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged
Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union
Freephone number ()
00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11
() The information given is free as are most calls (though some operators phone boxes or hotels may charge you)
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 5 of 23
Contents
1 IDENTIFICATION 7
2 CHEMICAL AGENT AND SCOPE OF LEGISLATION 8
3 LIMIT VALUES MODE OF ACTION NOTATIONS 9
31 Mode of action 9
32 Genotoxicity and Carcinogenicity 10
33 Short-term exposure limit (STEL) 11
34 Reproduction 11
35 Sensitization 11
36 Skin notation 11
37 Biological Monitoring 11
4 REFERENCES 16
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
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OPINION FROM THE
SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE ON OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE
LIMITS FOR DIESEL ENGINE EXHAUST EMISSIONS
Traditional Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions DEEE
8-hour TWA
STEL
to be derived
not applicable
BLV not applicable
Additional
categorisation
Carcinogen Group B or Group C
Notation
None
The present Opinion was adopted by SCOEL December 2016
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 7 of 23
OPINION SUMMARY
1 IDENTIFICATION
The present Opinion adresses Diesel engine exhaust emissions Thereby
Traditional DEEE in contrast to New Technology DEEE are understood to be
identified by the following characteristics
Traditional Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions (DEEE) This category
includes the exhaust emissions of all diesel vehicles the emissions of which
comply at best with the Euro 2 emission standards referred in Table 1 and also
specifically exhaust emissions of any other diesel engines which are not covered
by the definition of new technology DEEE such as exhaust emissions from
diesel enginge powered heavy equipment
New technology Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions (New technology
DEEE) This category includes the exhaust emissions of all diesel vehicles the
emissions of which comply or exceed Euro 3 and Euro III standards referred in
Table 1
Outline description
Diesel engine exhaust emissions are mixtures of hundreds of chemical
compounds which are emitted partly in the gaseous phase partly in the
particulate phase (WHO 1996) Main gaseous combustions products are carbon
dioxide and water vapour oxygen and nitrogen (more than 99 of total mass)
Products of incomplete combustion are carbon monoxide sulfur compounds
nitrogen compounds (oxides) as well as low-molecular-weight hydrocarbons
(alkanes alkenes carbonyls carboxylic acids aromatics) and their (nitrated)
derivatives Known to be of toxicological relevance are for example aldehydes
like formaldehyde acetaldehyde or acrolein benzene 13-butadiene toluene
and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and nitro-PAH and particles of
different sizes
Main particulate combustion product of traditional DEEE is the core of elemental
carbon (EC) and absorbed organic compounds like PAH oxidised PAH and nitro-
PAH (up to 1 of particulate mass) as well as small amounts of sulfates
nitrates metals and other trace elements This diesel particulate matter consists
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 8 of 23
of fine particles with a diameter of 25 m including also ultrafine particles
with a diameter of 01 m
Diesel engine exhaust emissions vary in their chemical composition and particle
size distribution depending on engine types engine operating conditions fuel
formulations lubricating oil additives emission control systems They also vary
between on-road and non-road engines (IARC 2014 NEG 2016) The qualitative
and quantitative composition of the diesel engine exhaust emissions has changed
during the last years beginning from the early 1990s due to the introduction of
stringent emission regulations in the EU This triggered the development and
application of new technology for diesel engines with changes in (the composition
of) PM and gaseous constituents in the exhaust
When using the new technology DEEE (especially those complying Euro IV-VI)
engines diesel engine exhaust emission composition differs substantially from
traditional diesel engine exhaust emissions before 1995 (see Figure below)
Especially the mass of diesel exhaust particles (DEP) emitted is reduced by more
than 90 in the case of euro IV-VI engines when compared to Euro I and II
engines Elemental carbon organic carbon water-soluble carbon aldehydes
PAHs Nitro-PAHs other aromatics dioxinsfurans and metals are lower as well
However sulphate and ammonium are increased (Hesterberg et al 2012 Khalek
et al 2011) Also even if the total amounts of nitrogen oxide emissions are
decreased too the percentage of NOx is substantially higher and may account
for up to 50 which is much more than in older engines (max 10) (McDonald
et al 2012) Typical compositions of Traditional DEEE and New Technology
DEEE are shown in Table 2
2 CHEMICAL AGENT AND SCOPE OF LEGISLATION
Traditional Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions (DEEE) are process-generated
substances that are hazardous chemical agents in accordance with Article 2 (b)
of Directive 9824EC and falls within the scope of this legislation
Traditional Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions (DEEE) are process-generated
substances that are carcinogens or mutagens for humans in accordance with
Article 2(a) and (b) of Directive 200437EC
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
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Traditional Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions (DEEE) are carcinogenic
SCOEL Group B or C although a mode of action-based threshold may be
applicable
3 LIMIT VALUES MODE OF ACTION NOTATIONS
General Considerations
The critical effect of traditional Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions (DEEE) in rats is
pulmonary cancer which is considered to be the consequence of inflammation
and genotoxicity being primarily induced by particulate matter Lung toxicity of
newest technology diesel engine exhaust however results primarily from NO2
exposure Consequently for traditional DEEE the OEL requires control of
particulate matter emissions for new type of engines it requires control of NO2
Typical DEEE compositions are presented in tables 1 and 2 The changes in
composition are additionally presented in figure 1
31 Mode of action
Traditional DEEE contains genotoxic components like PAHs or nitro-PAHs but the
amount of PAH alone cannot explain the observed tumours (Heinrich et al 1986)
There is evidence for the direct genotoxic activity of DEEE and therefore direct
genotoxicity cannot be fully excluded In animal studies chronic inflammation
resulting in oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species has been observed at doses
resulting in tumour formation in rats and therefore secondary genotoxicity together
with increased cell proliferation seem to be predominant in rats Based on this mode
of action a non-linear dose-response relationship and a threshold mechanism for
carcinogenicity could be anticipated Considering this mechanism traditional diesel
engine exhaust would be classified as SCOEL carcinogen Cat C (genotoxic
carcinogens with a mode of action-based threshold) Considering that the genotoxic
activity cannot be fully excluded and the epidemiological studies show a gradually
increasing exposure response relation already starting at exposure levels close to
background level and are not indicative of a clear exposure threshold SCOEL
carcinogen Cat B would also apply
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
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Toxicological and pathobiological information from animal studies supports a
mode of action for which possibly a threshold could be established However
the epidemiological evidence does not allow to identify a critical threshold that
could serve for derivation of an OEL and direct genotoxicity cannot be excluded
Thus traditional DEEE are carcinogenic within SCOEL groups B or group C
Further scientific-technical analysis shall follow up on this issue
In new-technology diesel engine exhaust (especially DEEE corresponding to
Euro IV-VI) particulate matter and adsorbed mutagenic compounds are much lower
than in traditional diesel engine exhausts Accordingly in a 1-year mouse and a 2-
year rat study with the US 2007 compliant diesel engine exhaust (corresponding to
Euro VI) did not show tumours or genotoxicity in vivo (HEI 2015) The toxic effects in
the lung have been attributed to NO2 exposure so that exhausts of these new
technology diesel engines may not be considered carcinogenic
32 Genotoxicity and Carcinogenicity
The epidemiological studies which describe quantitative exposure response relations have
been used by Vermeulen et al (2014) to conduct a meta-regression of lung cancer mortality
and cumulative exposure to elemental carbon (EC) based on relative risk (RR) estimates
reported of the three large occupational cohort studies (Steenland et al 1998 Garshick et al
2012 Silverman et al 2012) Based on the derived overall risk function excess lifetime risks
were calculated for several lifetime occupational exposure scenarios Estimated numbers of
excess lung cancer deaths through 80 years of age for lifetime occupational exposures of
1 10 and 25 μgm3 EC were 17 200 and 689 per 10000 respectively (Vermeulen et al
2014)
Thus although toxicological data supports a threshold (possibly at
002 mg DEPm3 or below corresponding 0015 mg ECm3) epidemiological data
suggests significant cancer risks already at and below these exposure levels
Therefore an occupational exposure limit that would be adaequately protective
for workers cannot be established on the basis of the current available data and
analysis However both toxicological and human epidemiological data are further
gathered and evaluated
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
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33 Short-term exposure limit (STEL)
For DEEE the pathobiological effect is the lung toxicity which results from
inflammation Due to the long clearance half-life time of diesel engine exhaust
particles (alveolar clearance for insoluble non-toxic particles is 60-100 days in
rats (WHO 1996) and several hundred days in humans (US-EPA 2002) it is not
considered necessary to derive an acute 15 minutes short-term exposure limit
(STEL)
34 Reproduction
Reproductive and developmental toxicity are considered unlikely to be critical
end-points for diesel engine exhaust neither from old nor from new-technology
engines
35 Sensitization
No study investigating sensitization potential of diesel engine exhausts according
to current guidelines is available in animals or humans Several studies show
effects of diesel engine exhausts on the immune system in humans and animals
Diesel engine exhausts react as an adjuvant in sensitization tests in humans and
animals and can cause exacerbation of allergic responses and asthma-like
symptoms However diesel engine exhaust itself is not an allergen Therefore a
notation for sensitization is not recommended
36 Skin notation
Due to the composition and the nature of the critical effect of DEEE and also
new-technology diesel engine exhaust a substantial dermal absorption is not
anticipated Therefore a skin notation is not recommended
37 Biological Monitoring
From the available data it is not possible to recommend a biological limit value
nor biological guidance value for diesel exhausts There is thus no BLV or BGV
recommended for DEEE
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
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Table 1 Euro 2 and Euro 3 Emission standards for diesel vehicles1 in the EU
PASSENGER CARS AND LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLES
Tier Date CO THC NMHC NOx HC+NOx PM
P [km]
European emission standards for passenger cars (Category M) gkm
Euro 2 January
1996 1 - - - 07 008 -
Euro 3 January
2000 064 - - 05 056 005 -
European emission standards for light commercial vehicles le1305 kg (Category N1-I) gkm
Euro 2 January
1998 1 - - - 07 008 -
Euro 3 January
2000 064 - - 05 056 005 -
European emission standards for light commercial vehicles 1305ndash1760 kg (Category N1-II) gkm
Euro 2 January
1998 125 - - - 1 012 -
Euro 3 January
2001 08 - - 065 072 007 -
European emission standards for light commercial vehicles gt1760 kg max 3500 kg (Category N1-III amp N2) gkm
Euro 2 January
1998 15 - - - 12 017 -
Euro 3 January
2001 095 - - 078 086 01 -
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 13 of 23
TRUCKS AND BUSES
Standard Date CO (gkWh) HC (gkWh) NOx (gkWh) PM (gkWh) Smoke
EU Emission Standards for HD Diesel Engines gkWh (smoke in m
minus1)
Euro II October 1996 ECE R-49 4 11 7 025
Euro II October 1998 ECE R-49 4 11 7 015
Euro III October 1999
EEVs only ESC amp ELR
1 025 2 002 015 Non-
binding
Euro III October 2000 ESC amp ELR
21 066 5 01 08
013
for engines of less than 075 dm3 swept volume per cylinder and a rated power speed of more than 3000 per minute EEV is Enhanced environmentally friendly vehicle
Euro norm emissions for category N3 EDC (2000 and up)
Euro II 1995-1999 4 11 7 015
Euro III 1999-2005 21 066 5 01
Euro norm emissions for (older) ECE R49 cycle
Euro II 1995-99 4 11 7 015
1
the table covers the categories of diesel vehicles that are explicitly specified Other diesel engines eg
generators train locomotives if not following into one of the categories mentioned above may reasonably be assumed to generate exhaust emissions comparable to Euro 2 Euro II unless otherwise proven or specified
The applicable EU Directives are
Euro 2 (1996)
For passenger cars Directives 9412EC1 and 9669EC
2
For motorcycles Directives 200251EC3 (row A) and 2006120EC
4
Euro 3 (2000)
For any vehicle Directive 9869EC5
For motorcycle Directives 200251EC6 (row B) and 2006120EC
7
1 OJ L 10019494 p42ndash52
2 OJ L 282 1111996 p 64ndash67
3 OJ L 252 2092002 p 20ndash32
4 OJ L 330 28112006 p 16ndash17
5 OJ L 350 28121998 p 1ndash57
6 OJ L 252 2092002 p 20ndash32
7 OJ L 330 28112006 p 16ndash17
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 14 of 23
Table 2 Typical composition of Traditional DEEE and New Technology DEEE
Constituents Traditional DEEE New Technology DEEE
PM
Elemental Carbon
Organic Carbon
Sulfates
Metals
Other
75
19
1
2
3
13
30
53
4
Gaseous constituents 68 g NOxkg Fuel
202 g HCsec (Idle)
12 g HCmile (cruise)
57 g NOxkg Fuel
76 g HCsec (Idle)
04 HCmile (cruise)
Typical composition of diesel exhaust particles emitted by a 1990ndash2000 diesel engine (Traditional DEEE) and a post-2006 diesel engine (New Technology DEEE) according to NEGDECOS 2016
1990 technology Brian C McDonald 2012
2010 technology Brian C McDonald 2012
Clark et al 2006
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 15 of 23
Figure 1 Development of emission standards for heavy-duty diesel
engines in the EU Euro IndashVI refers to the European emission standards
for heavy-duty diesel engines NOX nitrogen oxides CO carbon
monoxide DEP diesel exhaust particles HC total hydrocarbons
Redrawn by NEG (2016) from the data presented in [Ecopoint DieselNet
2013 [cited 2013 Available from httpswwwdieselnetcom]
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 16 of 23
4 REFERENCES
Attfield MD Schleiff PL Lubin JH Blair A Stewart PA Vermeulen R Coble JB
Silverman DT (2012) The diesel exhaust in minors study a cohort mortality study
with emphasis on lung cancer J Natl Cancer Inst 104 1-15
Bofetta P (2012) Re The diesel exhaust in minors study a cohort mortality study with
emphasis on lung cancer J Natl Cancer Inst 104 1842-1843
Bolt HM Huici-Montagud A (2008) Strategy of the scientiWc committee on
occupational exposure limits (SCOEL) in the derivation of occupational exposure
limits for carcinogens and mutagens Arch Toxicol 82 61-64
Clark N Gautam M Wayne W Thompson G et al (2006) Regulated Emissions
from Heavy Heavy-Duty Diesel Trucks Operating in the South Coast Air Basin
SAE Technical Paper 2006-01-3395 2006 doi1042712006-01-3395
Davis ME Hart JE Laden F Garshick E Smith TJ (2011) A retrospective
assessment of occupational exposure to elemental carbon in the US trucking
industry Environ Health Perspect 119 997ndash1002
DieselNet (2014) Emission standards engine and emission technology
httpswwwdieselnetcom (last search 17042014)
European Union (2012) EU transport in figures Statistical pocket book 2012
Luxembourg Publications of the European Union 2012 ISBN 978-92-79-21694-7
httpeceuropaeutransportfacts-
fundingsstatisticsdoc2012pocketbook2012pdf (last search 17042014)
Garshick E Laden F Hart JE Smith TJ Rosner B (2006) Smoking imputation and
lung cancer in railroad workers exposed to diesel exhaust Am J Ind Med 49 709ndash
718
Garshick E Laden F Hart JE Rosner B Davis ME Eisen EA Smith TJ (2008) Lung
cancer and vehicle exhaust in trucking industry workers Environ Health Perspect
116 1327ndash1332
Garshick E Laden F Hart JE Davis ME Eisen EA Smith TJ (2012) Lung cancer
and elemental carbon exposure in trucking industry workers Environ Health
Perspect 120 1301-1306
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 17 of 23
Greim H (ed) (2008) Dieselmotor-Emissionen Gesundheitsschaumldliche Arbeitsstoffe ndash
Toxikologisch arbeitsmedizinische Begruumlndungen von MAK-Werten 45 Lieferung
Wiley-VCH Weinheim
Hallberg LM Parks J Hernandez C Ward JB Ameredes BT Norton C Zaas S and
Wickliffe JK (2014) genotoxicity of diesel exhaust from 2007-compliant diesel
engines final results of the 12- and 24-month exposures of rats from the aces
study Health Effects Institute 2014 Annual Conference May 4-6 2014
Alexandria VA USA
httpwwwhealtheffectsorgPubsAnnualConferenceBook2014pdf
Hartwig A (ed) (2012) Allgemeiner Staubgrenzwert (A-Fraktion) (Granulaumlre
biobestaumlndige Staumlube (GBS)) Gesundheitsschaumldliche Arbeitsstoffe
Toxikologisch-arbeitsmedizinische Begruumlndung von MAK-Werten 53 Lieferung
Wiley-VCH Weinheim
Heinrich U Muhle H Takenaka S Ernst H Fuhst R Mohr U Pott F Stoumlber W
(1986) Chronic effects on the respiratory tract of hamsters mice and rats after
long-term inhalation of high concentrations of filtered and unfiltered diesel engine
emissions J Appl Toxicol 6 383ndash395
Heinrich U Fuhst R Rittinghausen S Creutzenberg O Bellmann B Koch W Levsen
K (1995) Chronic inhalation exposure of Wistar rats and 2 different strains of mice
to diesel-engine exhaust carbon black and titanium dioxide Inhal Toxicol 7 533ndash
556
Henderson RF Pickrell JA Jones RK (1988) Response of rodents to inhaled diluted
diesel exhaust biochemical and cytological changes in bronchoalveolar fluid and
in lung tissue Fundam Appl Toxicol 11 456-567
Henschler (ed) (1987) Dieselmotor-Emissionen Gesundheitsschaumldliche Arbeitsstoffe
ndash Toxikologisch arbeitsmedizinische Begruumlndungen von MAK-Werten 14
Lieferung VCH Weinheim
Hesterberg TW Long CM Bunn WB Lapin CA McClellan RO Valberg PA (2012)
Health effects research and regulation of diesel exhaust an historical overview
focused on lung cancer risk Inhal Toxicol 24 Suppl 11ndash45
IARC International Agency for the Research on Cancer (1989) Diesel and Gasoline
Engine Exhausts In Diesel and Gasoline Engine Exhausts and Some
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 18 of 23
Nitroarenes IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of
Chemicals to Humans vol 46 Lyon France International Agency for Research
on Cancer pp 41-185
IARC (2010) Carbon black titanium dioxide and talc IARC Monographs on the
Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans vol 93 Lyon France
International Agency for Research on Cancer pp 1-452
IARC (2013) Diesel and gasoline engine exhausts In Diesel and gasoline engine
exhausts and some nitroarenes IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of
Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans vol 105 Lyon France International
Agency for Research on Cancer pp 39-486
IARC (2014) Diesel and gasoline engine exhausts In Diesel and gasoline engine
exhausts and some nitroarenes IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of
Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans vol 105 Lyon France International
Agency for Research on Cancer pp 39-486
httpsmonographsiarcfrENGMonographsvol105mono105pdf Accessed
20160601
IARC International Agency for the Research on Cancer (1989) Diesel and Gasoline
Engine Exhausts In Diesel and Gasoline Engine Exhausts and Some
Nitroarenes IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of
Chemicals to Humans vol 46 Lyon France International Agency for Research
on Cancer pp 41-185
httpmonographsiarcfrENGMonographsvol46mono46pdf Accessed
20160601
IFA Institut fuumlr Arbeitsschutz der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung (2013)
GESTIS - International limit values for chemical agents DGUV IFA Sankt
Augustin Germany
httpwwwdguvdeifaGefahrstoffdatenbankenGESTIS-Internationale-
Grenzwerte-fuumlr-chemische-Substanzen-limit-values-for-chemical-agentsindex-
2jsp
IFA Institut fuumlr Arbeitsschutz der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung (2014)
GESTIS ndash Analytical methods DGUV IFA Sankt Augustin Germany
httpamcawifadguvdesubstancemethoden122-L-Dieselpdf
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 19 of 23
Ishihara Y Kagawa J (2003) Chronic diesel exhaust exposures of rats demonstrate
concentration and time-dependent effects on pulmonary inflammation Inhalat
Toxicol 15 473-492
Ishinishi N Kuwabara N Nagase S Suzuki T Ishiwata S Kohno T (1986) Long-term
inhalation studies on effects of exhaust from heavy and light duty diesel engines
on F344 rats In Carcinogenic and Mutagenic Effects of Diesel Engine Exhaust
Ishinishi N Koizumi A McClellan R Stoumlber W (eds) Amsterdam the Netherlands
Elsevier 329ndash348
Ishinishi N Kuwabara N Takaki Y Nagase S Suzuki T Nakajima T Maejima K
Kato A Nakamura M (1988) Long-term inhalation experiments on diesel exhaust
In Diesel exhaust and health risks Final Report of HERP studies Ishihara T (ed)
Health Effects Research Program Tsukuba Japan 15-84
Khalek IA Bougher TL Merritt PM Zielinska B (2011) Regulated and unregulated
emissions from highway heavy-duty diesel engines complying with US
Environmental Protection Agency 2007 emissions standards J Air Waste Manag
Assoc 61 4427ndash442
Laden F Hart JE Smith TJ et al (2007) Cause-specific mortality in the unionized
US trucking industry Environ Health Perspect 115 1192ndash1196
Moumlhner M Kersten N Gellissen J (2012) Re The diesel exhaust in minors study a
cohort mortality study with emphasis on lung cancer J Natl Cancer Inst 104 1846-
1847
Moumlhner M Kersten N Gellissen J (2013) Diesel motor exhaust and lung cancer
mortality reanalysis of a cohort study in potash miners Eur J Epidemiol 28159ndash
168
NEGDECOS (2016) 149 Diesel engine exhaust Taxell P Santonen T The Nordic
Expert Group for Criteria Documentation of Health Risks from Chemicals and the
Dutch Expert Committee on Occupational Safety Volume 49(6)
NTP National Toxicology Program (2011) 12th Report on Carcinogens June 10
2011 p 153-156 US Department of Health and Human Services NC USA
httpntpniehsnihgovntproctwelfthroc12pdf
Olsson AC Gustavsson P Kromhout H Peters S Vermeulen R Bruske I Pesch B
Siemiatycki J Pintos J Bruning T Cassidy A Wichmann H-E Consonni D Landi
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 20 of 23
MT Caporaso N Plato N Merletti F Mirabelli D Richiardi L Joumlckel K-H Ahrens
W Pohlabeln H Lissowska J et al (2011) exposure to diesel motor exhaust and
lung cancer risk in a pooled analysis from case-control studies in Europe and
Canada Am J Respir Crit Care Med 183 941ndash948
Pallapies D Taeger D Bochmann F Morfeld P (2013) Comment Carcinogenicity of
diesel-engine exhaust (DE) (2012) Arch Toxicol 87 547-549
Parent ME Rousseau MC Boffetta P Cohen A Siemiatycki J (2007) Exposure to
diesel and gasoline engine emissions and the risk of lung cancer Am J Epidemiol
165 53-62
Pintos J Parent ME Richardson L Siemiatycki J (2012) Occupational exposure to
diesel engine emissions and risk of lung cancer evidence from two case-control
studies in Montreal Canada Occup Environ Med 69 787-792
Silverman DT Samanic CM Lubin JH Blair AE Stewart PA Vermeulen R Coble
JB Rothman N Schleiff PL Travis WD Ziegler RG Wacholder S Attfield MD
The diesel exhaust in miners study a nested case-control study of lung cancer
and diesel exhaust J Natl Cancer Inst 104 1-14
Steenland K Deddens J Stayner L (1998) Diesel exhaust and lung cancer in the
trucking industry exposure-response analyses and risk assessment Am J Ind
Med 34 220ndash228
Stenfors N Nordenhaumlll C Salvi SS Mudway I Soumlderberg M Blomberg A Helleday
R Levin JO Holgate ST Kelly FJ Frew AJ Sandstroumlm T (2004) Different airway
inflammatory responses in asthmatic and healthy humans exposed to diesel Eur
Respir J 23 82ndash86
Sun Y Bochmann F Nold A Mattenklott M (2014) Diesel exhaust exposure and the
risk of lung cancer ndash a review of the epidemiological evidence Int J Environ Res
Public Health 11 1312-1340
US-EPA (US Environmental Protection Agency) (2002) Health Assessment
Document for Diesel Engine Exhaust EPA6008-90057F US Environmental
Protection Agency Washington DC USA
httpwwwepagovncea
US-EPA (2003) IRIS Integrated Risk Information System Diesel engine exhaust
Last revised 02282003 Washington DC USA
httpwwwepagovirissubst0642htm
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 21 of 23
Vermeulen R Silverman DT Garshick E Vlaanderen J Portengen L Steenland K
(2014) Exposure-response estimates for diesel engine exhaust and lung cancer
mortality based on data from three occupational cohorts
httpdxdoiorg101289ehp1306880
WHO (1996) Diesel Fuel and Exhaust Emissions Environmental Health Criteria 171
International Programme on Chemical Safety World Health Organization Geneva
Switzerland
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 22 of 23
HOW TO OBTAIN EU PUBLICATIONS
Free publications
bull one copy via EU Bookshop (httpbookshopeuropaeu)
bull more than one copy or postersmaps from the European Unionrsquos representations (httpeceuropaeurepresent_enhtm) from the delegations in non-EU countries (httpeeaseuropaeudelegationsindex_enhtm) by contacting the Europe Direct service (httpeuropaeueuropedirectindex_enhtm) or calling 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (freephone number from anywhere in the EU) () () The information given is free as are most calls (though some operators phone boxes or hotels may charge you)
Priced publications
bull via EU Bookshop (httpbookshopeuropaeu)
Priced subscriptions
bull via one of the sales agents of the Publications Office of the European Union (httppublicationseuropaeuothersagentsindex_enhtm)
doi 102767299599
ISBN 978-92-79-65251-6
KE-0
2-1
7-0
30-E
N-N
[Ca
talo
gu
e n
um
be
r]
EUROPEAN COMMISSION
Directorate-General for Employment Social Affairs and Inclusion Directorate B mdashEmployment Unit B3 mdash Health and safety
Contact Dr Christoph Klein
E-mail EMPL-SCOELeceuropaeu ChristophKleineceuropaeu
European Commission B-1049 Brussels
EUROPEAN COMMISSION
Directorate-General for Employment Social Affairs and Inclusion Scientific Committee on Occupational Exposure Limits
2017
SCOELOPIN2016-403
Diesel Engine Exhaust Opinion from the
Scientific Committee on Occupational Exposure Limits
LEGAL NOTICE
This document has been prepared for the European Commission however it reflects the views only of the authors and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein
More information on the European Union is available on the Internet (httpwwweuropaeu)
Luxembourg Publications Office of the European Union 2017
ISBN 978-92-79-65251-6 (PDF) doi 102767299599 (PDF)
copy European Union 2017 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged
Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union
Freephone number ()
00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11
() The information given is free as are most calls (though some operators phone boxes or hotels may charge you)
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 5 of 23
Contents
1 IDENTIFICATION 7
2 CHEMICAL AGENT AND SCOPE OF LEGISLATION 8
3 LIMIT VALUES MODE OF ACTION NOTATIONS 9
31 Mode of action 9
32 Genotoxicity and Carcinogenicity 10
33 Short-term exposure limit (STEL) 11
34 Reproduction 11
35 Sensitization 11
36 Skin notation 11
37 Biological Monitoring 11
4 REFERENCES 16
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 6 of 23
OPINION FROM THE
SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE ON OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE
LIMITS FOR DIESEL ENGINE EXHAUST EMISSIONS
Traditional Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions DEEE
8-hour TWA
STEL
to be derived
not applicable
BLV not applicable
Additional
categorisation
Carcinogen Group B or Group C
Notation
None
The present Opinion was adopted by SCOEL December 2016
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 7 of 23
OPINION SUMMARY
1 IDENTIFICATION
The present Opinion adresses Diesel engine exhaust emissions Thereby
Traditional DEEE in contrast to New Technology DEEE are understood to be
identified by the following characteristics
Traditional Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions (DEEE) This category
includes the exhaust emissions of all diesel vehicles the emissions of which
comply at best with the Euro 2 emission standards referred in Table 1 and also
specifically exhaust emissions of any other diesel engines which are not covered
by the definition of new technology DEEE such as exhaust emissions from
diesel enginge powered heavy equipment
New technology Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions (New technology
DEEE) This category includes the exhaust emissions of all diesel vehicles the
emissions of which comply or exceed Euro 3 and Euro III standards referred in
Table 1
Outline description
Diesel engine exhaust emissions are mixtures of hundreds of chemical
compounds which are emitted partly in the gaseous phase partly in the
particulate phase (WHO 1996) Main gaseous combustions products are carbon
dioxide and water vapour oxygen and nitrogen (more than 99 of total mass)
Products of incomplete combustion are carbon monoxide sulfur compounds
nitrogen compounds (oxides) as well as low-molecular-weight hydrocarbons
(alkanes alkenes carbonyls carboxylic acids aromatics) and their (nitrated)
derivatives Known to be of toxicological relevance are for example aldehydes
like formaldehyde acetaldehyde or acrolein benzene 13-butadiene toluene
and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and nitro-PAH and particles of
different sizes
Main particulate combustion product of traditional DEEE is the core of elemental
carbon (EC) and absorbed organic compounds like PAH oxidised PAH and nitro-
PAH (up to 1 of particulate mass) as well as small amounts of sulfates
nitrates metals and other trace elements This diesel particulate matter consists
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 8 of 23
of fine particles with a diameter of 25 m including also ultrafine particles
with a diameter of 01 m
Diesel engine exhaust emissions vary in their chemical composition and particle
size distribution depending on engine types engine operating conditions fuel
formulations lubricating oil additives emission control systems They also vary
between on-road and non-road engines (IARC 2014 NEG 2016) The qualitative
and quantitative composition of the diesel engine exhaust emissions has changed
during the last years beginning from the early 1990s due to the introduction of
stringent emission regulations in the EU This triggered the development and
application of new technology for diesel engines with changes in (the composition
of) PM and gaseous constituents in the exhaust
When using the new technology DEEE (especially those complying Euro IV-VI)
engines diesel engine exhaust emission composition differs substantially from
traditional diesel engine exhaust emissions before 1995 (see Figure below)
Especially the mass of diesel exhaust particles (DEP) emitted is reduced by more
than 90 in the case of euro IV-VI engines when compared to Euro I and II
engines Elemental carbon organic carbon water-soluble carbon aldehydes
PAHs Nitro-PAHs other aromatics dioxinsfurans and metals are lower as well
However sulphate and ammonium are increased (Hesterberg et al 2012 Khalek
et al 2011) Also even if the total amounts of nitrogen oxide emissions are
decreased too the percentage of NOx is substantially higher and may account
for up to 50 which is much more than in older engines (max 10) (McDonald
et al 2012) Typical compositions of Traditional DEEE and New Technology
DEEE are shown in Table 2
2 CHEMICAL AGENT AND SCOPE OF LEGISLATION
Traditional Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions (DEEE) are process-generated
substances that are hazardous chemical agents in accordance with Article 2 (b)
of Directive 9824EC and falls within the scope of this legislation
Traditional Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions (DEEE) are process-generated
substances that are carcinogens or mutagens for humans in accordance with
Article 2(a) and (b) of Directive 200437EC
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 9 of 23
Traditional Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions (DEEE) are carcinogenic
SCOEL Group B or C although a mode of action-based threshold may be
applicable
3 LIMIT VALUES MODE OF ACTION NOTATIONS
General Considerations
The critical effect of traditional Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions (DEEE) in rats is
pulmonary cancer which is considered to be the consequence of inflammation
and genotoxicity being primarily induced by particulate matter Lung toxicity of
newest technology diesel engine exhaust however results primarily from NO2
exposure Consequently for traditional DEEE the OEL requires control of
particulate matter emissions for new type of engines it requires control of NO2
Typical DEEE compositions are presented in tables 1 and 2 The changes in
composition are additionally presented in figure 1
31 Mode of action
Traditional DEEE contains genotoxic components like PAHs or nitro-PAHs but the
amount of PAH alone cannot explain the observed tumours (Heinrich et al 1986)
There is evidence for the direct genotoxic activity of DEEE and therefore direct
genotoxicity cannot be fully excluded In animal studies chronic inflammation
resulting in oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species has been observed at doses
resulting in tumour formation in rats and therefore secondary genotoxicity together
with increased cell proliferation seem to be predominant in rats Based on this mode
of action a non-linear dose-response relationship and a threshold mechanism for
carcinogenicity could be anticipated Considering this mechanism traditional diesel
engine exhaust would be classified as SCOEL carcinogen Cat C (genotoxic
carcinogens with a mode of action-based threshold) Considering that the genotoxic
activity cannot be fully excluded and the epidemiological studies show a gradually
increasing exposure response relation already starting at exposure levels close to
background level and are not indicative of a clear exposure threshold SCOEL
carcinogen Cat B would also apply
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 10 of 23
Toxicological and pathobiological information from animal studies supports a
mode of action for which possibly a threshold could be established However
the epidemiological evidence does not allow to identify a critical threshold that
could serve for derivation of an OEL and direct genotoxicity cannot be excluded
Thus traditional DEEE are carcinogenic within SCOEL groups B or group C
Further scientific-technical analysis shall follow up on this issue
In new-technology diesel engine exhaust (especially DEEE corresponding to
Euro IV-VI) particulate matter and adsorbed mutagenic compounds are much lower
than in traditional diesel engine exhausts Accordingly in a 1-year mouse and a 2-
year rat study with the US 2007 compliant diesel engine exhaust (corresponding to
Euro VI) did not show tumours or genotoxicity in vivo (HEI 2015) The toxic effects in
the lung have been attributed to NO2 exposure so that exhausts of these new
technology diesel engines may not be considered carcinogenic
32 Genotoxicity and Carcinogenicity
The epidemiological studies which describe quantitative exposure response relations have
been used by Vermeulen et al (2014) to conduct a meta-regression of lung cancer mortality
and cumulative exposure to elemental carbon (EC) based on relative risk (RR) estimates
reported of the three large occupational cohort studies (Steenland et al 1998 Garshick et al
2012 Silverman et al 2012) Based on the derived overall risk function excess lifetime risks
were calculated for several lifetime occupational exposure scenarios Estimated numbers of
excess lung cancer deaths through 80 years of age for lifetime occupational exposures of
1 10 and 25 μgm3 EC were 17 200 and 689 per 10000 respectively (Vermeulen et al
2014)
Thus although toxicological data supports a threshold (possibly at
002 mg DEPm3 or below corresponding 0015 mg ECm3) epidemiological data
suggests significant cancer risks already at and below these exposure levels
Therefore an occupational exposure limit that would be adaequately protective
for workers cannot be established on the basis of the current available data and
analysis However both toxicological and human epidemiological data are further
gathered and evaluated
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 11 of 23
33 Short-term exposure limit (STEL)
For DEEE the pathobiological effect is the lung toxicity which results from
inflammation Due to the long clearance half-life time of diesel engine exhaust
particles (alveolar clearance for insoluble non-toxic particles is 60-100 days in
rats (WHO 1996) and several hundred days in humans (US-EPA 2002) it is not
considered necessary to derive an acute 15 minutes short-term exposure limit
(STEL)
34 Reproduction
Reproductive and developmental toxicity are considered unlikely to be critical
end-points for diesel engine exhaust neither from old nor from new-technology
engines
35 Sensitization
No study investigating sensitization potential of diesel engine exhausts according
to current guidelines is available in animals or humans Several studies show
effects of diesel engine exhausts on the immune system in humans and animals
Diesel engine exhausts react as an adjuvant in sensitization tests in humans and
animals and can cause exacerbation of allergic responses and asthma-like
symptoms However diesel engine exhaust itself is not an allergen Therefore a
notation for sensitization is not recommended
36 Skin notation
Due to the composition and the nature of the critical effect of DEEE and also
new-technology diesel engine exhaust a substantial dermal absorption is not
anticipated Therefore a skin notation is not recommended
37 Biological Monitoring
From the available data it is not possible to recommend a biological limit value
nor biological guidance value for diesel exhausts There is thus no BLV or BGV
recommended for DEEE
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 12 of 23
Table 1 Euro 2 and Euro 3 Emission standards for diesel vehicles1 in the EU
PASSENGER CARS AND LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLES
Tier Date CO THC NMHC NOx HC+NOx PM
P [km]
European emission standards for passenger cars (Category M) gkm
Euro 2 January
1996 1 - - - 07 008 -
Euro 3 January
2000 064 - - 05 056 005 -
European emission standards for light commercial vehicles le1305 kg (Category N1-I) gkm
Euro 2 January
1998 1 - - - 07 008 -
Euro 3 January
2000 064 - - 05 056 005 -
European emission standards for light commercial vehicles 1305ndash1760 kg (Category N1-II) gkm
Euro 2 January
1998 125 - - - 1 012 -
Euro 3 January
2001 08 - - 065 072 007 -
European emission standards for light commercial vehicles gt1760 kg max 3500 kg (Category N1-III amp N2) gkm
Euro 2 January
1998 15 - - - 12 017 -
Euro 3 January
2001 095 - - 078 086 01 -
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 13 of 23
TRUCKS AND BUSES
Standard Date CO (gkWh) HC (gkWh) NOx (gkWh) PM (gkWh) Smoke
EU Emission Standards for HD Diesel Engines gkWh (smoke in m
minus1)
Euro II October 1996 ECE R-49 4 11 7 025
Euro II October 1998 ECE R-49 4 11 7 015
Euro III October 1999
EEVs only ESC amp ELR
1 025 2 002 015 Non-
binding
Euro III October 2000 ESC amp ELR
21 066 5 01 08
013
for engines of less than 075 dm3 swept volume per cylinder and a rated power speed of more than 3000 per minute EEV is Enhanced environmentally friendly vehicle
Euro norm emissions for category N3 EDC (2000 and up)
Euro II 1995-1999 4 11 7 015
Euro III 1999-2005 21 066 5 01
Euro norm emissions for (older) ECE R49 cycle
Euro II 1995-99 4 11 7 015
1
the table covers the categories of diesel vehicles that are explicitly specified Other diesel engines eg
generators train locomotives if not following into one of the categories mentioned above may reasonably be assumed to generate exhaust emissions comparable to Euro 2 Euro II unless otherwise proven or specified
The applicable EU Directives are
Euro 2 (1996)
For passenger cars Directives 9412EC1 and 9669EC
2
For motorcycles Directives 200251EC3 (row A) and 2006120EC
4
Euro 3 (2000)
For any vehicle Directive 9869EC5
For motorcycle Directives 200251EC6 (row B) and 2006120EC
7
1 OJ L 10019494 p42ndash52
2 OJ L 282 1111996 p 64ndash67
3 OJ L 252 2092002 p 20ndash32
4 OJ L 330 28112006 p 16ndash17
5 OJ L 350 28121998 p 1ndash57
6 OJ L 252 2092002 p 20ndash32
7 OJ L 330 28112006 p 16ndash17
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 14 of 23
Table 2 Typical composition of Traditional DEEE and New Technology DEEE
Constituents Traditional DEEE New Technology DEEE
PM
Elemental Carbon
Organic Carbon
Sulfates
Metals
Other
75
19
1
2
3
13
30
53
4
Gaseous constituents 68 g NOxkg Fuel
202 g HCsec (Idle)
12 g HCmile (cruise)
57 g NOxkg Fuel
76 g HCsec (Idle)
04 HCmile (cruise)
Typical composition of diesel exhaust particles emitted by a 1990ndash2000 diesel engine (Traditional DEEE) and a post-2006 diesel engine (New Technology DEEE) according to NEGDECOS 2016
1990 technology Brian C McDonald 2012
2010 technology Brian C McDonald 2012
Clark et al 2006
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 15 of 23
Figure 1 Development of emission standards for heavy-duty diesel
engines in the EU Euro IndashVI refers to the European emission standards
for heavy-duty diesel engines NOX nitrogen oxides CO carbon
monoxide DEP diesel exhaust particles HC total hydrocarbons
Redrawn by NEG (2016) from the data presented in [Ecopoint DieselNet
2013 [cited 2013 Available from httpswwwdieselnetcom]
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 16 of 23
4 REFERENCES
Attfield MD Schleiff PL Lubin JH Blair A Stewart PA Vermeulen R Coble JB
Silverman DT (2012) The diesel exhaust in minors study a cohort mortality study
with emphasis on lung cancer J Natl Cancer Inst 104 1-15
Bofetta P (2012) Re The diesel exhaust in minors study a cohort mortality study with
emphasis on lung cancer J Natl Cancer Inst 104 1842-1843
Bolt HM Huici-Montagud A (2008) Strategy of the scientiWc committee on
occupational exposure limits (SCOEL) in the derivation of occupational exposure
limits for carcinogens and mutagens Arch Toxicol 82 61-64
Clark N Gautam M Wayne W Thompson G et al (2006) Regulated Emissions
from Heavy Heavy-Duty Diesel Trucks Operating in the South Coast Air Basin
SAE Technical Paper 2006-01-3395 2006 doi1042712006-01-3395
Davis ME Hart JE Laden F Garshick E Smith TJ (2011) A retrospective
assessment of occupational exposure to elemental carbon in the US trucking
industry Environ Health Perspect 119 997ndash1002
DieselNet (2014) Emission standards engine and emission technology
httpswwwdieselnetcom (last search 17042014)
European Union (2012) EU transport in figures Statistical pocket book 2012
Luxembourg Publications of the European Union 2012 ISBN 978-92-79-21694-7
httpeceuropaeutransportfacts-
fundingsstatisticsdoc2012pocketbook2012pdf (last search 17042014)
Garshick E Laden F Hart JE Smith TJ Rosner B (2006) Smoking imputation and
lung cancer in railroad workers exposed to diesel exhaust Am J Ind Med 49 709ndash
718
Garshick E Laden F Hart JE Rosner B Davis ME Eisen EA Smith TJ (2008) Lung
cancer and vehicle exhaust in trucking industry workers Environ Health Perspect
116 1327ndash1332
Garshick E Laden F Hart JE Davis ME Eisen EA Smith TJ (2012) Lung cancer
and elemental carbon exposure in trucking industry workers Environ Health
Perspect 120 1301-1306
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 17 of 23
Greim H (ed) (2008) Dieselmotor-Emissionen Gesundheitsschaumldliche Arbeitsstoffe ndash
Toxikologisch arbeitsmedizinische Begruumlndungen von MAK-Werten 45 Lieferung
Wiley-VCH Weinheim
Hallberg LM Parks J Hernandez C Ward JB Ameredes BT Norton C Zaas S and
Wickliffe JK (2014) genotoxicity of diesel exhaust from 2007-compliant diesel
engines final results of the 12- and 24-month exposures of rats from the aces
study Health Effects Institute 2014 Annual Conference May 4-6 2014
Alexandria VA USA
httpwwwhealtheffectsorgPubsAnnualConferenceBook2014pdf
Hartwig A (ed) (2012) Allgemeiner Staubgrenzwert (A-Fraktion) (Granulaumlre
biobestaumlndige Staumlube (GBS)) Gesundheitsschaumldliche Arbeitsstoffe
Toxikologisch-arbeitsmedizinische Begruumlndung von MAK-Werten 53 Lieferung
Wiley-VCH Weinheim
Heinrich U Muhle H Takenaka S Ernst H Fuhst R Mohr U Pott F Stoumlber W
(1986) Chronic effects on the respiratory tract of hamsters mice and rats after
long-term inhalation of high concentrations of filtered and unfiltered diesel engine
emissions J Appl Toxicol 6 383ndash395
Heinrich U Fuhst R Rittinghausen S Creutzenberg O Bellmann B Koch W Levsen
K (1995) Chronic inhalation exposure of Wistar rats and 2 different strains of mice
to diesel-engine exhaust carbon black and titanium dioxide Inhal Toxicol 7 533ndash
556
Henderson RF Pickrell JA Jones RK (1988) Response of rodents to inhaled diluted
diesel exhaust biochemical and cytological changes in bronchoalveolar fluid and
in lung tissue Fundam Appl Toxicol 11 456-567
Henschler (ed) (1987) Dieselmotor-Emissionen Gesundheitsschaumldliche Arbeitsstoffe
ndash Toxikologisch arbeitsmedizinische Begruumlndungen von MAK-Werten 14
Lieferung VCH Weinheim
Hesterberg TW Long CM Bunn WB Lapin CA McClellan RO Valberg PA (2012)
Health effects research and regulation of diesel exhaust an historical overview
focused on lung cancer risk Inhal Toxicol 24 Suppl 11ndash45
IARC International Agency for the Research on Cancer (1989) Diesel and Gasoline
Engine Exhausts In Diesel and Gasoline Engine Exhausts and Some
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 18 of 23
Nitroarenes IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of
Chemicals to Humans vol 46 Lyon France International Agency for Research
on Cancer pp 41-185
IARC (2010) Carbon black titanium dioxide and talc IARC Monographs on the
Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans vol 93 Lyon France
International Agency for Research on Cancer pp 1-452
IARC (2013) Diesel and gasoline engine exhausts In Diesel and gasoline engine
exhausts and some nitroarenes IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of
Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans vol 105 Lyon France International
Agency for Research on Cancer pp 39-486
IARC (2014) Diesel and gasoline engine exhausts In Diesel and gasoline engine
exhausts and some nitroarenes IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of
Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans vol 105 Lyon France International
Agency for Research on Cancer pp 39-486
httpsmonographsiarcfrENGMonographsvol105mono105pdf Accessed
20160601
IARC International Agency for the Research on Cancer (1989) Diesel and Gasoline
Engine Exhausts In Diesel and Gasoline Engine Exhausts and Some
Nitroarenes IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of
Chemicals to Humans vol 46 Lyon France International Agency for Research
on Cancer pp 41-185
httpmonographsiarcfrENGMonographsvol46mono46pdf Accessed
20160601
IFA Institut fuumlr Arbeitsschutz der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung (2013)
GESTIS - International limit values for chemical agents DGUV IFA Sankt
Augustin Germany
httpwwwdguvdeifaGefahrstoffdatenbankenGESTIS-Internationale-
Grenzwerte-fuumlr-chemische-Substanzen-limit-values-for-chemical-agentsindex-
2jsp
IFA Institut fuumlr Arbeitsschutz der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung (2014)
GESTIS ndash Analytical methods DGUV IFA Sankt Augustin Germany
httpamcawifadguvdesubstancemethoden122-L-Dieselpdf
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 19 of 23
Ishihara Y Kagawa J (2003) Chronic diesel exhaust exposures of rats demonstrate
concentration and time-dependent effects on pulmonary inflammation Inhalat
Toxicol 15 473-492
Ishinishi N Kuwabara N Nagase S Suzuki T Ishiwata S Kohno T (1986) Long-term
inhalation studies on effects of exhaust from heavy and light duty diesel engines
on F344 rats In Carcinogenic and Mutagenic Effects of Diesel Engine Exhaust
Ishinishi N Koizumi A McClellan R Stoumlber W (eds) Amsterdam the Netherlands
Elsevier 329ndash348
Ishinishi N Kuwabara N Takaki Y Nagase S Suzuki T Nakajima T Maejima K
Kato A Nakamura M (1988) Long-term inhalation experiments on diesel exhaust
In Diesel exhaust and health risks Final Report of HERP studies Ishihara T (ed)
Health Effects Research Program Tsukuba Japan 15-84
Khalek IA Bougher TL Merritt PM Zielinska B (2011) Regulated and unregulated
emissions from highway heavy-duty diesel engines complying with US
Environmental Protection Agency 2007 emissions standards J Air Waste Manag
Assoc 61 4427ndash442
Laden F Hart JE Smith TJ et al (2007) Cause-specific mortality in the unionized
US trucking industry Environ Health Perspect 115 1192ndash1196
Moumlhner M Kersten N Gellissen J (2012) Re The diesel exhaust in minors study a
cohort mortality study with emphasis on lung cancer J Natl Cancer Inst 104 1846-
1847
Moumlhner M Kersten N Gellissen J (2013) Diesel motor exhaust and lung cancer
mortality reanalysis of a cohort study in potash miners Eur J Epidemiol 28159ndash
168
NEGDECOS (2016) 149 Diesel engine exhaust Taxell P Santonen T The Nordic
Expert Group for Criteria Documentation of Health Risks from Chemicals and the
Dutch Expert Committee on Occupational Safety Volume 49(6)
NTP National Toxicology Program (2011) 12th Report on Carcinogens June 10
2011 p 153-156 US Department of Health and Human Services NC USA
httpntpniehsnihgovntproctwelfthroc12pdf
Olsson AC Gustavsson P Kromhout H Peters S Vermeulen R Bruske I Pesch B
Siemiatycki J Pintos J Bruning T Cassidy A Wichmann H-E Consonni D Landi
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 20 of 23
MT Caporaso N Plato N Merletti F Mirabelli D Richiardi L Joumlckel K-H Ahrens
W Pohlabeln H Lissowska J et al (2011) exposure to diesel motor exhaust and
lung cancer risk in a pooled analysis from case-control studies in Europe and
Canada Am J Respir Crit Care Med 183 941ndash948
Pallapies D Taeger D Bochmann F Morfeld P (2013) Comment Carcinogenicity of
diesel-engine exhaust (DE) (2012) Arch Toxicol 87 547-549
Parent ME Rousseau MC Boffetta P Cohen A Siemiatycki J (2007) Exposure to
diesel and gasoline engine emissions and the risk of lung cancer Am J Epidemiol
165 53-62
Pintos J Parent ME Richardson L Siemiatycki J (2012) Occupational exposure to
diesel engine emissions and risk of lung cancer evidence from two case-control
studies in Montreal Canada Occup Environ Med 69 787-792
Silverman DT Samanic CM Lubin JH Blair AE Stewart PA Vermeulen R Coble
JB Rothman N Schleiff PL Travis WD Ziegler RG Wacholder S Attfield MD
The diesel exhaust in miners study a nested case-control study of lung cancer
and diesel exhaust J Natl Cancer Inst 104 1-14
Steenland K Deddens J Stayner L (1998) Diesel exhaust and lung cancer in the
trucking industry exposure-response analyses and risk assessment Am J Ind
Med 34 220ndash228
Stenfors N Nordenhaumlll C Salvi SS Mudway I Soumlderberg M Blomberg A Helleday
R Levin JO Holgate ST Kelly FJ Frew AJ Sandstroumlm T (2004) Different airway
inflammatory responses in asthmatic and healthy humans exposed to diesel Eur
Respir J 23 82ndash86
Sun Y Bochmann F Nold A Mattenklott M (2014) Diesel exhaust exposure and the
risk of lung cancer ndash a review of the epidemiological evidence Int J Environ Res
Public Health 11 1312-1340
US-EPA (US Environmental Protection Agency) (2002) Health Assessment
Document for Diesel Engine Exhaust EPA6008-90057F US Environmental
Protection Agency Washington DC USA
httpwwwepagovncea
US-EPA (2003) IRIS Integrated Risk Information System Diesel engine exhaust
Last revised 02282003 Washington DC USA
httpwwwepagovirissubst0642htm
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 21 of 23
Vermeulen R Silverman DT Garshick E Vlaanderen J Portengen L Steenland K
(2014) Exposure-response estimates for diesel engine exhaust and lung cancer
mortality based on data from three occupational cohorts
httpdxdoiorg101289ehp1306880
WHO (1996) Diesel Fuel and Exhaust Emissions Environmental Health Criteria 171
International Programme on Chemical Safety World Health Organization Geneva
Switzerland
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 22 of 23
HOW TO OBTAIN EU PUBLICATIONS
Free publications
bull one copy via EU Bookshop (httpbookshopeuropaeu)
bull more than one copy or postersmaps from the European Unionrsquos representations (httpeceuropaeurepresent_enhtm) from the delegations in non-EU countries (httpeeaseuropaeudelegationsindex_enhtm) by contacting the Europe Direct service (httpeuropaeueuropedirectindex_enhtm) or calling 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (freephone number from anywhere in the EU) () () The information given is free as are most calls (though some operators phone boxes or hotels may charge you)
Priced publications
bull via EU Bookshop (httpbookshopeuropaeu)
Priced subscriptions
bull via one of the sales agents of the Publications Office of the European Union (httppublicationseuropaeuothersagentsindex_enhtm)
doi 102767299599
ISBN 978-92-79-65251-6
KE-0
2-1
7-0
30-E
N-N
[Ca
talo
gu
e n
um
be
r]
EUROPEAN COMMISSION
Directorate-General for Employment Social Affairs and Inclusion Scientific Committee on Occupational Exposure Limits
2017
SCOELOPIN2016-403
Diesel Engine Exhaust Opinion from the
Scientific Committee on Occupational Exposure Limits
LEGAL NOTICE
This document has been prepared for the European Commission however it reflects the views only of the authors and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein
More information on the European Union is available on the Internet (httpwwweuropaeu)
Luxembourg Publications Office of the European Union 2017
ISBN 978-92-79-65251-6 (PDF) doi 102767299599 (PDF)
copy European Union 2017 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged
Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union
Freephone number ()
00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11
() The information given is free as are most calls (though some operators phone boxes or hotels may charge you)
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 5 of 23
Contents
1 IDENTIFICATION 7
2 CHEMICAL AGENT AND SCOPE OF LEGISLATION 8
3 LIMIT VALUES MODE OF ACTION NOTATIONS 9
31 Mode of action 9
32 Genotoxicity and Carcinogenicity 10
33 Short-term exposure limit (STEL) 11
34 Reproduction 11
35 Sensitization 11
36 Skin notation 11
37 Biological Monitoring 11
4 REFERENCES 16
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 6 of 23
OPINION FROM THE
SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE ON OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE
LIMITS FOR DIESEL ENGINE EXHAUST EMISSIONS
Traditional Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions DEEE
8-hour TWA
STEL
to be derived
not applicable
BLV not applicable
Additional
categorisation
Carcinogen Group B or Group C
Notation
None
The present Opinion was adopted by SCOEL December 2016
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 7 of 23
OPINION SUMMARY
1 IDENTIFICATION
The present Opinion adresses Diesel engine exhaust emissions Thereby
Traditional DEEE in contrast to New Technology DEEE are understood to be
identified by the following characteristics
Traditional Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions (DEEE) This category
includes the exhaust emissions of all diesel vehicles the emissions of which
comply at best with the Euro 2 emission standards referred in Table 1 and also
specifically exhaust emissions of any other diesel engines which are not covered
by the definition of new technology DEEE such as exhaust emissions from
diesel enginge powered heavy equipment
New technology Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions (New technology
DEEE) This category includes the exhaust emissions of all diesel vehicles the
emissions of which comply or exceed Euro 3 and Euro III standards referred in
Table 1
Outline description
Diesel engine exhaust emissions are mixtures of hundreds of chemical
compounds which are emitted partly in the gaseous phase partly in the
particulate phase (WHO 1996) Main gaseous combustions products are carbon
dioxide and water vapour oxygen and nitrogen (more than 99 of total mass)
Products of incomplete combustion are carbon monoxide sulfur compounds
nitrogen compounds (oxides) as well as low-molecular-weight hydrocarbons
(alkanes alkenes carbonyls carboxylic acids aromatics) and their (nitrated)
derivatives Known to be of toxicological relevance are for example aldehydes
like formaldehyde acetaldehyde or acrolein benzene 13-butadiene toluene
and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and nitro-PAH and particles of
different sizes
Main particulate combustion product of traditional DEEE is the core of elemental
carbon (EC) and absorbed organic compounds like PAH oxidised PAH and nitro-
PAH (up to 1 of particulate mass) as well as small amounts of sulfates
nitrates metals and other trace elements This diesel particulate matter consists
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 8 of 23
of fine particles with a diameter of 25 m including also ultrafine particles
with a diameter of 01 m
Diesel engine exhaust emissions vary in their chemical composition and particle
size distribution depending on engine types engine operating conditions fuel
formulations lubricating oil additives emission control systems They also vary
between on-road and non-road engines (IARC 2014 NEG 2016) The qualitative
and quantitative composition of the diesel engine exhaust emissions has changed
during the last years beginning from the early 1990s due to the introduction of
stringent emission regulations in the EU This triggered the development and
application of new technology for diesel engines with changes in (the composition
of) PM and gaseous constituents in the exhaust
When using the new technology DEEE (especially those complying Euro IV-VI)
engines diesel engine exhaust emission composition differs substantially from
traditional diesel engine exhaust emissions before 1995 (see Figure below)
Especially the mass of diesel exhaust particles (DEP) emitted is reduced by more
than 90 in the case of euro IV-VI engines when compared to Euro I and II
engines Elemental carbon organic carbon water-soluble carbon aldehydes
PAHs Nitro-PAHs other aromatics dioxinsfurans and metals are lower as well
However sulphate and ammonium are increased (Hesterberg et al 2012 Khalek
et al 2011) Also even if the total amounts of nitrogen oxide emissions are
decreased too the percentage of NOx is substantially higher and may account
for up to 50 which is much more than in older engines (max 10) (McDonald
et al 2012) Typical compositions of Traditional DEEE and New Technology
DEEE are shown in Table 2
2 CHEMICAL AGENT AND SCOPE OF LEGISLATION
Traditional Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions (DEEE) are process-generated
substances that are hazardous chemical agents in accordance with Article 2 (b)
of Directive 9824EC and falls within the scope of this legislation
Traditional Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions (DEEE) are process-generated
substances that are carcinogens or mutagens for humans in accordance with
Article 2(a) and (b) of Directive 200437EC
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 9 of 23
Traditional Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions (DEEE) are carcinogenic
SCOEL Group B or C although a mode of action-based threshold may be
applicable
3 LIMIT VALUES MODE OF ACTION NOTATIONS
General Considerations
The critical effect of traditional Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions (DEEE) in rats is
pulmonary cancer which is considered to be the consequence of inflammation
and genotoxicity being primarily induced by particulate matter Lung toxicity of
newest technology diesel engine exhaust however results primarily from NO2
exposure Consequently for traditional DEEE the OEL requires control of
particulate matter emissions for new type of engines it requires control of NO2
Typical DEEE compositions are presented in tables 1 and 2 The changes in
composition are additionally presented in figure 1
31 Mode of action
Traditional DEEE contains genotoxic components like PAHs or nitro-PAHs but the
amount of PAH alone cannot explain the observed tumours (Heinrich et al 1986)
There is evidence for the direct genotoxic activity of DEEE and therefore direct
genotoxicity cannot be fully excluded In animal studies chronic inflammation
resulting in oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species has been observed at doses
resulting in tumour formation in rats and therefore secondary genotoxicity together
with increased cell proliferation seem to be predominant in rats Based on this mode
of action a non-linear dose-response relationship and a threshold mechanism for
carcinogenicity could be anticipated Considering this mechanism traditional diesel
engine exhaust would be classified as SCOEL carcinogen Cat C (genotoxic
carcinogens with a mode of action-based threshold) Considering that the genotoxic
activity cannot be fully excluded and the epidemiological studies show a gradually
increasing exposure response relation already starting at exposure levels close to
background level and are not indicative of a clear exposure threshold SCOEL
carcinogen Cat B would also apply
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 10 of 23
Toxicological and pathobiological information from animal studies supports a
mode of action for which possibly a threshold could be established However
the epidemiological evidence does not allow to identify a critical threshold that
could serve for derivation of an OEL and direct genotoxicity cannot be excluded
Thus traditional DEEE are carcinogenic within SCOEL groups B or group C
Further scientific-technical analysis shall follow up on this issue
In new-technology diesel engine exhaust (especially DEEE corresponding to
Euro IV-VI) particulate matter and adsorbed mutagenic compounds are much lower
than in traditional diesel engine exhausts Accordingly in a 1-year mouse and a 2-
year rat study with the US 2007 compliant diesel engine exhaust (corresponding to
Euro VI) did not show tumours or genotoxicity in vivo (HEI 2015) The toxic effects in
the lung have been attributed to NO2 exposure so that exhausts of these new
technology diesel engines may not be considered carcinogenic
32 Genotoxicity and Carcinogenicity
The epidemiological studies which describe quantitative exposure response relations have
been used by Vermeulen et al (2014) to conduct a meta-regression of lung cancer mortality
and cumulative exposure to elemental carbon (EC) based on relative risk (RR) estimates
reported of the three large occupational cohort studies (Steenland et al 1998 Garshick et al
2012 Silverman et al 2012) Based on the derived overall risk function excess lifetime risks
were calculated for several lifetime occupational exposure scenarios Estimated numbers of
excess lung cancer deaths through 80 years of age for lifetime occupational exposures of
1 10 and 25 μgm3 EC were 17 200 and 689 per 10000 respectively (Vermeulen et al
2014)
Thus although toxicological data supports a threshold (possibly at
002 mg DEPm3 or below corresponding 0015 mg ECm3) epidemiological data
suggests significant cancer risks already at and below these exposure levels
Therefore an occupational exposure limit that would be adaequately protective
for workers cannot be established on the basis of the current available data and
analysis However both toxicological and human epidemiological data are further
gathered and evaluated
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 11 of 23
33 Short-term exposure limit (STEL)
For DEEE the pathobiological effect is the lung toxicity which results from
inflammation Due to the long clearance half-life time of diesel engine exhaust
particles (alveolar clearance for insoluble non-toxic particles is 60-100 days in
rats (WHO 1996) and several hundred days in humans (US-EPA 2002) it is not
considered necessary to derive an acute 15 minutes short-term exposure limit
(STEL)
34 Reproduction
Reproductive and developmental toxicity are considered unlikely to be critical
end-points for diesel engine exhaust neither from old nor from new-technology
engines
35 Sensitization
No study investigating sensitization potential of diesel engine exhausts according
to current guidelines is available in animals or humans Several studies show
effects of diesel engine exhausts on the immune system in humans and animals
Diesel engine exhausts react as an adjuvant in sensitization tests in humans and
animals and can cause exacerbation of allergic responses and asthma-like
symptoms However diesel engine exhaust itself is not an allergen Therefore a
notation for sensitization is not recommended
36 Skin notation
Due to the composition and the nature of the critical effect of DEEE and also
new-technology diesel engine exhaust a substantial dermal absorption is not
anticipated Therefore a skin notation is not recommended
37 Biological Monitoring
From the available data it is not possible to recommend a biological limit value
nor biological guidance value for diesel exhausts There is thus no BLV or BGV
recommended for DEEE
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 12 of 23
Table 1 Euro 2 and Euro 3 Emission standards for diesel vehicles1 in the EU
PASSENGER CARS AND LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLES
Tier Date CO THC NMHC NOx HC+NOx PM
P [km]
European emission standards for passenger cars (Category M) gkm
Euro 2 January
1996 1 - - - 07 008 -
Euro 3 January
2000 064 - - 05 056 005 -
European emission standards for light commercial vehicles le1305 kg (Category N1-I) gkm
Euro 2 January
1998 1 - - - 07 008 -
Euro 3 January
2000 064 - - 05 056 005 -
European emission standards for light commercial vehicles 1305ndash1760 kg (Category N1-II) gkm
Euro 2 January
1998 125 - - - 1 012 -
Euro 3 January
2001 08 - - 065 072 007 -
European emission standards for light commercial vehicles gt1760 kg max 3500 kg (Category N1-III amp N2) gkm
Euro 2 January
1998 15 - - - 12 017 -
Euro 3 January
2001 095 - - 078 086 01 -
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 13 of 23
TRUCKS AND BUSES
Standard Date CO (gkWh) HC (gkWh) NOx (gkWh) PM (gkWh) Smoke
EU Emission Standards for HD Diesel Engines gkWh (smoke in m
minus1)
Euro II October 1996 ECE R-49 4 11 7 025
Euro II October 1998 ECE R-49 4 11 7 015
Euro III October 1999
EEVs only ESC amp ELR
1 025 2 002 015 Non-
binding
Euro III October 2000 ESC amp ELR
21 066 5 01 08
013
for engines of less than 075 dm3 swept volume per cylinder and a rated power speed of more than 3000 per minute EEV is Enhanced environmentally friendly vehicle
Euro norm emissions for category N3 EDC (2000 and up)
Euro II 1995-1999 4 11 7 015
Euro III 1999-2005 21 066 5 01
Euro norm emissions for (older) ECE R49 cycle
Euro II 1995-99 4 11 7 015
1
the table covers the categories of diesel vehicles that are explicitly specified Other diesel engines eg
generators train locomotives if not following into one of the categories mentioned above may reasonably be assumed to generate exhaust emissions comparable to Euro 2 Euro II unless otherwise proven or specified
The applicable EU Directives are
Euro 2 (1996)
For passenger cars Directives 9412EC1 and 9669EC
2
For motorcycles Directives 200251EC3 (row A) and 2006120EC
4
Euro 3 (2000)
For any vehicle Directive 9869EC5
For motorcycle Directives 200251EC6 (row B) and 2006120EC
7
1 OJ L 10019494 p42ndash52
2 OJ L 282 1111996 p 64ndash67
3 OJ L 252 2092002 p 20ndash32
4 OJ L 330 28112006 p 16ndash17
5 OJ L 350 28121998 p 1ndash57
6 OJ L 252 2092002 p 20ndash32
7 OJ L 330 28112006 p 16ndash17
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 14 of 23
Table 2 Typical composition of Traditional DEEE and New Technology DEEE
Constituents Traditional DEEE New Technology DEEE
PM
Elemental Carbon
Organic Carbon
Sulfates
Metals
Other
75
19
1
2
3
13
30
53
4
Gaseous constituents 68 g NOxkg Fuel
202 g HCsec (Idle)
12 g HCmile (cruise)
57 g NOxkg Fuel
76 g HCsec (Idle)
04 HCmile (cruise)
Typical composition of diesel exhaust particles emitted by a 1990ndash2000 diesel engine (Traditional DEEE) and a post-2006 diesel engine (New Technology DEEE) according to NEGDECOS 2016
1990 technology Brian C McDonald 2012
2010 technology Brian C McDonald 2012
Clark et al 2006
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 15 of 23
Figure 1 Development of emission standards for heavy-duty diesel
engines in the EU Euro IndashVI refers to the European emission standards
for heavy-duty diesel engines NOX nitrogen oxides CO carbon
monoxide DEP diesel exhaust particles HC total hydrocarbons
Redrawn by NEG (2016) from the data presented in [Ecopoint DieselNet
2013 [cited 2013 Available from httpswwwdieselnetcom]
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 16 of 23
4 REFERENCES
Attfield MD Schleiff PL Lubin JH Blair A Stewart PA Vermeulen R Coble JB
Silverman DT (2012) The diesel exhaust in minors study a cohort mortality study
with emphasis on lung cancer J Natl Cancer Inst 104 1-15
Bofetta P (2012) Re The diesel exhaust in minors study a cohort mortality study with
emphasis on lung cancer J Natl Cancer Inst 104 1842-1843
Bolt HM Huici-Montagud A (2008) Strategy of the scientiWc committee on
occupational exposure limits (SCOEL) in the derivation of occupational exposure
limits for carcinogens and mutagens Arch Toxicol 82 61-64
Clark N Gautam M Wayne W Thompson G et al (2006) Regulated Emissions
from Heavy Heavy-Duty Diesel Trucks Operating in the South Coast Air Basin
SAE Technical Paper 2006-01-3395 2006 doi1042712006-01-3395
Davis ME Hart JE Laden F Garshick E Smith TJ (2011) A retrospective
assessment of occupational exposure to elemental carbon in the US trucking
industry Environ Health Perspect 119 997ndash1002
DieselNet (2014) Emission standards engine and emission technology
httpswwwdieselnetcom (last search 17042014)
European Union (2012) EU transport in figures Statistical pocket book 2012
Luxembourg Publications of the European Union 2012 ISBN 978-92-79-21694-7
httpeceuropaeutransportfacts-
fundingsstatisticsdoc2012pocketbook2012pdf (last search 17042014)
Garshick E Laden F Hart JE Smith TJ Rosner B (2006) Smoking imputation and
lung cancer in railroad workers exposed to diesel exhaust Am J Ind Med 49 709ndash
718
Garshick E Laden F Hart JE Rosner B Davis ME Eisen EA Smith TJ (2008) Lung
cancer and vehicle exhaust in trucking industry workers Environ Health Perspect
116 1327ndash1332
Garshick E Laden F Hart JE Davis ME Eisen EA Smith TJ (2012) Lung cancer
and elemental carbon exposure in trucking industry workers Environ Health
Perspect 120 1301-1306
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 17 of 23
Greim H (ed) (2008) Dieselmotor-Emissionen Gesundheitsschaumldliche Arbeitsstoffe ndash
Toxikologisch arbeitsmedizinische Begruumlndungen von MAK-Werten 45 Lieferung
Wiley-VCH Weinheim
Hallberg LM Parks J Hernandez C Ward JB Ameredes BT Norton C Zaas S and
Wickliffe JK (2014) genotoxicity of diesel exhaust from 2007-compliant diesel
engines final results of the 12- and 24-month exposures of rats from the aces
study Health Effects Institute 2014 Annual Conference May 4-6 2014
Alexandria VA USA
httpwwwhealtheffectsorgPubsAnnualConferenceBook2014pdf
Hartwig A (ed) (2012) Allgemeiner Staubgrenzwert (A-Fraktion) (Granulaumlre
biobestaumlndige Staumlube (GBS)) Gesundheitsschaumldliche Arbeitsstoffe
Toxikologisch-arbeitsmedizinische Begruumlndung von MAK-Werten 53 Lieferung
Wiley-VCH Weinheim
Heinrich U Muhle H Takenaka S Ernst H Fuhst R Mohr U Pott F Stoumlber W
(1986) Chronic effects on the respiratory tract of hamsters mice and rats after
long-term inhalation of high concentrations of filtered and unfiltered diesel engine
emissions J Appl Toxicol 6 383ndash395
Heinrich U Fuhst R Rittinghausen S Creutzenberg O Bellmann B Koch W Levsen
K (1995) Chronic inhalation exposure of Wistar rats and 2 different strains of mice
to diesel-engine exhaust carbon black and titanium dioxide Inhal Toxicol 7 533ndash
556
Henderson RF Pickrell JA Jones RK (1988) Response of rodents to inhaled diluted
diesel exhaust biochemical and cytological changes in bronchoalveolar fluid and
in lung tissue Fundam Appl Toxicol 11 456-567
Henschler (ed) (1987) Dieselmotor-Emissionen Gesundheitsschaumldliche Arbeitsstoffe
ndash Toxikologisch arbeitsmedizinische Begruumlndungen von MAK-Werten 14
Lieferung VCH Weinheim
Hesterberg TW Long CM Bunn WB Lapin CA McClellan RO Valberg PA (2012)
Health effects research and regulation of diesel exhaust an historical overview
focused on lung cancer risk Inhal Toxicol 24 Suppl 11ndash45
IARC International Agency for the Research on Cancer (1989) Diesel and Gasoline
Engine Exhausts In Diesel and Gasoline Engine Exhausts and Some
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 18 of 23
Nitroarenes IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of
Chemicals to Humans vol 46 Lyon France International Agency for Research
on Cancer pp 41-185
IARC (2010) Carbon black titanium dioxide and talc IARC Monographs on the
Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans vol 93 Lyon France
International Agency for Research on Cancer pp 1-452
IARC (2013) Diesel and gasoline engine exhausts In Diesel and gasoline engine
exhausts and some nitroarenes IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of
Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans vol 105 Lyon France International
Agency for Research on Cancer pp 39-486
IARC (2014) Diesel and gasoline engine exhausts In Diesel and gasoline engine
exhausts and some nitroarenes IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of
Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans vol 105 Lyon France International
Agency for Research on Cancer pp 39-486
httpsmonographsiarcfrENGMonographsvol105mono105pdf Accessed
20160601
IARC International Agency for the Research on Cancer (1989) Diesel and Gasoline
Engine Exhausts In Diesel and Gasoline Engine Exhausts and Some
Nitroarenes IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of
Chemicals to Humans vol 46 Lyon France International Agency for Research
on Cancer pp 41-185
httpmonographsiarcfrENGMonographsvol46mono46pdf Accessed
20160601
IFA Institut fuumlr Arbeitsschutz der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung (2013)
GESTIS - International limit values for chemical agents DGUV IFA Sankt
Augustin Germany
httpwwwdguvdeifaGefahrstoffdatenbankenGESTIS-Internationale-
Grenzwerte-fuumlr-chemische-Substanzen-limit-values-for-chemical-agentsindex-
2jsp
IFA Institut fuumlr Arbeitsschutz der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung (2014)
GESTIS ndash Analytical methods DGUV IFA Sankt Augustin Germany
httpamcawifadguvdesubstancemethoden122-L-Dieselpdf
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 19 of 23
Ishihara Y Kagawa J (2003) Chronic diesel exhaust exposures of rats demonstrate
concentration and time-dependent effects on pulmonary inflammation Inhalat
Toxicol 15 473-492
Ishinishi N Kuwabara N Nagase S Suzuki T Ishiwata S Kohno T (1986) Long-term
inhalation studies on effects of exhaust from heavy and light duty diesel engines
on F344 rats In Carcinogenic and Mutagenic Effects of Diesel Engine Exhaust
Ishinishi N Koizumi A McClellan R Stoumlber W (eds) Amsterdam the Netherlands
Elsevier 329ndash348
Ishinishi N Kuwabara N Takaki Y Nagase S Suzuki T Nakajima T Maejima K
Kato A Nakamura M (1988) Long-term inhalation experiments on diesel exhaust
In Diesel exhaust and health risks Final Report of HERP studies Ishihara T (ed)
Health Effects Research Program Tsukuba Japan 15-84
Khalek IA Bougher TL Merritt PM Zielinska B (2011) Regulated and unregulated
emissions from highway heavy-duty diesel engines complying with US
Environmental Protection Agency 2007 emissions standards J Air Waste Manag
Assoc 61 4427ndash442
Laden F Hart JE Smith TJ et al (2007) Cause-specific mortality in the unionized
US trucking industry Environ Health Perspect 115 1192ndash1196
Moumlhner M Kersten N Gellissen J (2012) Re The diesel exhaust in minors study a
cohort mortality study with emphasis on lung cancer J Natl Cancer Inst 104 1846-
1847
Moumlhner M Kersten N Gellissen J (2013) Diesel motor exhaust and lung cancer
mortality reanalysis of a cohort study in potash miners Eur J Epidemiol 28159ndash
168
NEGDECOS (2016) 149 Diesel engine exhaust Taxell P Santonen T The Nordic
Expert Group for Criteria Documentation of Health Risks from Chemicals and the
Dutch Expert Committee on Occupational Safety Volume 49(6)
NTP National Toxicology Program (2011) 12th Report on Carcinogens June 10
2011 p 153-156 US Department of Health and Human Services NC USA
httpntpniehsnihgovntproctwelfthroc12pdf
Olsson AC Gustavsson P Kromhout H Peters S Vermeulen R Bruske I Pesch B
Siemiatycki J Pintos J Bruning T Cassidy A Wichmann H-E Consonni D Landi
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 20 of 23
MT Caporaso N Plato N Merletti F Mirabelli D Richiardi L Joumlckel K-H Ahrens
W Pohlabeln H Lissowska J et al (2011) exposure to diesel motor exhaust and
lung cancer risk in a pooled analysis from case-control studies in Europe and
Canada Am J Respir Crit Care Med 183 941ndash948
Pallapies D Taeger D Bochmann F Morfeld P (2013) Comment Carcinogenicity of
diesel-engine exhaust (DE) (2012) Arch Toxicol 87 547-549
Parent ME Rousseau MC Boffetta P Cohen A Siemiatycki J (2007) Exposure to
diesel and gasoline engine emissions and the risk of lung cancer Am J Epidemiol
165 53-62
Pintos J Parent ME Richardson L Siemiatycki J (2012) Occupational exposure to
diesel engine emissions and risk of lung cancer evidence from two case-control
studies in Montreal Canada Occup Environ Med 69 787-792
Silverman DT Samanic CM Lubin JH Blair AE Stewart PA Vermeulen R Coble
JB Rothman N Schleiff PL Travis WD Ziegler RG Wacholder S Attfield MD
The diesel exhaust in miners study a nested case-control study of lung cancer
and diesel exhaust J Natl Cancer Inst 104 1-14
Steenland K Deddens J Stayner L (1998) Diesel exhaust and lung cancer in the
trucking industry exposure-response analyses and risk assessment Am J Ind
Med 34 220ndash228
Stenfors N Nordenhaumlll C Salvi SS Mudway I Soumlderberg M Blomberg A Helleday
R Levin JO Holgate ST Kelly FJ Frew AJ Sandstroumlm T (2004) Different airway
inflammatory responses in asthmatic and healthy humans exposed to diesel Eur
Respir J 23 82ndash86
Sun Y Bochmann F Nold A Mattenklott M (2014) Diesel exhaust exposure and the
risk of lung cancer ndash a review of the epidemiological evidence Int J Environ Res
Public Health 11 1312-1340
US-EPA (US Environmental Protection Agency) (2002) Health Assessment
Document for Diesel Engine Exhaust EPA6008-90057F US Environmental
Protection Agency Washington DC USA
httpwwwepagovncea
US-EPA (2003) IRIS Integrated Risk Information System Diesel engine exhaust
Last revised 02282003 Washington DC USA
httpwwwepagovirissubst0642htm
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 21 of 23
Vermeulen R Silverman DT Garshick E Vlaanderen J Portengen L Steenland K
(2014) Exposure-response estimates for diesel engine exhaust and lung cancer
mortality based on data from three occupational cohorts
httpdxdoiorg101289ehp1306880
WHO (1996) Diesel Fuel and Exhaust Emissions Environmental Health Criteria 171
International Programme on Chemical Safety World Health Organization Geneva
Switzerland
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 22 of 23
HOW TO OBTAIN EU PUBLICATIONS
Free publications
bull one copy via EU Bookshop (httpbookshopeuropaeu)
bull more than one copy or postersmaps from the European Unionrsquos representations (httpeceuropaeurepresent_enhtm) from the delegations in non-EU countries (httpeeaseuropaeudelegationsindex_enhtm) by contacting the Europe Direct service (httpeuropaeueuropedirectindex_enhtm) or calling 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (freephone number from anywhere in the EU) () () The information given is free as are most calls (though some operators phone boxes or hotels may charge you)
Priced publications
bull via EU Bookshop (httpbookshopeuropaeu)
Priced subscriptions
bull via one of the sales agents of the Publications Office of the European Union (httppublicationseuropaeuothersagentsindex_enhtm)
doi 102767299599
ISBN 978-92-79-65251-6
KE-0
2-1
7-0
30-E
N-N
[Ca
talo
gu
e n
um
be
r]
LEGAL NOTICE
This document has been prepared for the European Commission however it reflects the views only of the authors and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein
More information on the European Union is available on the Internet (httpwwweuropaeu)
Luxembourg Publications Office of the European Union 2017
ISBN 978-92-79-65251-6 (PDF) doi 102767299599 (PDF)
copy European Union 2017 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged
Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union
Freephone number ()
00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11
() The information given is free as are most calls (though some operators phone boxes or hotels may charge you)
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 5 of 23
Contents
1 IDENTIFICATION 7
2 CHEMICAL AGENT AND SCOPE OF LEGISLATION 8
3 LIMIT VALUES MODE OF ACTION NOTATIONS 9
31 Mode of action 9
32 Genotoxicity and Carcinogenicity 10
33 Short-term exposure limit (STEL) 11
34 Reproduction 11
35 Sensitization 11
36 Skin notation 11
37 Biological Monitoring 11
4 REFERENCES 16
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 6 of 23
OPINION FROM THE
SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE ON OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE
LIMITS FOR DIESEL ENGINE EXHAUST EMISSIONS
Traditional Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions DEEE
8-hour TWA
STEL
to be derived
not applicable
BLV not applicable
Additional
categorisation
Carcinogen Group B or Group C
Notation
None
The present Opinion was adopted by SCOEL December 2016
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 7 of 23
OPINION SUMMARY
1 IDENTIFICATION
The present Opinion adresses Diesel engine exhaust emissions Thereby
Traditional DEEE in contrast to New Technology DEEE are understood to be
identified by the following characteristics
Traditional Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions (DEEE) This category
includes the exhaust emissions of all diesel vehicles the emissions of which
comply at best with the Euro 2 emission standards referred in Table 1 and also
specifically exhaust emissions of any other diesel engines which are not covered
by the definition of new technology DEEE such as exhaust emissions from
diesel enginge powered heavy equipment
New technology Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions (New technology
DEEE) This category includes the exhaust emissions of all diesel vehicles the
emissions of which comply or exceed Euro 3 and Euro III standards referred in
Table 1
Outline description
Diesel engine exhaust emissions are mixtures of hundreds of chemical
compounds which are emitted partly in the gaseous phase partly in the
particulate phase (WHO 1996) Main gaseous combustions products are carbon
dioxide and water vapour oxygen and nitrogen (more than 99 of total mass)
Products of incomplete combustion are carbon monoxide sulfur compounds
nitrogen compounds (oxides) as well as low-molecular-weight hydrocarbons
(alkanes alkenes carbonyls carboxylic acids aromatics) and their (nitrated)
derivatives Known to be of toxicological relevance are for example aldehydes
like formaldehyde acetaldehyde or acrolein benzene 13-butadiene toluene
and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and nitro-PAH and particles of
different sizes
Main particulate combustion product of traditional DEEE is the core of elemental
carbon (EC) and absorbed organic compounds like PAH oxidised PAH and nitro-
PAH (up to 1 of particulate mass) as well as small amounts of sulfates
nitrates metals and other trace elements This diesel particulate matter consists
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 8 of 23
of fine particles with a diameter of 25 m including also ultrafine particles
with a diameter of 01 m
Diesel engine exhaust emissions vary in their chemical composition and particle
size distribution depending on engine types engine operating conditions fuel
formulations lubricating oil additives emission control systems They also vary
between on-road and non-road engines (IARC 2014 NEG 2016) The qualitative
and quantitative composition of the diesel engine exhaust emissions has changed
during the last years beginning from the early 1990s due to the introduction of
stringent emission regulations in the EU This triggered the development and
application of new technology for diesel engines with changes in (the composition
of) PM and gaseous constituents in the exhaust
When using the new technology DEEE (especially those complying Euro IV-VI)
engines diesel engine exhaust emission composition differs substantially from
traditional diesel engine exhaust emissions before 1995 (see Figure below)
Especially the mass of diesel exhaust particles (DEP) emitted is reduced by more
than 90 in the case of euro IV-VI engines when compared to Euro I and II
engines Elemental carbon organic carbon water-soluble carbon aldehydes
PAHs Nitro-PAHs other aromatics dioxinsfurans and metals are lower as well
However sulphate and ammonium are increased (Hesterberg et al 2012 Khalek
et al 2011) Also even if the total amounts of nitrogen oxide emissions are
decreased too the percentage of NOx is substantially higher and may account
for up to 50 which is much more than in older engines (max 10) (McDonald
et al 2012) Typical compositions of Traditional DEEE and New Technology
DEEE are shown in Table 2
2 CHEMICAL AGENT AND SCOPE OF LEGISLATION
Traditional Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions (DEEE) are process-generated
substances that are hazardous chemical agents in accordance with Article 2 (b)
of Directive 9824EC and falls within the scope of this legislation
Traditional Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions (DEEE) are process-generated
substances that are carcinogens or mutagens for humans in accordance with
Article 2(a) and (b) of Directive 200437EC
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 9 of 23
Traditional Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions (DEEE) are carcinogenic
SCOEL Group B or C although a mode of action-based threshold may be
applicable
3 LIMIT VALUES MODE OF ACTION NOTATIONS
General Considerations
The critical effect of traditional Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions (DEEE) in rats is
pulmonary cancer which is considered to be the consequence of inflammation
and genotoxicity being primarily induced by particulate matter Lung toxicity of
newest technology diesel engine exhaust however results primarily from NO2
exposure Consequently for traditional DEEE the OEL requires control of
particulate matter emissions for new type of engines it requires control of NO2
Typical DEEE compositions are presented in tables 1 and 2 The changes in
composition are additionally presented in figure 1
31 Mode of action
Traditional DEEE contains genotoxic components like PAHs or nitro-PAHs but the
amount of PAH alone cannot explain the observed tumours (Heinrich et al 1986)
There is evidence for the direct genotoxic activity of DEEE and therefore direct
genotoxicity cannot be fully excluded In animal studies chronic inflammation
resulting in oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species has been observed at doses
resulting in tumour formation in rats and therefore secondary genotoxicity together
with increased cell proliferation seem to be predominant in rats Based on this mode
of action a non-linear dose-response relationship and a threshold mechanism for
carcinogenicity could be anticipated Considering this mechanism traditional diesel
engine exhaust would be classified as SCOEL carcinogen Cat C (genotoxic
carcinogens with a mode of action-based threshold) Considering that the genotoxic
activity cannot be fully excluded and the epidemiological studies show a gradually
increasing exposure response relation already starting at exposure levels close to
background level and are not indicative of a clear exposure threshold SCOEL
carcinogen Cat B would also apply
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 10 of 23
Toxicological and pathobiological information from animal studies supports a
mode of action for which possibly a threshold could be established However
the epidemiological evidence does not allow to identify a critical threshold that
could serve for derivation of an OEL and direct genotoxicity cannot be excluded
Thus traditional DEEE are carcinogenic within SCOEL groups B or group C
Further scientific-technical analysis shall follow up on this issue
In new-technology diesel engine exhaust (especially DEEE corresponding to
Euro IV-VI) particulate matter and adsorbed mutagenic compounds are much lower
than in traditional diesel engine exhausts Accordingly in a 1-year mouse and a 2-
year rat study with the US 2007 compliant diesel engine exhaust (corresponding to
Euro VI) did not show tumours or genotoxicity in vivo (HEI 2015) The toxic effects in
the lung have been attributed to NO2 exposure so that exhausts of these new
technology diesel engines may not be considered carcinogenic
32 Genotoxicity and Carcinogenicity
The epidemiological studies which describe quantitative exposure response relations have
been used by Vermeulen et al (2014) to conduct a meta-regression of lung cancer mortality
and cumulative exposure to elemental carbon (EC) based on relative risk (RR) estimates
reported of the three large occupational cohort studies (Steenland et al 1998 Garshick et al
2012 Silverman et al 2012) Based on the derived overall risk function excess lifetime risks
were calculated for several lifetime occupational exposure scenarios Estimated numbers of
excess lung cancer deaths through 80 years of age for lifetime occupational exposures of
1 10 and 25 μgm3 EC were 17 200 and 689 per 10000 respectively (Vermeulen et al
2014)
Thus although toxicological data supports a threshold (possibly at
002 mg DEPm3 or below corresponding 0015 mg ECm3) epidemiological data
suggests significant cancer risks already at and below these exposure levels
Therefore an occupational exposure limit that would be adaequately protective
for workers cannot be established on the basis of the current available data and
analysis However both toxicological and human epidemiological data are further
gathered and evaluated
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 11 of 23
33 Short-term exposure limit (STEL)
For DEEE the pathobiological effect is the lung toxicity which results from
inflammation Due to the long clearance half-life time of diesel engine exhaust
particles (alveolar clearance for insoluble non-toxic particles is 60-100 days in
rats (WHO 1996) and several hundred days in humans (US-EPA 2002) it is not
considered necessary to derive an acute 15 minutes short-term exposure limit
(STEL)
34 Reproduction
Reproductive and developmental toxicity are considered unlikely to be critical
end-points for diesel engine exhaust neither from old nor from new-technology
engines
35 Sensitization
No study investigating sensitization potential of diesel engine exhausts according
to current guidelines is available in animals or humans Several studies show
effects of diesel engine exhausts on the immune system in humans and animals
Diesel engine exhausts react as an adjuvant in sensitization tests in humans and
animals and can cause exacerbation of allergic responses and asthma-like
symptoms However diesel engine exhaust itself is not an allergen Therefore a
notation for sensitization is not recommended
36 Skin notation
Due to the composition and the nature of the critical effect of DEEE and also
new-technology diesel engine exhaust a substantial dermal absorption is not
anticipated Therefore a skin notation is not recommended
37 Biological Monitoring
From the available data it is not possible to recommend a biological limit value
nor biological guidance value for diesel exhausts There is thus no BLV or BGV
recommended for DEEE
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 12 of 23
Table 1 Euro 2 and Euro 3 Emission standards for diesel vehicles1 in the EU
PASSENGER CARS AND LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLES
Tier Date CO THC NMHC NOx HC+NOx PM
P [km]
European emission standards for passenger cars (Category M) gkm
Euro 2 January
1996 1 - - - 07 008 -
Euro 3 January
2000 064 - - 05 056 005 -
European emission standards for light commercial vehicles le1305 kg (Category N1-I) gkm
Euro 2 January
1998 1 - - - 07 008 -
Euro 3 January
2000 064 - - 05 056 005 -
European emission standards for light commercial vehicles 1305ndash1760 kg (Category N1-II) gkm
Euro 2 January
1998 125 - - - 1 012 -
Euro 3 January
2001 08 - - 065 072 007 -
European emission standards for light commercial vehicles gt1760 kg max 3500 kg (Category N1-III amp N2) gkm
Euro 2 January
1998 15 - - - 12 017 -
Euro 3 January
2001 095 - - 078 086 01 -
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 13 of 23
TRUCKS AND BUSES
Standard Date CO (gkWh) HC (gkWh) NOx (gkWh) PM (gkWh) Smoke
EU Emission Standards for HD Diesel Engines gkWh (smoke in m
minus1)
Euro II October 1996 ECE R-49 4 11 7 025
Euro II October 1998 ECE R-49 4 11 7 015
Euro III October 1999
EEVs only ESC amp ELR
1 025 2 002 015 Non-
binding
Euro III October 2000 ESC amp ELR
21 066 5 01 08
013
for engines of less than 075 dm3 swept volume per cylinder and a rated power speed of more than 3000 per minute EEV is Enhanced environmentally friendly vehicle
Euro norm emissions for category N3 EDC (2000 and up)
Euro II 1995-1999 4 11 7 015
Euro III 1999-2005 21 066 5 01
Euro norm emissions for (older) ECE R49 cycle
Euro II 1995-99 4 11 7 015
1
the table covers the categories of diesel vehicles that are explicitly specified Other diesel engines eg
generators train locomotives if not following into one of the categories mentioned above may reasonably be assumed to generate exhaust emissions comparable to Euro 2 Euro II unless otherwise proven or specified
The applicable EU Directives are
Euro 2 (1996)
For passenger cars Directives 9412EC1 and 9669EC
2
For motorcycles Directives 200251EC3 (row A) and 2006120EC
4
Euro 3 (2000)
For any vehicle Directive 9869EC5
For motorcycle Directives 200251EC6 (row B) and 2006120EC
7
1 OJ L 10019494 p42ndash52
2 OJ L 282 1111996 p 64ndash67
3 OJ L 252 2092002 p 20ndash32
4 OJ L 330 28112006 p 16ndash17
5 OJ L 350 28121998 p 1ndash57
6 OJ L 252 2092002 p 20ndash32
7 OJ L 330 28112006 p 16ndash17
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 14 of 23
Table 2 Typical composition of Traditional DEEE and New Technology DEEE
Constituents Traditional DEEE New Technology DEEE
PM
Elemental Carbon
Organic Carbon
Sulfates
Metals
Other
75
19
1
2
3
13
30
53
4
Gaseous constituents 68 g NOxkg Fuel
202 g HCsec (Idle)
12 g HCmile (cruise)
57 g NOxkg Fuel
76 g HCsec (Idle)
04 HCmile (cruise)
Typical composition of diesel exhaust particles emitted by a 1990ndash2000 diesel engine (Traditional DEEE) and a post-2006 diesel engine (New Technology DEEE) according to NEGDECOS 2016
1990 technology Brian C McDonald 2012
2010 technology Brian C McDonald 2012
Clark et al 2006
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 15 of 23
Figure 1 Development of emission standards for heavy-duty diesel
engines in the EU Euro IndashVI refers to the European emission standards
for heavy-duty diesel engines NOX nitrogen oxides CO carbon
monoxide DEP diesel exhaust particles HC total hydrocarbons
Redrawn by NEG (2016) from the data presented in [Ecopoint DieselNet
2013 [cited 2013 Available from httpswwwdieselnetcom]
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 16 of 23
4 REFERENCES
Attfield MD Schleiff PL Lubin JH Blair A Stewart PA Vermeulen R Coble JB
Silverman DT (2012) The diesel exhaust in minors study a cohort mortality study
with emphasis on lung cancer J Natl Cancer Inst 104 1-15
Bofetta P (2012) Re The diesel exhaust in minors study a cohort mortality study with
emphasis on lung cancer J Natl Cancer Inst 104 1842-1843
Bolt HM Huici-Montagud A (2008) Strategy of the scientiWc committee on
occupational exposure limits (SCOEL) in the derivation of occupational exposure
limits for carcinogens and mutagens Arch Toxicol 82 61-64
Clark N Gautam M Wayne W Thompson G et al (2006) Regulated Emissions
from Heavy Heavy-Duty Diesel Trucks Operating in the South Coast Air Basin
SAE Technical Paper 2006-01-3395 2006 doi1042712006-01-3395
Davis ME Hart JE Laden F Garshick E Smith TJ (2011) A retrospective
assessment of occupational exposure to elemental carbon in the US trucking
industry Environ Health Perspect 119 997ndash1002
DieselNet (2014) Emission standards engine and emission technology
httpswwwdieselnetcom (last search 17042014)
European Union (2012) EU transport in figures Statistical pocket book 2012
Luxembourg Publications of the European Union 2012 ISBN 978-92-79-21694-7
httpeceuropaeutransportfacts-
fundingsstatisticsdoc2012pocketbook2012pdf (last search 17042014)
Garshick E Laden F Hart JE Smith TJ Rosner B (2006) Smoking imputation and
lung cancer in railroad workers exposed to diesel exhaust Am J Ind Med 49 709ndash
718
Garshick E Laden F Hart JE Rosner B Davis ME Eisen EA Smith TJ (2008) Lung
cancer and vehicle exhaust in trucking industry workers Environ Health Perspect
116 1327ndash1332
Garshick E Laden F Hart JE Davis ME Eisen EA Smith TJ (2012) Lung cancer
and elemental carbon exposure in trucking industry workers Environ Health
Perspect 120 1301-1306
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 17 of 23
Greim H (ed) (2008) Dieselmotor-Emissionen Gesundheitsschaumldliche Arbeitsstoffe ndash
Toxikologisch arbeitsmedizinische Begruumlndungen von MAK-Werten 45 Lieferung
Wiley-VCH Weinheim
Hallberg LM Parks J Hernandez C Ward JB Ameredes BT Norton C Zaas S and
Wickliffe JK (2014) genotoxicity of diesel exhaust from 2007-compliant diesel
engines final results of the 12- and 24-month exposures of rats from the aces
study Health Effects Institute 2014 Annual Conference May 4-6 2014
Alexandria VA USA
httpwwwhealtheffectsorgPubsAnnualConferenceBook2014pdf
Hartwig A (ed) (2012) Allgemeiner Staubgrenzwert (A-Fraktion) (Granulaumlre
biobestaumlndige Staumlube (GBS)) Gesundheitsschaumldliche Arbeitsstoffe
Toxikologisch-arbeitsmedizinische Begruumlndung von MAK-Werten 53 Lieferung
Wiley-VCH Weinheim
Heinrich U Muhle H Takenaka S Ernst H Fuhst R Mohr U Pott F Stoumlber W
(1986) Chronic effects on the respiratory tract of hamsters mice and rats after
long-term inhalation of high concentrations of filtered and unfiltered diesel engine
emissions J Appl Toxicol 6 383ndash395
Heinrich U Fuhst R Rittinghausen S Creutzenberg O Bellmann B Koch W Levsen
K (1995) Chronic inhalation exposure of Wistar rats and 2 different strains of mice
to diesel-engine exhaust carbon black and titanium dioxide Inhal Toxicol 7 533ndash
556
Henderson RF Pickrell JA Jones RK (1988) Response of rodents to inhaled diluted
diesel exhaust biochemical and cytological changes in bronchoalveolar fluid and
in lung tissue Fundam Appl Toxicol 11 456-567
Henschler (ed) (1987) Dieselmotor-Emissionen Gesundheitsschaumldliche Arbeitsstoffe
ndash Toxikologisch arbeitsmedizinische Begruumlndungen von MAK-Werten 14
Lieferung VCH Weinheim
Hesterberg TW Long CM Bunn WB Lapin CA McClellan RO Valberg PA (2012)
Health effects research and regulation of diesel exhaust an historical overview
focused on lung cancer risk Inhal Toxicol 24 Suppl 11ndash45
IARC International Agency for the Research on Cancer (1989) Diesel and Gasoline
Engine Exhausts In Diesel and Gasoline Engine Exhausts and Some
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 18 of 23
Nitroarenes IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of
Chemicals to Humans vol 46 Lyon France International Agency for Research
on Cancer pp 41-185
IARC (2010) Carbon black titanium dioxide and talc IARC Monographs on the
Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans vol 93 Lyon France
International Agency for Research on Cancer pp 1-452
IARC (2013) Diesel and gasoline engine exhausts In Diesel and gasoline engine
exhausts and some nitroarenes IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of
Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans vol 105 Lyon France International
Agency for Research on Cancer pp 39-486
IARC (2014) Diesel and gasoline engine exhausts In Diesel and gasoline engine
exhausts and some nitroarenes IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of
Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans vol 105 Lyon France International
Agency for Research on Cancer pp 39-486
httpsmonographsiarcfrENGMonographsvol105mono105pdf Accessed
20160601
IARC International Agency for the Research on Cancer (1989) Diesel and Gasoline
Engine Exhausts In Diesel and Gasoline Engine Exhausts and Some
Nitroarenes IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of
Chemicals to Humans vol 46 Lyon France International Agency for Research
on Cancer pp 41-185
httpmonographsiarcfrENGMonographsvol46mono46pdf Accessed
20160601
IFA Institut fuumlr Arbeitsschutz der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung (2013)
GESTIS - International limit values for chemical agents DGUV IFA Sankt
Augustin Germany
httpwwwdguvdeifaGefahrstoffdatenbankenGESTIS-Internationale-
Grenzwerte-fuumlr-chemische-Substanzen-limit-values-for-chemical-agentsindex-
2jsp
IFA Institut fuumlr Arbeitsschutz der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung (2014)
GESTIS ndash Analytical methods DGUV IFA Sankt Augustin Germany
httpamcawifadguvdesubstancemethoden122-L-Dieselpdf
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 19 of 23
Ishihara Y Kagawa J (2003) Chronic diesel exhaust exposures of rats demonstrate
concentration and time-dependent effects on pulmonary inflammation Inhalat
Toxicol 15 473-492
Ishinishi N Kuwabara N Nagase S Suzuki T Ishiwata S Kohno T (1986) Long-term
inhalation studies on effects of exhaust from heavy and light duty diesel engines
on F344 rats In Carcinogenic and Mutagenic Effects of Diesel Engine Exhaust
Ishinishi N Koizumi A McClellan R Stoumlber W (eds) Amsterdam the Netherlands
Elsevier 329ndash348
Ishinishi N Kuwabara N Takaki Y Nagase S Suzuki T Nakajima T Maejima K
Kato A Nakamura M (1988) Long-term inhalation experiments on diesel exhaust
In Diesel exhaust and health risks Final Report of HERP studies Ishihara T (ed)
Health Effects Research Program Tsukuba Japan 15-84
Khalek IA Bougher TL Merritt PM Zielinska B (2011) Regulated and unregulated
emissions from highway heavy-duty diesel engines complying with US
Environmental Protection Agency 2007 emissions standards J Air Waste Manag
Assoc 61 4427ndash442
Laden F Hart JE Smith TJ et al (2007) Cause-specific mortality in the unionized
US trucking industry Environ Health Perspect 115 1192ndash1196
Moumlhner M Kersten N Gellissen J (2012) Re The diesel exhaust in minors study a
cohort mortality study with emphasis on lung cancer J Natl Cancer Inst 104 1846-
1847
Moumlhner M Kersten N Gellissen J (2013) Diesel motor exhaust and lung cancer
mortality reanalysis of a cohort study in potash miners Eur J Epidemiol 28159ndash
168
NEGDECOS (2016) 149 Diesel engine exhaust Taxell P Santonen T The Nordic
Expert Group for Criteria Documentation of Health Risks from Chemicals and the
Dutch Expert Committee on Occupational Safety Volume 49(6)
NTP National Toxicology Program (2011) 12th Report on Carcinogens June 10
2011 p 153-156 US Department of Health and Human Services NC USA
httpntpniehsnihgovntproctwelfthroc12pdf
Olsson AC Gustavsson P Kromhout H Peters S Vermeulen R Bruske I Pesch B
Siemiatycki J Pintos J Bruning T Cassidy A Wichmann H-E Consonni D Landi
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 20 of 23
MT Caporaso N Plato N Merletti F Mirabelli D Richiardi L Joumlckel K-H Ahrens
W Pohlabeln H Lissowska J et al (2011) exposure to diesel motor exhaust and
lung cancer risk in a pooled analysis from case-control studies in Europe and
Canada Am J Respir Crit Care Med 183 941ndash948
Pallapies D Taeger D Bochmann F Morfeld P (2013) Comment Carcinogenicity of
diesel-engine exhaust (DE) (2012) Arch Toxicol 87 547-549
Parent ME Rousseau MC Boffetta P Cohen A Siemiatycki J (2007) Exposure to
diesel and gasoline engine emissions and the risk of lung cancer Am J Epidemiol
165 53-62
Pintos J Parent ME Richardson L Siemiatycki J (2012) Occupational exposure to
diesel engine emissions and risk of lung cancer evidence from two case-control
studies in Montreal Canada Occup Environ Med 69 787-792
Silverman DT Samanic CM Lubin JH Blair AE Stewart PA Vermeulen R Coble
JB Rothman N Schleiff PL Travis WD Ziegler RG Wacholder S Attfield MD
The diesel exhaust in miners study a nested case-control study of lung cancer
and diesel exhaust J Natl Cancer Inst 104 1-14
Steenland K Deddens J Stayner L (1998) Diesel exhaust and lung cancer in the
trucking industry exposure-response analyses and risk assessment Am J Ind
Med 34 220ndash228
Stenfors N Nordenhaumlll C Salvi SS Mudway I Soumlderberg M Blomberg A Helleday
R Levin JO Holgate ST Kelly FJ Frew AJ Sandstroumlm T (2004) Different airway
inflammatory responses in asthmatic and healthy humans exposed to diesel Eur
Respir J 23 82ndash86
Sun Y Bochmann F Nold A Mattenklott M (2014) Diesel exhaust exposure and the
risk of lung cancer ndash a review of the epidemiological evidence Int J Environ Res
Public Health 11 1312-1340
US-EPA (US Environmental Protection Agency) (2002) Health Assessment
Document for Diesel Engine Exhaust EPA6008-90057F US Environmental
Protection Agency Washington DC USA
httpwwwepagovncea
US-EPA (2003) IRIS Integrated Risk Information System Diesel engine exhaust
Last revised 02282003 Washington DC USA
httpwwwepagovirissubst0642htm
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 21 of 23
Vermeulen R Silverman DT Garshick E Vlaanderen J Portengen L Steenland K
(2014) Exposure-response estimates for diesel engine exhaust and lung cancer
mortality based on data from three occupational cohorts
httpdxdoiorg101289ehp1306880
WHO (1996) Diesel Fuel and Exhaust Emissions Environmental Health Criteria 171
International Programme on Chemical Safety World Health Organization Geneva
Switzerland
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 22 of 23
HOW TO OBTAIN EU PUBLICATIONS
Free publications
bull one copy via EU Bookshop (httpbookshopeuropaeu)
bull more than one copy or postersmaps from the European Unionrsquos representations (httpeceuropaeurepresent_enhtm) from the delegations in non-EU countries (httpeeaseuropaeudelegationsindex_enhtm) by contacting the Europe Direct service (httpeuropaeueuropedirectindex_enhtm) or calling 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (freephone number from anywhere in the EU) () () The information given is free as are most calls (though some operators phone boxes or hotels may charge you)
Priced publications
bull via EU Bookshop (httpbookshopeuropaeu)
Priced subscriptions
bull via one of the sales agents of the Publications Office of the European Union (httppublicationseuropaeuothersagentsindex_enhtm)
doi 102767299599
ISBN 978-92-79-65251-6
KE-0
2-1
7-0
30-E
N-N
[Ca
talo
gu
e n
um
be
r]
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 5 of 23
Contents
1 IDENTIFICATION 7
2 CHEMICAL AGENT AND SCOPE OF LEGISLATION 8
3 LIMIT VALUES MODE OF ACTION NOTATIONS 9
31 Mode of action 9
32 Genotoxicity and Carcinogenicity 10
33 Short-term exposure limit (STEL) 11
34 Reproduction 11
35 Sensitization 11
36 Skin notation 11
37 Biological Monitoring 11
4 REFERENCES 16
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 6 of 23
OPINION FROM THE
SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE ON OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE
LIMITS FOR DIESEL ENGINE EXHAUST EMISSIONS
Traditional Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions DEEE
8-hour TWA
STEL
to be derived
not applicable
BLV not applicable
Additional
categorisation
Carcinogen Group B or Group C
Notation
None
The present Opinion was adopted by SCOEL December 2016
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 7 of 23
OPINION SUMMARY
1 IDENTIFICATION
The present Opinion adresses Diesel engine exhaust emissions Thereby
Traditional DEEE in contrast to New Technology DEEE are understood to be
identified by the following characteristics
Traditional Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions (DEEE) This category
includes the exhaust emissions of all diesel vehicles the emissions of which
comply at best with the Euro 2 emission standards referred in Table 1 and also
specifically exhaust emissions of any other diesel engines which are not covered
by the definition of new technology DEEE such as exhaust emissions from
diesel enginge powered heavy equipment
New technology Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions (New technology
DEEE) This category includes the exhaust emissions of all diesel vehicles the
emissions of which comply or exceed Euro 3 and Euro III standards referred in
Table 1
Outline description
Diesel engine exhaust emissions are mixtures of hundreds of chemical
compounds which are emitted partly in the gaseous phase partly in the
particulate phase (WHO 1996) Main gaseous combustions products are carbon
dioxide and water vapour oxygen and nitrogen (more than 99 of total mass)
Products of incomplete combustion are carbon monoxide sulfur compounds
nitrogen compounds (oxides) as well as low-molecular-weight hydrocarbons
(alkanes alkenes carbonyls carboxylic acids aromatics) and their (nitrated)
derivatives Known to be of toxicological relevance are for example aldehydes
like formaldehyde acetaldehyde or acrolein benzene 13-butadiene toluene
and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and nitro-PAH and particles of
different sizes
Main particulate combustion product of traditional DEEE is the core of elemental
carbon (EC) and absorbed organic compounds like PAH oxidised PAH and nitro-
PAH (up to 1 of particulate mass) as well as small amounts of sulfates
nitrates metals and other trace elements This diesel particulate matter consists
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 8 of 23
of fine particles with a diameter of 25 m including also ultrafine particles
with a diameter of 01 m
Diesel engine exhaust emissions vary in their chemical composition and particle
size distribution depending on engine types engine operating conditions fuel
formulations lubricating oil additives emission control systems They also vary
between on-road and non-road engines (IARC 2014 NEG 2016) The qualitative
and quantitative composition of the diesel engine exhaust emissions has changed
during the last years beginning from the early 1990s due to the introduction of
stringent emission regulations in the EU This triggered the development and
application of new technology for diesel engines with changes in (the composition
of) PM and gaseous constituents in the exhaust
When using the new technology DEEE (especially those complying Euro IV-VI)
engines diesel engine exhaust emission composition differs substantially from
traditional diesel engine exhaust emissions before 1995 (see Figure below)
Especially the mass of diesel exhaust particles (DEP) emitted is reduced by more
than 90 in the case of euro IV-VI engines when compared to Euro I and II
engines Elemental carbon organic carbon water-soluble carbon aldehydes
PAHs Nitro-PAHs other aromatics dioxinsfurans and metals are lower as well
However sulphate and ammonium are increased (Hesterberg et al 2012 Khalek
et al 2011) Also even if the total amounts of nitrogen oxide emissions are
decreased too the percentage of NOx is substantially higher and may account
for up to 50 which is much more than in older engines (max 10) (McDonald
et al 2012) Typical compositions of Traditional DEEE and New Technology
DEEE are shown in Table 2
2 CHEMICAL AGENT AND SCOPE OF LEGISLATION
Traditional Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions (DEEE) are process-generated
substances that are hazardous chemical agents in accordance with Article 2 (b)
of Directive 9824EC and falls within the scope of this legislation
Traditional Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions (DEEE) are process-generated
substances that are carcinogens or mutagens for humans in accordance with
Article 2(a) and (b) of Directive 200437EC
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 9 of 23
Traditional Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions (DEEE) are carcinogenic
SCOEL Group B or C although a mode of action-based threshold may be
applicable
3 LIMIT VALUES MODE OF ACTION NOTATIONS
General Considerations
The critical effect of traditional Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions (DEEE) in rats is
pulmonary cancer which is considered to be the consequence of inflammation
and genotoxicity being primarily induced by particulate matter Lung toxicity of
newest technology diesel engine exhaust however results primarily from NO2
exposure Consequently for traditional DEEE the OEL requires control of
particulate matter emissions for new type of engines it requires control of NO2
Typical DEEE compositions are presented in tables 1 and 2 The changes in
composition are additionally presented in figure 1
31 Mode of action
Traditional DEEE contains genotoxic components like PAHs or nitro-PAHs but the
amount of PAH alone cannot explain the observed tumours (Heinrich et al 1986)
There is evidence for the direct genotoxic activity of DEEE and therefore direct
genotoxicity cannot be fully excluded In animal studies chronic inflammation
resulting in oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species has been observed at doses
resulting in tumour formation in rats and therefore secondary genotoxicity together
with increased cell proliferation seem to be predominant in rats Based on this mode
of action a non-linear dose-response relationship and a threshold mechanism for
carcinogenicity could be anticipated Considering this mechanism traditional diesel
engine exhaust would be classified as SCOEL carcinogen Cat C (genotoxic
carcinogens with a mode of action-based threshold) Considering that the genotoxic
activity cannot be fully excluded and the epidemiological studies show a gradually
increasing exposure response relation already starting at exposure levels close to
background level and are not indicative of a clear exposure threshold SCOEL
carcinogen Cat B would also apply
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 10 of 23
Toxicological and pathobiological information from animal studies supports a
mode of action for which possibly a threshold could be established However
the epidemiological evidence does not allow to identify a critical threshold that
could serve for derivation of an OEL and direct genotoxicity cannot be excluded
Thus traditional DEEE are carcinogenic within SCOEL groups B or group C
Further scientific-technical analysis shall follow up on this issue
In new-technology diesel engine exhaust (especially DEEE corresponding to
Euro IV-VI) particulate matter and adsorbed mutagenic compounds are much lower
than in traditional diesel engine exhausts Accordingly in a 1-year mouse and a 2-
year rat study with the US 2007 compliant diesel engine exhaust (corresponding to
Euro VI) did not show tumours or genotoxicity in vivo (HEI 2015) The toxic effects in
the lung have been attributed to NO2 exposure so that exhausts of these new
technology diesel engines may not be considered carcinogenic
32 Genotoxicity and Carcinogenicity
The epidemiological studies which describe quantitative exposure response relations have
been used by Vermeulen et al (2014) to conduct a meta-regression of lung cancer mortality
and cumulative exposure to elemental carbon (EC) based on relative risk (RR) estimates
reported of the three large occupational cohort studies (Steenland et al 1998 Garshick et al
2012 Silverman et al 2012) Based on the derived overall risk function excess lifetime risks
were calculated for several lifetime occupational exposure scenarios Estimated numbers of
excess lung cancer deaths through 80 years of age for lifetime occupational exposures of
1 10 and 25 μgm3 EC were 17 200 and 689 per 10000 respectively (Vermeulen et al
2014)
Thus although toxicological data supports a threshold (possibly at
002 mg DEPm3 or below corresponding 0015 mg ECm3) epidemiological data
suggests significant cancer risks already at and below these exposure levels
Therefore an occupational exposure limit that would be adaequately protective
for workers cannot be established on the basis of the current available data and
analysis However both toxicological and human epidemiological data are further
gathered and evaluated
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 11 of 23
33 Short-term exposure limit (STEL)
For DEEE the pathobiological effect is the lung toxicity which results from
inflammation Due to the long clearance half-life time of diesel engine exhaust
particles (alveolar clearance for insoluble non-toxic particles is 60-100 days in
rats (WHO 1996) and several hundred days in humans (US-EPA 2002) it is not
considered necessary to derive an acute 15 minutes short-term exposure limit
(STEL)
34 Reproduction
Reproductive and developmental toxicity are considered unlikely to be critical
end-points for diesel engine exhaust neither from old nor from new-technology
engines
35 Sensitization
No study investigating sensitization potential of diesel engine exhausts according
to current guidelines is available in animals or humans Several studies show
effects of diesel engine exhausts on the immune system in humans and animals
Diesel engine exhausts react as an adjuvant in sensitization tests in humans and
animals and can cause exacerbation of allergic responses and asthma-like
symptoms However diesel engine exhaust itself is not an allergen Therefore a
notation for sensitization is not recommended
36 Skin notation
Due to the composition and the nature of the critical effect of DEEE and also
new-technology diesel engine exhaust a substantial dermal absorption is not
anticipated Therefore a skin notation is not recommended
37 Biological Monitoring
From the available data it is not possible to recommend a biological limit value
nor biological guidance value for diesel exhausts There is thus no BLV or BGV
recommended for DEEE
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 12 of 23
Table 1 Euro 2 and Euro 3 Emission standards for diesel vehicles1 in the EU
PASSENGER CARS AND LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLES
Tier Date CO THC NMHC NOx HC+NOx PM
P [km]
European emission standards for passenger cars (Category M) gkm
Euro 2 January
1996 1 - - - 07 008 -
Euro 3 January
2000 064 - - 05 056 005 -
European emission standards for light commercial vehicles le1305 kg (Category N1-I) gkm
Euro 2 January
1998 1 - - - 07 008 -
Euro 3 January
2000 064 - - 05 056 005 -
European emission standards for light commercial vehicles 1305ndash1760 kg (Category N1-II) gkm
Euro 2 January
1998 125 - - - 1 012 -
Euro 3 January
2001 08 - - 065 072 007 -
European emission standards for light commercial vehicles gt1760 kg max 3500 kg (Category N1-III amp N2) gkm
Euro 2 January
1998 15 - - - 12 017 -
Euro 3 January
2001 095 - - 078 086 01 -
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 13 of 23
TRUCKS AND BUSES
Standard Date CO (gkWh) HC (gkWh) NOx (gkWh) PM (gkWh) Smoke
EU Emission Standards for HD Diesel Engines gkWh (smoke in m
minus1)
Euro II October 1996 ECE R-49 4 11 7 025
Euro II October 1998 ECE R-49 4 11 7 015
Euro III October 1999
EEVs only ESC amp ELR
1 025 2 002 015 Non-
binding
Euro III October 2000 ESC amp ELR
21 066 5 01 08
013
for engines of less than 075 dm3 swept volume per cylinder and a rated power speed of more than 3000 per minute EEV is Enhanced environmentally friendly vehicle
Euro norm emissions for category N3 EDC (2000 and up)
Euro II 1995-1999 4 11 7 015
Euro III 1999-2005 21 066 5 01
Euro norm emissions for (older) ECE R49 cycle
Euro II 1995-99 4 11 7 015
1
the table covers the categories of diesel vehicles that are explicitly specified Other diesel engines eg
generators train locomotives if not following into one of the categories mentioned above may reasonably be assumed to generate exhaust emissions comparable to Euro 2 Euro II unless otherwise proven or specified
The applicable EU Directives are
Euro 2 (1996)
For passenger cars Directives 9412EC1 and 9669EC
2
For motorcycles Directives 200251EC3 (row A) and 2006120EC
4
Euro 3 (2000)
For any vehicle Directive 9869EC5
For motorcycle Directives 200251EC6 (row B) and 2006120EC
7
1 OJ L 10019494 p42ndash52
2 OJ L 282 1111996 p 64ndash67
3 OJ L 252 2092002 p 20ndash32
4 OJ L 330 28112006 p 16ndash17
5 OJ L 350 28121998 p 1ndash57
6 OJ L 252 2092002 p 20ndash32
7 OJ L 330 28112006 p 16ndash17
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 14 of 23
Table 2 Typical composition of Traditional DEEE and New Technology DEEE
Constituents Traditional DEEE New Technology DEEE
PM
Elemental Carbon
Organic Carbon
Sulfates
Metals
Other
75
19
1
2
3
13
30
53
4
Gaseous constituents 68 g NOxkg Fuel
202 g HCsec (Idle)
12 g HCmile (cruise)
57 g NOxkg Fuel
76 g HCsec (Idle)
04 HCmile (cruise)
Typical composition of diesel exhaust particles emitted by a 1990ndash2000 diesel engine (Traditional DEEE) and a post-2006 diesel engine (New Technology DEEE) according to NEGDECOS 2016
1990 technology Brian C McDonald 2012
2010 technology Brian C McDonald 2012
Clark et al 2006
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 15 of 23
Figure 1 Development of emission standards for heavy-duty diesel
engines in the EU Euro IndashVI refers to the European emission standards
for heavy-duty diesel engines NOX nitrogen oxides CO carbon
monoxide DEP diesel exhaust particles HC total hydrocarbons
Redrawn by NEG (2016) from the data presented in [Ecopoint DieselNet
2013 [cited 2013 Available from httpswwwdieselnetcom]
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 16 of 23
4 REFERENCES
Attfield MD Schleiff PL Lubin JH Blair A Stewart PA Vermeulen R Coble JB
Silverman DT (2012) The diesel exhaust in minors study a cohort mortality study
with emphasis on lung cancer J Natl Cancer Inst 104 1-15
Bofetta P (2012) Re The diesel exhaust in minors study a cohort mortality study with
emphasis on lung cancer J Natl Cancer Inst 104 1842-1843
Bolt HM Huici-Montagud A (2008) Strategy of the scientiWc committee on
occupational exposure limits (SCOEL) in the derivation of occupational exposure
limits for carcinogens and mutagens Arch Toxicol 82 61-64
Clark N Gautam M Wayne W Thompson G et al (2006) Regulated Emissions
from Heavy Heavy-Duty Diesel Trucks Operating in the South Coast Air Basin
SAE Technical Paper 2006-01-3395 2006 doi1042712006-01-3395
Davis ME Hart JE Laden F Garshick E Smith TJ (2011) A retrospective
assessment of occupational exposure to elemental carbon in the US trucking
industry Environ Health Perspect 119 997ndash1002
DieselNet (2014) Emission standards engine and emission technology
httpswwwdieselnetcom (last search 17042014)
European Union (2012) EU transport in figures Statistical pocket book 2012
Luxembourg Publications of the European Union 2012 ISBN 978-92-79-21694-7
httpeceuropaeutransportfacts-
fundingsstatisticsdoc2012pocketbook2012pdf (last search 17042014)
Garshick E Laden F Hart JE Smith TJ Rosner B (2006) Smoking imputation and
lung cancer in railroad workers exposed to diesel exhaust Am J Ind Med 49 709ndash
718
Garshick E Laden F Hart JE Rosner B Davis ME Eisen EA Smith TJ (2008) Lung
cancer and vehicle exhaust in trucking industry workers Environ Health Perspect
116 1327ndash1332
Garshick E Laden F Hart JE Davis ME Eisen EA Smith TJ (2012) Lung cancer
and elemental carbon exposure in trucking industry workers Environ Health
Perspect 120 1301-1306
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 17 of 23
Greim H (ed) (2008) Dieselmotor-Emissionen Gesundheitsschaumldliche Arbeitsstoffe ndash
Toxikologisch arbeitsmedizinische Begruumlndungen von MAK-Werten 45 Lieferung
Wiley-VCH Weinheim
Hallberg LM Parks J Hernandez C Ward JB Ameredes BT Norton C Zaas S and
Wickliffe JK (2014) genotoxicity of diesel exhaust from 2007-compliant diesel
engines final results of the 12- and 24-month exposures of rats from the aces
study Health Effects Institute 2014 Annual Conference May 4-6 2014
Alexandria VA USA
httpwwwhealtheffectsorgPubsAnnualConferenceBook2014pdf
Hartwig A (ed) (2012) Allgemeiner Staubgrenzwert (A-Fraktion) (Granulaumlre
biobestaumlndige Staumlube (GBS)) Gesundheitsschaumldliche Arbeitsstoffe
Toxikologisch-arbeitsmedizinische Begruumlndung von MAK-Werten 53 Lieferung
Wiley-VCH Weinheim
Heinrich U Muhle H Takenaka S Ernst H Fuhst R Mohr U Pott F Stoumlber W
(1986) Chronic effects on the respiratory tract of hamsters mice and rats after
long-term inhalation of high concentrations of filtered and unfiltered diesel engine
emissions J Appl Toxicol 6 383ndash395
Heinrich U Fuhst R Rittinghausen S Creutzenberg O Bellmann B Koch W Levsen
K (1995) Chronic inhalation exposure of Wistar rats and 2 different strains of mice
to diesel-engine exhaust carbon black and titanium dioxide Inhal Toxicol 7 533ndash
556
Henderson RF Pickrell JA Jones RK (1988) Response of rodents to inhaled diluted
diesel exhaust biochemical and cytological changes in bronchoalveolar fluid and
in lung tissue Fundam Appl Toxicol 11 456-567
Henschler (ed) (1987) Dieselmotor-Emissionen Gesundheitsschaumldliche Arbeitsstoffe
ndash Toxikologisch arbeitsmedizinische Begruumlndungen von MAK-Werten 14
Lieferung VCH Weinheim
Hesterberg TW Long CM Bunn WB Lapin CA McClellan RO Valberg PA (2012)
Health effects research and regulation of diesel exhaust an historical overview
focused on lung cancer risk Inhal Toxicol 24 Suppl 11ndash45
IARC International Agency for the Research on Cancer (1989) Diesel and Gasoline
Engine Exhausts In Diesel and Gasoline Engine Exhausts and Some
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 18 of 23
Nitroarenes IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of
Chemicals to Humans vol 46 Lyon France International Agency for Research
on Cancer pp 41-185
IARC (2010) Carbon black titanium dioxide and talc IARC Monographs on the
Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans vol 93 Lyon France
International Agency for Research on Cancer pp 1-452
IARC (2013) Diesel and gasoline engine exhausts In Diesel and gasoline engine
exhausts and some nitroarenes IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of
Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans vol 105 Lyon France International
Agency for Research on Cancer pp 39-486
IARC (2014) Diesel and gasoline engine exhausts In Diesel and gasoline engine
exhausts and some nitroarenes IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of
Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans vol 105 Lyon France International
Agency for Research on Cancer pp 39-486
httpsmonographsiarcfrENGMonographsvol105mono105pdf Accessed
20160601
IARC International Agency for the Research on Cancer (1989) Diesel and Gasoline
Engine Exhausts In Diesel and Gasoline Engine Exhausts and Some
Nitroarenes IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of
Chemicals to Humans vol 46 Lyon France International Agency for Research
on Cancer pp 41-185
httpmonographsiarcfrENGMonographsvol46mono46pdf Accessed
20160601
IFA Institut fuumlr Arbeitsschutz der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung (2013)
GESTIS - International limit values for chemical agents DGUV IFA Sankt
Augustin Germany
httpwwwdguvdeifaGefahrstoffdatenbankenGESTIS-Internationale-
Grenzwerte-fuumlr-chemische-Substanzen-limit-values-for-chemical-agentsindex-
2jsp
IFA Institut fuumlr Arbeitsschutz der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung (2014)
GESTIS ndash Analytical methods DGUV IFA Sankt Augustin Germany
httpamcawifadguvdesubstancemethoden122-L-Dieselpdf
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 19 of 23
Ishihara Y Kagawa J (2003) Chronic diesel exhaust exposures of rats demonstrate
concentration and time-dependent effects on pulmonary inflammation Inhalat
Toxicol 15 473-492
Ishinishi N Kuwabara N Nagase S Suzuki T Ishiwata S Kohno T (1986) Long-term
inhalation studies on effects of exhaust from heavy and light duty diesel engines
on F344 rats In Carcinogenic and Mutagenic Effects of Diesel Engine Exhaust
Ishinishi N Koizumi A McClellan R Stoumlber W (eds) Amsterdam the Netherlands
Elsevier 329ndash348
Ishinishi N Kuwabara N Takaki Y Nagase S Suzuki T Nakajima T Maejima K
Kato A Nakamura M (1988) Long-term inhalation experiments on diesel exhaust
In Diesel exhaust and health risks Final Report of HERP studies Ishihara T (ed)
Health Effects Research Program Tsukuba Japan 15-84
Khalek IA Bougher TL Merritt PM Zielinska B (2011) Regulated and unregulated
emissions from highway heavy-duty diesel engines complying with US
Environmental Protection Agency 2007 emissions standards J Air Waste Manag
Assoc 61 4427ndash442
Laden F Hart JE Smith TJ et al (2007) Cause-specific mortality in the unionized
US trucking industry Environ Health Perspect 115 1192ndash1196
Moumlhner M Kersten N Gellissen J (2012) Re The diesel exhaust in minors study a
cohort mortality study with emphasis on lung cancer J Natl Cancer Inst 104 1846-
1847
Moumlhner M Kersten N Gellissen J (2013) Diesel motor exhaust and lung cancer
mortality reanalysis of a cohort study in potash miners Eur J Epidemiol 28159ndash
168
NEGDECOS (2016) 149 Diesel engine exhaust Taxell P Santonen T The Nordic
Expert Group for Criteria Documentation of Health Risks from Chemicals and the
Dutch Expert Committee on Occupational Safety Volume 49(6)
NTP National Toxicology Program (2011) 12th Report on Carcinogens June 10
2011 p 153-156 US Department of Health and Human Services NC USA
httpntpniehsnihgovntproctwelfthroc12pdf
Olsson AC Gustavsson P Kromhout H Peters S Vermeulen R Bruske I Pesch B
Siemiatycki J Pintos J Bruning T Cassidy A Wichmann H-E Consonni D Landi
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 20 of 23
MT Caporaso N Plato N Merletti F Mirabelli D Richiardi L Joumlckel K-H Ahrens
W Pohlabeln H Lissowska J et al (2011) exposure to diesel motor exhaust and
lung cancer risk in a pooled analysis from case-control studies in Europe and
Canada Am J Respir Crit Care Med 183 941ndash948
Pallapies D Taeger D Bochmann F Morfeld P (2013) Comment Carcinogenicity of
diesel-engine exhaust (DE) (2012) Arch Toxicol 87 547-549
Parent ME Rousseau MC Boffetta P Cohen A Siemiatycki J (2007) Exposure to
diesel and gasoline engine emissions and the risk of lung cancer Am J Epidemiol
165 53-62
Pintos J Parent ME Richardson L Siemiatycki J (2012) Occupational exposure to
diesel engine emissions and risk of lung cancer evidence from two case-control
studies in Montreal Canada Occup Environ Med 69 787-792
Silverman DT Samanic CM Lubin JH Blair AE Stewart PA Vermeulen R Coble
JB Rothman N Schleiff PL Travis WD Ziegler RG Wacholder S Attfield MD
The diesel exhaust in miners study a nested case-control study of lung cancer
and diesel exhaust J Natl Cancer Inst 104 1-14
Steenland K Deddens J Stayner L (1998) Diesel exhaust and lung cancer in the
trucking industry exposure-response analyses and risk assessment Am J Ind
Med 34 220ndash228
Stenfors N Nordenhaumlll C Salvi SS Mudway I Soumlderberg M Blomberg A Helleday
R Levin JO Holgate ST Kelly FJ Frew AJ Sandstroumlm T (2004) Different airway
inflammatory responses in asthmatic and healthy humans exposed to diesel Eur
Respir J 23 82ndash86
Sun Y Bochmann F Nold A Mattenklott M (2014) Diesel exhaust exposure and the
risk of lung cancer ndash a review of the epidemiological evidence Int J Environ Res
Public Health 11 1312-1340
US-EPA (US Environmental Protection Agency) (2002) Health Assessment
Document for Diesel Engine Exhaust EPA6008-90057F US Environmental
Protection Agency Washington DC USA
httpwwwepagovncea
US-EPA (2003) IRIS Integrated Risk Information System Diesel engine exhaust
Last revised 02282003 Washington DC USA
httpwwwepagovirissubst0642htm
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 21 of 23
Vermeulen R Silverman DT Garshick E Vlaanderen J Portengen L Steenland K
(2014) Exposure-response estimates for diesel engine exhaust and lung cancer
mortality based on data from three occupational cohorts
httpdxdoiorg101289ehp1306880
WHO (1996) Diesel Fuel and Exhaust Emissions Environmental Health Criteria 171
International Programme on Chemical Safety World Health Organization Geneva
Switzerland
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 22 of 23
HOW TO OBTAIN EU PUBLICATIONS
Free publications
bull one copy via EU Bookshop (httpbookshopeuropaeu)
bull more than one copy or postersmaps from the European Unionrsquos representations (httpeceuropaeurepresent_enhtm) from the delegations in non-EU countries (httpeeaseuropaeudelegationsindex_enhtm) by contacting the Europe Direct service (httpeuropaeueuropedirectindex_enhtm) or calling 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (freephone number from anywhere in the EU) () () The information given is free as are most calls (though some operators phone boxes or hotels may charge you)
Priced publications
bull via EU Bookshop (httpbookshopeuropaeu)
Priced subscriptions
bull via one of the sales agents of the Publications Office of the European Union (httppublicationseuropaeuothersagentsindex_enhtm)
doi 102767299599
ISBN 978-92-79-65251-6
KE-0
2-1
7-0
30-E
N-N
[Ca
talo
gu
e n
um
be
r]
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 6 of 23
OPINION FROM THE
SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE ON OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE
LIMITS FOR DIESEL ENGINE EXHAUST EMISSIONS
Traditional Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions DEEE
8-hour TWA
STEL
to be derived
not applicable
BLV not applicable
Additional
categorisation
Carcinogen Group B or Group C
Notation
None
The present Opinion was adopted by SCOEL December 2016
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 7 of 23
OPINION SUMMARY
1 IDENTIFICATION
The present Opinion adresses Diesel engine exhaust emissions Thereby
Traditional DEEE in contrast to New Technology DEEE are understood to be
identified by the following characteristics
Traditional Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions (DEEE) This category
includes the exhaust emissions of all diesel vehicles the emissions of which
comply at best with the Euro 2 emission standards referred in Table 1 and also
specifically exhaust emissions of any other diesel engines which are not covered
by the definition of new technology DEEE such as exhaust emissions from
diesel enginge powered heavy equipment
New technology Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions (New technology
DEEE) This category includes the exhaust emissions of all diesel vehicles the
emissions of which comply or exceed Euro 3 and Euro III standards referred in
Table 1
Outline description
Diesel engine exhaust emissions are mixtures of hundreds of chemical
compounds which are emitted partly in the gaseous phase partly in the
particulate phase (WHO 1996) Main gaseous combustions products are carbon
dioxide and water vapour oxygen and nitrogen (more than 99 of total mass)
Products of incomplete combustion are carbon monoxide sulfur compounds
nitrogen compounds (oxides) as well as low-molecular-weight hydrocarbons
(alkanes alkenes carbonyls carboxylic acids aromatics) and their (nitrated)
derivatives Known to be of toxicological relevance are for example aldehydes
like formaldehyde acetaldehyde or acrolein benzene 13-butadiene toluene
and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and nitro-PAH and particles of
different sizes
Main particulate combustion product of traditional DEEE is the core of elemental
carbon (EC) and absorbed organic compounds like PAH oxidised PAH and nitro-
PAH (up to 1 of particulate mass) as well as small amounts of sulfates
nitrates metals and other trace elements This diesel particulate matter consists
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 8 of 23
of fine particles with a diameter of 25 m including also ultrafine particles
with a diameter of 01 m
Diesel engine exhaust emissions vary in their chemical composition and particle
size distribution depending on engine types engine operating conditions fuel
formulations lubricating oil additives emission control systems They also vary
between on-road and non-road engines (IARC 2014 NEG 2016) The qualitative
and quantitative composition of the diesel engine exhaust emissions has changed
during the last years beginning from the early 1990s due to the introduction of
stringent emission regulations in the EU This triggered the development and
application of new technology for diesel engines with changes in (the composition
of) PM and gaseous constituents in the exhaust
When using the new technology DEEE (especially those complying Euro IV-VI)
engines diesel engine exhaust emission composition differs substantially from
traditional diesel engine exhaust emissions before 1995 (see Figure below)
Especially the mass of diesel exhaust particles (DEP) emitted is reduced by more
than 90 in the case of euro IV-VI engines when compared to Euro I and II
engines Elemental carbon organic carbon water-soluble carbon aldehydes
PAHs Nitro-PAHs other aromatics dioxinsfurans and metals are lower as well
However sulphate and ammonium are increased (Hesterberg et al 2012 Khalek
et al 2011) Also even if the total amounts of nitrogen oxide emissions are
decreased too the percentage of NOx is substantially higher and may account
for up to 50 which is much more than in older engines (max 10) (McDonald
et al 2012) Typical compositions of Traditional DEEE and New Technology
DEEE are shown in Table 2
2 CHEMICAL AGENT AND SCOPE OF LEGISLATION
Traditional Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions (DEEE) are process-generated
substances that are hazardous chemical agents in accordance with Article 2 (b)
of Directive 9824EC and falls within the scope of this legislation
Traditional Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions (DEEE) are process-generated
substances that are carcinogens or mutagens for humans in accordance with
Article 2(a) and (b) of Directive 200437EC
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 9 of 23
Traditional Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions (DEEE) are carcinogenic
SCOEL Group B or C although a mode of action-based threshold may be
applicable
3 LIMIT VALUES MODE OF ACTION NOTATIONS
General Considerations
The critical effect of traditional Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions (DEEE) in rats is
pulmonary cancer which is considered to be the consequence of inflammation
and genotoxicity being primarily induced by particulate matter Lung toxicity of
newest technology diesel engine exhaust however results primarily from NO2
exposure Consequently for traditional DEEE the OEL requires control of
particulate matter emissions for new type of engines it requires control of NO2
Typical DEEE compositions are presented in tables 1 and 2 The changes in
composition are additionally presented in figure 1
31 Mode of action
Traditional DEEE contains genotoxic components like PAHs or nitro-PAHs but the
amount of PAH alone cannot explain the observed tumours (Heinrich et al 1986)
There is evidence for the direct genotoxic activity of DEEE and therefore direct
genotoxicity cannot be fully excluded In animal studies chronic inflammation
resulting in oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species has been observed at doses
resulting in tumour formation in rats and therefore secondary genotoxicity together
with increased cell proliferation seem to be predominant in rats Based on this mode
of action a non-linear dose-response relationship and a threshold mechanism for
carcinogenicity could be anticipated Considering this mechanism traditional diesel
engine exhaust would be classified as SCOEL carcinogen Cat C (genotoxic
carcinogens with a mode of action-based threshold) Considering that the genotoxic
activity cannot be fully excluded and the epidemiological studies show a gradually
increasing exposure response relation already starting at exposure levels close to
background level and are not indicative of a clear exposure threshold SCOEL
carcinogen Cat B would also apply
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 10 of 23
Toxicological and pathobiological information from animal studies supports a
mode of action for which possibly a threshold could be established However
the epidemiological evidence does not allow to identify a critical threshold that
could serve for derivation of an OEL and direct genotoxicity cannot be excluded
Thus traditional DEEE are carcinogenic within SCOEL groups B or group C
Further scientific-technical analysis shall follow up on this issue
In new-technology diesel engine exhaust (especially DEEE corresponding to
Euro IV-VI) particulate matter and adsorbed mutagenic compounds are much lower
than in traditional diesel engine exhausts Accordingly in a 1-year mouse and a 2-
year rat study with the US 2007 compliant diesel engine exhaust (corresponding to
Euro VI) did not show tumours or genotoxicity in vivo (HEI 2015) The toxic effects in
the lung have been attributed to NO2 exposure so that exhausts of these new
technology diesel engines may not be considered carcinogenic
32 Genotoxicity and Carcinogenicity
The epidemiological studies which describe quantitative exposure response relations have
been used by Vermeulen et al (2014) to conduct a meta-regression of lung cancer mortality
and cumulative exposure to elemental carbon (EC) based on relative risk (RR) estimates
reported of the three large occupational cohort studies (Steenland et al 1998 Garshick et al
2012 Silverman et al 2012) Based on the derived overall risk function excess lifetime risks
were calculated for several lifetime occupational exposure scenarios Estimated numbers of
excess lung cancer deaths through 80 years of age for lifetime occupational exposures of
1 10 and 25 μgm3 EC were 17 200 and 689 per 10000 respectively (Vermeulen et al
2014)
Thus although toxicological data supports a threshold (possibly at
002 mg DEPm3 or below corresponding 0015 mg ECm3) epidemiological data
suggests significant cancer risks already at and below these exposure levels
Therefore an occupational exposure limit that would be adaequately protective
for workers cannot be established on the basis of the current available data and
analysis However both toxicological and human epidemiological data are further
gathered and evaluated
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 11 of 23
33 Short-term exposure limit (STEL)
For DEEE the pathobiological effect is the lung toxicity which results from
inflammation Due to the long clearance half-life time of diesel engine exhaust
particles (alveolar clearance for insoluble non-toxic particles is 60-100 days in
rats (WHO 1996) and several hundred days in humans (US-EPA 2002) it is not
considered necessary to derive an acute 15 minutes short-term exposure limit
(STEL)
34 Reproduction
Reproductive and developmental toxicity are considered unlikely to be critical
end-points for diesel engine exhaust neither from old nor from new-technology
engines
35 Sensitization
No study investigating sensitization potential of diesel engine exhausts according
to current guidelines is available in animals or humans Several studies show
effects of diesel engine exhausts on the immune system in humans and animals
Diesel engine exhausts react as an adjuvant in sensitization tests in humans and
animals and can cause exacerbation of allergic responses and asthma-like
symptoms However diesel engine exhaust itself is not an allergen Therefore a
notation for sensitization is not recommended
36 Skin notation
Due to the composition and the nature of the critical effect of DEEE and also
new-technology diesel engine exhaust a substantial dermal absorption is not
anticipated Therefore a skin notation is not recommended
37 Biological Monitoring
From the available data it is not possible to recommend a biological limit value
nor biological guidance value for diesel exhausts There is thus no BLV or BGV
recommended for DEEE
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 12 of 23
Table 1 Euro 2 and Euro 3 Emission standards for diesel vehicles1 in the EU
PASSENGER CARS AND LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLES
Tier Date CO THC NMHC NOx HC+NOx PM
P [km]
European emission standards for passenger cars (Category M) gkm
Euro 2 January
1996 1 - - - 07 008 -
Euro 3 January
2000 064 - - 05 056 005 -
European emission standards for light commercial vehicles le1305 kg (Category N1-I) gkm
Euro 2 January
1998 1 - - - 07 008 -
Euro 3 January
2000 064 - - 05 056 005 -
European emission standards for light commercial vehicles 1305ndash1760 kg (Category N1-II) gkm
Euro 2 January
1998 125 - - - 1 012 -
Euro 3 January
2001 08 - - 065 072 007 -
European emission standards for light commercial vehicles gt1760 kg max 3500 kg (Category N1-III amp N2) gkm
Euro 2 January
1998 15 - - - 12 017 -
Euro 3 January
2001 095 - - 078 086 01 -
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 13 of 23
TRUCKS AND BUSES
Standard Date CO (gkWh) HC (gkWh) NOx (gkWh) PM (gkWh) Smoke
EU Emission Standards for HD Diesel Engines gkWh (smoke in m
minus1)
Euro II October 1996 ECE R-49 4 11 7 025
Euro II October 1998 ECE R-49 4 11 7 015
Euro III October 1999
EEVs only ESC amp ELR
1 025 2 002 015 Non-
binding
Euro III October 2000 ESC amp ELR
21 066 5 01 08
013
for engines of less than 075 dm3 swept volume per cylinder and a rated power speed of more than 3000 per minute EEV is Enhanced environmentally friendly vehicle
Euro norm emissions for category N3 EDC (2000 and up)
Euro II 1995-1999 4 11 7 015
Euro III 1999-2005 21 066 5 01
Euro norm emissions for (older) ECE R49 cycle
Euro II 1995-99 4 11 7 015
1
the table covers the categories of diesel vehicles that are explicitly specified Other diesel engines eg
generators train locomotives if not following into one of the categories mentioned above may reasonably be assumed to generate exhaust emissions comparable to Euro 2 Euro II unless otherwise proven or specified
The applicable EU Directives are
Euro 2 (1996)
For passenger cars Directives 9412EC1 and 9669EC
2
For motorcycles Directives 200251EC3 (row A) and 2006120EC
4
Euro 3 (2000)
For any vehicle Directive 9869EC5
For motorcycle Directives 200251EC6 (row B) and 2006120EC
7
1 OJ L 10019494 p42ndash52
2 OJ L 282 1111996 p 64ndash67
3 OJ L 252 2092002 p 20ndash32
4 OJ L 330 28112006 p 16ndash17
5 OJ L 350 28121998 p 1ndash57
6 OJ L 252 2092002 p 20ndash32
7 OJ L 330 28112006 p 16ndash17
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 14 of 23
Table 2 Typical composition of Traditional DEEE and New Technology DEEE
Constituents Traditional DEEE New Technology DEEE
PM
Elemental Carbon
Organic Carbon
Sulfates
Metals
Other
75
19
1
2
3
13
30
53
4
Gaseous constituents 68 g NOxkg Fuel
202 g HCsec (Idle)
12 g HCmile (cruise)
57 g NOxkg Fuel
76 g HCsec (Idle)
04 HCmile (cruise)
Typical composition of diesel exhaust particles emitted by a 1990ndash2000 diesel engine (Traditional DEEE) and a post-2006 diesel engine (New Technology DEEE) according to NEGDECOS 2016
1990 technology Brian C McDonald 2012
2010 technology Brian C McDonald 2012
Clark et al 2006
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 15 of 23
Figure 1 Development of emission standards for heavy-duty diesel
engines in the EU Euro IndashVI refers to the European emission standards
for heavy-duty diesel engines NOX nitrogen oxides CO carbon
monoxide DEP diesel exhaust particles HC total hydrocarbons
Redrawn by NEG (2016) from the data presented in [Ecopoint DieselNet
2013 [cited 2013 Available from httpswwwdieselnetcom]
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 16 of 23
4 REFERENCES
Attfield MD Schleiff PL Lubin JH Blair A Stewart PA Vermeulen R Coble JB
Silverman DT (2012) The diesel exhaust in minors study a cohort mortality study
with emphasis on lung cancer J Natl Cancer Inst 104 1-15
Bofetta P (2012) Re The diesel exhaust in minors study a cohort mortality study with
emphasis on lung cancer J Natl Cancer Inst 104 1842-1843
Bolt HM Huici-Montagud A (2008) Strategy of the scientiWc committee on
occupational exposure limits (SCOEL) in the derivation of occupational exposure
limits for carcinogens and mutagens Arch Toxicol 82 61-64
Clark N Gautam M Wayne W Thompson G et al (2006) Regulated Emissions
from Heavy Heavy-Duty Diesel Trucks Operating in the South Coast Air Basin
SAE Technical Paper 2006-01-3395 2006 doi1042712006-01-3395
Davis ME Hart JE Laden F Garshick E Smith TJ (2011) A retrospective
assessment of occupational exposure to elemental carbon in the US trucking
industry Environ Health Perspect 119 997ndash1002
DieselNet (2014) Emission standards engine and emission technology
httpswwwdieselnetcom (last search 17042014)
European Union (2012) EU transport in figures Statistical pocket book 2012
Luxembourg Publications of the European Union 2012 ISBN 978-92-79-21694-7
httpeceuropaeutransportfacts-
fundingsstatisticsdoc2012pocketbook2012pdf (last search 17042014)
Garshick E Laden F Hart JE Smith TJ Rosner B (2006) Smoking imputation and
lung cancer in railroad workers exposed to diesel exhaust Am J Ind Med 49 709ndash
718
Garshick E Laden F Hart JE Rosner B Davis ME Eisen EA Smith TJ (2008) Lung
cancer and vehicle exhaust in trucking industry workers Environ Health Perspect
116 1327ndash1332
Garshick E Laden F Hart JE Davis ME Eisen EA Smith TJ (2012) Lung cancer
and elemental carbon exposure in trucking industry workers Environ Health
Perspect 120 1301-1306
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 17 of 23
Greim H (ed) (2008) Dieselmotor-Emissionen Gesundheitsschaumldliche Arbeitsstoffe ndash
Toxikologisch arbeitsmedizinische Begruumlndungen von MAK-Werten 45 Lieferung
Wiley-VCH Weinheim
Hallberg LM Parks J Hernandez C Ward JB Ameredes BT Norton C Zaas S and
Wickliffe JK (2014) genotoxicity of diesel exhaust from 2007-compliant diesel
engines final results of the 12- and 24-month exposures of rats from the aces
study Health Effects Institute 2014 Annual Conference May 4-6 2014
Alexandria VA USA
httpwwwhealtheffectsorgPubsAnnualConferenceBook2014pdf
Hartwig A (ed) (2012) Allgemeiner Staubgrenzwert (A-Fraktion) (Granulaumlre
biobestaumlndige Staumlube (GBS)) Gesundheitsschaumldliche Arbeitsstoffe
Toxikologisch-arbeitsmedizinische Begruumlndung von MAK-Werten 53 Lieferung
Wiley-VCH Weinheim
Heinrich U Muhle H Takenaka S Ernst H Fuhst R Mohr U Pott F Stoumlber W
(1986) Chronic effects on the respiratory tract of hamsters mice and rats after
long-term inhalation of high concentrations of filtered and unfiltered diesel engine
emissions J Appl Toxicol 6 383ndash395
Heinrich U Fuhst R Rittinghausen S Creutzenberg O Bellmann B Koch W Levsen
K (1995) Chronic inhalation exposure of Wistar rats and 2 different strains of mice
to diesel-engine exhaust carbon black and titanium dioxide Inhal Toxicol 7 533ndash
556
Henderson RF Pickrell JA Jones RK (1988) Response of rodents to inhaled diluted
diesel exhaust biochemical and cytological changes in bronchoalveolar fluid and
in lung tissue Fundam Appl Toxicol 11 456-567
Henschler (ed) (1987) Dieselmotor-Emissionen Gesundheitsschaumldliche Arbeitsstoffe
ndash Toxikologisch arbeitsmedizinische Begruumlndungen von MAK-Werten 14
Lieferung VCH Weinheim
Hesterberg TW Long CM Bunn WB Lapin CA McClellan RO Valberg PA (2012)
Health effects research and regulation of diesel exhaust an historical overview
focused on lung cancer risk Inhal Toxicol 24 Suppl 11ndash45
IARC International Agency for the Research on Cancer (1989) Diesel and Gasoline
Engine Exhausts In Diesel and Gasoline Engine Exhausts and Some
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 18 of 23
Nitroarenes IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of
Chemicals to Humans vol 46 Lyon France International Agency for Research
on Cancer pp 41-185
IARC (2010) Carbon black titanium dioxide and talc IARC Monographs on the
Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans vol 93 Lyon France
International Agency for Research on Cancer pp 1-452
IARC (2013) Diesel and gasoline engine exhausts In Diesel and gasoline engine
exhausts and some nitroarenes IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of
Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans vol 105 Lyon France International
Agency for Research on Cancer pp 39-486
IARC (2014) Diesel and gasoline engine exhausts In Diesel and gasoline engine
exhausts and some nitroarenes IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of
Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans vol 105 Lyon France International
Agency for Research on Cancer pp 39-486
httpsmonographsiarcfrENGMonographsvol105mono105pdf Accessed
20160601
IARC International Agency for the Research on Cancer (1989) Diesel and Gasoline
Engine Exhausts In Diesel and Gasoline Engine Exhausts and Some
Nitroarenes IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of
Chemicals to Humans vol 46 Lyon France International Agency for Research
on Cancer pp 41-185
httpmonographsiarcfrENGMonographsvol46mono46pdf Accessed
20160601
IFA Institut fuumlr Arbeitsschutz der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung (2013)
GESTIS - International limit values for chemical agents DGUV IFA Sankt
Augustin Germany
httpwwwdguvdeifaGefahrstoffdatenbankenGESTIS-Internationale-
Grenzwerte-fuumlr-chemische-Substanzen-limit-values-for-chemical-agentsindex-
2jsp
IFA Institut fuumlr Arbeitsschutz der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung (2014)
GESTIS ndash Analytical methods DGUV IFA Sankt Augustin Germany
httpamcawifadguvdesubstancemethoden122-L-Dieselpdf
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 19 of 23
Ishihara Y Kagawa J (2003) Chronic diesel exhaust exposures of rats demonstrate
concentration and time-dependent effects on pulmonary inflammation Inhalat
Toxicol 15 473-492
Ishinishi N Kuwabara N Nagase S Suzuki T Ishiwata S Kohno T (1986) Long-term
inhalation studies on effects of exhaust from heavy and light duty diesel engines
on F344 rats In Carcinogenic and Mutagenic Effects of Diesel Engine Exhaust
Ishinishi N Koizumi A McClellan R Stoumlber W (eds) Amsterdam the Netherlands
Elsevier 329ndash348
Ishinishi N Kuwabara N Takaki Y Nagase S Suzuki T Nakajima T Maejima K
Kato A Nakamura M (1988) Long-term inhalation experiments on diesel exhaust
In Diesel exhaust and health risks Final Report of HERP studies Ishihara T (ed)
Health Effects Research Program Tsukuba Japan 15-84
Khalek IA Bougher TL Merritt PM Zielinska B (2011) Regulated and unregulated
emissions from highway heavy-duty diesel engines complying with US
Environmental Protection Agency 2007 emissions standards J Air Waste Manag
Assoc 61 4427ndash442
Laden F Hart JE Smith TJ et al (2007) Cause-specific mortality in the unionized
US trucking industry Environ Health Perspect 115 1192ndash1196
Moumlhner M Kersten N Gellissen J (2012) Re The diesel exhaust in minors study a
cohort mortality study with emphasis on lung cancer J Natl Cancer Inst 104 1846-
1847
Moumlhner M Kersten N Gellissen J (2013) Diesel motor exhaust and lung cancer
mortality reanalysis of a cohort study in potash miners Eur J Epidemiol 28159ndash
168
NEGDECOS (2016) 149 Diesel engine exhaust Taxell P Santonen T The Nordic
Expert Group for Criteria Documentation of Health Risks from Chemicals and the
Dutch Expert Committee on Occupational Safety Volume 49(6)
NTP National Toxicology Program (2011) 12th Report on Carcinogens June 10
2011 p 153-156 US Department of Health and Human Services NC USA
httpntpniehsnihgovntproctwelfthroc12pdf
Olsson AC Gustavsson P Kromhout H Peters S Vermeulen R Bruske I Pesch B
Siemiatycki J Pintos J Bruning T Cassidy A Wichmann H-E Consonni D Landi
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 20 of 23
MT Caporaso N Plato N Merletti F Mirabelli D Richiardi L Joumlckel K-H Ahrens
W Pohlabeln H Lissowska J et al (2011) exposure to diesel motor exhaust and
lung cancer risk in a pooled analysis from case-control studies in Europe and
Canada Am J Respir Crit Care Med 183 941ndash948
Pallapies D Taeger D Bochmann F Morfeld P (2013) Comment Carcinogenicity of
diesel-engine exhaust (DE) (2012) Arch Toxicol 87 547-549
Parent ME Rousseau MC Boffetta P Cohen A Siemiatycki J (2007) Exposure to
diesel and gasoline engine emissions and the risk of lung cancer Am J Epidemiol
165 53-62
Pintos J Parent ME Richardson L Siemiatycki J (2012) Occupational exposure to
diesel engine emissions and risk of lung cancer evidence from two case-control
studies in Montreal Canada Occup Environ Med 69 787-792
Silverman DT Samanic CM Lubin JH Blair AE Stewart PA Vermeulen R Coble
JB Rothman N Schleiff PL Travis WD Ziegler RG Wacholder S Attfield MD
The diesel exhaust in miners study a nested case-control study of lung cancer
and diesel exhaust J Natl Cancer Inst 104 1-14
Steenland K Deddens J Stayner L (1998) Diesel exhaust and lung cancer in the
trucking industry exposure-response analyses and risk assessment Am J Ind
Med 34 220ndash228
Stenfors N Nordenhaumlll C Salvi SS Mudway I Soumlderberg M Blomberg A Helleday
R Levin JO Holgate ST Kelly FJ Frew AJ Sandstroumlm T (2004) Different airway
inflammatory responses in asthmatic and healthy humans exposed to diesel Eur
Respir J 23 82ndash86
Sun Y Bochmann F Nold A Mattenklott M (2014) Diesel exhaust exposure and the
risk of lung cancer ndash a review of the epidemiological evidence Int J Environ Res
Public Health 11 1312-1340
US-EPA (US Environmental Protection Agency) (2002) Health Assessment
Document for Diesel Engine Exhaust EPA6008-90057F US Environmental
Protection Agency Washington DC USA
httpwwwepagovncea
US-EPA (2003) IRIS Integrated Risk Information System Diesel engine exhaust
Last revised 02282003 Washington DC USA
httpwwwepagovirissubst0642htm
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 21 of 23
Vermeulen R Silverman DT Garshick E Vlaanderen J Portengen L Steenland K
(2014) Exposure-response estimates for diesel engine exhaust and lung cancer
mortality based on data from three occupational cohorts
httpdxdoiorg101289ehp1306880
WHO (1996) Diesel Fuel and Exhaust Emissions Environmental Health Criteria 171
International Programme on Chemical Safety World Health Organization Geneva
Switzerland
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 22 of 23
HOW TO OBTAIN EU PUBLICATIONS
Free publications
bull one copy via EU Bookshop (httpbookshopeuropaeu)
bull more than one copy or postersmaps from the European Unionrsquos representations (httpeceuropaeurepresent_enhtm) from the delegations in non-EU countries (httpeeaseuropaeudelegationsindex_enhtm) by contacting the Europe Direct service (httpeuropaeueuropedirectindex_enhtm) or calling 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (freephone number from anywhere in the EU) () () The information given is free as are most calls (though some operators phone boxes or hotels may charge you)
Priced publications
bull via EU Bookshop (httpbookshopeuropaeu)
Priced subscriptions
bull via one of the sales agents of the Publications Office of the European Union (httppublicationseuropaeuothersagentsindex_enhtm)
doi 102767299599
ISBN 978-92-79-65251-6
KE-0
2-1
7-0
30-E
N-N
[Ca
talo
gu
e n
um
be
r]
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 7 of 23
OPINION SUMMARY
1 IDENTIFICATION
The present Opinion adresses Diesel engine exhaust emissions Thereby
Traditional DEEE in contrast to New Technology DEEE are understood to be
identified by the following characteristics
Traditional Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions (DEEE) This category
includes the exhaust emissions of all diesel vehicles the emissions of which
comply at best with the Euro 2 emission standards referred in Table 1 and also
specifically exhaust emissions of any other diesel engines which are not covered
by the definition of new technology DEEE such as exhaust emissions from
diesel enginge powered heavy equipment
New technology Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions (New technology
DEEE) This category includes the exhaust emissions of all diesel vehicles the
emissions of which comply or exceed Euro 3 and Euro III standards referred in
Table 1
Outline description
Diesel engine exhaust emissions are mixtures of hundreds of chemical
compounds which are emitted partly in the gaseous phase partly in the
particulate phase (WHO 1996) Main gaseous combustions products are carbon
dioxide and water vapour oxygen and nitrogen (more than 99 of total mass)
Products of incomplete combustion are carbon monoxide sulfur compounds
nitrogen compounds (oxides) as well as low-molecular-weight hydrocarbons
(alkanes alkenes carbonyls carboxylic acids aromatics) and their (nitrated)
derivatives Known to be of toxicological relevance are for example aldehydes
like formaldehyde acetaldehyde or acrolein benzene 13-butadiene toluene
and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and nitro-PAH and particles of
different sizes
Main particulate combustion product of traditional DEEE is the core of elemental
carbon (EC) and absorbed organic compounds like PAH oxidised PAH and nitro-
PAH (up to 1 of particulate mass) as well as small amounts of sulfates
nitrates metals and other trace elements This diesel particulate matter consists
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 8 of 23
of fine particles with a diameter of 25 m including also ultrafine particles
with a diameter of 01 m
Diesel engine exhaust emissions vary in their chemical composition and particle
size distribution depending on engine types engine operating conditions fuel
formulations lubricating oil additives emission control systems They also vary
between on-road and non-road engines (IARC 2014 NEG 2016) The qualitative
and quantitative composition of the diesel engine exhaust emissions has changed
during the last years beginning from the early 1990s due to the introduction of
stringent emission regulations in the EU This triggered the development and
application of new technology for diesel engines with changes in (the composition
of) PM and gaseous constituents in the exhaust
When using the new technology DEEE (especially those complying Euro IV-VI)
engines diesel engine exhaust emission composition differs substantially from
traditional diesel engine exhaust emissions before 1995 (see Figure below)
Especially the mass of diesel exhaust particles (DEP) emitted is reduced by more
than 90 in the case of euro IV-VI engines when compared to Euro I and II
engines Elemental carbon organic carbon water-soluble carbon aldehydes
PAHs Nitro-PAHs other aromatics dioxinsfurans and metals are lower as well
However sulphate and ammonium are increased (Hesterberg et al 2012 Khalek
et al 2011) Also even if the total amounts of nitrogen oxide emissions are
decreased too the percentage of NOx is substantially higher and may account
for up to 50 which is much more than in older engines (max 10) (McDonald
et al 2012) Typical compositions of Traditional DEEE and New Technology
DEEE are shown in Table 2
2 CHEMICAL AGENT AND SCOPE OF LEGISLATION
Traditional Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions (DEEE) are process-generated
substances that are hazardous chemical agents in accordance with Article 2 (b)
of Directive 9824EC and falls within the scope of this legislation
Traditional Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions (DEEE) are process-generated
substances that are carcinogens or mutagens for humans in accordance with
Article 2(a) and (b) of Directive 200437EC
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 9 of 23
Traditional Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions (DEEE) are carcinogenic
SCOEL Group B or C although a mode of action-based threshold may be
applicable
3 LIMIT VALUES MODE OF ACTION NOTATIONS
General Considerations
The critical effect of traditional Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions (DEEE) in rats is
pulmonary cancer which is considered to be the consequence of inflammation
and genotoxicity being primarily induced by particulate matter Lung toxicity of
newest technology diesel engine exhaust however results primarily from NO2
exposure Consequently for traditional DEEE the OEL requires control of
particulate matter emissions for new type of engines it requires control of NO2
Typical DEEE compositions are presented in tables 1 and 2 The changes in
composition are additionally presented in figure 1
31 Mode of action
Traditional DEEE contains genotoxic components like PAHs or nitro-PAHs but the
amount of PAH alone cannot explain the observed tumours (Heinrich et al 1986)
There is evidence for the direct genotoxic activity of DEEE and therefore direct
genotoxicity cannot be fully excluded In animal studies chronic inflammation
resulting in oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species has been observed at doses
resulting in tumour formation in rats and therefore secondary genotoxicity together
with increased cell proliferation seem to be predominant in rats Based on this mode
of action a non-linear dose-response relationship and a threshold mechanism for
carcinogenicity could be anticipated Considering this mechanism traditional diesel
engine exhaust would be classified as SCOEL carcinogen Cat C (genotoxic
carcinogens with a mode of action-based threshold) Considering that the genotoxic
activity cannot be fully excluded and the epidemiological studies show a gradually
increasing exposure response relation already starting at exposure levels close to
background level and are not indicative of a clear exposure threshold SCOEL
carcinogen Cat B would also apply
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 10 of 23
Toxicological and pathobiological information from animal studies supports a
mode of action for which possibly a threshold could be established However
the epidemiological evidence does not allow to identify a critical threshold that
could serve for derivation of an OEL and direct genotoxicity cannot be excluded
Thus traditional DEEE are carcinogenic within SCOEL groups B or group C
Further scientific-technical analysis shall follow up on this issue
In new-technology diesel engine exhaust (especially DEEE corresponding to
Euro IV-VI) particulate matter and adsorbed mutagenic compounds are much lower
than in traditional diesel engine exhausts Accordingly in a 1-year mouse and a 2-
year rat study with the US 2007 compliant diesel engine exhaust (corresponding to
Euro VI) did not show tumours or genotoxicity in vivo (HEI 2015) The toxic effects in
the lung have been attributed to NO2 exposure so that exhausts of these new
technology diesel engines may not be considered carcinogenic
32 Genotoxicity and Carcinogenicity
The epidemiological studies which describe quantitative exposure response relations have
been used by Vermeulen et al (2014) to conduct a meta-regression of lung cancer mortality
and cumulative exposure to elemental carbon (EC) based on relative risk (RR) estimates
reported of the three large occupational cohort studies (Steenland et al 1998 Garshick et al
2012 Silverman et al 2012) Based on the derived overall risk function excess lifetime risks
were calculated for several lifetime occupational exposure scenarios Estimated numbers of
excess lung cancer deaths through 80 years of age for lifetime occupational exposures of
1 10 and 25 μgm3 EC were 17 200 and 689 per 10000 respectively (Vermeulen et al
2014)
Thus although toxicological data supports a threshold (possibly at
002 mg DEPm3 or below corresponding 0015 mg ECm3) epidemiological data
suggests significant cancer risks already at and below these exposure levels
Therefore an occupational exposure limit that would be adaequately protective
for workers cannot be established on the basis of the current available data and
analysis However both toxicological and human epidemiological data are further
gathered and evaluated
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 11 of 23
33 Short-term exposure limit (STEL)
For DEEE the pathobiological effect is the lung toxicity which results from
inflammation Due to the long clearance half-life time of diesel engine exhaust
particles (alveolar clearance for insoluble non-toxic particles is 60-100 days in
rats (WHO 1996) and several hundred days in humans (US-EPA 2002) it is not
considered necessary to derive an acute 15 minutes short-term exposure limit
(STEL)
34 Reproduction
Reproductive and developmental toxicity are considered unlikely to be critical
end-points for diesel engine exhaust neither from old nor from new-technology
engines
35 Sensitization
No study investigating sensitization potential of diesel engine exhausts according
to current guidelines is available in animals or humans Several studies show
effects of diesel engine exhausts on the immune system in humans and animals
Diesel engine exhausts react as an adjuvant in sensitization tests in humans and
animals and can cause exacerbation of allergic responses and asthma-like
symptoms However diesel engine exhaust itself is not an allergen Therefore a
notation for sensitization is not recommended
36 Skin notation
Due to the composition and the nature of the critical effect of DEEE and also
new-technology diesel engine exhaust a substantial dermal absorption is not
anticipated Therefore a skin notation is not recommended
37 Biological Monitoring
From the available data it is not possible to recommend a biological limit value
nor biological guidance value for diesel exhausts There is thus no BLV or BGV
recommended for DEEE
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 12 of 23
Table 1 Euro 2 and Euro 3 Emission standards for diesel vehicles1 in the EU
PASSENGER CARS AND LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLES
Tier Date CO THC NMHC NOx HC+NOx PM
P [km]
European emission standards for passenger cars (Category M) gkm
Euro 2 January
1996 1 - - - 07 008 -
Euro 3 January
2000 064 - - 05 056 005 -
European emission standards for light commercial vehicles le1305 kg (Category N1-I) gkm
Euro 2 January
1998 1 - - - 07 008 -
Euro 3 January
2000 064 - - 05 056 005 -
European emission standards for light commercial vehicles 1305ndash1760 kg (Category N1-II) gkm
Euro 2 January
1998 125 - - - 1 012 -
Euro 3 January
2001 08 - - 065 072 007 -
European emission standards for light commercial vehicles gt1760 kg max 3500 kg (Category N1-III amp N2) gkm
Euro 2 January
1998 15 - - - 12 017 -
Euro 3 January
2001 095 - - 078 086 01 -
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 13 of 23
TRUCKS AND BUSES
Standard Date CO (gkWh) HC (gkWh) NOx (gkWh) PM (gkWh) Smoke
EU Emission Standards for HD Diesel Engines gkWh (smoke in m
minus1)
Euro II October 1996 ECE R-49 4 11 7 025
Euro II October 1998 ECE R-49 4 11 7 015
Euro III October 1999
EEVs only ESC amp ELR
1 025 2 002 015 Non-
binding
Euro III October 2000 ESC amp ELR
21 066 5 01 08
013
for engines of less than 075 dm3 swept volume per cylinder and a rated power speed of more than 3000 per minute EEV is Enhanced environmentally friendly vehicle
Euro norm emissions for category N3 EDC (2000 and up)
Euro II 1995-1999 4 11 7 015
Euro III 1999-2005 21 066 5 01
Euro norm emissions for (older) ECE R49 cycle
Euro II 1995-99 4 11 7 015
1
the table covers the categories of diesel vehicles that are explicitly specified Other diesel engines eg
generators train locomotives if not following into one of the categories mentioned above may reasonably be assumed to generate exhaust emissions comparable to Euro 2 Euro II unless otherwise proven or specified
The applicable EU Directives are
Euro 2 (1996)
For passenger cars Directives 9412EC1 and 9669EC
2
For motorcycles Directives 200251EC3 (row A) and 2006120EC
4
Euro 3 (2000)
For any vehicle Directive 9869EC5
For motorcycle Directives 200251EC6 (row B) and 2006120EC
7
1 OJ L 10019494 p42ndash52
2 OJ L 282 1111996 p 64ndash67
3 OJ L 252 2092002 p 20ndash32
4 OJ L 330 28112006 p 16ndash17
5 OJ L 350 28121998 p 1ndash57
6 OJ L 252 2092002 p 20ndash32
7 OJ L 330 28112006 p 16ndash17
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 14 of 23
Table 2 Typical composition of Traditional DEEE and New Technology DEEE
Constituents Traditional DEEE New Technology DEEE
PM
Elemental Carbon
Organic Carbon
Sulfates
Metals
Other
75
19
1
2
3
13
30
53
4
Gaseous constituents 68 g NOxkg Fuel
202 g HCsec (Idle)
12 g HCmile (cruise)
57 g NOxkg Fuel
76 g HCsec (Idle)
04 HCmile (cruise)
Typical composition of diesel exhaust particles emitted by a 1990ndash2000 diesel engine (Traditional DEEE) and a post-2006 diesel engine (New Technology DEEE) according to NEGDECOS 2016
1990 technology Brian C McDonald 2012
2010 technology Brian C McDonald 2012
Clark et al 2006
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 15 of 23
Figure 1 Development of emission standards for heavy-duty diesel
engines in the EU Euro IndashVI refers to the European emission standards
for heavy-duty diesel engines NOX nitrogen oxides CO carbon
monoxide DEP diesel exhaust particles HC total hydrocarbons
Redrawn by NEG (2016) from the data presented in [Ecopoint DieselNet
2013 [cited 2013 Available from httpswwwdieselnetcom]
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 16 of 23
4 REFERENCES
Attfield MD Schleiff PL Lubin JH Blair A Stewart PA Vermeulen R Coble JB
Silverman DT (2012) The diesel exhaust in minors study a cohort mortality study
with emphasis on lung cancer J Natl Cancer Inst 104 1-15
Bofetta P (2012) Re The diesel exhaust in minors study a cohort mortality study with
emphasis on lung cancer J Natl Cancer Inst 104 1842-1843
Bolt HM Huici-Montagud A (2008) Strategy of the scientiWc committee on
occupational exposure limits (SCOEL) in the derivation of occupational exposure
limits for carcinogens and mutagens Arch Toxicol 82 61-64
Clark N Gautam M Wayne W Thompson G et al (2006) Regulated Emissions
from Heavy Heavy-Duty Diesel Trucks Operating in the South Coast Air Basin
SAE Technical Paper 2006-01-3395 2006 doi1042712006-01-3395
Davis ME Hart JE Laden F Garshick E Smith TJ (2011) A retrospective
assessment of occupational exposure to elemental carbon in the US trucking
industry Environ Health Perspect 119 997ndash1002
DieselNet (2014) Emission standards engine and emission technology
httpswwwdieselnetcom (last search 17042014)
European Union (2012) EU transport in figures Statistical pocket book 2012
Luxembourg Publications of the European Union 2012 ISBN 978-92-79-21694-7
httpeceuropaeutransportfacts-
fundingsstatisticsdoc2012pocketbook2012pdf (last search 17042014)
Garshick E Laden F Hart JE Smith TJ Rosner B (2006) Smoking imputation and
lung cancer in railroad workers exposed to diesel exhaust Am J Ind Med 49 709ndash
718
Garshick E Laden F Hart JE Rosner B Davis ME Eisen EA Smith TJ (2008) Lung
cancer and vehicle exhaust in trucking industry workers Environ Health Perspect
116 1327ndash1332
Garshick E Laden F Hart JE Davis ME Eisen EA Smith TJ (2012) Lung cancer
and elemental carbon exposure in trucking industry workers Environ Health
Perspect 120 1301-1306
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 17 of 23
Greim H (ed) (2008) Dieselmotor-Emissionen Gesundheitsschaumldliche Arbeitsstoffe ndash
Toxikologisch arbeitsmedizinische Begruumlndungen von MAK-Werten 45 Lieferung
Wiley-VCH Weinheim
Hallberg LM Parks J Hernandez C Ward JB Ameredes BT Norton C Zaas S and
Wickliffe JK (2014) genotoxicity of diesel exhaust from 2007-compliant diesel
engines final results of the 12- and 24-month exposures of rats from the aces
study Health Effects Institute 2014 Annual Conference May 4-6 2014
Alexandria VA USA
httpwwwhealtheffectsorgPubsAnnualConferenceBook2014pdf
Hartwig A (ed) (2012) Allgemeiner Staubgrenzwert (A-Fraktion) (Granulaumlre
biobestaumlndige Staumlube (GBS)) Gesundheitsschaumldliche Arbeitsstoffe
Toxikologisch-arbeitsmedizinische Begruumlndung von MAK-Werten 53 Lieferung
Wiley-VCH Weinheim
Heinrich U Muhle H Takenaka S Ernst H Fuhst R Mohr U Pott F Stoumlber W
(1986) Chronic effects on the respiratory tract of hamsters mice and rats after
long-term inhalation of high concentrations of filtered and unfiltered diesel engine
emissions J Appl Toxicol 6 383ndash395
Heinrich U Fuhst R Rittinghausen S Creutzenberg O Bellmann B Koch W Levsen
K (1995) Chronic inhalation exposure of Wistar rats and 2 different strains of mice
to diesel-engine exhaust carbon black and titanium dioxide Inhal Toxicol 7 533ndash
556
Henderson RF Pickrell JA Jones RK (1988) Response of rodents to inhaled diluted
diesel exhaust biochemical and cytological changes in bronchoalveolar fluid and
in lung tissue Fundam Appl Toxicol 11 456-567
Henschler (ed) (1987) Dieselmotor-Emissionen Gesundheitsschaumldliche Arbeitsstoffe
ndash Toxikologisch arbeitsmedizinische Begruumlndungen von MAK-Werten 14
Lieferung VCH Weinheim
Hesterberg TW Long CM Bunn WB Lapin CA McClellan RO Valberg PA (2012)
Health effects research and regulation of diesel exhaust an historical overview
focused on lung cancer risk Inhal Toxicol 24 Suppl 11ndash45
IARC International Agency for the Research on Cancer (1989) Diesel and Gasoline
Engine Exhausts In Diesel and Gasoline Engine Exhausts and Some
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 18 of 23
Nitroarenes IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of
Chemicals to Humans vol 46 Lyon France International Agency for Research
on Cancer pp 41-185
IARC (2010) Carbon black titanium dioxide and talc IARC Monographs on the
Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans vol 93 Lyon France
International Agency for Research on Cancer pp 1-452
IARC (2013) Diesel and gasoline engine exhausts In Diesel and gasoline engine
exhausts and some nitroarenes IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of
Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans vol 105 Lyon France International
Agency for Research on Cancer pp 39-486
IARC (2014) Diesel and gasoline engine exhausts In Diesel and gasoline engine
exhausts and some nitroarenes IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of
Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans vol 105 Lyon France International
Agency for Research on Cancer pp 39-486
httpsmonographsiarcfrENGMonographsvol105mono105pdf Accessed
20160601
IARC International Agency for the Research on Cancer (1989) Diesel and Gasoline
Engine Exhausts In Diesel and Gasoline Engine Exhausts and Some
Nitroarenes IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of
Chemicals to Humans vol 46 Lyon France International Agency for Research
on Cancer pp 41-185
httpmonographsiarcfrENGMonographsvol46mono46pdf Accessed
20160601
IFA Institut fuumlr Arbeitsschutz der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung (2013)
GESTIS - International limit values for chemical agents DGUV IFA Sankt
Augustin Germany
httpwwwdguvdeifaGefahrstoffdatenbankenGESTIS-Internationale-
Grenzwerte-fuumlr-chemische-Substanzen-limit-values-for-chemical-agentsindex-
2jsp
IFA Institut fuumlr Arbeitsschutz der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung (2014)
GESTIS ndash Analytical methods DGUV IFA Sankt Augustin Germany
httpamcawifadguvdesubstancemethoden122-L-Dieselpdf
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 19 of 23
Ishihara Y Kagawa J (2003) Chronic diesel exhaust exposures of rats demonstrate
concentration and time-dependent effects on pulmonary inflammation Inhalat
Toxicol 15 473-492
Ishinishi N Kuwabara N Nagase S Suzuki T Ishiwata S Kohno T (1986) Long-term
inhalation studies on effects of exhaust from heavy and light duty diesel engines
on F344 rats In Carcinogenic and Mutagenic Effects of Diesel Engine Exhaust
Ishinishi N Koizumi A McClellan R Stoumlber W (eds) Amsterdam the Netherlands
Elsevier 329ndash348
Ishinishi N Kuwabara N Takaki Y Nagase S Suzuki T Nakajima T Maejima K
Kato A Nakamura M (1988) Long-term inhalation experiments on diesel exhaust
In Diesel exhaust and health risks Final Report of HERP studies Ishihara T (ed)
Health Effects Research Program Tsukuba Japan 15-84
Khalek IA Bougher TL Merritt PM Zielinska B (2011) Regulated and unregulated
emissions from highway heavy-duty diesel engines complying with US
Environmental Protection Agency 2007 emissions standards J Air Waste Manag
Assoc 61 4427ndash442
Laden F Hart JE Smith TJ et al (2007) Cause-specific mortality in the unionized
US trucking industry Environ Health Perspect 115 1192ndash1196
Moumlhner M Kersten N Gellissen J (2012) Re The diesel exhaust in minors study a
cohort mortality study with emphasis on lung cancer J Natl Cancer Inst 104 1846-
1847
Moumlhner M Kersten N Gellissen J (2013) Diesel motor exhaust and lung cancer
mortality reanalysis of a cohort study in potash miners Eur J Epidemiol 28159ndash
168
NEGDECOS (2016) 149 Diesel engine exhaust Taxell P Santonen T The Nordic
Expert Group for Criteria Documentation of Health Risks from Chemicals and the
Dutch Expert Committee on Occupational Safety Volume 49(6)
NTP National Toxicology Program (2011) 12th Report on Carcinogens June 10
2011 p 153-156 US Department of Health and Human Services NC USA
httpntpniehsnihgovntproctwelfthroc12pdf
Olsson AC Gustavsson P Kromhout H Peters S Vermeulen R Bruske I Pesch B
Siemiatycki J Pintos J Bruning T Cassidy A Wichmann H-E Consonni D Landi
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 20 of 23
MT Caporaso N Plato N Merletti F Mirabelli D Richiardi L Joumlckel K-H Ahrens
W Pohlabeln H Lissowska J et al (2011) exposure to diesel motor exhaust and
lung cancer risk in a pooled analysis from case-control studies in Europe and
Canada Am J Respir Crit Care Med 183 941ndash948
Pallapies D Taeger D Bochmann F Morfeld P (2013) Comment Carcinogenicity of
diesel-engine exhaust (DE) (2012) Arch Toxicol 87 547-549
Parent ME Rousseau MC Boffetta P Cohen A Siemiatycki J (2007) Exposure to
diesel and gasoline engine emissions and the risk of lung cancer Am J Epidemiol
165 53-62
Pintos J Parent ME Richardson L Siemiatycki J (2012) Occupational exposure to
diesel engine emissions and risk of lung cancer evidence from two case-control
studies in Montreal Canada Occup Environ Med 69 787-792
Silverman DT Samanic CM Lubin JH Blair AE Stewart PA Vermeulen R Coble
JB Rothman N Schleiff PL Travis WD Ziegler RG Wacholder S Attfield MD
The diesel exhaust in miners study a nested case-control study of lung cancer
and diesel exhaust J Natl Cancer Inst 104 1-14
Steenland K Deddens J Stayner L (1998) Diesel exhaust and lung cancer in the
trucking industry exposure-response analyses and risk assessment Am J Ind
Med 34 220ndash228
Stenfors N Nordenhaumlll C Salvi SS Mudway I Soumlderberg M Blomberg A Helleday
R Levin JO Holgate ST Kelly FJ Frew AJ Sandstroumlm T (2004) Different airway
inflammatory responses in asthmatic and healthy humans exposed to diesel Eur
Respir J 23 82ndash86
Sun Y Bochmann F Nold A Mattenklott M (2014) Diesel exhaust exposure and the
risk of lung cancer ndash a review of the epidemiological evidence Int J Environ Res
Public Health 11 1312-1340
US-EPA (US Environmental Protection Agency) (2002) Health Assessment
Document for Diesel Engine Exhaust EPA6008-90057F US Environmental
Protection Agency Washington DC USA
httpwwwepagovncea
US-EPA (2003) IRIS Integrated Risk Information System Diesel engine exhaust
Last revised 02282003 Washington DC USA
httpwwwepagovirissubst0642htm
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 21 of 23
Vermeulen R Silverman DT Garshick E Vlaanderen J Portengen L Steenland K
(2014) Exposure-response estimates for diesel engine exhaust and lung cancer
mortality based on data from three occupational cohorts
httpdxdoiorg101289ehp1306880
WHO (1996) Diesel Fuel and Exhaust Emissions Environmental Health Criteria 171
International Programme on Chemical Safety World Health Organization Geneva
Switzerland
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 22 of 23
HOW TO OBTAIN EU PUBLICATIONS
Free publications
bull one copy via EU Bookshop (httpbookshopeuropaeu)
bull more than one copy or postersmaps from the European Unionrsquos representations (httpeceuropaeurepresent_enhtm) from the delegations in non-EU countries (httpeeaseuropaeudelegationsindex_enhtm) by contacting the Europe Direct service (httpeuropaeueuropedirectindex_enhtm) or calling 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (freephone number from anywhere in the EU) () () The information given is free as are most calls (though some operators phone boxes or hotels may charge you)
Priced publications
bull via EU Bookshop (httpbookshopeuropaeu)
Priced subscriptions
bull via one of the sales agents of the Publications Office of the European Union (httppublicationseuropaeuothersagentsindex_enhtm)
doi 102767299599
ISBN 978-92-79-65251-6
KE-0
2-1
7-0
30-E
N-N
[Ca
talo
gu
e n
um
be
r]
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 8 of 23
of fine particles with a diameter of 25 m including also ultrafine particles
with a diameter of 01 m
Diesel engine exhaust emissions vary in their chemical composition and particle
size distribution depending on engine types engine operating conditions fuel
formulations lubricating oil additives emission control systems They also vary
between on-road and non-road engines (IARC 2014 NEG 2016) The qualitative
and quantitative composition of the diesel engine exhaust emissions has changed
during the last years beginning from the early 1990s due to the introduction of
stringent emission regulations in the EU This triggered the development and
application of new technology for diesel engines with changes in (the composition
of) PM and gaseous constituents in the exhaust
When using the new technology DEEE (especially those complying Euro IV-VI)
engines diesel engine exhaust emission composition differs substantially from
traditional diesel engine exhaust emissions before 1995 (see Figure below)
Especially the mass of diesel exhaust particles (DEP) emitted is reduced by more
than 90 in the case of euro IV-VI engines when compared to Euro I and II
engines Elemental carbon organic carbon water-soluble carbon aldehydes
PAHs Nitro-PAHs other aromatics dioxinsfurans and metals are lower as well
However sulphate and ammonium are increased (Hesterberg et al 2012 Khalek
et al 2011) Also even if the total amounts of nitrogen oxide emissions are
decreased too the percentage of NOx is substantially higher and may account
for up to 50 which is much more than in older engines (max 10) (McDonald
et al 2012) Typical compositions of Traditional DEEE and New Technology
DEEE are shown in Table 2
2 CHEMICAL AGENT AND SCOPE OF LEGISLATION
Traditional Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions (DEEE) are process-generated
substances that are hazardous chemical agents in accordance with Article 2 (b)
of Directive 9824EC and falls within the scope of this legislation
Traditional Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions (DEEE) are process-generated
substances that are carcinogens or mutagens for humans in accordance with
Article 2(a) and (b) of Directive 200437EC
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 9 of 23
Traditional Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions (DEEE) are carcinogenic
SCOEL Group B or C although a mode of action-based threshold may be
applicable
3 LIMIT VALUES MODE OF ACTION NOTATIONS
General Considerations
The critical effect of traditional Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions (DEEE) in rats is
pulmonary cancer which is considered to be the consequence of inflammation
and genotoxicity being primarily induced by particulate matter Lung toxicity of
newest technology diesel engine exhaust however results primarily from NO2
exposure Consequently for traditional DEEE the OEL requires control of
particulate matter emissions for new type of engines it requires control of NO2
Typical DEEE compositions are presented in tables 1 and 2 The changes in
composition are additionally presented in figure 1
31 Mode of action
Traditional DEEE contains genotoxic components like PAHs or nitro-PAHs but the
amount of PAH alone cannot explain the observed tumours (Heinrich et al 1986)
There is evidence for the direct genotoxic activity of DEEE and therefore direct
genotoxicity cannot be fully excluded In animal studies chronic inflammation
resulting in oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species has been observed at doses
resulting in tumour formation in rats and therefore secondary genotoxicity together
with increased cell proliferation seem to be predominant in rats Based on this mode
of action a non-linear dose-response relationship and a threshold mechanism for
carcinogenicity could be anticipated Considering this mechanism traditional diesel
engine exhaust would be classified as SCOEL carcinogen Cat C (genotoxic
carcinogens with a mode of action-based threshold) Considering that the genotoxic
activity cannot be fully excluded and the epidemiological studies show a gradually
increasing exposure response relation already starting at exposure levels close to
background level and are not indicative of a clear exposure threshold SCOEL
carcinogen Cat B would also apply
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 10 of 23
Toxicological and pathobiological information from animal studies supports a
mode of action for which possibly a threshold could be established However
the epidemiological evidence does not allow to identify a critical threshold that
could serve for derivation of an OEL and direct genotoxicity cannot be excluded
Thus traditional DEEE are carcinogenic within SCOEL groups B or group C
Further scientific-technical analysis shall follow up on this issue
In new-technology diesel engine exhaust (especially DEEE corresponding to
Euro IV-VI) particulate matter and adsorbed mutagenic compounds are much lower
than in traditional diesel engine exhausts Accordingly in a 1-year mouse and a 2-
year rat study with the US 2007 compliant diesel engine exhaust (corresponding to
Euro VI) did not show tumours or genotoxicity in vivo (HEI 2015) The toxic effects in
the lung have been attributed to NO2 exposure so that exhausts of these new
technology diesel engines may not be considered carcinogenic
32 Genotoxicity and Carcinogenicity
The epidemiological studies which describe quantitative exposure response relations have
been used by Vermeulen et al (2014) to conduct a meta-regression of lung cancer mortality
and cumulative exposure to elemental carbon (EC) based on relative risk (RR) estimates
reported of the three large occupational cohort studies (Steenland et al 1998 Garshick et al
2012 Silverman et al 2012) Based on the derived overall risk function excess lifetime risks
were calculated for several lifetime occupational exposure scenarios Estimated numbers of
excess lung cancer deaths through 80 years of age for lifetime occupational exposures of
1 10 and 25 μgm3 EC were 17 200 and 689 per 10000 respectively (Vermeulen et al
2014)
Thus although toxicological data supports a threshold (possibly at
002 mg DEPm3 or below corresponding 0015 mg ECm3) epidemiological data
suggests significant cancer risks already at and below these exposure levels
Therefore an occupational exposure limit that would be adaequately protective
for workers cannot be established on the basis of the current available data and
analysis However both toxicological and human epidemiological data are further
gathered and evaluated
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 11 of 23
33 Short-term exposure limit (STEL)
For DEEE the pathobiological effect is the lung toxicity which results from
inflammation Due to the long clearance half-life time of diesel engine exhaust
particles (alveolar clearance for insoluble non-toxic particles is 60-100 days in
rats (WHO 1996) and several hundred days in humans (US-EPA 2002) it is not
considered necessary to derive an acute 15 minutes short-term exposure limit
(STEL)
34 Reproduction
Reproductive and developmental toxicity are considered unlikely to be critical
end-points for diesel engine exhaust neither from old nor from new-technology
engines
35 Sensitization
No study investigating sensitization potential of diesel engine exhausts according
to current guidelines is available in animals or humans Several studies show
effects of diesel engine exhausts on the immune system in humans and animals
Diesel engine exhausts react as an adjuvant in sensitization tests in humans and
animals and can cause exacerbation of allergic responses and asthma-like
symptoms However diesel engine exhaust itself is not an allergen Therefore a
notation for sensitization is not recommended
36 Skin notation
Due to the composition and the nature of the critical effect of DEEE and also
new-technology diesel engine exhaust a substantial dermal absorption is not
anticipated Therefore a skin notation is not recommended
37 Biological Monitoring
From the available data it is not possible to recommend a biological limit value
nor biological guidance value for diesel exhausts There is thus no BLV or BGV
recommended for DEEE
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 12 of 23
Table 1 Euro 2 and Euro 3 Emission standards for diesel vehicles1 in the EU
PASSENGER CARS AND LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLES
Tier Date CO THC NMHC NOx HC+NOx PM
P [km]
European emission standards for passenger cars (Category M) gkm
Euro 2 January
1996 1 - - - 07 008 -
Euro 3 January
2000 064 - - 05 056 005 -
European emission standards for light commercial vehicles le1305 kg (Category N1-I) gkm
Euro 2 January
1998 1 - - - 07 008 -
Euro 3 January
2000 064 - - 05 056 005 -
European emission standards for light commercial vehicles 1305ndash1760 kg (Category N1-II) gkm
Euro 2 January
1998 125 - - - 1 012 -
Euro 3 January
2001 08 - - 065 072 007 -
European emission standards for light commercial vehicles gt1760 kg max 3500 kg (Category N1-III amp N2) gkm
Euro 2 January
1998 15 - - - 12 017 -
Euro 3 January
2001 095 - - 078 086 01 -
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 13 of 23
TRUCKS AND BUSES
Standard Date CO (gkWh) HC (gkWh) NOx (gkWh) PM (gkWh) Smoke
EU Emission Standards for HD Diesel Engines gkWh (smoke in m
minus1)
Euro II October 1996 ECE R-49 4 11 7 025
Euro II October 1998 ECE R-49 4 11 7 015
Euro III October 1999
EEVs only ESC amp ELR
1 025 2 002 015 Non-
binding
Euro III October 2000 ESC amp ELR
21 066 5 01 08
013
for engines of less than 075 dm3 swept volume per cylinder and a rated power speed of more than 3000 per minute EEV is Enhanced environmentally friendly vehicle
Euro norm emissions for category N3 EDC (2000 and up)
Euro II 1995-1999 4 11 7 015
Euro III 1999-2005 21 066 5 01
Euro norm emissions for (older) ECE R49 cycle
Euro II 1995-99 4 11 7 015
1
the table covers the categories of diesel vehicles that are explicitly specified Other diesel engines eg
generators train locomotives if not following into one of the categories mentioned above may reasonably be assumed to generate exhaust emissions comparable to Euro 2 Euro II unless otherwise proven or specified
The applicable EU Directives are
Euro 2 (1996)
For passenger cars Directives 9412EC1 and 9669EC
2
For motorcycles Directives 200251EC3 (row A) and 2006120EC
4
Euro 3 (2000)
For any vehicle Directive 9869EC5
For motorcycle Directives 200251EC6 (row B) and 2006120EC
7
1 OJ L 10019494 p42ndash52
2 OJ L 282 1111996 p 64ndash67
3 OJ L 252 2092002 p 20ndash32
4 OJ L 330 28112006 p 16ndash17
5 OJ L 350 28121998 p 1ndash57
6 OJ L 252 2092002 p 20ndash32
7 OJ L 330 28112006 p 16ndash17
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 14 of 23
Table 2 Typical composition of Traditional DEEE and New Technology DEEE
Constituents Traditional DEEE New Technology DEEE
PM
Elemental Carbon
Organic Carbon
Sulfates
Metals
Other
75
19
1
2
3
13
30
53
4
Gaseous constituents 68 g NOxkg Fuel
202 g HCsec (Idle)
12 g HCmile (cruise)
57 g NOxkg Fuel
76 g HCsec (Idle)
04 HCmile (cruise)
Typical composition of diesel exhaust particles emitted by a 1990ndash2000 diesel engine (Traditional DEEE) and a post-2006 diesel engine (New Technology DEEE) according to NEGDECOS 2016
1990 technology Brian C McDonald 2012
2010 technology Brian C McDonald 2012
Clark et al 2006
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 15 of 23
Figure 1 Development of emission standards for heavy-duty diesel
engines in the EU Euro IndashVI refers to the European emission standards
for heavy-duty diesel engines NOX nitrogen oxides CO carbon
monoxide DEP diesel exhaust particles HC total hydrocarbons
Redrawn by NEG (2016) from the data presented in [Ecopoint DieselNet
2013 [cited 2013 Available from httpswwwdieselnetcom]
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 16 of 23
4 REFERENCES
Attfield MD Schleiff PL Lubin JH Blair A Stewart PA Vermeulen R Coble JB
Silverman DT (2012) The diesel exhaust in minors study a cohort mortality study
with emphasis on lung cancer J Natl Cancer Inst 104 1-15
Bofetta P (2012) Re The diesel exhaust in minors study a cohort mortality study with
emphasis on lung cancer J Natl Cancer Inst 104 1842-1843
Bolt HM Huici-Montagud A (2008) Strategy of the scientiWc committee on
occupational exposure limits (SCOEL) in the derivation of occupational exposure
limits for carcinogens and mutagens Arch Toxicol 82 61-64
Clark N Gautam M Wayne W Thompson G et al (2006) Regulated Emissions
from Heavy Heavy-Duty Diesel Trucks Operating in the South Coast Air Basin
SAE Technical Paper 2006-01-3395 2006 doi1042712006-01-3395
Davis ME Hart JE Laden F Garshick E Smith TJ (2011) A retrospective
assessment of occupational exposure to elemental carbon in the US trucking
industry Environ Health Perspect 119 997ndash1002
DieselNet (2014) Emission standards engine and emission technology
httpswwwdieselnetcom (last search 17042014)
European Union (2012) EU transport in figures Statistical pocket book 2012
Luxembourg Publications of the European Union 2012 ISBN 978-92-79-21694-7
httpeceuropaeutransportfacts-
fundingsstatisticsdoc2012pocketbook2012pdf (last search 17042014)
Garshick E Laden F Hart JE Smith TJ Rosner B (2006) Smoking imputation and
lung cancer in railroad workers exposed to diesel exhaust Am J Ind Med 49 709ndash
718
Garshick E Laden F Hart JE Rosner B Davis ME Eisen EA Smith TJ (2008) Lung
cancer and vehicle exhaust in trucking industry workers Environ Health Perspect
116 1327ndash1332
Garshick E Laden F Hart JE Davis ME Eisen EA Smith TJ (2012) Lung cancer
and elemental carbon exposure in trucking industry workers Environ Health
Perspect 120 1301-1306
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 17 of 23
Greim H (ed) (2008) Dieselmotor-Emissionen Gesundheitsschaumldliche Arbeitsstoffe ndash
Toxikologisch arbeitsmedizinische Begruumlndungen von MAK-Werten 45 Lieferung
Wiley-VCH Weinheim
Hallberg LM Parks J Hernandez C Ward JB Ameredes BT Norton C Zaas S and
Wickliffe JK (2014) genotoxicity of diesel exhaust from 2007-compliant diesel
engines final results of the 12- and 24-month exposures of rats from the aces
study Health Effects Institute 2014 Annual Conference May 4-6 2014
Alexandria VA USA
httpwwwhealtheffectsorgPubsAnnualConferenceBook2014pdf
Hartwig A (ed) (2012) Allgemeiner Staubgrenzwert (A-Fraktion) (Granulaumlre
biobestaumlndige Staumlube (GBS)) Gesundheitsschaumldliche Arbeitsstoffe
Toxikologisch-arbeitsmedizinische Begruumlndung von MAK-Werten 53 Lieferung
Wiley-VCH Weinheim
Heinrich U Muhle H Takenaka S Ernst H Fuhst R Mohr U Pott F Stoumlber W
(1986) Chronic effects on the respiratory tract of hamsters mice and rats after
long-term inhalation of high concentrations of filtered and unfiltered diesel engine
emissions J Appl Toxicol 6 383ndash395
Heinrich U Fuhst R Rittinghausen S Creutzenberg O Bellmann B Koch W Levsen
K (1995) Chronic inhalation exposure of Wistar rats and 2 different strains of mice
to diesel-engine exhaust carbon black and titanium dioxide Inhal Toxicol 7 533ndash
556
Henderson RF Pickrell JA Jones RK (1988) Response of rodents to inhaled diluted
diesel exhaust biochemical and cytological changes in bronchoalveolar fluid and
in lung tissue Fundam Appl Toxicol 11 456-567
Henschler (ed) (1987) Dieselmotor-Emissionen Gesundheitsschaumldliche Arbeitsstoffe
ndash Toxikologisch arbeitsmedizinische Begruumlndungen von MAK-Werten 14
Lieferung VCH Weinheim
Hesterberg TW Long CM Bunn WB Lapin CA McClellan RO Valberg PA (2012)
Health effects research and regulation of diesel exhaust an historical overview
focused on lung cancer risk Inhal Toxicol 24 Suppl 11ndash45
IARC International Agency for the Research on Cancer (1989) Diesel and Gasoline
Engine Exhausts In Diesel and Gasoline Engine Exhausts and Some
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 18 of 23
Nitroarenes IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of
Chemicals to Humans vol 46 Lyon France International Agency for Research
on Cancer pp 41-185
IARC (2010) Carbon black titanium dioxide and talc IARC Monographs on the
Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans vol 93 Lyon France
International Agency for Research on Cancer pp 1-452
IARC (2013) Diesel and gasoline engine exhausts In Diesel and gasoline engine
exhausts and some nitroarenes IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of
Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans vol 105 Lyon France International
Agency for Research on Cancer pp 39-486
IARC (2014) Diesel and gasoline engine exhausts In Diesel and gasoline engine
exhausts and some nitroarenes IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of
Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans vol 105 Lyon France International
Agency for Research on Cancer pp 39-486
httpsmonographsiarcfrENGMonographsvol105mono105pdf Accessed
20160601
IARC International Agency for the Research on Cancer (1989) Diesel and Gasoline
Engine Exhausts In Diesel and Gasoline Engine Exhausts and Some
Nitroarenes IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of
Chemicals to Humans vol 46 Lyon France International Agency for Research
on Cancer pp 41-185
httpmonographsiarcfrENGMonographsvol46mono46pdf Accessed
20160601
IFA Institut fuumlr Arbeitsschutz der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung (2013)
GESTIS - International limit values for chemical agents DGUV IFA Sankt
Augustin Germany
httpwwwdguvdeifaGefahrstoffdatenbankenGESTIS-Internationale-
Grenzwerte-fuumlr-chemische-Substanzen-limit-values-for-chemical-agentsindex-
2jsp
IFA Institut fuumlr Arbeitsschutz der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung (2014)
GESTIS ndash Analytical methods DGUV IFA Sankt Augustin Germany
httpamcawifadguvdesubstancemethoden122-L-Dieselpdf
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 19 of 23
Ishihara Y Kagawa J (2003) Chronic diesel exhaust exposures of rats demonstrate
concentration and time-dependent effects on pulmonary inflammation Inhalat
Toxicol 15 473-492
Ishinishi N Kuwabara N Nagase S Suzuki T Ishiwata S Kohno T (1986) Long-term
inhalation studies on effects of exhaust from heavy and light duty diesel engines
on F344 rats In Carcinogenic and Mutagenic Effects of Diesel Engine Exhaust
Ishinishi N Koizumi A McClellan R Stoumlber W (eds) Amsterdam the Netherlands
Elsevier 329ndash348
Ishinishi N Kuwabara N Takaki Y Nagase S Suzuki T Nakajima T Maejima K
Kato A Nakamura M (1988) Long-term inhalation experiments on diesel exhaust
In Diesel exhaust and health risks Final Report of HERP studies Ishihara T (ed)
Health Effects Research Program Tsukuba Japan 15-84
Khalek IA Bougher TL Merritt PM Zielinska B (2011) Regulated and unregulated
emissions from highway heavy-duty diesel engines complying with US
Environmental Protection Agency 2007 emissions standards J Air Waste Manag
Assoc 61 4427ndash442
Laden F Hart JE Smith TJ et al (2007) Cause-specific mortality in the unionized
US trucking industry Environ Health Perspect 115 1192ndash1196
Moumlhner M Kersten N Gellissen J (2012) Re The diesel exhaust in minors study a
cohort mortality study with emphasis on lung cancer J Natl Cancer Inst 104 1846-
1847
Moumlhner M Kersten N Gellissen J (2013) Diesel motor exhaust and lung cancer
mortality reanalysis of a cohort study in potash miners Eur J Epidemiol 28159ndash
168
NEGDECOS (2016) 149 Diesel engine exhaust Taxell P Santonen T The Nordic
Expert Group for Criteria Documentation of Health Risks from Chemicals and the
Dutch Expert Committee on Occupational Safety Volume 49(6)
NTP National Toxicology Program (2011) 12th Report on Carcinogens June 10
2011 p 153-156 US Department of Health and Human Services NC USA
httpntpniehsnihgovntproctwelfthroc12pdf
Olsson AC Gustavsson P Kromhout H Peters S Vermeulen R Bruske I Pesch B
Siemiatycki J Pintos J Bruning T Cassidy A Wichmann H-E Consonni D Landi
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 20 of 23
MT Caporaso N Plato N Merletti F Mirabelli D Richiardi L Joumlckel K-H Ahrens
W Pohlabeln H Lissowska J et al (2011) exposure to diesel motor exhaust and
lung cancer risk in a pooled analysis from case-control studies in Europe and
Canada Am J Respir Crit Care Med 183 941ndash948
Pallapies D Taeger D Bochmann F Morfeld P (2013) Comment Carcinogenicity of
diesel-engine exhaust (DE) (2012) Arch Toxicol 87 547-549
Parent ME Rousseau MC Boffetta P Cohen A Siemiatycki J (2007) Exposure to
diesel and gasoline engine emissions and the risk of lung cancer Am J Epidemiol
165 53-62
Pintos J Parent ME Richardson L Siemiatycki J (2012) Occupational exposure to
diesel engine emissions and risk of lung cancer evidence from two case-control
studies in Montreal Canada Occup Environ Med 69 787-792
Silverman DT Samanic CM Lubin JH Blair AE Stewart PA Vermeulen R Coble
JB Rothman N Schleiff PL Travis WD Ziegler RG Wacholder S Attfield MD
The diesel exhaust in miners study a nested case-control study of lung cancer
and diesel exhaust J Natl Cancer Inst 104 1-14
Steenland K Deddens J Stayner L (1998) Diesel exhaust and lung cancer in the
trucking industry exposure-response analyses and risk assessment Am J Ind
Med 34 220ndash228
Stenfors N Nordenhaumlll C Salvi SS Mudway I Soumlderberg M Blomberg A Helleday
R Levin JO Holgate ST Kelly FJ Frew AJ Sandstroumlm T (2004) Different airway
inflammatory responses in asthmatic and healthy humans exposed to diesel Eur
Respir J 23 82ndash86
Sun Y Bochmann F Nold A Mattenklott M (2014) Diesel exhaust exposure and the
risk of lung cancer ndash a review of the epidemiological evidence Int J Environ Res
Public Health 11 1312-1340
US-EPA (US Environmental Protection Agency) (2002) Health Assessment
Document for Diesel Engine Exhaust EPA6008-90057F US Environmental
Protection Agency Washington DC USA
httpwwwepagovncea
US-EPA (2003) IRIS Integrated Risk Information System Diesel engine exhaust
Last revised 02282003 Washington DC USA
httpwwwepagovirissubst0642htm
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 21 of 23
Vermeulen R Silverman DT Garshick E Vlaanderen J Portengen L Steenland K
(2014) Exposure-response estimates for diesel engine exhaust and lung cancer
mortality based on data from three occupational cohorts
httpdxdoiorg101289ehp1306880
WHO (1996) Diesel Fuel and Exhaust Emissions Environmental Health Criteria 171
International Programme on Chemical Safety World Health Organization Geneva
Switzerland
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 22 of 23
HOW TO OBTAIN EU PUBLICATIONS
Free publications
bull one copy via EU Bookshop (httpbookshopeuropaeu)
bull more than one copy or postersmaps from the European Unionrsquos representations (httpeceuropaeurepresent_enhtm) from the delegations in non-EU countries (httpeeaseuropaeudelegationsindex_enhtm) by contacting the Europe Direct service (httpeuropaeueuropedirectindex_enhtm) or calling 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (freephone number from anywhere in the EU) () () The information given is free as are most calls (though some operators phone boxes or hotels may charge you)
Priced publications
bull via EU Bookshop (httpbookshopeuropaeu)
Priced subscriptions
bull via one of the sales agents of the Publications Office of the European Union (httppublicationseuropaeuothersagentsindex_enhtm)
doi 102767299599
ISBN 978-92-79-65251-6
KE-0
2-1
7-0
30-E
N-N
[Ca
talo
gu
e n
um
be
r]
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 9 of 23
Traditional Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions (DEEE) are carcinogenic
SCOEL Group B or C although a mode of action-based threshold may be
applicable
3 LIMIT VALUES MODE OF ACTION NOTATIONS
General Considerations
The critical effect of traditional Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions (DEEE) in rats is
pulmonary cancer which is considered to be the consequence of inflammation
and genotoxicity being primarily induced by particulate matter Lung toxicity of
newest technology diesel engine exhaust however results primarily from NO2
exposure Consequently for traditional DEEE the OEL requires control of
particulate matter emissions for new type of engines it requires control of NO2
Typical DEEE compositions are presented in tables 1 and 2 The changes in
composition are additionally presented in figure 1
31 Mode of action
Traditional DEEE contains genotoxic components like PAHs or nitro-PAHs but the
amount of PAH alone cannot explain the observed tumours (Heinrich et al 1986)
There is evidence for the direct genotoxic activity of DEEE and therefore direct
genotoxicity cannot be fully excluded In animal studies chronic inflammation
resulting in oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species has been observed at doses
resulting in tumour formation in rats and therefore secondary genotoxicity together
with increased cell proliferation seem to be predominant in rats Based on this mode
of action a non-linear dose-response relationship and a threshold mechanism for
carcinogenicity could be anticipated Considering this mechanism traditional diesel
engine exhaust would be classified as SCOEL carcinogen Cat C (genotoxic
carcinogens with a mode of action-based threshold) Considering that the genotoxic
activity cannot be fully excluded and the epidemiological studies show a gradually
increasing exposure response relation already starting at exposure levels close to
background level and are not indicative of a clear exposure threshold SCOEL
carcinogen Cat B would also apply
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 10 of 23
Toxicological and pathobiological information from animal studies supports a
mode of action for which possibly a threshold could be established However
the epidemiological evidence does not allow to identify a critical threshold that
could serve for derivation of an OEL and direct genotoxicity cannot be excluded
Thus traditional DEEE are carcinogenic within SCOEL groups B or group C
Further scientific-technical analysis shall follow up on this issue
In new-technology diesel engine exhaust (especially DEEE corresponding to
Euro IV-VI) particulate matter and adsorbed mutagenic compounds are much lower
than in traditional diesel engine exhausts Accordingly in a 1-year mouse and a 2-
year rat study with the US 2007 compliant diesel engine exhaust (corresponding to
Euro VI) did not show tumours or genotoxicity in vivo (HEI 2015) The toxic effects in
the lung have been attributed to NO2 exposure so that exhausts of these new
technology diesel engines may not be considered carcinogenic
32 Genotoxicity and Carcinogenicity
The epidemiological studies which describe quantitative exposure response relations have
been used by Vermeulen et al (2014) to conduct a meta-regression of lung cancer mortality
and cumulative exposure to elemental carbon (EC) based on relative risk (RR) estimates
reported of the three large occupational cohort studies (Steenland et al 1998 Garshick et al
2012 Silverman et al 2012) Based on the derived overall risk function excess lifetime risks
were calculated for several lifetime occupational exposure scenarios Estimated numbers of
excess lung cancer deaths through 80 years of age for lifetime occupational exposures of
1 10 and 25 μgm3 EC were 17 200 and 689 per 10000 respectively (Vermeulen et al
2014)
Thus although toxicological data supports a threshold (possibly at
002 mg DEPm3 or below corresponding 0015 mg ECm3) epidemiological data
suggests significant cancer risks already at and below these exposure levels
Therefore an occupational exposure limit that would be adaequately protective
for workers cannot be established on the basis of the current available data and
analysis However both toxicological and human epidemiological data are further
gathered and evaluated
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 11 of 23
33 Short-term exposure limit (STEL)
For DEEE the pathobiological effect is the lung toxicity which results from
inflammation Due to the long clearance half-life time of diesel engine exhaust
particles (alveolar clearance for insoluble non-toxic particles is 60-100 days in
rats (WHO 1996) and several hundred days in humans (US-EPA 2002) it is not
considered necessary to derive an acute 15 minutes short-term exposure limit
(STEL)
34 Reproduction
Reproductive and developmental toxicity are considered unlikely to be critical
end-points for diesel engine exhaust neither from old nor from new-technology
engines
35 Sensitization
No study investigating sensitization potential of diesel engine exhausts according
to current guidelines is available in animals or humans Several studies show
effects of diesel engine exhausts on the immune system in humans and animals
Diesel engine exhausts react as an adjuvant in sensitization tests in humans and
animals and can cause exacerbation of allergic responses and asthma-like
symptoms However diesel engine exhaust itself is not an allergen Therefore a
notation for sensitization is not recommended
36 Skin notation
Due to the composition and the nature of the critical effect of DEEE and also
new-technology diesel engine exhaust a substantial dermal absorption is not
anticipated Therefore a skin notation is not recommended
37 Biological Monitoring
From the available data it is not possible to recommend a biological limit value
nor biological guidance value for diesel exhausts There is thus no BLV or BGV
recommended for DEEE
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 12 of 23
Table 1 Euro 2 and Euro 3 Emission standards for diesel vehicles1 in the EU
PASSENGER CARS AND LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLES
Tier Date CO THC NMHC NOx HC+NOx PM
P [km]
European emission standards for passenger cars (Category M) gkm
Euro 2 January
1996 1 - - - 07 008 -
Euro 3 January
2000 064 - - 05 056 005 -
European emission standards for light commercial vehicles le1305 kg (Category N1-I) gkm
Euro 2 January
1998 1 - - - 07 008 -
Euro 3 January
2000 064 - - 05 056 005 -
European emission standards for light commercial vehicles 1305ndash1760 kg (Category N1-II) gkm
Euro 2 January
1998 125 - - - 1 012 -
Euro 3 January
2001 08 - - 065 072 007 -
European emission standards for light commercial vehicles gt1760 kg max 3500 kg (Category N1-III amp N2) gkm
Euro 2 January
1998 15 - - - 12 017 -
Euro 3 January
2001 095 - - 078 086 01 -
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 13 of 23
TRUCKS AND BUSES
Standard Date CO (gkWh) HC (gkWh) NOx (gkWh) PM (gkWh) Smoke
EU Emission Standards for HD Diesel Engines gkWh (smoke in m
minus1)
Euro II October 1996 ECE R-49 4 11 7 025
Euro II October 1998 ECE R-49 4 11 7 015
Euro III October 1999
EEVs only ESC amp ELR
1 025 2 002 015 Non-
binding
Euro III October 2000 ESC amp ELR
21 066 5 01 08
013
for engines of less than 075 dm3 swept volume per cylinder and a rated power speed of more than 3000 per minute EEV is Enhanced environmentally friendly vehicle
Euro norm emissions for category N3 EDC (2000 and up)
Euro II 1995-1999 4 11 7 015
Euro III 1999-2005 21 066 5 01
Euro norm emissions for (older) ECE R49 cycle
Euro II 1995-99 4 11 7 015
1
the table covers the categories of diesel vehicles that are explicitly specified Other diesel engines eg
generators train locomotives if not following into one of the categories mentioned above may reasonably be assumed to generate exhaust emissions comparable to Euro 2 Euro II unless otherwise proven or specified
The applicable EU Directives are
Euro 2 (1996)
For passenger cars Directives 9412EC1 and 9669EC
2
For motorcycles Directives 200251EC3 (row A) and 2006120EC
4
Euro 3 (2000)
For any vehicle Directive 9869EC5
For motorcycle Directives 200251EC6 (row B) and 2006120EC
7
1 OJ L 10019494 p42ndash52
2 OJ L 282 1111996 p 64ndash67
3 OJ L 252 2092002 p 20ndash32
4 OJ L 330 28112006 p 16ndash17
5 OJ L 350 28121998 p 1ndash57
6 OJ L 252 2092002 p 20ndash32
7 OJ L 330 28112006 p 16ndash17
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 14 of 23
Table 2 Typical composition of Traditional DEEE and New Technology DEEE
Constituents Traditional DEEE New Technology DEEE
PM
Elemental Carbon
Organic Carbon
Sulfates
Metals
Other
75
19
1
2
3
13
30
53
4
Gaseous constituents 68 g NOxkg Fuel
202 g HCsec (Idle)
12 g HCmile (cruise)
57 g NOxkg Fuel
76 g HCsec (Idle)
04 HCmile (cruise)
Typical composition of diesel exhaust particles emitted by a 1990ndash2000 diesel engine (Traditional DEEE) and a post-2006 diesel engine (New Technology DEEE) according to NEGDECOS 2016
1990 technology Brian C McDonald 2012
2010 technology Brian C McDonald 2012
Clark et al 2006
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 15 of 23
Figure 1 Development of emission standards for heavy-duty diesel
engines in the EU Euro IndashVI refers to the European emission standards
for heavy-duty diesel engines NOX nitrogen oxides CO carbon
monoxide DEP diesel exhaust particles HC total hydrocarbons
Redrawn by NEG (2016) from the data presented in [Ecopoint DieselNet
2013 [cited 2013 Available from httpswwwdieselnetcom]
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 16 of 23
4 REFERENCES
Attfield MD Schleiff PL Lubin JH Blair A Stewart PA Vermeulen R Coble JB
Silverman DT (2012) The diesel exhaust in minors study a cohort mortality study
with emphasis on lung cancer J Natl Cancer Inst 104 1-15
Bofetta P (2012) Re The diesel exhaust in minors study a cohort mortality study with
emphasis on lung cancer J Natl Cancer Inst 104 1842-1843
Bolt HM Huici-Montagud A (2008) Strategy of the scientiWc committee on
occupational exposure limits (SCOEL) in the derivation of occupational exposure
limits for carcinogens and mutagens Arch Toxicol 82 61-64
Clark N Gautam M Wayne W Thompson G et al (2006) Regulated Emissions
from Heavy Heavy-Duty Diesel Trucks Operating in the South Coast Air Basin
SAE Technical Paper 2006-01-3395 2006 doi1042712006-01-3395
Davis ME Hart JE Laden F Garshick E Smith TJ (2011) A retrospective
assessment of occupational exposure to elemental carbon in the US trucking
industry Environ Health Perspect 119 997ndash1002
DieselNet (2014) Emission standards engine and emission technology
httpswwwdieselnetcom (last search 17042014)
European Union (2012) EU transport in figures Statistical pocket book 2012
Luxembourg Publications of the European Union 2012 ISBN 978-92-79-21694-7
httpeceuropaeutransportfacts-
fundingsstatisticsdoc2012pocketbook2012pdf (last search 17042014)
Garshick E Laden F Hart JE Smith TJ Rosner B (2006) Smoking imputation and
lung cancer in railroad workers exposed to diesel exhaust Am J Ind Med 49 709ndash
718
Garshick E Laden F Hart JE Rosner B Davis ME Eisen EA Smith TJ (2008) Lung
cancer and vehicle exhaust in trucking industry workers Environ Health Perspect
116 1327ndash1332
Garshick E Laden F Hart JE Davis ME Eisen EA Smith TJ (2012) Lung cancer
and elemental carbon exposure in trucking industry workers Environ Health
Perspect 120 1301-1306
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 17 of 23
Greim H (ed) (2008) Dieselmotor-Emissionen Gesundheitsschaumldliche Arbeitsstoffe ndash
Toxikologisch arbeitsmedizinische Begruumlndungen von MAK-Werten 45 Lieferung
Wiley-VCH Weinheim
Hallberg LM Parks J Hernandez C Ward JB Ameredes BT Norton C Zaas S and
Wickliffe JK (2014) genotoxicity of diesel exhaust from 2007-compliant diesel
engines final results of the 12- and 24-month exposures of rats from the aces
study Health Effects Institute 2014 Annual Conference May 4-6 2014
Alexandria VA USA
httpwwwhealtheffectsorgPubsAnnualConferenceBook2014pdf
Hartwig A (ed) (2012) Allgemeiner Staubgrenzwert (A-Fraktion) (Granulaumlre
biobestaumlndige Staumlube (GBS)) Gesundheitsschaumldliche Arbeitsstoffe
Toxikologisch-arbeitsmedizinische Begruumlndung von MAK-Werten 53 Lieferung
Wiley-VCH Weinheim
Heinrich U Muhle H Takenaka S Ernst H Fuhst R Mohr U Pott F Stoumlber W
(1986) Chronic effects on the respiratory tract of hamsters mice and rats after
long-term inhalation of high concentrations of filtered and unfiltered diesel engine
emissions J Appl Toxicol 6 383ndash395
Heinrich U Fuhst R Rittinghausen S Creutzenberg O Bellmann B Koch W Levsen
K (1995) Chronic inhalation exposure of Wistar rats and 2 different strains of mice
to diesel-engine exhaust carbon black and titanium dioxide Inhal Toxicol 7 533ndash
556
Henderson RF Pickrell JA Jones RK (1988) Response of rodents to inhaled diluted
diesel exhaust biochemical and cytological changes in bronchoalveolar fluid and
in lung tissue Fundam Appl Toxicol 11 456-567
Henschler (ed) (1987) Dieselmotor-Emissionen Gesundheitsschaumldliche Arbeitsstoffe
ndash Toxikologisch arbeitsmedizinische Begruumlndungen von MAK-Werten 14
Lieferung VCH Weinheim
Hesterberg TW Long CM Bunn WB Lapin CA McClellan RO Valberg PA (2012)
Health effects research and regulation of diesel exhaust an historical overview
focused on lung cancer risk Inhal Toxicol 24 Suppl 11ndash45
IARC International Agency for the Research on Cancer (1989) Diesel and Gasoline
Engine Exhausts In Diesel and Gasoline Engine Exhausts and Some
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 18 of 23
Nitroarenes IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of
Chemicals to Humans vol 46 Lyon France International Agency for Research
on Cancer pp 41-185
IARC (2010) Carbon black titanium dioxide and talc IARC Monographs on the
Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans vol 93 Lyon France
International Agency for Research on Cancer pp 1-452
IARC (2013) Diesel and gasoline engine exhausts In Diesel and gasoline engine
exhausts and some nitroarenes IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of
Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans vol 105 Lyon France International
Agency for Research on Cancer pp 39-486
IARC (2014) Diesel and gasoline engine exhausts In Diesel and gasoline engine
exhausts and some nitroarenes IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of
Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans vol 105 Lyon France International
Agency for Research on Cancer pp 39-486
httpsmonographsiarcfrENGMonographsvol105mono105pdf Accessed
20160601
IARC International Agency for the Research on Cancer (1989) Diesel and Gasoline
Engine Exhausts In Diesel and Gasoline Engine Exhausts and Some
Nitroarenes IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of
Chemicals to Humans vol 46 Lyon France International Agency for Research
on Cancer pp 41-185
httpmonographsiarcfrENGMonographsvol46mono46pdf Accessed
20160601
IFA Institut fuumlr Arbeitsschutz der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung (2013)
GESTIS - International limit values for chemical agents DGUV IFA Sankt
Augustin Germany
httpwwwdguvdeifaGefahrstoffdatenbankenGESTIS-Internationale-
Grenzwerte-fuumlr-chemische-Substanzen-limit-values-for-chemical-agentsindex-
2jsp
IFA Institut fuumlr Arbeitsschutz der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung (2014)
GESTIS ndash Analytical methods DGUV IFA Sankt Augustin Germany
httpamcawifadguvdesubstancemethoden122-L-Dieselpdf
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 19 of 23
Ishihara Y Kagawa J (2003) Chronic diesel exhaust exposures of rats demonstrate
concentration and time-dependent effects on pulmonary inflammation Inhalat
Toxicol 15 473-492
Ishinishi N Kuwabara N Nagase S Suzuki T Ishiwata S Kohno T (1986) Long-term
inhalation studies on effects of exhaust from heavy and light duty diesel engines
on F344 rats In Carcinogenic and Mutagenic Effects of Diesel Engine Exhaust
Ishinishi N Koizumi A McClellan R Stoumlber W (eds) Amsterdam the Netherlands
Elsevier 329ndash348
Ishinishi N Kuwabara N Takaki Y Nagase S Suzuki T Nakajima T Maejima K
Kato A Nakamura M (1988) Long-term inhalation experiments on diesel exhaust
In Diesel exhaust and health risks Final Report of HERP studies Ishihara T (ed)
Health Effects Research Program Tsukuba Japan 15-84
Khalek IA Bougher TL Merritt PM Zielinska B (2011) Regulated and unregulated
emissions from highway heavy-duty diesel engines complying with US
Environmental Protection Agency 2007 emissions standards J Air Waste Manag
Assoc 61 4427ndash442
Laden F Hart JE Smith TJ et al (2007) Cause-specific mortality in the unionized
US trucking industry Environ Health Perspect 115 1192ndash1196
Moumlhner M Kersten N Gellissen J (2012) Re The diesel exhaust in minors study a
cohort mortality study with emphasis on lung cancer J Natl Cancer Inst 104 1846-
1847
Moumlhner M Kersten N Gellissen J (2013) Diesel motor exhaust and lung cancer
mortality reanalysis of a cohort study in potash miners Eur J Epidemiol 28159ndash
168
NEGDECOS (2016) 149 Diesel engine exhaust Taxell P Santonen T The Nordic
Expert Group for Criteria Documentation of Health Risks from Chemicals and the
Dutch Expert Committee on Occupational Safety Volume 49(6)
NTP National Toxicology Program (2011) 12th Report on Carcinogens June 10
2011 p 153-156 US Department of Health and Human Services NC USA
httpntpniehsnihgovntproctwelfthroc12pdf
Olsson AC Gustavsson P Kromhout H Peters S Vermeulen R Bruske I Pesch B
Siemiatycki J Pintos J Bruning T Cassidy A Wichmann H-E Consonni D Landi
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 20 of 23
MT Caporaso N Plato N Merletti F Mirabelli D Richiardi L Joumlckel K-H Ahrens
W Pohlabeln H Lissowska J et al (2011) exposure to diesel motor exhaust and
lung cancer risk in a pooled analysis from case-control studies in Europe and
Canada Am J Respir Crit Care Med 183 941ndash948
Pallapies D Taeger D Bochmann F Morfeld P (2013) Comment Carcinogenicity of
diesel-engine exhaust (DE) (2012) Arch Toxicol 87 547-549
Parent ME Rousseau MC Boffetta P Cohen A Siemiatycki J (2007) Exposure to
diesel and gasoline engine emissions and the risk of lung cancer Am J Epidemiol
165 53-62
Pintos J Parent ME Richardson L Siemiatycki J (2012) Occupational exposure to
diesel engine emissions and risk of lung cancer evidence from two case-control
studies in Montreal Canada Occup Environ Med 69 787-792
Silverman DT Samanic CM Lubin JH Blair AE Stewart PA Vermeulen R Coble
JB Rothman N Schleiff PL Travis WD Ziegler RG Wacholder S Attfield MD
The diesel exhaust in miners study a nested case-control study of lung cancer
and diesel exhaust J Natl Cancer Inst 104 1-14
Steenland K Deddens J Stayner L (1998) Diesel exhaust and lung cancer in the
trucking industry exposure-response analyses and risk assessment Am J Ind
Med 34 220ndash228
Stenfors N Nordenhaumlll C Salvi SS Mudway I Soumlderberg M Blomberg A Helleday
R Levin JO Holgate ST Kelly FJ Frew AJ Sandstroumlm T (2004) Different airway
inflammatory responses in asthmatic and healthy humans exposed to diesel Eur
Respir J 23 82ndash86
Sun Y Bochmann F Nold A Mattenklott M (2014) Diesel exhaust exposure and the
risk of lung cancer ndash a review of the epidemiological evidence Int J Environ Res
Public Health 11 1312-1340
US-EPA (US Environmental Protection Agency) (2002) Health Assessment
Document for Diesel Engine Exhaust EPA6008-90057F US Environmental
Protection Agency Washington DC USA
httpwwwepagovncea
US-EPA (2003) IRIS Integrated Risk Information System Diesel engine exhaust
Last revised 02282003 Washington DC USA
httpwwwepagovirissubst0642htm
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 21 of 23
Vermeulen R Silverman DT Garshick E Vlaanderen J Portengen L Steenland K
(2014) Exposure-response estimates for diesel engine exhaust and lung cancer
mortality based on data from three occupational cohorts
httpdxdoiorg101289ehp1306880
WHO (1996) Diesel Fuel and Exhaust Emissions Environmental Health Criteria 171
International Programme on Chemical Safety World Health Organization Geneva
Switzerland
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 22 of 23
HOW TO OBTAIN EU PUBLICATIONS
Free publications
bull one copy via EU Bookshop (httpbookshopeuropaeu)
bull more than one copy or postersmaps from the European Unionrsquos representations (httpeceuropaeurepresent_enhtm) from the delegations in non-EU countries (httpeeaseuropaeudelegationsindex_enhtm) by contacting the Europe Direct service (httpeuropaeueuropedirectindex_enhtm) or calling 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (freephone number from anywhere in the EU) () () The information given is free as are most calls (though some operators phone boxes or hotels may charge you)
Priced publications
bull via EU Bookshop (httpbookshopeuropaeu)
Priced subscriptions
bull via one of the sales agents of the Publications Office of the European Union (httppublicationseuropaeuothersagentsindex_enhtm)
doi 102767299599
ISBN 978-92-79-65251-6
KE-0
2-1
7-0
30-E
N-N
[Ca
talo
gu
e n
um
be
r]
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 10 of 23
Toxicological and pathobiological information from animal studies supports a
mode of action for which possibly a threshold could be established However
the epidemiological evidence does not allow to identify a critical threshold that
could serve for derivation of an OEL and direct genotoxicity cannot be excluded
Thus traditional DEEE are carcinogenic within SCOEL groups B or group C
Further scientific-technical analysis shall follow up on this issue
In new-technology diesel engine exhaust (especially DEEE corresponding to
Euro IV-VI) particulate matter and adsorbed mutagenic compounds are much lower
than in traditional diesel engine exhausts Accordingly in a 1-year mouse and a 2-
year rat study with the US 2007 compliant diesel engine exhaust (corresponding to
Euro VI) did not show tumours or genotoxicity in vivo (HEI 2015) The toxic effects in
the lung have been attributed to NO2 exposure so that exhausts of these new
technology diesel engines may not be considered carcinogenic
32 Genotoxicity and Carcinogenicity
The epidemiological studies which describe quantitative exposure response relations have
been used by Vermeulen et al (2014) to conduct a meta-regression of lung cancer mortality
and cumulative exposure to elemental carbon (EC) based on relative risk (RR) estimates
reported of the three large occupational cohort studies (Steenland et al 1998 Garshick et al
2012 Silverman et al 2012) Based on the derived overall risk function excess lifetime risks
were calculated for several lifetime occupational exposure scenarios Estimated numbers of
excess lung cancer deaths through 80 years of age for lifetime occupational exposures of
1 10 and 25 μgm3 EC were 17 200 and 689 per 10000 respectively (Vermeulen et al
2014)
Thus although toxicological data supports a threshold (possibly at
002 mg DEPm3 or below corresponding 0015 mg ECm3) epidemiological data
suggests significant cancer risks already at and below these exposure levels
Therefore an occupational exposure limit that would be adaequately protective
for workers cannot be established on the basis of the current available data and
analysis However both toxicological and human epidemiological data are further
gathered and evaluated
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 11 of 23
33 Short-term exposure limit (STEL)
For DEEE the pathobiological effect is the lung toxicity which results from
inflammation Due to the long clearance half-life time of diesel engine exhaust
particles (alveolar clearance for insoluble non-toxic particles is 60-100 days in
rats (WHO 1996) and several hundred days in humans (US-EPA 2002) it is not
considered necessary to derive an acute 15 minutes short-term exposure limit
(STEL)
34 Reproduction
Reproductive and developmental toxicity are considered unlikely to be critical
end-points for diesel engine exhaust neither from old nor from new-technology
engines
35 Sensitization
No study investigating sensitization potential of diesel engine exhausts according
to current guidelines is available in animals or humans Several studies show
effects of diesel engine exhausts on the immune system in humans and animals
Diesel engine exhausts react as an adjuvant in sensitization tests in humans and
animals and can cause exacerbation of allergic responses and asthma-like
symptoms However diesel engine exhaust itself is not an allergen Therefore a
notation for sensitization is not recommended
36 Skin notation
Due to the composition and the nature of the critical effect of DEEE and also
new-technology diesel engine exhaust a substantial dermal absorption is not
anticipated Therefore a skin notation is not recommended
37 Biological Monitoring
From the available data it is not possible to recommend a biological limit value
nor biological guidance value for diesel exhausts There is thus no BLV or BGV
recommended for DEEE
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 12 of 23
Table 1 Euro 2 and Euro 3 Emission standards for diesel vehicles1 in the EU
PASSENGER CARS AND LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLES
Tier Date CO THC NMHC NOx HC+NOx PM
P [km]
European emission standards for passenger cars (Category M) gkm
Euro 2 January
1996 1 - - - 07 008 -
Euro 3 January
2000 064 - - 05 056 005 -
European emission standards for light commercial vehicles le1305 kg (Category N1-I) gkm
Euro 2 January
1998 1 - - - 07 008 -
Euro 3 January
2000 064 - - 05 056 005 -
European emission standards for light commercial vehicles 1305ndash1760 kg (Category N1-II) gkm
Euro 2 January
1998 125 - - - 1 012 -
Euro 3 January
2001 08 - - 065 072 007 -
European emission standards for light commercial vehicles gt1760 kg max 3500 kg (Category N1-III amp N2) gkm
Euro 2 January
1998 15 - - - 12 017 -
Euro 3 January
2001 095 - - 078 086 01 -
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 13 of 23
TRUCKS AND BUSES
Standard Date CO (gkWh) HC (gkWh) NOx (gkWh) PM (gkWh) Smoke
EU Emission Standards for HD Diesel Engines gkWh (smoke in m
minus1)
Euro II October 1996 ECE R-49 4 11 7 025
Euro II October 1998 ECE R-49 4 11 7 015
Euro III October 1999
EEVs only ESC amp ELR
1 025 2 002 015 Non-
binding
Euro III October 2000 ESC amp ELR
21 066 5 01 08
013
for engines of less than 075 dm3 swept volume per cylinder and a rated power speed of more than 3000 per minute EEV is Enhanced environmentally friendly vehicle
Euro norm emissions for category N3 EDC (2000 and up)
Euro II 1995-1999 4 11 7 015
Euro III 1999-2005 21 066 5 01
Euro norm emissions for (older) ECE R49 cycle
Euro II 1995-99 4 11 7 015
1
the table covers the categories of diesel vehicles that are explicitly specified Other diesel engines eg
generators train locomotives if not following into one of the categories mentioned above may reasonably be assumed to generate exhaust emissions comparable to Euro 2 Euro II unless otherwise proven or specified
The applicable EU Directives are
Euro 2 (1996)
For passenger cars Directives 9412EC1 and 9669EC
2
For motorcycles Directives 200251EC3 (row A) and 2006120EC
4
Euro 3 (2000)
For any vehicle Directive 9869EC5
For motorcycle Directives 200251EC6 (row B) and 2006120EC
7
1 OJ L 10019494 p42ndash52
2 OJ L 282 1111996 p 64ndash67
3 OJ L 252 2092002 p 20ndash32
4 OJ L 330 28112006 p 16ndash17
5 OJ L 350 28121998 p 1ndash57
6 OJ L 252 2092002 p 20ndash32
7 OJ L 330 28112006 p 16ndash17
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 14 of 23
Table 2 Typical composition of Traditional DEEE and New Technology DEEE
Constituents Traditional DEEE New Technology DEEE
PM
Elemental Carbon
Organic Carbon
Sulfates
Metals
Other
75
19
1
2
3
13
30
53
4
Gaseous constituents 68 g NOxkg Fuel
202 g HCsec (Idle)
12 g HCmile (cruise)
57 g NOxkg Fuel
76 g HCsec (Idle)
04 HCmile (cruise)
Typical composition of diesel exhaust particles emitted by a 1990ndash2000 diesel engine (Traditional DEEE) and a post-2006 diesel engine (New Technology DEEE) according to NEGDECOS 2016
1990 technology Brian C McDonald 2012
2010 technology Brian C McDonald 2012
Clark et al 2006
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 15 of 23
Figure 1 Development of emission standards for heavy-duty diesel
engines in the EU Euro IndashVI refers to the European emission standards
for heavy-duty diesel engines NOX nitrogen oxides CO carbon
monoxide DEP diesel exhaust particles HC total hydrocarbons
Redrawn by NEG (2016) from the data presented in [Ecopoint DieselNet
2013 [cited 2013 Available from httpswwwdieselnetcom]
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 16 of 23
4 REFERENCES
Attfield MD Schleiff PL Lubin JH Blair A Stewart PA Vermeulen R Coble JB
Silverman DT (2012) The diesel exhaust in minors study a cohort mortality study
with emphasis on lung cancer J Natl Cancer Inst 104 1-15
Bofetta P (2012) Re The diesel exhaust in minors study a cohort mortality study with
emphasis on lung cancer J Natl Cancer Inst 104 1842-1843
Bolt HM Huici-Montagud A (2008) Strategy of the scientiWc committee on
occupational exposure limits (SCOEL) in the derivation of occupational exposure
limits for carcinogens and mutagens Arch Toxicol 82 61-64
Clark N Gautam M Wayne W Thompson G et al (2006) Regulated Emissions
from Heavy Heavy-Duty Diesel Trucks Operating in the South Coast Air Basin
SAE Technical Paper 2006-01-3395 2006 doi1042712006-01-3395
Davis ME Hart JE Laden F Garshick E Smith TJ (2011) A retrospective
assessment of occupational exposure to elemental carbon in the US trucking
industry Environ Health Perspect 119 997ndash1002
DieselNet (2014) Emission standards engine and emission technology
httpswwwdieselnetcom (last search 17042014)
European Union (2012) EU transport in figures Statistical pocket book 2012
Luxembourg Publications of the European Union 2012 ISBN 978-92-79-21694-7
httpeceuropaeutransportfacts-
fundingsstatisticsdoc2012pocketbook2012pdf (last search 17042014)
Garshick E Laden F Hart JE Smith TJ Rosner B (2006) Smoking imputation and
lung cancer in railroad workers exposed to diesel exhaust Am J Ind Med 49 709ndash
718
Garshick E Laden F Hart JE Rosner B Davis ME Eisen EA Smith TJ (2008) Lung
cancer and vehicle exhaust in trucking industry workers Environ Health Perspect
116 1327ndash1332
Garshick E Laden F Hart JE Davis ME Eisen EA Smith TJ (2012) Lung cancer
and elemental carbon exposure in trucking industry workers Environ Health
Perspect 120 1301-1306
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 17 of 23
Greim H (ed) (2008) Dieselmotor-Emissionen Gesundheitsschaumldliche Arbeitsstoffe ndash
Toxikologisch arbeitsmedizinische Begruumlndungen von MAK-Werten 45 Lieferung
Wiley-VCH Weinheim
Hallberg LM Parks J Hernandez C Ward JB Ameredes BT Norton C Zaas S and
Wickliffe JK (2014) genotoxicity of diesel exhaust from 2007-compliant diesel
engines final results of the 12- and 24-month exposures of rats from the aces
study Health Effects Institute 2014 Annual Conference May 4-6 2014
Alexandria VA USA
httpwwwhealtheffectsorgPubsAnnualConferenceBook2014pdf
Hartwig A (ed) (2012) Allgemeiner Staubgrenzwert (A-Fraktion) (Granulaumlre
biobestaumlndige Staumlube (GBS)) Gesundheitsschaumldliche Arbeitsstoffe
Toxikologisch-arbeitsmedizinische Begruumlndung von MAK-Werten 53 Lieferung
Wiley-VCH Weinheim
Heinrich U Muhle H Takenaka S Ernst H Fuhst R Mohr U Pott F Stoumlber W
(1986) Chronic effects on the respiratory tract of hamsters mice and rats after
long-term inhalation of high concentrations of filtered and unfiltered diesel engine
emissions J Appl Toxicol 6 383ndash395
Heinrich U Fuhst R Rittinghausen S Creutzenberg O Bellmann B Koch W Levsen
K (1995) Chronic inhalation exposure of Wistar rats and 2 different strains of mice
to diesel-engine exhaust carbon black and titanium dioxide Inhal Toxicol 7 533ndash
556
Henderson RF Pickrell JA Jones RK (1988) Response of rodents to inhaled diluted
diesel exhaust biochemical and cytological changes in bronchoalveolar fluid and
in lung tissue Fundam Appl Toxicol 11 456-567
Henschler (ed) (1987) Dieselmotor-Emissionen Gesundheitsschaumldliche Arbeitsstoffe
ndash Toxikologisch arbeitsmedizinische Begruumlndungen von MAK-Werten 14
Lieferung VCH Weinheim
Hesterberg TW Long CM Bunn WB Lapin CA McClellan RO Valberg PA (2012)
Health effects research and regulation of diesel exhaust an historical overview
focused on lung cancer risk Inhal Toxicol 24 Suppl 11ndash45
IARC International Agency for the Research on Cancer (1989) Diesel and Gasoline
Engine Exhausts In Diesel and Gasoline Engine Exhausts and Some
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 18 of 23
Nitroarenes IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of
Chemicals to Humans vol 46 Lyon France International Agency for Research
on Cancer pp 41-185
IARC (2010) Carbon black titanium dioxide and talc IARC Monographs on the
Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans vol 93 Lyon France
International Agency for Research on Cancer pp 1-452
IARC (2013) Diesel and gasoline engine exhausts In Diesel and gasoline engine
exhausts and some nitroarenes IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of
Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans vol 105 Lyon France International
Agency for Research on Cancer pp 39-486
IARC (2014) Diesel and gasoline engine exhausts In Diesel and gasoline engine
exhausts and some nitroarenes IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of
Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans vol 105 Lyon France International
Agency for Research on Cancer pp 39-486
httpsmonographsiarcfrENGMonographsvol105mono105pdf Accessed
20160601
IARC International Agency for the Research on Cancer (1989) Diesel and Gasoline
Engine Exhausts In Diesel and Gasoline Engine Exhausts and Some
Nitroarenes IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of
Chemicals to Humans vol 46 Lyon France International Agency for Research
on Cancer pp 41-185
httpmonographsiarcfrENGMonographsvol46mono46pdf Accessed
20160601
IFA Institut fuumlr Arbeitsschutz der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung (2013)
GESTIS - International limit values for chemical agents DGUV IFA Sankt
Augustin Germany
httpwwwdguvdeifaGefahrstoffdatenbankenGESTIS-Internationale-
Grenzwerte-fuumlr-chemische-Substanzen-limit-values-for-chemical-agentsindex-
2jsp
IFA Institut fuumlr Arbeitsschutz der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung (2014)
GESTIS ndash Analytical methods DGUV IFA Sankt Augustin Germany
httpamcawifadguvdesubstancemethoden122-L-Dieselpdf
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 19 of 23
Ishihara Y Kagawa J (2003) Chronic diesel exhaust exposures of rats demonstrate
concentration and time-dependent effects on pulmonary inflammation Inhalat
Toxicol 15 473-492
Ishinishi N Kuwabara N Nagase S Suzuki T Ishiwata S Kohno T (1986) Long-term
inhalation studies on effects of exhaust from heavy and light duty diesel engines
on F344 rats In Carcinogenic and Mutagenic Effects of Diesel Engine Exhaust
Ishinishi N Koizumi A McClellan R Stoumlber W (eds) Amsterdam the Netherlands
Elsevier 329ndash348
Ishinishi N Kuwabara N Takaki Y Nagase S Suzuki T Nakajima T Maejima K
Kato A Nakamura M (1988) Long-term inhalation experiments on diesel exhaust
In Diesel exhaust and health risks Final Report of HERP studies Ishihara T (ed)
Health Effects Research Program Tsukuba Japan 15-84
Khalek IA Bougher TL Merritt PM Zielinska B (2011) Regulated and unregulated
emissions from highway heavy-duty diesel engines complying with US
Environmental Protection Agency 2007 emissions standards J Air Waste Manag
Assoc 61 4427ndash442
Laden F Hart JE Smith TJ et al (2007) Cause-specific mortality in the unionized
US trucking industry Environ Health Perspect 115 1192ndash1196
Moumlhner M Kersten N Gellissen J (2012) Re The diesel exhaust in minors study a
cohort mortality study with emphasis on lung cancer J Natl Cancer Inst 104 1846-
1847
Moumlhner M Kersten N Gellissen J (2013) Diesel motor exhaust and lung cancer
mortality reanalysis of a cohort study in potash miners Eur J Epidemiol 28159ndash
168
NEGDECOS (2016) 149 Diesel engine exhaust Taxell P Santonen T The Nordic
Expert Group for Criteria Documentation of Health Risks from Chemicals and the
Dutch Expert Committee on Occupational Safety Volume 49(6)
NTP National Toxicology Program (2011) 12th Report on Carcinogens June 10
2011 p 153-156 US Department of Health and Human Services NC USA
httpntpniehsnihgovntproctwelfthroc12pdf
Olsson AC Gustavsson P Kromhout H Peters S Vermeulen R Bruske I Pesch B
Siemiatycki J Pintos J Bruning T Cassidy A Wichmann H-E Consonni D Landi
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 20 of 23
MT Caporaso N Plato N Merletti F Mirabelli D Richiardi L Joumlckel K-H Ahrens
W Pohlabeln H Lissowska J et al (2011) exposure to diesel motor exhaust and
lung cancer risk in a pooled analysis from case-control studies in Europe and
Canada Am J Respir Crit Care Med 183 941ndash948
Pallapies D Taeger D Bochmann F Morfeld P (2013) Comment Carcinogenicity of
diesel-engine exhaust (DE) (2012) Arch Toxicol 87 547-549
Parent ME Rousseau MC Boffetta P Cohen A Siemiatycki J (2007) Exposure to
diesel and gasoline engine emissions and the risk of lung cancer Am J Epidemiol
165 53-62
Pintos J Parent ME Richardson L Siemiatycki J (2012) Occupational exposure to
diesel engine emissions and risk of lung cancer evidence from two case-control
studies in Montreal Canada Occup Environ Med 69 787-792
Silverman DT Samanic CM Lubin JH Blair AE Stewart PA Vermeulen R Coble
JB Rothman N Schleiff PL Travis WD Ziegler RG Wacholder S Attfield MD
The diesel exhaust in miners study a nested case-control study of lung cancer
and diesel exhaust J Natl Cancer Inst 104 1-14
Steenland K Deddens J Stayner L (1998) Diesel exhaust and lung cancer in the
trucking industry exposure-response analyses and risk assessment Am J Ind
Med 34 220ndash228
Stenfors N Nordenhaumlll C Salvi SS Mudway I Soumlderberg M Blomberg A Helleday
R Levin JO Holgate ST Kelly FJ Frew AJ Sandstroumlm T (2004) Different airway
inflammatory responses in asthmatic and healthy humans exposed to diesel Eur
Respir J 23 82ndash86
Sun Y Bochmann F Nold A Mattenklott M (2014) Diesel exhaust exposure and the
risk of lung cancer ndash a review of the epidemiological evidence Int J Environ Res
Public Health 11 1312-1340
US-EPA (US Environmental Protection Agency) (2002) Health Assessment
Document for Diesel Engine Exhaust EPA6008-90057F US Environmental
Protection Agency Washington DC USA
httpwwwepagovncea
US-EPA (2003) IRIS Integrated Risk Information System Diesel engine exhaust
Last revised 02282003 Washington DC USA
httpwwwepagovirissubst0642htm
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 21 of 23
Vermeulen R Silverman DT Garshick E Vlaanderen J Portengen L Steenland K
(2014) Exposure-response estimates for diesel engine exhaust and lung cancer
mortality based on data from three occupational cohorts
httpdxdoiorg101289ehp1306880
WHO (1996) Diesel Fuel and Exhaust Emissions Environmental Health Criteria 171
International Programme on Chemical Safety World Health Organization Geneva
Switzerland
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 22 of 23
HOW TO OBTAIN EU PUBLICATIONS
Free publications
bull one copy via EU Bookshop (httpbookshopeuropaeu)
bull more than one copy or postersmaps from the European Unionrsquos representations (httpeceuropaeurepresent_enhtm) from the delegations in non-EU countries (httpeeaseuropaeudelegationsindex_enhtm) by contacting the Europe Direct service (httpeuropaeueuropedirectindex_enhtm) or calling 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (freephone number from anywhere in the EU) () () The information given is free as are most calls (though some operators phone boxes or hotels may charge you)
Priced publications
bull via EU Bookshop (httpbookshopeuropaeu)
Priced subscriptions
bull via one of the sales agents of the Publications Office of the European Union (httppublicationseuropaeuothersagentsindex_enhtm)
doi 102767299599
ISBN 978-92-79-65251-6
KE-0
2-1
7-0
30-E
N-N
[Ca
talo
gu
e n
um
be
r]
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 11 of 23
33 Short-term exposure limit (STEL)
For DEEE the pathobiological effect is the lung toxicity which results from
inflammation Due to the long clearance half-life time of diesel engine exhaust
particles (alveolar clearance for insoluble non-toxic particles is 60-100 days in
rats (WHO 1996) and several hundred days in humans (US-EPA 2002) it is not
considered necessary to derive an acute 15 minutes short-term exposure limit
(STEL)
34 Reproduction
Reproductive and developmental toxicity are considered unlikely to be critical
end-points for diesel engine exhaust neither from old nor from new-technology
engines
35 Sensitization
No study investigating sensitization potential of diesel engine exhausts according
to current guidelines is available in animals or humans Several studies show
effects of diesel engine exhausts on the immune system in humans and animals
Diesel engine exhausts react as an adjuvant in sensitization tests in humans and
animals and can cause exacerbation of allergic responses and asthma-like
symptoms However diesel engine exhaust itself is not an allergen Therefore a
notation for sensitization is not recommended
36 Skin notation
Due to the composition and the nature of the critical effect of DEEE and also
new-technology diesel engine exhaust a substantial dermal absorption is not
anticipated Therefore a skin notation is not recommended
37 Biological Monitoring
From the available data it is not possible to recommend a biological limit value
nor biological guidance value for diesel exhausts There is thus no BLV or BGV
recommended for DEEE
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 12 of 23
Table 1 Euro 2 and Euro 3 Emission standards for diesel vehicles1 in the EU
PASSENGER CARS AND LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLES
Tier Date CO THC NMHC NOx HC+NOx PM
P [km]
European emission standards for passenger cars (Category M) gkm
Euro 2 January
1996 1 - - - 07 008 -
Euro 3 January
2000 064 - - 05 056 005 -
European emission standards for light commercial vehicles le1305 kg (Category N1-I) gkm
Euro 2 January
1998 1 - - - 07 008 -
Euro 3 January
2000 064 - - 05 056 005 -
European emission standards for light commercial vehicles 1305ndash1760 kg (Category N1-II) gkm
Euro 2 January
1998 125 - - - 1 012 -
Euro 3 January
2001 08 - - 065 072 007 -
European emission standards for light commercial vehicles gt1760 kg max 3500 kg (Category N1-III amp N2) gkm
Euro 2 January
1998 15 - - - 12 017 -
Euro 3 January
2001 095 - - 078 086 01 -
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 13 of 23
TRUCKS AND BUSES
Standard Date CO (gkWh) HC (gkWh) NOx (gkWh) PM (gkWh) Smoke
EU Emission Standards for HD Diesel Engines gkWh (smoke in m
minus1)
Euro II October 1996 ECE R-49 4 11 7 025
Euro II October 1998 ECE R-49 4 11 7 015
Euro III October 1999
EEVs only ESC amp ELR
1 025 2 002 015 Non-
binding
Euro III October 2000 ESC amp ELR
21 066 5 01 08
013
for engines of less than 075 dm3 swept volume per cylinder and a rated power speed of more than 3000 per minute EEV is Enhanced environmentally friendly vehicle
Euro norm emissions for category N3 EDC (2000 and up)
Euro II 1995-1999 4 11 7 015
Euro III 1999-2005 21 066 5 01
Euro norm emissions for (older) ECE R49 cycle
Euro II 1995-99 4 11 7 015
1
the table covers the categories of diesel vehicles that are explicitly specified Other diesel engines eg
generators train locomotives if not following into one of the categories mentioned above may reasonably be assumed to generate exhaust emissions comparable to Euro 2 Euro II unless otherwise proven or specified
The applicable EU Directives are
Euro 2 (1996)
For passenger cars Directives 9412EC1 and 9669EC
2
For motorcycles Directives 200251EC3 (row A) and 2006120EC
4
Euro 3 (2000)
For any vehicle Directive 9869EC5
For motorcycle Directives 200251EC6 (row B) and 2006120EC
7
1 OJ L 10019494 p42ndash52
2 OJ L 282 1111996 p 64ndash67
3 OJ L 252 2092002 p 20ndash32
4 OJ L 330 28112006 p 16ndash17
5 OJ L 350 28121998 p 1ndash57
6 OJ L 252 2092002 p 20ndash32
7 OJ L 330 28112006 p 16ndash17
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 14 of 23
Table 2 Typical composition of Traditional DEEE and New Technology DEEE
Constituents Traditional DEEE New Technology DEEE
PM
Elemental Carbon
Organic Carbon
Sulfates
Metals
Other
75
19
1
2
3
13
30
53
4
Gaseous constituents 68 g NOxkg Fuel
202 g HCsec (Idle)
12 g HCmile (cruise)
57 g NOxkg Fuel
76 g HCsec (Idle)
04 HCmile (cruise)
Typical composition of diesel exhaust particles emitted by a 1990ndash2000 diesel engine (Traditional DEEE) and a post-2006 diesel engine (New Technology DEEE) according to NEGDECOS 2016
1990 technology Brian C McDonald 2012
2010 technology Brian C McDonald 2012
Clark et al 2006
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 15 of 23
Figure 1 Development of emission standards for heavy-duty diesel
engines in the EU Euro IndashVI refers to the European emission standards
for heavy-duty diesel engines NOX nitrogen oxides CO carbon
monoxide DEP diesel exhaust particles HC total hydrocarbons
Redrawn by NEG (2016) from the data presented in [Ecopoint DieselNet
2013 [cited 2013 Available from httpswwwdieselnetcom]
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 16 of 23
4 REFERENCES
Attfield MD Schleiff PL Lubin JH Blair A Stewart PA Vermeulen R Coble JB
Silverman DT (2012) The diesel exhaust in minors study a cohort mortality study
with emphasis on lung cancer J Natl Cancer Inst 104 1-15
Bofetta P (2012) Re The diesel exhaust in minors study a cohort mortality study with
emphasis on lung cancer J Natl Cancer Inst 104 1842-1843
Bolt HM Huici-Montagud A (2008) Strategy of the scientiWc committee on
occupational exposure limits (SCOEL) in the derivation of occupational exposure
limits for carcinogens and mutagens Arch Toxicol 82 61-64
Clark N Gautam M Wayne W Thompson G et al (2006) Regulated Emissions
from Heavy Heavy-Duty Diesel Trucks Operating in the South Coast Air Basin
SAE Technical Paper 2006-01-3395 2006 doi1042712006-01-3395
Davis ME Hart JE Laden F Garshick E Smith TJ (2011) A retrospective
assessment of occupational exposure to elemental carbon in the US trucking
industry Environ Health Perspect 119 997ndash1002
DieselNet (2014) Emission standards engine and emission technology
httpswwwdieselnetcom (last search 17042014)
European Union (2012) EU transport in figures Statistical pocket book 2012
Luxembourg Publications of the European Union 2012 ISBN 978-92-79-21694-7
httpeceuropaeutransportfacts-
fundingsstatisticsdoc2012pocketbook2012pdf (last search 17042014)
Garshick E Laden F Hart JE Smith TJ Rosner B (2006) Smoking imputation and
lung cancer in railroad workers exposed to diesel exhaust Am J Ind Med 49 709ndash
718
Garshick E Laden F Hart JE Rosner B Davis ME Eisen EA Smith TJ (2008) Lung
cancer and vehicle exhaust in trucking industry workers Environ Health Perspect
116 1327ndash1332
Garshick E Laden F Hart JE Davis ME Eisen EA Smith TJ (2012) Lung cancer
and elemental carbon exposure in trucking industry workers Environ Health
Perspect 120 1301-1306
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 17 of 23
Greim H (ed) (2008) Dieselmotor-Emissionen Gesundheitsschaumldliche Arbeitsstoffe ndash
Toxikologisch arbeitsmedizinische Begruumlndungen von MAK-Werten 45 Lieferung
Wiley-VCH Weinheim
Hallberg LM Parks J Hernandez C Ward JB Ameredes BT Norton C Zaas S and
Wickliffe JK (2014) genotoxicity of diesel exhaust from 2007-compliant diesel
engines final results of the 12- and 24-month exposures of rats from the aces
study Health Effects Institute 2014 Annual Conference May 4-6 2014
Alexandria VA USA
httpwwwhealtheffectsorgPubsAnnualConferenceBook2014pdf
Hartwig A (ed) (2012) Allgemeiner Staubgrenzwert (A-Fraktion) (Granulaumlre
biobestaumlndige Staumlube (GBS)) Gesundheitsschaumldliche Arbeitsstoffe
Toxikologisch-arbeitsmedizinische Begruumlndung von MAK-Werten 53 Lieferung
Wiley-VCH Weinheim
Heinrich U Muhle H Takenaka S Ernst H Fuhst R Mohr U Pott F Stoumlber W
(1986) Chronic effects on the respiratory tract of hamsters mice and rats after
long-term inhalation of high concentrations of filtered and unfiltered diesel engine
emissions J Appl Toxicol 6 383ndash395
Heinrich U Fuhst R Rittinghausen S Creutzenberg O Bellmann B Koch W Levsen
K (1995) Chronic inhalation exposure of Wistar rats and 2 different strains of mice
to diesel-engine exhaust carbon black and titanium dioxide Inhal Toxicol 7 533ndash
556
Henderson RF Pickrell JA Jones RK (1988) Response of rodents to inhaled diluted
diesel exhaust biochemical and cytological changes in bronchoalveolar fluid and
in lung tissue Fundam Appl Toxicol 11 456-567
Henschler (ed) (1987) Dieselmotor-Emissionen Gesundheitsschaumldliche Arbeitsstoffe
ndash Toxikologisch arbeitsmedizinische Begruumlndungen von MAK-Werten 14
Lieferung VCH Weinheim
Hesterberg TW Long CM Bunn WB Lapin CA McClellan RO Valberg PA (2012)
Health effects research and regulation of diesel exhaust an historical overview
focused on lung cancer risk Inhal Toxicol 24 Suppl 11ndash45
IARC International Agency for the Research on Cancer (1989) Diesel and Gasoline
Engine Exhausts In Diesel and Gasoline Engine Exhausts and Some
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 18 of 23
Nitroarenes IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of
Chemicals to Humans vol 46 Lyon France International Agency for Research
on Cancer pp 41-185
IARC (2010) Carbon black titanium dioxide and talc IARC Monographs on the
Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans vol 93 Lyon France
International Agency for Research on Cancer pp 1-452
IARC (2013) Diesel and gasoline engine exhausts In Diesel and gasoline engine
exhausts and some nitroarenes IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of
Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans vol 105 Lyon France International
Agency for Research on Cancer pp 39-486
IARC (2014) Diesel and gasoline engine exhausts In Diesel and gasoline engine
exhausts and some nitroarenes IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of
Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans vol 105 Lyon France International
Agency for Research on Cancer pp 39-486
httpsmonographsiarcfrENGMonographsvol105mono105pdf Accessed
20160601
IARC International Agency for the Research on Cancer (1989) Diesel and Gasoline
Engine Exhausts In Diesel and Gasoline Engine Exhausts and Some
Nitroarenes IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of
Chemicals to Humans vol 46 Lyon France International Agency for Research
on Cancer pp 41-185
httpmonographsiarcfrENGMonographsvol46mono46pdf Accessed
20160601
IFA Institut fuumlr Arbeitsschutz der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung (2013)
GESTIS - International limit values for chemical agents DGUV IFA Sankt
Augustin Germany
httpwwwdguvdeifaGefahrstoffdatenbankenGESTIS-Internationale-
Grenzwerte-fuumlr-chemische-Substanzen-limit-values-for-chemical-agentsindex-
2jsp
IFA Institut fuumlr Arbeitsschutz der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung (2014)
GESTIS ndash Analytical methods DGUV IFA Sankt Augustin Germany
httpamcawifadguvdesubstancemethoden122-L-Dieselpdf
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 19 of 23
Ishihara Y Kagawa J (2003) Chronic diesel exhaust exposures of rats demonstrate
concentration and time-dependent effects on pulmonary inflammation Inhalat
Toxicol 15 473-492
Ishinishi N Kuwabara N Nagase S Suzuki T Ishiwata S Kohno T (1986) Long-term
inhalation studies on effects of exhaust from heavy and light duty diesel engines
on F344 rats In Carcinogenic and Mutagenic Effects of Diesel Engine Exhaust
Ishinishi N Koizumi A McClellan R Stoumlber W (eds) Amsterdam the Netherlands
Elsevier 329ndash348
Ishinishi N Kuwabara N Takaki Y Nagase S Suzuki T Nakajima T Maejima K
Kato A Nakamura M (1988) Long-term inhalation experiments on diesel exhaust
In Diesel exhaust and health risks Final Report of HERP studies Ishihara T (ed)
Health Effects Research Program Tsukuba Japan 15-84
Khalek IA Bougher TL Merritt PM Zielinska B (2011) Regulated and unregulated
emissions from highway heavy-duty diesel engines complying with US
Environmental Protection Agency 2007 emissions standards J Air Waste Manag
Assoc 61 4427ndash442
Laden F Hart JE Smith TJ et al (2007) Cause-specific mortality in the unionized
US trucking industry Environ Health Perspect 115 1192ndash1196
Moumlhner M Kersten N Gellissen J (2012) Re The diesel exhaust in minors study a
cohort mortality study with emphasis on lung cancer J Natl Cancer Inst 104 1846-
1847
Moumlhner M Kersten N Gellissen J (2013) Diesel motor exhaust and lung cancer
mortality reanalysis of a cohort study in potash miners Eur J Epidemiol 28159ndash
168
NEGDECOS (2016) 149 Diesel engine exhaust Taxell P Santonen T The Nordic
Expert Group for Criteria Documentation of Health Risks from Chemicals and the
Dutch Expert Committee on Occupational Safety Volume 49(6)
NTP National Toxicology Program (2011) 12th Report on Carcinogens June 10
2011 p 153-156 US Department of Health and Human Services NC USA
httpntpniehsnihgovntproctwelfthroc12pdf
Olsson AC Gustavsson P Kromhout H Peters S Vermeulen R Bruske I Pesch B
Siemiatycki J Pintos J Bruning T Cassidy A Wichmann H-E Consonni D Landi
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 20 of 23
MT Caporaso N Plato N Merletti F Mirabelli D Richiardi L Joumlckel K-H Ahrens
W Pohlabeln H Lissowska J et al (2011) exposure to diesel motor exhaust and
lung cancer risk in a pooled analysis from case-control studies in Europe and
Canada Am J Respir Crit Care Med 183 941ndash948
Pallapies D Taeger D Bochmann F Morfeld P (2013) Comment Carcinogenicity of
diesel-engine exhaust (DE) (2012) Arch Toxicol 87 547-549
Parent ME Rousseau MC Boffetta P Cohen A Siemiatycki J (2007) Exposure to
diesel and gasoline engine emissions and the risk of lung cancer Am J Epidemiol
165 53-62
Pintos J Parent ME Richardson L Siemiatycki J (2012) Occupational exposure to
diesel engine emissions and risk of lung cancer evidence from two case-control
studies in Montreal Canada Occup Environ Med 69 787-792
Silverman DT Samanic CM Lubin JH Blair AE Stewart PA Vermeulen R Coble
JB Rothman N Schleiff PL Travis WD Ziegler RG Wacholder S Attfield MD
The diesel exhaust in miners study a nested case-control study of lung cancer
and diesel exhaust J Natl Cancer Inst 104 1-14
Steenland K Deddens J Stayner L (1998) Diesel exhaust and lung cancer in the
trucking industry exposure-response analyses and risk assessment Am J Ind
Med 34 220ndash228
Stenfors N Nordenhaumlll C Salvi SS Mudway I Soumlderberg M Blomberg A Helleday
R Levin JO Holgate ST Kelly FJ Frew AJ Sandstroumlm T (2004) Different airway
inflammatory responses in asthmatic and healthy humans exposed to diesel Eur
Respir J 23 82ndash86
Sun Y Bochmann F Nold A Mattenklott M (2014) Diesel exhaust exposure and the
risk of lung cancer ndash a review of the epidemiological evidence Int J Environ Res
Public Health 11 1312-1340
US-EPA (US Environmental Protection Agency) (2002) Health Assessment
Document for Diesel Engine Exhaust EPA6008-90057F US Environmental
Protection Agency Washington DC USA
httpwwwepagovncea
US-EPA (2003) IRIS Integrated Risk Information System Diesel engine exhaust
Last revised 02282003 Washington DC USA
httpwwwepagovirissubst0642htm
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 21 of 23
Vermeulen R Silverman DT Garshick E Vlaanderen J Portengen L Steenland K
(2014) Exposure-response estimates for diesel engine exhaust and lung cancer
mortality based on data from three occupational cohorts
httpdxdoiorg101289ehp1306880
WHO (1996) Diesel Fuel and Exhaust Emissions Environmental Health Criteria 171
International Programme on Chemical Safety World Health Organization Geneva
Switzerland
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 22 of 23
HOW TO OBTAIN EU PUBLICATIONS
Free publications
bull one copy via EU Bookshop (httpbookshopeuropaeu)
bull more than one copy or postersmaps from the European Unionrsquos representations (httpeceuropaeurepresent_enhtm) from the delegations in non-EU countries (httpeeaseuropaeudelegationsindex_enhtm) by contacting the Europe Direct service (httpeuropaeueuropedirectindex_enhtm) or calling 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (freephone number from anywhere in the EU) () () The information given is free as are most calls (though some operators phone boxes or hotels may charge you)
Priced publications
bull via EU Bookshop (httpbookshopeuropaeu)
Priced subscriptions
bull via one of the sales agents of the Publications Office of the European Union (httppublicationseuropaeuothersagentsindex_enhtm)
doi 102767299599
ISBN 978-92-79-65251-6
KE-0
2-1
7-0
30-E
N-N
[Ca
talo
gu
e n
um
be
r]
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 12 of 23
Table 1 Euro 2 and Euro 3 Emission standards for diesel vehicles1 in the EU
PASSENGER CARS AND LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLES
Tier Date CO THC NMHC NOx HC+NOx PM
P [km]
European emission standards for passenger cars (Category M) gkm
Euro 2 January
1996 1 - - - 07 008 -
Euro 3 January
2000 064 - - 05 056 005 -
European emission standards for light commercial vehicles le1305 kg (Category N1-I) gkm
Euro 2 January
1998 1 - - - 07 008 -
Euro 3 January
2000 064 - - 05 056 005 -
European emission standards for light commercial vehicles 1305ndash1760 kg (Category N1-II) gkm
Euro 2 January
1998 125 - - - 1 012 -
Euro 3 January
2001 08 - - 065 072 007 -
European emission standards for light commercial vehicles gt1760 kg max 3500 kg (Category N1-III amp N2) gkm
Euro 2 January
1998 15 - - - 12 017 -
Euro 3 January
2001 095 - - 078 086 01 -
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 13 of 23
TRUCKS AND BUSES
Standard Date CO (gkWh) HC (gkWh) NOx (gkWh) PM (gkWh) Smoke
EU Emission Standards for HD Diesel Engines gkWh (smoke in m
minus1)
Euro II October 1996 ECE R-49 4 11 7 025
Euro II October 1998 ECE R-49 4 11 7 015
Euro III October 1999
EEVs only ESC amp ELR
1 025 2 002 015 Non-
binding
Euro III October 2000 ESC amp ELR
21 066 5 01 08
013
for engines of less than 075 dm3 swept volume per cylinder and a rated power speed of more than 3000 per minute EEV is Enhanced environmentally friendly vehicle
Euro norm emissions for category N3 EDC (2000 and up)
Euro II 1995-1999 4 11 7 015
Euro III 1999-2005 21 066 5 01
Euro norm emissions for (older) ECE R49 cycle
Euro II 1995-99 4 11 7 015
1
the table covers the categories of diesel vehicles that are explicitly specified Other diesel engines eg
generators train locomotives if not following into one of the categories mentioned above may reasonably be assumed to generate exhaust emissions comparable to Euro 2 Euro II unless otherwise proven or specified
The applicable EU Directives are
Euro 2 (1996)
For passenger cars Directives 9412EC1 and 9669EC
2
For motorcycles Directives 200251EC3 (row A) and 2006120EC
4
Euro 3 (2000)
For any vehicle Directive 9869EC5
For motorcycle Directives 200251EC6 (row B) and 2006120EC
7
1 OJ L 10019494 p42ndash52
2 OJ L 282 1111996 p 64ndash67
3 OJ L 252 2092002 p 20ndash32
4 OJ L 330 28112006 p 16ndash17
5 OJ L 350 28121998 p 1ndash57
6 OJ L 252 2092002 p 20ndash32
7 OJ L 330 28112006 p 16ndash17
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 14 of 23
Table 2 Typical composition of Traditional DEEE and New Technology DEEE
Constituents Traditional DEEE New Technology DEEE
PM
Elemental Carbon
Organic Carbon
Sulfates
Metals
Other
75
19
1
2
3
13
30
53
4
Gaseous constituents 68 g NOxkg Fuel
202 g HCsec (Idle)
12 g HCmile (cruise)
57 g NOxkg Fuel
76 g HCsec (Idle)
04 HCmile (cruise)
Typical composition of diesel exhaust particles emitted by a 1990ndash2000 diesel engine (Traditional DEEE) and a post-2006 diesel engine (New Technology DEEE) according to NEGDECOS 2016
1990 technology Brian C McDonald 2012
2010 technology Brian C McDonald 2012
Clark et al 2006
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 15 of 23
Figure 1 Development of emission standards for heavy-duty diesel
engines in the EU Euro IndashVI refers to the European emission standards
for heavy-duty diesel engines NOX nitrogen oxides CO carbon
monoxide DEP diesel exhaust particles HC total hydrocarbons
Redrawn by NEG (2016) from the data presented in [Ecopoint DieselNet
2013 [cited 2013 Available from httpswwwdieselnetcom]
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 16 of 23
4 REFERENCES
Attfield MD Schleiff PL Lubin JH Blair A Stewart PA Vermeulen R Coble JB
Silverman DT (2012) The diesel exhaust in minors study a cohort mortality study
with emphasis on lung cancer J Natl Cancer Inst 104 1-15
Bofetta P (2012) Re The diesel exhaust in minors study a cohort mortality study with
emphasis on lung cancer J Natl Cancer Inst 104 1842-1843
Bolt HM Huici-Montagud A (2008) Strategy of the scientiWc committee on
occupational exposure limits (SCOEL) in the derivation of occupational exposure
limits for carcinogens and mutagens Arch Toxicol 82 61-64
Clark N Gautam M Wayne W Thompson G et al (2006) Regulated Emissions
from Heavy Heavy-Duty Diesel Trucks Operating in the South Coast Air Basin
SAE Technical Paper 2006-01-3395 2006 doi1042712006-01-3395
Davis ME Hart JE Laden F Garshick E Smith TJ (2011) A retrospective
assessment of occupational exposure to elemental carbon in the US trucking
industry Environ Health Perspect 119 997ndash1002
DieselNet (2014) Emission standards engine and emission technology
httpswwwdieselnetcom (last search 17042014)
European Union (2012) EU transport in figures Statistical pocket book 2012
Luxembourg Publications of the European Union 2012 ISBN 978-92-79-21694-7
httpeceuropaeutransportfacts-
fundingsstatisticsdoc2012pocketbook2012pdf (last search 17042014)
Garshick E Laden F Hart JE Smith TJ Rosner B (2006) Smoking imputation and
lung cancer in railroad workers exposed to diesel exhaust Am J Ind Med 49 709ndash
718
Garshick E Laden F Hart JE Rosner B Davis ME Eisen EA Smith TJ (2008) Lung
cancer and vehicle exhaust in trucking industry workers Environ Health Perspect
116 1327ndash1332
Garshick E Laden F Hart JE Davis ME Eisen EA Smith TJ (2012) Lung cancer
and elemental carbon exposure in trucking industry workers Environ Health
Perspect 120 1301-1306
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 17 of 23
Greim H (ed) (2008) Dieselmotor-Emissionen Gesundheitsschaumldliche Arbeitsstoffe ndash
Toxikologisch arbeitsmedizinische Begruumlndungen von MAK-Werten 45 Lieferung
Wiley-VCH Weinheim
Hallberg LM Parks J Hernandez C Ward JB Ameredes BT Norton C Zaas S and
Wickliffe JK (2014) genotoxicity of diesel exhaust from 2007-compliant diesel
engines final results of the 12- and 24-month exposures of rats from the aces
study Health Effects Institute 2014 Annual Conference May 4-6 2014
Alexandria VA USA
httpwwwhealtheffectsorgPubsAnnualConferenceBook2014pdf
Hartwig A (ed) (2012) Allgemeiner Staubgrenzwert (A-Fraktion) (Granulaumlre
biobestaumlndige Staumlube (GBS)) Gesundheitsschaumldliche Arbeitsstoffe
Toxikologisch-arbeitsmedizinische Begruumlndung von MAK-Werten 53 Lieferung
Wiley-VCH Weinheim
Heinrich U Muhle H Takenaka S Ernst H Fuhst R Mohr U Pott F Stoumlber W
(1986) Chronic effects on the respiratory tract of hamsters mice and rats after
long-term inhalation of high concentrations of filtered and unfiltered diesel engine
emissions J Appl Toxicol 6 383ndash395
Heinrich U Fuhst R Rittinghausen S Creutzenberg O Bellmann B Koch W Levsen
K (1995) Chronic inhalation exposure of Wistar rats and 2 different strains of mice
to diesel-engine exhaust carbon black and titanium dioxide Inhal Toxicol 7 533ndash
556
Henderson RF Pickrell JA Jones RK (1988) Response of rodents to inhaled diluted
diesel exhaust biochemical and cytological changes in bronchoalveolar fluid and
in lung tissue Fundam Appl Toxicol 11 456-567
Henschler (ed) (1987) Dieselmotor-Emissionen Gesundheitsschaumldliche Arbeitsstoffe
ndash Toxikologisch arbeitsmedizinische Begruumlndungen von MAK-Werten 14
Lieferung VCH Weinheim
Hesterberg TW Long CM Bunn WB Lapin CA McClellan RO Valberg PA (2012)
Health effects research and regulation of diesel exhaust an historical overview
focused on lung cancer risk Inhal Toxicol 24 Suppl 11ndash45
IARC International Agency for the Research on Cancer (1989) Diesel and Gasoline
Engine Exhausts In Diesel and Gasoline Engine Exhausts and Some
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 18 of 23
Nitroarenes IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of
Chemicals to Humans vol 46 Lyon France International Agency for Research
on Cancer pp 41-185
IARC (2010) Carbon black titanium dioxide and talc IARC Monographs on the
Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans vol 93 Lyon France
International Agency for Research on Cancer pp 1-452
IARC (2013) Diesel and gasoline engine exhausts In Diesel and gasoline engine
exhausts and some nitroarenes IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of
Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans vol 105 Lyon France International
Agency for Research on Cancer pp 39-486
IARC (2014) Diesel and gasoline engine exhausts In Diesel and gasoline engine
exhausts and some nitroarenes IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of
Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans vol 105 Lyon France International
Agency for Research on Cancer pp 39-486
httpsmonographsiarcfrENGMonographsvol105mono105pdf Accessed
20160601
IARC International Agency for the Research on Cancer (1989) Diesel and Gasoline
Engine Exhausts In Diesel and Gasoline Engine Exhausts and Some
Nitroarenes IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of
Chemicals to Humans vol 46 Lyon France International Agency for Research
on Cancer pp 41-185
httpmonographsiarcfrENGMonographsvol46mono46pdf Accessed
20160601
IFA Institut fuumlr Arbeitsschutz der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung (2013)
GESTIS - International limit values for chemical agents DGUV IFA Sankt
Augustin Germany
httpwwwdguvdeifaGefahrstoffdatenbankenGESTIS-Internationale-
Grenzwerte-fuumlr-chemische-Substanzen-limit-values-for-chemical-agentsindex-
2jsp
IFA Institut fuumlr Arbeitsschutz der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung (2014)
GESTIS ndash Analytical methods DGUV IFA Sankt Augustin Germany
httpamcawifadguvdesubstancemethoden122-L-Dieselpdf
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 19 of 23
Ishihara Y Kagawa J (2003) Chronic diesel exhaust exposures of rats demonstrate
concentration and time-dependent effects on pulmonary inflammation Inhalat
Toxicol 15 473-492
Ishinishi N Kuwabara N Nagase S Suzuki T Ishiwata S Kohno T (1986) Long-term
inhalation studies on effects of exhaust from heavy and light duty diesel engines
on F344 rats In Carcinogenic and Mutagenic Effects of Diesel Engine Exhaust
Ishinishi N Koizumi A McClellan R Stoumlber W (eds) Amsterdam the Netherlands
Elsevier 329ndash348
Ishinishi N Kuwabara N Takaki Y Nagase S Suzuki T Nakajima T Maejima K
Kato A Nakamura M (1988) Long-term inhalation experiments on diesel exhaust
In Diesel exhaust and health risks Final Report of HERP studies Ishihara T (ed)
Health Effects Research Program Tsukuba Japan 15-84
Khalek IA Bougher TL Merritt PM Zielinska B (2011) Regulated and unregulated
emissions from highway heavy-duty diesel engines complying with US
Environmental Protection Agency 2007 emissions standards J Air Waste Manag
Assoc 61 4427ndash442
Laden F Hart JE Smith TJ et al (2007) Cause-specific mortality in the unionized
US trucking industry Environ Health Perspect 115 1192ndash1196
Moumlhner M Kersten N Gellissen J (2012) Re The diesel exhaust in minors study a
cohort mortality study with emphasis on lung cancer J Natl Cancer Inst 104 1846-
1847
Moumlhner M Kersten N Gellissen J (2013) Diesel motor exhaust and lung cancer
mortality reanalysis of a cohort study in potash miners Eur J Epidemiol 28159ndash
168
NEGDECOS (2016) 149 Diesel engine exhaust Taxell P Santonen T The Nordic
Expert Group for Criteria Documentation of Health Risks from Chemicals and the
Dutch Expert Committee on Occupational Safety Volume 49(6)
NTP National Toxicology Program (2011) 12th Report on Carcinogens June 10
2011 p 153-156 US Department of Health and Human Services NC USA
httpntpniehsnihgovntproctwelfthroc12pdf
Olsson AC Gustavsson P Kromhout H Peters S Vermeulen R Bruske I Pesch B
Siemiatycki J Pintos J Bruning T Cassidy A Wichmann H-E Consonni D Landi
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 20 of 23
MT Caporaso N Plato N Merletti F Mirabelli D Richiardi L Joumlckel K-H Ahrens
W Pohlabeln H Lissowska J et al (2011) exposure to diesel motor exhaust and
lung cancer risk in a pooled analysis from case-control studies in Europe and
Canada Am J Respir Crit Care Med 183 941ndash948
Pallapies D Taeger D Bochmann F Morfeld P (2013) Comment Carcinogenicity of
diesel-engine exhaust (DE) (2012) Arch Toxicol 87 547-549
Parent ME Rousseau MC Boffetta P Cohen A Siemiatycki J (2007) Exposure to
diesel and gasoline engine emissions and the risk of lung cancer Am J Epidemiol
165 53-62
Pintos J Parent ME Richardson L Siemiatycki J (2012) Occupational exposure to
diesel engine emissions and risk of lung cancer evidence from two case-control
studies in Montreal Canada Occup Environ Med 69 787-792
Silverman DT Samanic CM Lubin JH Blair AE Stewart PA Vermeulen R Coble
JB Rothman N Schleiff PL Travis WD Ziegler RG Wacholder S Attfield MD
The diesel exhaust in miners study a nested case-control study of lung cancer
and diesel exhaust J Natl Cancer Inst 104 1-14
Steenland K Deddens J Stayner L (1998) Diesel exhaust and lung cancer in the
trucking industry exposure-response analyses and risk assessment Am J Ind
Med 34 220ndash228
Stenfors N Nordenhaumlll C Salvi SS Mudway I Soumlderberg M Blomberg A Helleday
R Levin JO Holgate ST Kelly FJ Frew AJ Sandstroumlm T (2004) Different airway
inflammatory responses in asthmatic and healthy humans exposed to diesel Eur
Respir J 23 82ndash86
Sun Y Bochmann F Nold A Mattenklott M (2014) Diesel exhaust exposure and the
risk of lung cancer ndash a review of the epidemiological evidence Int J Environ Res
Public Health 11 1312-1340
US-EPA (US Environmental Protection Agency) (2002) Health Assessment
Document for Diesel Engine Exhaust EPA6008-90057F US Environmental
Protection Agency Washington DC USA
httpwwwepagovncea
US-EPA (2003) IRIS Integrated Risk Information System Diesel engine exhaust
Last revised 02282003 Washington DC USA
httpwwwepagovirissubst0642htm
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 21 of 23
Vermeulen R Silverman DT Garshick E Vlaanderen J Portengen L Steenland K
(2014) Exposure-response estimates for diesel engine exhaust and lung cancer
mortality based on data from three occupational cohorts
httpdxdoiorg101289ehp1306880
WHO (1996) Diesel Fuel and Exhaust Emissions Environmental Health Criteria 171
International Programme on Chemical Safety World Health Organization Geneva
Switzerland
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 22 of 23
HOW TO OBTAIN EU PUBLICATIONS
Free publications
bull one copy via EU Bookshop (httpbookshopeuropaeu)
bull more than one copy or postersmaps from the European Unionrsquos representations (httpeceuropaeurepresent_enhtm) from the delegations in non-EU countries (httpeeaseuropaeudelegationsindex_enhtm) by contacting the Europe Direct service (httpeuropaeueuropedirectindex_enhtm) or calling 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (freephone number from anywhere in the EU) () () The information given is free as are most calls (though some operators phone boxes or hotels may charge you)
Priced publications
bull via EU Bookshop (httpbookshopeuropaeu)
Priced subscriptions
bull via one of the sales agents of the Publications Office of the European Union (httppublicationseuropaeuothersagentsindex_enhtm)
doi 102767299599
ISBN 978-92-79-65251-6
KE-0
2-1
7-0
30-E
N-N
[Ca
talo
gu
e n
um
be
r]
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 13 of 23
TRUCKS AND BUSES
Standard Date CO (gkWh) HC (gkWh) NOx (gkWh) PM (gkWh) Smoke
EU Emission Standards for HD Diesel Engines gkWh (smoke in m
minus1)
Euro II October 1996 ECE R-49 4 11 7 025
Euro II October 1998 ECE R-49 4 11 7 015
Euro III October 1999
EEVs only ESC amp ELR
1 025 2 002 015 Non-
binding
Euro III October 2000 ESC amp ELR
21 066 5 01 08
013
for engines of less than 075 dm3 swept volume per cylinder and a rated power speed of more than 3000 per minute EEV is Enhanced environmentally friendly vehicle
Euro norm emissions for category N3 EDC (2000 and up)
Euro II 1995-1999 4 11 7 015
Euro III 1999-2005 21 066 5 01
Euro norm emissions for (older) ECE R49 cycle
Euro II 1995-99 4 11 7 015
1
the table covers the categories of diesel vehicles that are explicitly specified Other diesel engines eg
generators train locomotives if not following into one of the categories mentioned above may reasonably be assumed to generate exhaust emissions comparable to Euro 2 Euro II unless otherwise proven or specified
The applicable EU Directives are
Euro 2 (1996)
For passenger cars Directives 9412EC1 and 9669EC
2
For motorcycles Directives 200251EC3 (row A) and 2006120EC
4
Euro 3 (2000)
For any vehicle Directive 9869EC5
For motorcycle Directives 200251EC6 (row B) and 2006120EC
7
1 OJ L 10019494 p42ndash52
2 OJ L 282 1111996 p 64ndash67
3 OJ L 252 2092002 p 20ndash32
4 OJ L 330 28112006 p 16ndash17
5 OJ L 350 28121998 p 1ndash57
6 OJ L 252 2092002 p 20ndash32
7 OJ L 330 28112006 p 16ndash17
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 14 of 23
Table 2 Typical composition of Traditional DEEE and New Technology DEEE
Constituents Traditional DEEE New Technology DEEE
PM
Elemental Carbon
Organic Carbon
Sulfates
Metals
Other
75
19
1
2
3
13
30
53
4
Gaseous constituents 68 g NOxkg Fuel
202 g HCsec (Idle)
12 g HCmile (cruise)
57 g NOxkg Fuel
76 g HCsec (Idle)
04 HCmile (cruise)
Typical composition of diesel exhaust particles emitted by a 1990ndash2000 diesel engine (Traditional DEEE) and a post-2006 diesel engine (New Technology DEEE) according to NEGDECOS 2016
1990 technology Brian C McDonald 2012
2010 technology Brian C McDonald 2012
Clark et al 2006
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 15 of 23
Figure 1 Development of emission standards for heavy-duty diesel
engines in the EU Euro IndashVI refers to the European emission standards
for heavy-duty diesel engines NOX nitrogen oxides CO carbon
monoxide DEP diesel exhaust particles HC total hydrocarbons
Redrawn by NEG (2016) from the data presented in [Ecopoint DieselNet
2013 [cited 2013 Available from httpswwwdieselnetcom]
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 16 of 23
4 REFERENCES
Attfield MD Schleiff PL Lubin JH Blair A Stewart PA Vermeulen R Coble JB
Silverman DT (2012) The diesel exhaust in minors study a cohort mortality study
with emphasis on lung cancer J Natl Cancer Inst 104 1-15
Bofetta P (2012) Re The diesel exhaust in minors study a cohort mortality study with
emphasis on lung cancer J Natl Cancer Inst 104 1842-1843
Bolt HM Huici-Montagud A (2008) Strategy of the scientiWc committee on
occupational exposure limits (SCOEL) in the derivation of occupational exposure
limits for carcinogens and mutagens Arch Toxicol 82 61-64
Clark N Gautam M Wayne W Thompson G et al (2006) Regulated Emissions
from Heavy Heavy-Duty Diesel Trucks Operating in the South Coast Air Basin
SAE Technical Paper 2006-01-3395 2006 doi1042712006-01-3395
Davis ME Hart JE Laden F Garshick E Smith TJ (2011) A retrospective
assessment of occupational exposure to elemental carbon in the US trucking
industry Environ Health Perspect 119 997ndash1002
DieselNet (2014) Emission standards engine and emission technology
httpswwwdieselnetcom (last search 17042014)
European Union (2012) EU transport in figures Statistical pocket book 2012
Luxembourg Publications of the European Union 2012 ISBN 978-92-79-21694-7
httpeceuropaeutransportfacts-
fundingsstatisticsdoc2012pocketbook2012pdf (last search 17042014)
Garshick E Laden F Hart JE Smith TJ Rosner B (2006) Smoking imputation and
lung cancer in railroad workers exposed to diesel exhaust Am J Ind Med 49 709ndash
718
Garshick E Laden F Hart JE Rosner B Davis ME Eisen EA Smith TJ (2008) Lung
cancer and vehicle exhaust in trucking industry workers Environ Health Perspect
116 1327ndash1332
Garshick E Laden F Hart JE Davis ME Eisen EA Smith TJ (2012) Lung cancer
and elemental carbon exposure in trucking industry workers Environ Health
Perspect 120 1301-1306
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 17 of 23
Greim H (ed) (2008) Dieselmotor-Emissionen Gesundheitsschaumldliche Arbeitsstoffe ndash
Toxikologisch arbeitsmedizinische Begruumlndungen von MAK-Werten 45 Lieferung
Wiley-VCH Weinheim
Hallberg LM Parks J Hernandez C Ward JB Ameredes BT Norton C Zaas S and
Wickliffe JK (2014) genotoxicity of diesel exhaust from 2007-compliant diesel
engines final results of the 12- and 24-month exposures of rats from the aces
study Health Effects Institute 2014 Annual Conference May 4-6 2014
Alexandria VA USA
httpwwwhealtheffectsorgPubsAnnualConferenceBook2014pdf
Hartwig A (ed) (2012) Allgemeiner Staubgrenzwert (A-Fraktion) (Granulaumlre
biobestaumlndige Staumlube (GBS)) Gesundheitsschaumldliche Arbeitsstoffe
Toxikologisch-arbeitsmedizinische Begruumlndung von MAK-Werten 53 Lieferung
Wiley-VCH Weinheim
Heinrich U Muhle H Takenaka S Ernst H Fuhst R Mohr U Pott F Stoumlber W
(1986) Chronic effects on the respiratory tract of hamsters mice and rats after
long-term inhalation of high concentrations of filtered and unfiltered diesel engine
emissions J Appl Toxicol 6 383ndash395
Heinrich U Fuhst R Rittinghausen S Creutzenberg O Bellmann B Koch W Levsen
K (1995) Chronic inhalation exposure of Wistar rats and 2 different strains of mice
to diesel-engine exhaust carbon black and titanium dioxide Inhal Toxicol 7 533ndash
556
Henderson RF Pickrell JA Jones RK (1988) Response of rodents to inhaled diluted
diesel exhaust biochemical and cytological changes in bronchoalveolar fluid and
in lung tissue Fundam Appl Toxicol 11 456-567
Henschler (ed) (1987) Dieselmotor-Emissionen Gesundheitsschaumldliche Arbeitsstoffe
ndash Toxikologisch arbeitsmedizinische Begruumlndungen von MAK-Werten 14
Lieferung VCH Weinheim
Hesterberg TW Long CM Bunn WB Lapin CA McClellan RO Valberg PA (2012)
Health effects research and regulation of diesel exhaust an historical overview
focused on lung cancer risk Inhal Toxicol 24 Suppl 11ndash45
IARC International Agency for the Research on Cancer (1989) Diesel and Gasoline
Engine Exhausts In Diesel and Gasoline Engine Exhausts and Some
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 18 of 23
Nitroarenes IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of
Chemicals to Humans vol 46 Lyon France International Agency for Research
on Cancer pp 41-185
IARC (2010) Carbon black titanium dioxide and talc IARC Monographs on the
Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans vol 93 Lyon France
International Agency for Research on Cancer pp 1-452
IARC (2013) Diesel and gasoline engine exhausts In Diesel and gasoline engine
exhausts and some nitroarenes IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of
Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans vol 105 Lyon France International
Agency for Research on Cancer pp 39-486
IARC (2014) Diesel and gasoline engine exhausts In Diesel and gasoline engine
exhausts and some nitroarenes IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of
Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans vol 105 Lyon France International
Agency for Research on Cancer pp 39-486
httpsmonographsiarcfrENGMonographsvol105mono105pdf Accessed
20160601
IARC International Agency for the Research on Cancer (1989) Diesel and Gasoline
Engine Exhausts In Diesel and Gasoline Engine Exhausts and Some
Nitroarenes IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of
Chemicals to Humans vol 46 Lyon France International Agency for Research
on Cancer pp 41-185
httpmonographsiarcfrENGMonographsvol46mono46pdf Accessed
20160601
IFA Institut fuumlr Arbeitsschutz der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung (2013)
GESTIS - International limit values for chemical agents DGUV IFA Sankt
Augustin Germany
httpwwwdguvdeifaGefahrstoffdatenbankenGESTIS-Internationale-
Grenzwerte-fuumlr-chemische-Substanzen-limit-values-for-chemical-agentsindex-
2jsp
IFA Institut fuumlr Arbeitsschutz der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung (2014)
GESTIS ndash Analytical methods DGUV IFA Sankt Augustin Germany
httpamcawifadguvdesubstancemethoden122-L-Dieselpdf
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 19 of 23
Ishihara Y Kagawa J (2003) Chronic diesel exhaust exposures of rats demonstrate
concentration and time-dependent effects on pulmonary inflammation Inhalat
Toxicol 15 473-492
Ishinishi N Kuwabara N Nagase S Suzuki T Ishiwata S Kohno T (1986) Long-term
inhalation studies on effects of exhaust from heavy and light duty diesel engines
on F344 rats In Carcinogenic and Mutagenic Effects of Diesel Engine Exhaust
Ishinishi N Koizumi A McClellan R Stoumlber W (eds) Amsterdam the Netherlands
Elsevier 329ndash348
Ishinishi N Kuwabara N Takaki Y Nagase S Suzuki T Nakajima T Maejima K
Kato A Nakamura M (1988) Long-term inhalation experiments on diesel exhaust
In Diesel exhaust and health risks Final Report of HERP studies Ishihara T (ed)
Health Effects Research Program Tsukuba Japan 15-84
Khalek IA Bougher TL Merritt PM Zielinska B (2011) Regulated and unregulated
emissions from highway heavy-duty diesel engines complying with US
Environmental Protection Agency 2007 emissions standards J Air Waste Manag
Assoc 61 4427ndash442
Laden F Hart JE Smith TJ et al (2007) Cause-specific mortality in the unionized
US trucking industry Environ Health Perspect 115 1192ndash1196
Moumlhner M Kersten N Gellissen J (2012) Re The diesel exhaust in minors study a
cohort mortality study with emphasis on lung cancer J Natl Cancer Inst 104 1846-
1847
Moumlhner M Kersten N Gellissen J (2013) Diesel motor exhaust and lung cancer
mortality reanalysis of a cohort study in potash miners Eur J Epidemiol 28159ndash
168
NEGDECOS (2016) 149 Diesel engine exhaust Taxell P Santonen T The Nordic
Expert Group for Criteria Documentation of Health Risks from Chemicals and the
Dutch Expert Committee on Occupational Safety Volume 49(6)
NTP National Toxicology Program (2011) 12th Report on Carcinogens June 10
2011 p 153-156 US Department of Health and Human Services NC USA
httpntpniehsnihgovntproctwelfthroc12pdf
Olsson AC Gustavsson P Kromhout H Peters S Vermeulen R Bruske I Pesch B
Siemiatycki J Pintos J Bruning T Cassidy A Wichmann H-E Consonni D Landi
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 20 of 23
MT Caporaso N Plato N Merletti F Mirabelli D Richiardi L Joumlckel K-H Ahrens
W Pohlabeln H Lissowska J et al (2011) exposure to diesel motor exhaust and
lung cancer risk in a pooled analysis from case-control studies in Europe and
Canada Am J Respir Crit Care Med 183 941ndash948
Pallapies D Taeger D Bochmann F Morfeld P (2013) Comment Carcinogenicity of
diesel-engine exhaust (DE) (2012) Arch Toxicol 87 547-549
Parent ME Rousseau MC Boffetta P Cohen A Siemiatycki J (2007) Exposure to
diesel and gasoline engine emissions and the risk of lung cancer Am J Epidemiol
165 53-62
Pintos J Parent ME Richardson L Siemiatycki J (2012) Occupational exposure to
diesel engine emissions and risk of lung cancer evidence from two case-control
studies in Montreal Canada Occup Environ Med 69 787-792
Silverman DT Samanic CM Lubin JH Blair AE Stewart PA Vermeulen R Coble
JB Rothman N Schleiff PL Travis WD Ziegler RG Wacholder S Attfield MD
The diesel exhaust in miners study a nested case-control study of lung cancer
and diesel exhaust J Natl Cancer Inst 104 1-14
Steenland K Deddens J Stayner L (1998) Diesel exhaust and lung cancer in the
trucking industry exposure-response analyses and risk assessment Am J Ind
Med 34 220ndash228
Stenfors N Nordenhaumlll C Salvi SS Mudway I Soumlderberg M Blomberg A Helleday
R Levin JO Holgate ST Kelly FJ Frew AJ Sandstroumlm T (2004) Different airway
inflammatory responses in asthmatic and healthy humans exposed to diesel Eur
Respir J 23 82ndash86
Sun Y Bochmann F Nold A Mattenklott M (2014) Diesel exhaust exposure and the
risk of lung cancer ndash a review of the epidemiological evidence Int J Environ Res
Public Health 11 1312-1340
US-EPA (US Environmental Protection Agency) (2002) Health Assessment
Document for Diesel Engine Exhaust EPA6008-90057F US Environmental
Protection Agency Washington DC USA
httpwwwepagovncea
US-EPA (2003) IRIS Integrated Risk Information System Diesel engine exhaust
Last revised 02282003 Washington DC USA
httpwwwepagovirissubst0642htm
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 21 of 23
Vermeulen R Silverman DT Garshick E Vlaanderen J Portengen L Steenland K
(2014) Exposure-response estimates for diesel engine exhaust and lung cancer
mortality based on data from three occupational cohorts
httpdxdoiorg101289ehp1306880
WHO (1996) Diesel Fuel and Exhaust Emissions Environmental Health Criteria 171
International Programme on Chemical Safety World Health Organization Geneva
Switzerland
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 22 of 23
HOW TO OBTAIN EU PUBLICATIONS
Free publications
bull one copy via EU Bookshop (httpbookshopeuropaeu)
bull more than one copy or postersmaps from the European Unionrsquos representations (httpeceuropaeurepresent_enhtm) from the delegations in non-EU countries (httpeeaseuropaeudelegationsindex_enhtm) by contacting the Europe Direct service (httpeuropaeueuropedirectindex_enhtm) or calling 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (freephone number from anywhere in the EU) () () The information given is free as are most calls (though some operators phone boxes or hotels may charge you)
Priced publications
bull via EU Bookshop (httpbookshopeuropaeu)
Priced subscriptions
bull via one of the sales agents of the Publications Office of the European Union (httppublicationseuropaeuothersagentsindex_enhtm)
doi 102767299599
ISBN 978-92-79-65251-6
KE-0
2-1
7-0
30-E
N-N
[Ca
talo
gu
e n
um
be
r]
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 14 of 23
Table 2 Typical composition of Traditional DEEE and New Technology DEEE
Constituents Traditional DEEE New Technology DEEE
PM
Elemental Carbon
Organic Carbon
Sulfates
Metals
Other
75
19
1
2
3
13
30
53
4
Gaseous constituents 68 g NOxkg Fuel
202 g HCsec (Idle)
12 g HCmile (cruise)
57 g NOxkg Fuel
76 g HCsec (Idle)
04 HCmile (cruise)
Typical composition of diesel exhaust particles emitted by a 1990ndash2000 diesel engine (Traditional DEEE) and a post-2006 diesel engine (New Technology DEEE) according to NEGDECOS 2016
1990 technology Brian C McDonald 2012
2010 technology Brian C McDonald 2012
Clark et al 2006
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 15 of 23
Figure 1 Development of emission standards for heavy-duty diesel
engines in the EU Euro IndashVI refers to the European emission standards
for heavy-duty diesel engines NOX nitrogen oxides CO carbon
monoxide DEP diesel exhaust particles HC total hydrocarbons
Redrawn by NEG (2016) from the data presented in [Ecopoint DieselNet
2013 [cited 2013 Available from httpswwwdieselnetcom]
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 16 of 23
4 REFERENCES
Attfield MD Schleiff PL Lubin JH Blair A Stewart PA Vermeulen R Coble JB
Silverman DT (2012) The diesel exhaust in minors study a cohort mortality study
with emphasis on lung cancer J Natl Cancer Inst 104 1-15
Bofetta P (2012) Re The diesel exhaust in minors study a cohort mortality study with
emphasis on lung cancer J Natl Cancer Inst 104 1842-1843
Bolt HM Huici-Montagud A (2008) Strategy of the scientiWc committee on
occupational exposure limits (SCOEL) in the derivation of occupational exposure
limits for carcinogens and mutagens Arch Toxicol 82 61-64
Clark N Gautam M Wayne W Thompson G et al (2006) Regulated Emissions
from Heavy Heavy-Duty Diesel Trucks Operating in the South Coast Air Basin
SAE Technical Paper 2006-01-3395 2006 doi1042712006-01-3395
Davis ME Hart JE Laden F Garshick E Smith TJ (2011) A retrospective
assessment of occupational exposure to elemental carbon in the US trucking
industry Environ Health Perspect 119 997ndash1002
DieselNet (2014) Emission standards engine and emission technology
httpswwwdieselnetcom (last search 17042014)
European Union (2012) EU transport in figures Statistical pocket book 2012
Luxembourg Publications of the European Union 2012 ISBN 978-92-79-21694-7
httpeceuropaeutransportfacts-
fundingsstatisticsdoc2012pocketbook2012pdf (last search 17042014)
Garshick E Laden F Hart JE Smith TJ Rosner B (2006) Smoking imputation and
lung cancer in railroad workers exposed to diesel exhaust Am J Ind Med 49 709ndash
718
Garshick E Laden F Hart JE Rosner B Davis ME Eisen EA Smith TJ (2008) Lung
cancer and vehicle exhaust in trucking industry workers Environ Health Perspect
116 1327ndash1332
Garshick E Laden F Hart JE Davis ME Eisen EA Smith TJ (2012) Lung cancer
and elemental carbon exposure in trucking industry workers Environ Health
Perspect 120 1301-1306
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 17 of 23
Greim H (ed) (2008) Dieselmotor-Emissionen Gesundheitsschaumldliche Arbeitsstoffe ndash
Toxikologisch arbeitsmedizinische Begruumlndungen von MAK-Werten 45 Lieferung
Wiley-VCH Weinheim
Hallberg LM Parks J Hernandez C Ward JB Ameredes BT Norton C Zaas S and
Wickliffe JK (2014) genotoxicity of diesel exhaust from 2007-compliant diesel
engines final results of the 12- and 24-month exposures of rats from the aces
study Health Effects Institute 2014 Annual Conference May 4-6 2014
Alexandria VA USA
httpwwwhealtheffectsorgPubsAnnualConferenceBook2014pdf
Hartwig A (ed) (2012) Allgemeiner Staubgrenzwert (A-Fraktion) (Granulaumlre
biobestaumlndige Staumlube (GBS)) Gesundheitsschaumldliche Arbeitsstoffe
Toxikologisch-arbeitsmedizinische Begruumlndung von MAK-Werten 53 Lieferung
Wiley-VCH Weinheim
Heinrich U Muhle H Takenaka S Ernst H Fuhst R Mohr U Pott F Stoumlber W
(1986) Chronic effects on the respiratory tract of hamsters mice and rats after
long-term inhalation of high concentrations of filtered and unfiltered diesel engine
emissions J Appl Toxicol 6 383ndash395
Heinrich U Fuhst R Rittinghausen S Creutzenberg O Bellmann B Koch W Levsen
K (1995) Chronic inhalation exposure of Wistar rats and 2 different strains of mice
to diesel-engine exhaust carbon black and titanium dioxide Inhal Toxicol 7 533ndash
556
Henderson RF Pickrell JA Jones RK (1988) Response of rodents to inhaled diluted
diesel exhaust biochemical and cytological changes in bronchoalveolar fluid and
in lung tissue Fundam Appl Toxicol 11 456-567
Henschler (ed) (1987) Dieselmotor-Emissionen Gesundheitsschaumldliche Arbeitsstoffe
ndash Toxikologisch arbeitsmedizinische Begruumlndungen von MAK-Werten 14
Lieferung VCH Weinheim
Hesterberg TW Long CM Bunn WB Lapin CA McClellan RO Valberg PA (2012)
Health effects research and regulation of diesel exhaust an historical overview
focused on lung cancer risk Inhal Toxicol 24 Suppl 11ndash45
IARC International Agency for the Research on Cancer (1989) Diesel and Gasoline
Engine Exhausts In Diesel and Gasoline Engine Exhausts and Some
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 18 of 23
Nitroarenes IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of
Chemicals to Humans vol 46 Lyon France International Agency for Research
on Cancer pp 41-185
IARC (2010) Carbon black titanium dioxide and talc IARC Monographs on the
Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans vol 93 Lyon France
International Agency for Research on Cancer pp 1-452
IARC (2013) Diesel and gasoline engine exhausts In Diesel and gasoline engine
exhausts and some nitroarenes IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of
Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans vol 105 Lyon France International
Agency for Research on Cancer pp 39-486
IARC (2014) Diesel and gasoline engine exhausts In Diesel and gasoline engine
exhausts and some nitroarenes IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of
Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans vol 105 Lyon France International
Agency for Research on Cancer pp 39-486
httpsmonographsiarcfrENGMonographsvol105mono105pdf Accessed
20160601
IARC International Agency for the Research on Cancer (1989) Diesel and Gasoline
Engine Exhausts In Diesel and Gasoline Engine Exhausts and Some
Nitroarenes IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of
Chemicals to Humans vol 46 Lyon France International Agency for Research
on Cancer pp 41-185
httpmonographsiarcfrENGMonographsvol46mono46pdf Accessed
20160601
IFA Institut fuumlr Arbeitsschutz der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung (2013)
GESTIS - International limit values for chemical agents DGUV IFA Sankt
Augustin Germany
httpwwwdguvdeifaGefahrstoffdatenbankenGESTIS-Internationale-
Grenzwerte-fuumlr-chemische-Substanzen-limit-values-for-chemical-agentsindex-
2jsp
IFA Institut fuumlr Arbeitsschutz der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung (2014)
GESTIS ndash Analytical methods DGUV IFA Sankt Augustin Germany
httpamcawifadguvdesubstancemethoden122-L-Dieselpdf
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 19 of 23
Ishihara Y Kagawa J (2003) Chronic diesel exhaust exposures of rats demonstrate
concentration and time-dependent effects on pulmonary inflammation Inhalat
Toxicol 15 473-492
Ishinishi N Kuwabara N Nagase S Suzuki T Ishiwata S Kohno T (1986) Long-term
inhalation studies on effects of exhaust from heavy and light duty diesel engines
on F344 rats In Carcinogenic and Mutagenic Effects of Diesel Engine Exhaust
Ishinishi N Koizumi A McClellan R Stoumlber W (eds) Amsterdam the Netherlands
Elsevier 329ndash348
Ishinishi N Kuwabara N Takaki Y Nagase S Suzuki T Nakajima T Maejima K
Kato A Nakamura M (1988) Long-term inhalation experiments on diesel exhaust
In Diesel exhaust and health risks Final Report of HERP studies Ishihara T (ed)
Health Effects Research Program Tsukuba Japan 15-84
Khalek IA Bougher TL Merritt PM Zielinska B (2011) Regulated and unregulated
emissions from highway heavy-duty diesel engines complying with US
Environmental Protection Agency 2007 emissions standards J Air Waste Manag
Assoc 61 4427ndash442
Laden F Hart JE Smith TJ et al (2007) Cause-specific mortality in the unionized
US trucking industry Environ Health Perspect 115 1192ndash1196
Moumlhner M Kersten N Gellissen J (2012) Re The diesel exhaust in minors study a
cohort mortality study with emphasis on lung cancer J Natl Cancer Inst 104 1846-
1847
Moumlhner M Kersten N Gellissen J (2013) Diesel motor exhaust and lung cancer
mortality reanalysis of a cohort study in potash miners Eur J Epidemiol 28159ndash
168
NEGDECOS (2016) 149 Diesel engine exhaust Taxell P Santonen T The Nordic
Expert Group for Criteria Documentation of Health Risks from Chemicals and the
Dutch Expert Committee on Occupational Safety Volume 49(6)
NTP National Toxicology Program (2011) 12th Report on Carcinogens June 10
2011 p 153-156 US Department of Health and Human Services NC USA
httpntpniehsnihgovntproctwelfthroc12pdf
Olsson AC Gustavsson P Kromhout H Peters S Vermeulen R Bruske I Pesch B
Siemiatycki J Pintos J Bruning T Cassidy A Wichmann H-E Consonni D Landi
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 20 of 23
MT Caporaso N Plato N Merletti F Mirabelli D Richiardi L Joumlckel K-H Ahrens
W Pohlabeln H Lissowska J et al (2011) exposure to diesel motor exhaust and
lung cancer risk in a pooled analysis from case-control studies in Europe and
Canada Am J Respir Crit Care Med 183 941ndash948
Pallapies D Taeger D Bochmann F Morfeld P (2013) Comment Carcinogenicity of
diesel-engine exhaust (DE) (2012) Arch Toxicol 87 547-549
Parent ME Rousseau MC Boffetta P Cohen A Siemiatycki J (2007) Exposure to
diesel and gasoline engine emissions and the risk of lung cancer Am J Epidemiol
165 53-62
Pintos J Parent ME Richardson L Siemiatycki J (2012) Occupational exposure to
diesel engine emissions and risk of lung cancer evidence from two case-control
studies in Montreal Canada Occup Environ Med 69 787-792
Silverman DT Samanic CM Lubin JH Blair AE Stewart PA Vermeulen R Coble
JB Rothman N Schleiff PL Travis WD Ziegler RG Wacholder S Attfield MD
The diesel exhaust in miners study a nested case-control study of lung cancer
and diesel exhaust J Natl Cancer Inst 104 1-14
Steenland K Deddens J Stayner L (1998) Diesel exhaust and lung cancer in the
trucking industry exposure-response analyses and risk assessment Am J Ind
Med 34 220ndash228
Stenfors N Nordenhaumlll C Salvi SS Mudway I Soumlderberg M Blomberg A Helleday
R Levin JO Holgate ST Kelly FJ Frew AJ Sandstroumlm T (2004) Different airway
inflammatory responses in asthmatic and healthy humans exposed to diesel Eur
Respir J 23 82ndash86
Sun Y Bochmann F Nold A Mattenklott M (2014) Diesel exhaust exposure and the
risk of lung cancer ndash a review of the epidemiological evidence Int J Environ Res
Public Health 11 1312-1340
US-EPA (US Environmental Protection Agency) (2002) Health Assessment
Document for Diesel Engine Exhaust EPA6008-90057F US Environmental
Protection Agency Washington DC USA
httpwwwepagovncea
US-EPA (2003) IRIS Integrated Risk Information System Diesel engine exhaust
Last revised 02282003 Washington DC USA
httpwwwepagovirissubst0642htm
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 21 of 23
Vermeulen R Silverman DT Garshick E Vlaanderen J Portengen L Steenland K
(2014) Exposure-response estimates for diesel engine exhaust and lung cancer
mortality based on data from three occupational cohorts
httpdxdoiorg101289ehp1306880
WHO (1996) Diesel Fuel and Exhaust Emissions Environmental Health Criteria 171
International Programme on Chemical Safety World Health Organization Geneva
Switzerland
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 22 of 23
HOW TO OBTAIN EU PUBLICATIONS
Free publications
bull one copy via EU Bookshop (httpbookshopeuropaeu)
bull more than one copy or postersmaps from the European Unionrsquos representations (httpeceuropaeurepresent_enhtm) from the delegations in non-EU countries (httpeeaseuropaeudelegationsindex_enhtm) by contacting the Europe Direct service (httpeuropaeueuropedirectindex_enhtm) or calling 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (freephone number from anywhere in the EU) () () The information given is free as are most calls (though some operators phone boxes or hotels may charge you)
Priced publications
bull via EU Bookshop (httpbookshopeuropaeu)
Priced subscriptions
bull via one of the sales agents of the Publications Office of the European Union (httppublicationseuropaeuothersagentsindex_enhtm)
doi 102767299599
ISBN 978-92-79-65251-6
KE-0
2-1
7-0
30-E
N-N
[Ca
talo
gu
e n
um
be
r]
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 15 of 23
Figure 1 Development of emission standards for heavy-duty diesel
engines in the EU Euro IndashVI refers to the European emission standards
for heavy-duty diesel engines NOX nitrogen oxides CO carbon
monoxide DEP diesel exhaust particles HC total hydrocarbons
Redrawn by NEG (2016) from the data presented in [Ecopoint DieselNet
2013 [cited 2013 Available from httpswwwdieselnetcom]
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 16 of 23
4 REFERENCES
Attfield MD Schleiff PL Lubin JH Blair A Stewart PA Vermeulen R Coble JB
Silverman DT (2012) The diesel exhaust in minors study a cohort mortality study
with emphasis on lung cancer J Natl Cancer Inst 104 1-15
Bofetta P (2012) Re The diesel exhaust in minors study a cohort mortality study with
emphasis on lung cancer J Natl Cancer Inst 104 1842-1843
Bolt HM Huici-Montagud A (2008) Strategy of the scientiWc committee on
occupational exposure limits (SCOEL) in the derivation of occupational exposure
limits for carcinogens and mutagens Arch Toxicol 82 61-64
Clark N Gautam M Wayne W Thompson G et al (2006) Regulated Emissions
from Heavy Heavy-Duty Diesel Trucks Operating in the South Coast Air Basin
SAE Technical Paper 2006-01-3395 2006 doi1042712006-01-3395
Davis ME Hart JE Laden F Garshick E Smith TJ (2011) A retrospective
assessment of occupational exposure to elemental carbon in the US trucking
industry Environ Health Perspect 119 997ndash1002
DieselNet (2014) Emission standards engine and emission technology
httpswwwdieselnetcom (last search 17042014)
European Union (2012) EU transport in figures Statistical pocket book 2012
Luxembourg Publications of the European Union 2012 ISBN 978-92-79-21694-7
httpeceuropaeutransportfacts-
fundingsstatisticsdoc2012pocketbook2012pdf (last search 17042014)
Garshick E Laden F Hart JE Smith TJ Rosner B (2006) Smoking imputation and
lung cancer in railroad workers exposed to diesel exhaust Am J Ind Med 49 709ndash
718
Garshick E Laden F Hart JE Rosner B Davis ME Eisen EA Smith TJ (2008) Lung
cancer and vehicle exhaust in trucking industry workers Environ Health Perspect
116 1327ndash1332
Garshick E Laden F Hart JE Davis ME Eisen EA Smith TJ (2012) Lung cancer
and elemental carbon exposure in trucking industry workers Environ Health
Perspect 120 1301-1306
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 17 of 23
Greim H (ed) (2008) Dieselmotor-Emissionen Gesundheitsschaumldliche Arbeitsstoffe ndash
Toxikologisch arbeitsmedizinische Begruumlndungen von MAK-Werten 45 Lieferung
Wiley-VCH Weinheim
Hallberg LM Parks J Hernandez C Ward JB Ameredes BT Norton C Zaas S and
Wickliffe JK (2014) genotoxicity of diesel exhaust from 2007-compliant diesel
engines final results of the 12- and 24-month exposures of rats from the aces
study Health Effects Institute 2014 Annual Conference May 4-6 2014
Alexandria VA USA
httpwwwhealtheffectsorgPubsAnnualConferenceBook2014pdf
Hartwig A (ed) (2012) Allgemeiner Staubgrenzwert (A-Fraktion) (Granulaumlre
biobestaumlndige Staumlube (GBS)) Gesundheitsschaumldliche Arbeitsstoffe
Toxikologisch-arbeitsmedizinische Begruumlndung von MAK-Werten 53 Lieferung
Wiley-VCH Weinheim
Heinrich U Muhle H Takenaka S Ernst H Fuhst R Mohr U Pott F Stoumlber W
(1986) Chronic effects on the respiratory tract of hamsters mice and rats after
long-term inhalation of high concentrations of filtered and unfiltered diesel engine
emissions J Appl Toxicol 6 383ndash395
Heinrich U Fuhst R Rittinghausen S Creutzenberg O Bellmann B Koch W Levsen
K (1995) Chronic inhalation exposure of Wistar rats and 2 different strains of mice
to diesel-engine exhaust carbon black and titanium dioxide Inhal Toxicol 7 533ndash
556
Henderson RF Pickrell JA Jones RK (1988) Response of rodents to inhaled diluted
diesel exhaust biochemical and cytological changes in bronchoalveolar fluid and
in lung tissue Fundam Appl Toxicol 11 456-567
Henschler (ed) (1987) Dieselmotor-Emissionen Gesundheitsschaumldliche Arbeitsstoffe
ndash Toxikologisch arbeitsmedizinische Begruumlndungen von MAK-Werten 14
Lieferung VCH Weinheim
Hesterberg TW Long CM Bunn WB Lapin CA McClellan RO Valberg PA (2012)
Health effects research and regulation of diesel exhaust an historical overview
focused on lung cancer risk Inhal Toxicol 24 Suppl 11ndash45
IARC International Agency for the Research on Cancer (1989) Diesel and Gasoline
Engine Exhausts In Diesel and Gasoline Engine Exhausts and Some
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 18 of 23
Nitroarenes IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of
Chemicals to Humans vol 46 Lyon France International Agency for Research
on Cancer pp 41-185
IARC (2010) Carbon black titanium dioxide and talc IARC Monographs on the
Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans vol 93 Lyon France
International Agency for Research on Cancer pp 1-452
IARC (2013) Diesel and gasoline engine exhausts In Diesel and gasoline engine
exhausts and some nitroarenes IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of
Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans vol 105 Lyon France International
Agency for Research on Cancer pp 39-486
IARC (2014) Diesel and gasoline engine exhausts In Diesel and gasoline engine
exhausts and some nitroarenes IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of
Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans vol 105 Lyon France International
Agency for Research on Cancer pp 39-486
httpsmonographsiarcfrENGMonographsvol105mono105pdf Accessed
20160601
IARC International Agency for the Research on Cancer (1989) Diesel and Gasoline
Engine Exhausts In Diesel and Gasoline Engine Exhausts and Some
Nitroarenes IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of
Chemicals to Humans vol 46 Lyon France International Agency for Research
on Cancer pp 41-185
httpmonographsiarcfrENGMonographsvol46mono46pdf Accessed
20160601
IFA Institut fuumlr Arbeitsschutz der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung (2013)
GESTIS - International limit values for chemical agents DGUV IFA Sankt
Augustin Germany
httpwwwdguvdeifaGefahrstoffdatenbankenGESTIS-Internationale-
Grenzwerte-fuumlr-chemische-Substanzen-limit-values-for-chemical-agentsindex-
2jsp
IFA Institut fuumlr Arbeitsschutz der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung (2014)
GESTIS ndash Analytical methods DGUV IFA Sankt Augustin Germany
httpamcawifadguvdesubstancemethoden122-L-Dieselpdf
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 19 of 23
Ishihara Y Kagawa J (2003) Chronic diesel exhaust exposures of rats demonstrate
concentration and time-dependent effects on pulmonary inflammation Inhalat
Toxicol 15 473-492
Ishinishi N Kuwabara N Nagase S Suzuki T Ishiwata S Kohno T (1986) Long-term
inhalation studies on effects of exhaust from heavy and light duty diesel engines
on F344 rats In Carcinogenic and Mutagenic Effects of Diesel Engine Exhaust
Ishinishi N Koizumi A McClellan R Stoumlber W (eds) Amsterdam the Netherlands
Elsevier 329ndash348
Ishinishi N Kuwabara N Takaki Y Nagase S Suzuki T Nakajima T Maejima K
Kato A Nakamura M (1988) Long-term inhalation experiments on diesel exhaust
In Diesel exhaust and health risks Final Report of HERP studies Ishihara T (ed)
Health Effects Research Program Tsukuba Japan 15-84
Khalek IA Bougher TL Merritt PM Zielinska B (2011) Regulated and unregulated
emissions from highway heavy-duty diesel engines complying with US
Environmental Protection Agency 2007 emissions standards J Air Waste Manag
Assoc 61 4427ndash442
Laden F Hart JE Smith TJ et al (2007) Cause-specific mortality in the unionized
US trucking industry Environ Health Perspect 115 1192ndash1196
Moumlhner M Kersten N Gellissen J (2012) Re The diesel exhaust in minors study a
cohort mortality study with emphasis on lung cancer J Natl Cancer Inst 104 1846-
1847
Moumlhner M Kersten N Gellissen J (2013) Diesel motor exhaust and lung cancer
mortality reanalysis of a cohort study in potash miners Eur J Epidemiol 28159ndash
168
NEGDECOS (2016) 149 Diesel engine exhaust Taxell P Santonen T The Nordic
Expert Group for Criteria Documentation of Health Risks from Chemicals and the
Dutch Expert Committee on Occupational Safety Volume 49(6)
NTP National Toxicology Program (2011) 12th Report on Carcinogens June 10
2011 p 153-156 US Department of Health and Human Services NC USA
httpntpniehsnihgovntproctwelfthroc12pdf
Olsson AC Gustavsson P Kromhout H Peters S Vermeulen R Bruske I Pesch B
Siemiatycki J Pintos J Bruning T Cassidy A Wichmann H-E Consonni D Landi
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 20 of 23
MT Caporaso N Plato N Merletti F Mirabelli D Richiardi L Joumlckel K-H Ahrens
W Pohlabeln H Lissowska J et al (2011) exposure to diesel motor exhaust and
lung cancer risk in a pooled analysis from case-control studies in Europe and
Canada Am J Respir Crit Care Med 183 941ndash948
Pallapies D Taeger D Bochmann F Morfeld P (2013) Comment Carcinogenicity of
diesel-engine exhaust (DE) (2012) Arch Toxicol 87 547-549
Parent ME Rousseau MC Boffetta P Cohen A Siemiatycki J (2007) Exposure to
diesel and gasoline engine emissions and the risk of lung cancer Am J Epidemiol
165 53-62
Pintos J Parent ME Richardson L Siemiatycki J (2012) Occupational exposure to
diesel engine emissions and risk of lung cancer evidence from two case-control
studies in Montreal Canada Occup Environ Med 69 787-792
Silverman DT Samanic CM Lubin JH Blair AE Stewart PA Vermeulen R Coble
JB Rothman N Schleiff PL Travis WD Ziegler RG Wacholder S Attfield MD
The diesel exhaust in miners study a nested case-control study of lung cancer
and diesel exhaust J Natl Cancer Inst 104 1-14
Steenland K Deddens J Stayner L (1998) Diesel exhaust and lung cancer in the
trucking industry exposure-response analyses and risk assessment Am J Ind
Med 34 220ndash228
Stenfors N Nordenhaumlll C Salvi SS Mudway I Soumlderberg M Blomberg A Helleday
R Levin JO Holgate ST Kelly FJ Frew AJ Sandstroumlm T (2004) Different airway
inflammatory responses in asthmatic and healthy humans exposed to diesel Eur
Respir J 23 82ndash86
Sun Y Bochmann F Nold A Mattenklott M (2014) Diesel exhaust exposure and the
risk of lung cancer ndash a review of the epidemiological evidence Int J Environ Res
Public Health 11 1312-1340
US-EPA (US Environmental Protection Agency) (2002) Health Assessment
Document for Diesel Engine Exhaust EPA6008-90057F US Environmental
Protection Agency Washington DC USA
httpwwwepagovncea
US-EPA (2003) IRIS Integrated Risk Information System Diesel engine exhaust
Last revised 02282003 Washington DC USA
httpwwwepagovirissubst0642htm
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 21 of 23
Vermeulen R Silverman DT Garshick E Vlaanderen J Portengen L Steenland K
(2014) Exposure-response estimates for diesel engine exhaust and lung cancer
mortality based on data from three occupational cohorts
httpdxdoiorg101289ehp1306880
WHO (1996) Diesel Fuel and Exhaust Emissions Environmental Health Criteria 171
International Programme on Chemical Safety World Health Organization Geneva
Switzerland
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 22 of 23
HOW TO OBTAIN EU PUBLICATIONS
Free publications
bull one copy via EU Bookshop (httpbookshopeuropaeu)
bull more than one copy or postersmaps from the European Unionrsquos representations (httpeceuropaeurepresent_enhtm) from the delegations in non-EU countries (httpeeaseuropaeudelegationsindex_enhtm) by contacting the Europe Direct service (httpeuropaeueuropedirectindex_enhtm) or calling 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (freephone number from anywhere in the EU) () () The information given is free as are most calls (though some operators phone boxes or hotels may charge you)
Priced publications
bull via EU Bookshop (httpbookshopeuropaeu)
Priced subscriptions
bull via one of the sales agents of the Publications Office of the European Union (httppublicationseuropaeuothersagentsindex_enhtm)
doi 102767299599
ISBN 978-92-79-65251-6
KE-0
2-1
7-0
30-E
N-N
[Ca
talo
gu
e n
um
be
r]
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 16 of 23
4 REFERENCES
Attfield MD Schleiff PL Lubin JH Blair A Stewart PA Vermeulen R Coble JB
Silverman DT (2012) The diesel exhaust in minors study a cohort mortality study
with emphasis on lung cancer J Natl Cancer Inst 104 1-15
Bofetta P (2012) Re The diesel exhaust in minors study a cohort mortality study with
emphasis on lung cancer J Natl Cancer Inst 104 1842-1843
Bolt HM Huici-Montagud A (2008) Strategy of the scientiWc committee on
occupational exposure limits (SCOEL) in the derivation of occupational exposure
limits for carcinogens and mutagens Arch Toxicol 82 61-64
Clark N Gautam M Wayne W Thompson G et al (2006) Regulated Emissions
from Heavy Heavy-Duty Diesel Trucks Operating in the South Coast Air Basin
SAE Technical Paper 2006-01-3395 2006 doi1042712006-01-3395
Davis ME Hart JE Laden F Garshick E Smith TJ (2011) A retrospective
assessment of occupational exposure to elemental carbon in the US trucking
industry Environ Health Perspect 119 997ndash1002
DieselNet (2014) Emission standards engine and emission technology
httpswwwdieselnetcom (last search 17042014)
European Union (2012) EU transport in figures Statistical pocket book 2012
Luxembourg Publications of the European Union 2012 ISBN 978-92-79-21694-7
httpeceuropaeutransportfacts-
fundingsstatisticsdoc2012pocketbook2012pdf (last search 17042014)
Garshick E Laden F Hart JE Smith TJ Rosner B (2006) Smoking imputation and
lung cancer in railroad workers exposed to diesel exhaust Am J Ind Med 49 709ndash
718
Garshick E Laden F Hart JE Rosner B Davis ME Eisen EA Smith TJ (2008) Lung
cancer and vehicle exhaust in trucking industry workers Environ Health Perspect
116 1327ndash1332
Garshick E Laden F Hart JE Davis ME Eisen EA Smith TJ (2012) Lung cancer
and elemental carbon exposure in trucking industry workers Environ Health
Perspect 120 1301-1306
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 17 of 23
Greim H (ed) (2008) Dieselmotor-Emissionen Gesundheitsschaumldliche Arbeitsstoffe ndash
Toxikologisch arbeitsmedizinische Begruumlndungen von MAK-Werten 45 Lieferung
Wiley-VCH Weinheim
Hallberg LM Parks J Hernandez C Ward JB Ameredes BT Norton C Zaas S and
Wickliffe JK (2014) genotoxicity of diesel exhaust from 2007-compliant diesel
engines final results of the 12- and 24-month exposures of rats from the aces
study Health Effects Institute 2014 Annual Conference May 4-6 2014
Alexandria VA USA
httpwwwhealtheffectsorgPubsAnnualConferenceBook2014pdf
Hartwig A (ed) (2012) Allgemeiner Staubgrenzwert (A-Fraktion) (Granulaumlre
biobestaumlndige Staumlube (GBS)) Gesundheitsschaumldliche Arbeitsstoffe
Toxikologisch-arbeitsmedizinische Begruumlndung von MAK-Werten 53 Lieferung
Wiley-VCH Weinheim
Heinrich U Muhle H Takenaka S Ernst H Fuhst R Mohr U Pott F Stoumlber W
(1986) Chronic effects on the respiratory tract of hamsters mice and rats after
long-term inhalation of high concentrations of filtered and unfiltered diesel engine
emissions J Appl Toxicol 6 383ndash395
Heinrich U Fuhst R Rittinghausen S Creutzenberg O Bellmann B Koch W Levsen
K (1995) Chronic inhalation exposure of Wistar rats and 2 different strains of mice
to diesel-engine exhaust carbon black and titanium dioxide Inhal Toxicol 7 533ndash
556
Henderson RF Pickrell JA Jones RK (1988) Response of rodents to inhaled diluted
diesel exhaust biochemical and cytological changes in bronchoalveolar fluid and
in lung tissue Fundam Appl Toxicol 11 456-567
Henschler (ed) (1987) Dieselmotor-Emissionen Gesundheitsschaumldliche Arbeitsstoffe
ndash Toxikologisch arbeitsmedizinische Begruumlndungen von MAK-Werten 14
Lieferung VCH Weinheim
Hesterberg TW Long CM Bunn WB Lapin CA McClellan RO Valberg PA (2012)
Health effects research and regulation of diesel exhaust an historical overview
focused on lung cancer risk Inhal Toxicol 24 Suppl 11ndash45
IARC International Agency for the Research on Cancer (1989) Diesel and Gasoline
Engine Exhausts In Diesel and Gasoline Engine Exhausts and Some
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 18 of 23
Nitroarenes IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of
Chemicals to Humans vol 46 Lyon France International Agency for Research
on Cancer pp 41-185
IARC (2010) Carbon black titanium dioxide and talc IARC Monographs on the
Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans vol 93 Lyon France
International Agency for Research on Cancer pp 1-452
IARC (2013) Diesel and gasoline engine exhausts In Diesel and gasoline engine
exhausts and some nitroarenes IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of
Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans vol 105 Lyon France International
Agency for Research on Cancer pp 39-486
IARC (2014) Diesel and gasoline engine exhausts In Diesel and gasoline engine
exhausts and some nitroarenes IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of
Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans vol 105 Lyon France International
Agency for Research on Cancer pp 39-486
httpsmonographsiarcfrENGMonographsvol105mono105pdf Accessed
20160601
IARC International Agency for the Research on Cancer (1989) Diesel and Gasoline
Engine Exhausts In Diesel and Gasoline Engine Exhausts and Some
Nitroarenes IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of
Chemicals to Humans vol 46 Lyon France International Agency for Research
on Cancer pp 41-185
httpmonographsiarcfrENGMonographsvol46mono46pdf Accessed
20160601
IFA Institut fuumlr Arbeitsschutz der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung (2013)
GESTIS - International limit values for chemical agents DGUV IFA Sankt
Augustin Germany
httpwwwdguvdeifaGefahrstoffdatenbankenGESTIS-Internationale-
Grenzwerte-fuumlr-chemische-Substanzen-limit-values-for-chemical-agentsindex-
2jsp
IFA Institut fuumlr Arbeitsschutz der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung (2014)
GESTIS ndash Analytical methods DGUV IFA Sankt Augustin Germany
httpamcawifadguvdesubstancemethoden122-L-Dieselpdf
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 19 of 23
Ishihara Y Kagawa J (2003) Chronic diesel exhaust exposures of rats demonstrate
concentration and time-dependent effects on pulmonary inflammation Inhalat
Toxicol 15 473-492
Ishinishi N Kuwabara N Nagase S Suzuki T Ishiwata S Kohno T (1986) Long-term
inhalation studies on effects of exhaust from heavy and light duty diesel engines
on F344 rats In Carcinogenic and Mutagenic Effects of Diesel Engine Exhaust
Ishinishi N Koizumi A McClellan R Stoumlber W (eds) Amsterdam the Netherlands
Elsevier 329ndash348
Ishinishi N Kuwabara N Takaki Y Nagase S Suzuki T Nakajima T Maejima K
Kato A Nakamura M (1988) Long-term inhalation experiments on diesel exhaust
In Diesel exhaust and health risks Final Report of HERP studies Ishihara T (ed)
Health Effects Research Program Tsukuba Japan 15-84
Khalek IA Bougher TL Merritt PM Zielinska B (2011) Regulated and unregulated
emissions from highway heavy-duty diesel engines complying with US
Environmental Protection Agency 2007 emissions standards J Air Waste Manag
Assoc 61 4427ndash442
Laden F Hart JE Smith TJ et al (2007) Cause-specific mortality in the unionized
US trucking industry Environ Health Perspect 115 1192ndash1196
Moumlhner M Kersten N Gellissen J (2012) Re The diesel exhaust in minors study a
cohort mortality study with emphasis on lung cancer J Natl Cancer Inst 104 1846-
1847
Moumlhner M Kersten N Gellissen J (2013) Diesel motor exhaust and lung cancer
mortality reanalysis of a cohort study in potash miners Eur J Epidemiol 28159ndash
168
NEGDECOS (2016) 149 Diesel engine exhaust Taxell P Santonen T The Nordic
Expert Group for Criteria Documentation of Health Risks from Chemicals and the
Dutch Expert Committee on Occupational Safety Volume 49(6)
NTP National Toxicology Program (2011) 12th Report on Carcinogens June 10
2011 p 153-156 US Department of Health and Human Services NC USA
httpntpniehsnihgovntproctwelfthroc12pdf
Olsson AC Gustavsson P Kromhout H Peters S Vermeulen R Bruske I Pesch B
Siemiatycki J Pintos J Bruning T Cassidy A Wichmann H-E Consonni D Landi
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 20 of 23
MT Caporaso N Plato N Merletti F Mirabelli D Richiardi L Joumlckel K-H Ahrens
W Pohlabeln H Lissowska J et al (2011) exposure to diesel motor exhaust and
lung cancer risk in a pooled analysis from case-control studies in Europe and
Canada Am J Respir Crit Care Med 183 941ndash948
Pallapies D Taeger D Bochmann F Morfeld P (2013) Comment Carcinogenicity of
diesel-engine exhaust (DE) (2012) Arch Toxicol 87 547-549
Parent ME Rousseau MC Boffetta P Cohen A Siemiatycki J (2007) Exposure to
diesel and gasoline engine emissions and the risk of lung cancer Am J Epidemiol
165 53-62
Pintos J Parent ME Richardson L Siemiatycki J (2012) Occupational exposure to
diesel engine emissions and risk of lung cancer evidence from two case-control
studies in Montreal Canada Occup Environ Med 69 787-792
Silverman DT Samanic CM Lubin JH Blair AE Stewart PA Vermeulen R Coble
JB Rothman N Schleiff PL Travis WD Ziegler RG Wacholder S Attfield MD
The diesel exhaust in miners study a nested case-control study of lung cancer
and diesel exhaust J Natl Cancer Inst 104 1-14
Steenland K Deddens J Stayner L (1998) Diesel exhaust and lung cancer in the
trucking industry exposure-response analyses and risk assessment Am J Ind
Med 34 220ndash228
Stenfors N Nordenhaumlll C Salvi SS Mudway I Soumlderberg M Blomberg A Helleday
R Levin JO Holgate ST Kelly FJ Frew AJ Sandstroumlm T (2004) Different airway
inflammatory responses in asthmatic and healthy humans exposed to diesel Eur
Respir J 23 82ndash86
Sun Y Bochmann F Nold A Mattenklott M (2014) Diesel exhaust exposure and the
risk of lung cancer ndash a review of the epidemiological evidence Int J Environ Res
Public Health 11 1312-1340
US-EPA (US Environmental Protection Agency) (2002) Health Assessment
Document for Diesel Engine Exhaust EPA6008-90057F US Environmental
Protection Agency Washington DC USA
httpwwwepagovncea
US-EPA (2003) IRIS Integrated Risk Information System Diesel engine exhaust
Last revised 02282003 Washington DC USA
httpwwwepagovirissubst0642htm
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 21 of 23
Vermeulen R Silverman DT Garshick E Vlaanderen J Portengen L Steenland K
(2014) Exposure-response estimates for diesel engine exhaust and lung cancer
mortality based on data from three occupational cohorts
httpdxdoiorg101289ehp1306880
WHO (1996) Diesel Fuel and Exhaust Emissions Environmental Health Criteria 171
International Programme on Chemical Safety World Health Organization Geneva
Switzerland
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 22 of 23
HOW TO OBTAIN EU PUBLICATIONS
Free publications
bull one copy via EU Bookshop (httpbookshopeuropaeu)
bull more than one copy or postersmaps from the European Unionrsquos representations (httpeceuropaeurepresent_enhtm) from the delegations in non-EU countries (httpeeaseuropaeudelegationsindex_enhtm) by contacting the Europe Direct service (httpeuropaeueuropedirectindex_enhtm) or calling 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (freephone number from anywhere in the EU) () () The information given is free as are most calls (though some operators phone boxes or hotels may charge you)
Priced publications
bull via EU Bookshop (httpbookshopeuropaeu)
Priced subscriptions
bull via one of the sales agents of the Publications Office of the European Union (httppublicationseuropaeuothersagentsindex_enhtm)
doi 102767299599
ISBN 978-92-79-65251-6
KE-0
2-1
7-0
30-E
N-N
[Ca
talo
gu
e n
um
be
r]
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 17 of 23
Greim H (ed) (2008) Dieselmotor-Emissionen Gesundheitsschaumldliche Arbeitsstoffe ndash
Toxikologisch arbeitsmedizinische Begruumlndungen von MAK-Werten 45 Lieferung
Wiley-VCH Weinheim
Hallberg LM Parks J Hernandez C Ward JB Ameredes BT Norton C Zaas S and
Wickliffe JK (2014) genotoxicity of diesel exhaust from 2007-compliant diesel
engines final results of the 12- and 24-month exposures of rats from the aces
study Health Effects Institute 2014 Annual Conference May 4-6 2014
Alexandria VA USA
httpwwwhealtheffectsorgPubsAnnualConferenceBook2014pdf
Hartwig A (ed) (2012) Allgemeiner Staubgrenzwert (A-Fraktion) (Granulaumlre
biobestaumlndige Staumlube (GBS)) Gesundheitsschaumldliche Arbeitsstoffe
Toxikologisch-arbeitsmedizinische Begruumlndung von MAK-Werten 53 Lieferung
Wiley-VCH Weinheim
Heinrich U Muhle H Takenaka S Ernst H Fuhst R Mohr U Pott F Stoumlber W
(1986) Chronic effects on the respiratory tract of hamsters mice and rats after
long-term inhalation of high concentrations of filtered and unfiltered diesel engine
emissions J Appl Toxicol 6 383ndash395
Heinrich U Fuhst R Rittinghausen S Creutzenberg O Bellmann B Koch W Levsen
K (1995) Chronic inhalation exposure of Wistar rats and 2 different strains of mice
to diesel-engine exhaust carbon black and titanium dioxide Inhal Toxicol 7 533ndash
556
Henderson RF Pickrell JA Jones RK (1988) Response of rodents to inhaled diluted
diesel exhaust biochemical and cytological changes in bronchoalveolar fluid and
in lung tissue Fundam Appl Toxicol 11 456-567
Henschler (ed) (1987) Dieselmotor-Emissionen Gesundheitsschaumldliche Arbeitsstoffe
ndash Toxikologisch arbeitsmedizinische Begruumlndungen von MAK-Werten 14
Lieferung VCH Weinheim
Hesterberg TW Long CM Bunn WB Lapin CA McClellan RO Valberg PA (2012)
Health effects research and regulation of diesel exhaust an historical overview
focused on lung cancer risk Inhal Toxicol 24 Suppl 11ndash45
IARC International Agency for the Research on Cancer (1989) Diesel and Gasoline
Engine Exhausts In Diesel and Gasoline Engine Exhausts and Some
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 18 of 23
Nitroarenes IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of
Chemicals to Humans vol 46 Lyon France International Agency for Research
on Cancer pp 41-185
IARC (2010) Carbon black titanium dioxide and talc IARC Monographs on the
Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans vol 93 Lyon France
International Agency for Research on Cancer pp 1-452
IARC (2013) Diesel and gasoline engine exhausts In Diesel and gasoline engine
exhausts and some nitroarenes IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of
Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans vol 105 Lyon France International
Agency for Research on Cancer pp 39-486
IARC (2014) Diesel and gasoline engine exhausts In Diesel and gasoline engine
exhausts and some nitroarenes IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of
Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans vol 105 Lyon France International
Agency for Research on Cancer pp 39-486
httpsmonographsiarcfrENGMonographsvol105mono105pdf Accessed
20160601
IARC International Agency for the Research on Cancer (1989) Diesel and Gasoline
Engine Exhausts In Diesel and Gasoline Engine Exhausts and Some
Nitroarenes IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of
Chemicals to Humans vol 46 Lyon France International Agency for Research
on Cancer pp 41-185
httpmonographsiarcfrENGMonographsvol46mono46pdf Accessed
20160601
IFA Institut fuumlr Arbeitsschutz der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung (2013)
GESTIS - International limit values for chemical agents DGUV IFA Sankt
Augustin Germany
httpwwwdguvdeifaGefahrstoffdatenbankenGESTIS-Internationale-
Grenzwerte-fuumlr-chemische-Substanzen-limit-values-for-chemical-agentsindex-
2jsp
IFA Institut fuumlr Arbeitsschutz der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung (2014)
GESTIS ndash Analytical methods DGUV IFA Sankt Augustin Germany
httpamcawifadguvdesubstancemethoden122-L-Dieselpdf
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 19 of 23
Ishihara Y Kagawa J (2003) Chronic diesel exhaust exposures of rats demonstrate
concentration and time-dependent effects on pulmonary inflammation Inhalat
Toxicol 15 473-492
Ishinishi N Kuwabara N Nagase S Suzuki T Ishiwata S Kohno T (1986) Long-term
inhalation studies on effects of exhaust from heavy and light duty diesel engines
on F344 rats In Carcinogenic and Mutagenic Effects of Diesel Engine Exhaust
Ishinishi N Koizumi A McClellan R Stoumlber W (eds) Amsterdam the Netherlands
Elsevier 329ndash348
Ishinishi N Kuwabara N Takaki Y Nagase S Suzuki T Nakajima T Maejima K
Kato A Nakamura M (1988) Long-term inhalation experiments on diesel exhaust
In Diesel exhaust and health risks Final Report of HERP studies Ishihara T (ed)
Health Effects Research Program Tsukuba Japan 15-84
Khalek IA Bougher TL Merritt PM Zielinska B (2011) Regulated and unregulated
emissions from highway heavy-duty diesel engines complying with US
Environmental Protection Agency 2007 emissions standards J Air Waste Manag
Assoc 61 4427ndash442
Laden F Hart JE Smith TJ et al (2007) Cause-specific mortality in the unionized
US trucking industry Environ Health Perspect 115 1192ndash1196
Moumlhner M Kersten N Gellissen J (2012) Re The diesel exhaust in minors study a
cohort mortality study with emphasis on lung cancer J Natl Cancer Inst 104 1846-
1847
Moumlhner M Kersten N Gellissen J (2013) Diesel motor exhaust and lung cancer
mortality reanalysis of a cohort study in potash miners Eur J Epidemiol 28159ndash
168
NEGDECOS (2016) 149 Diesel engine exhaust Taxell P Santonen T The Nordic
Expert Group for Criteria Documentation of Health Risks from Chemicals and the
Dutch Expert Committee on Occupational Safety Volume 49(6)
NTP National Toxicology Program (2011) 12th Report on Carcinogens June 10
2011 p 153-156 US Department of Health and Human Services NC USA
httpntpniehsnihgovntproctwelfthroc12pdf
Olsson AC Gustavsson P Kromhout H Peters S Vermeulen R Bruske I Pesch B
Siemiatycki J Pintos J Bruning T Cassidy A Wichmann H-E Consonni D Landi
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 20 of 23
MT Caporaso N Plato N Merletti F Mirabelli D Richiardi L Joumlckel K-H Ahrens
W Pohlabeln H Lissowska J et al (2011) exposure to diesel motor exhaust and
lung cancer risk in a pooled analysis from case-control studies in Europe and
Canada Am J Respir Crit Care Med 183 941ndash948
Pallapies D Taeger D Bochmann F Morfeld P (2013) Comment Carcinogenicity of
diesel-engine exhaust (DE) (2012) Arch Toxicol 87 547-549
Parent ME Rousseau MC Boffetta P Cohen A Siemiatycki J (2007) Exposure to
diesel and gasoline engine emissions and the risk of lung cancer Am J Epidemiol
165 53-62
Pintos J Parent ME Richardson L Siemiatycki J (2012) Occupational exposure to
diesel engine emissions and risk of lung cancer evidence from two case-control
studies in Montreal Canada Occup Environ Med 69 787-792
Silverman DT Samanic CM Lubin JH Blair AE Stewart PA Vermeulen R Coble
JB Rothman N Schleiff PL Travis WD Ziegler RG Wacholder S Attfield MD
The diesel exhaust in miners study a nested case-control study of lung cancer
and diesel exhaust J Natl Cancer Inst 104 1-14
Steenland K Deddens J Stayner L (1998) Diesel exhaust and lung cancer in the
trucking industry exposure-response analyses and risk assessment Am J Ind
Med 34 220ndash228
Stenfors N Nordenhaumlll C Salvi SS Mudway I Soumlderberg M Blomberg A Helleday
R Levin JO Holgate ST Kelly FJ Frew AJ Sandstroumlm T (2004) Different airway
inflammatory responses in asthmatic and healthy humans exposed to diesel Eur
Respir J 23 82ndash86
Sun Y Bochmann F Nold A Mattenklott M (2014) Diesel exhaust exposure and the
risk of lung cancer ndash a review of the epidemiological evidence Int J Environ Res
Public Health 11 1312-1340
US-EPA (US Environmental Protection Agency) (2002) Health Assessment
Document for Diesel Engine Exhaust EPA6008-90057F US Environmental
Protection Agency Washington DC USA
httpwwwepagovncea
US-EPA (2003) IRIS Integrated Risk Information System Diesel engine exhaust
Last revised 02282003 Washington DC USA
httpwwwepagovirissubst0642htm
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 21 of 23
Vermeulen R Silverman DT Garshick E Vlaanderen J Portengen L Steenland K
(2014) Exposure-response estimates for diesel engine exhaust and lung cancer
mortality based on data from three occupational cohorts
httpdxdoiorg101289ehp1306880
WHO (1996) Diesel Fuel and Exhaust Emissions Environmental Health Criteria 171
International Programme on Chemical Safety World Health Organization Geneva
Switzerland
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 22 of 23
HOW TO OBTAIN EU PUBLICATIONS
Free publications
bull one copy via EU Bookshop (httpbookshopeuropaeu)
bull more than one copy or postersmaps from the European Unionrsquos representations (httpeceuropaeurepresent_enhtm) from the delegations in non-EU countries (httpeeaseuropaeudelegationsindex_enhtm) by contacting the Europe Direct service (httpeuropaeueuropedirectindex_enhtm) or calling 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (freephone number from anywhere in the EU) () () The information given is free as are most calls (though some operators phone boxes or hotels may charge you)
Priced publications
bull via EU Bookshop (httpbookshopeuropaeu)
Priced subscriptions
bull via one of the sales agents of the Publications Office of the European Union (httppublicationseuropaeuothersagentsindex_enhtm)
doi 102767299599
ISBN 978-92-79-65251-6
KE-0
2-1
7-0
30-E
N-N
[Ca
talo
gu
e n
um
be
r]
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 18 of 23
Nitroarenes IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of
Chemicals to Humans vol 46 Lyon France International Agency for Research
on Cancer pp 41-185
IARC (2010) Carbon black titanium dioxide and talc IARC Monographs on the
Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans vol 93 Lyon France
International Agency for Research on Cancer pp 1-452
IARC (2013) Diesel and gasoline engine exhausts In Diesel and gasoline engine
exhausts and some nitroarenes IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of
Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans vol 105 Lyon France International
Agency for Research on Cancer pp 39-486
IARC (2014) Diesel and gasoline engine exhausts In Diesel and gasoline engine
exhausts and some nitroarenes IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of
Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans vol 105 Lyon France International
Agency for Research on Cancer pp 39-486
httpsmonographsiarcfrENGMonographsvol105mono105pdf Accessed
20160601
IARC International Agency for the Research on Cancer (1989) Diesel and Gasoline
Engine Exhausts In Diesel and Gasoline Engine Exhausts and Some
Nitroarenes IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of
Chemicals to Humans vol 46 Lyon France International Agency for Research
on Cancer pp 41-185
httpmonographsiarcfrENGMonographsvol46mono46pdf Accessed
20160601
IFA Institut fuumlr Arbeitsschutz der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung (2013)
GESTIS - International limit values for chemical agents DGUV IFA Sankt
Augustin Germany
httpwwwdguvdeifaGefahrstoffdatenbankenGESTIS-Internationale-
Grenzwerte-fuumlr-chemische-Substanzen-limit-values-for-chemical-agentsindex-
2jsp
IFA Institut fuumlr Arbeitsschutz der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung (2014)
GESTIS ndash Analytical methods DGUV IFA Sankt Augustin Germany
httpamcawifadguvdesubstancemethoden122-L-Dieselpdf
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 19 of 23
Ishihara Y Kagawa J (2003) Chronic diesel exhaust exposures of rats demonstrate
concentration and time-dependent effects on pulmonary inflammation Inhalat
Toxicol 15 473-492
Ishinishi N Kuwabara N Nagase S Suzuki T Ishiwata S Kohno T (1986) Long-term
inhalation studies on effects of exhaust from heavy and light duty diesel engines
on F344 rats In Carcinogenic and Mutagenic Effects of Diesel Engine Exhaust
Ishinishi N Koizumi A McClellan R Stoumlber W (eds) Amsterdam the Netherlands
Elsevier 329ndash348
Ishinishi N Kuwabara N Takaki Y Nagase S Suzuki T Nakajima T Maejima K
Kato A Nakamura M (1988) Long-term inhalation experiments on diesel exhaust
In Diesel exhaust and health risks Final Report of HERP studies Ishihara T (ed)
Health Effects Research Program Tsukuba Japan 15-84
Khalek IA Bougher TL Merritt PM Zielinska B (2011) Regulated and unregulated
emissions from highway heavy-duty diesel engines complying with US
Environmental Protection Agency 2007 emissions standards J Air Waste Manag
Assoc 61 4427ndash442
Laden F Hart JE Smith TJ et al (2007) Cause-specific mortality in the unionized
US trucking industry Environ Health Perspect 115 1192ndash1196
Moumlhner M Kersten N Gellissen J (2012) Re The diesel exhaust in minors study a
cohort mortality study with emphasis on lung cancer J Natl Cancer Inst 104 1846-
1847
Moumlhner M Kersten N Gellissen J (2013) Diesel motor exhaust and lung cancer
mortality reanalysis of a cohort study in potash miners Eur J Epidemiol 28159ndash
168
NEGDECOS (2016) 149 Diesel engine exhaust Taxell P Santonen T The Nordic
Expert Group for Criteria Documentation of Health Risks from Chemicals and the
Dutch Expert Committee on Occupational Safety Volume 49(6)
NTP National Toxicology Program (2011) 12th Report on Carcinogens June 10
2011 p 153-156 US Department of Health and Human Services NC USA
httpntpniehsnihgovntproctwelfthroc12pdf
Olsson AC Gustavsson P Kromhout H Peters S Vermeulen R Bruske I Pesch B
Siemiatycki J Pintos J Bruning T Cassidy A Wichmann H-E Consonni D Landi
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 20 of 23
MT Caporaso N Plato N Merletti F Mirabelli D Richiardi L Joumlckel K-H Ahrens
W Pohlabeln H Lissowska J et al (2011) exposure to diesel motor exhaust and
lung cancer risk in a pooled analysis from case-control studies in Europe and
Canada Am J Respir Crit Care Med 183 941ndash948
Pallapies D Taeger D Bochmann F Morfeld P (2013) Comment Carcinogenicity of
diesel-engine exhaust (DE) (2012) Arch Toxicol 87 547-549
Parent ME Rousseau MC Boffetta P Cohen A Siemiatycki J (2007) Exposure to
diesel and gasoline engine emissions and the risk of lung cancer Am J Epidemiol
165 53-62
Pintos J Parent ME Richardson L Siemiatycki J (2012) Occupational exposure to
diesel engine emissions and risk of lung cancer evidence from two case-control
studies in Montreal Canada Occup Environ Med 69 787-792
Silverman DT Samanic CM Lubin JH Blair AE Stewart PA Vermeulen R Coble
JB Rothman N Schleiff PL Travis WD Ziegler RG Wacholder S Attfield MD
The diesel exhaust in miners study a nested case-control study of lung cancer
and diesel exhaust J Natl Cancer Inst 104 1-14
Steenland K Deddens J Stayner L (1998) Diesel exhaust and lung cancer in the
trucking industry exposure-response analyses and risk assessment Am J Ind
Med 34 220ndash228
Stenfors N Nordenhaumlll C Salvi SS Mudway I Soumlderberg M Blomberg A Helleday
R Levin JO Holgate ST Kelly FJ Frew AJ Sandstroumlm T (2004) Different airway
inflammatory responses in asthmatic and healthy humans exposed to diesel Eur
Respir J 23 82ndash86
Sun Y Bochmann F Nold A Mattenklott M (2014) Diesel exhaust exposure and the
risk of lung cancer ndash a review of the epidemiological evidence Int J Environ Res
Public Health 11 1312-1340
US-EPA (US Environmental Protection Agency) (2002) Health Assessment
Document for Diesel Engine Exhaust EPA6008-90057F US Environmental
Protection Agency Washington DC USA
httpwwwepagovncea
US-EPA (2003) IRIS Integrated Risk Information System Diesel engine exhaust
Last revised 02282003 Washington DC USA
httpwwwepagovirissubst0642htm
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 21 of 23
Vermeulen R Silverman DT Garshick E Vlaanderen J Portengen L Steenland K
(2014) Exposure-response estimates for diesel engine exhaust and lung cancer
mortality based on data from three occupational cohorts
httpdxdoiorg101289ehp1306880
WHO (1996) Diesel Fuel and Exhaust Emissions Environmental Health Criteria 171
International Programme on Chemical Safety World Health Organization Geneva
Switzerland
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 22 of 23
HOW TO OBTAIN EU PUBLICATIONS
Free publications
bull one copy via EU Bookshop (httpbookshopeuropaeu)
bull more than one copy or postersmaps from the European Unionrsquos representations (httpeceuropaeurepresent_enhtm) from the delegations in non-EU countries (httpeeaseuropaeudelegationsindex_enhtm) by contacting the Europe Direct service (httpeuropaeueuropedirectindex_enhtm) or calling 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (freephone number from anywhere in the EU) () () The information given is free as are most calls (though some operators phone boxes or hotels may charge you)
Priced publications
bull via EU Bookshop (httpbookshopeuropaeu)
Priced subscriptions
bull via one of the sales agents of the Publications Office of the European Union (httppublicationseuropaeuothersagentsindex_enhtm)
doi 102767299599
ISBN 978-92-79-65251-6
KE-0
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7-0
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[Ca
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SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 19 of 23
Ishihara Y Kagawa J (2003) Chronic diesel exhaust exposures of rats demonstrate
concentration and time-dependent effects on pulmonary inflammation Inhalat
Toxicol 15 473-492
Ishinishi N Kuwabara N Nagase S Suzuki T Ishiwata S Kohno T (1986) Long-term
inhalation studies on effects of exhaust from heavy and light duty diesel engines
on F344 rats In Carcinogenic and Mutagenic Effects of Diesel Engine Exhaust
Ishinishi N Koizumi A McClellan R Stoumlber W (eds) Amsterdam the Netherlands
Elsevier 329ndash348
Ishinishi N Kuwabara N Takaki Y Nagase S Suzuki T Nakajima T Maejima K
Kato A Nakamura M (1988) Long-term inhalation experiments on diesel exhaust
In Diesel exhaust and health risks Final Report of HERP studies Ishihara T (ed)
Health Effects Research Program Tsukuba Japan 15-84
Khalek IA Bougher TL Merritt PM Zielinska B (2011) Regulated and unregulated
emissions from highway heavy-duty diesel engines complying with US
Environmental Protection Agency 2007 emissions standards J Air Waste Manag
Assoc 61 4427ndash442
Laden F Hart JE Smith TJ et al (2007) Cause-specific mortality in the unionized
US trucking industry Environ Health Perspect 115 1192ndash1196
Moumlhner M Kersten N Gellissen J (2012) Re The diesel exhaust in minors study a
cohort mortality study with emphasis on lung cancer J Natl Cancer Inst 104 1846-
1847
Moumlhner M Kersten N Gellissen J (2013) Diesel motor exhaust and lung cancer
mortality reanalysis of a cohort study in potash miners Eur J Epidemiol 28159ndash
168
NEGDECOS (2016) 149 Diesel engine exhaust Taxell P Santonen T The Nordic
Expert Group for Criteria Documentation of Health Risks from Chemicals and the
Dutch Expert Committee on Occupational Safety Volume 49(6)
NTP National Toxicology Program (2011) 12th Report on Carcinogens June 10
2011 p 153-156 US Department of Health and Human Services NC USA
httpntpniehsnihgovntproctwelfthroc12pdf
Olsson AC Gustavsson P Kromhout H Peters S Vermeulen R Bruske I Pesch B
Siemiatycki J Pintos J Bruning T Cassidy A Wichmann H-E Consonni D Landi
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 20 of 23
MT Caporaso N Plato N Merletti F Mirabelli D Richiardi L Joumlckel K-H Ahrens
W Pohlabeln H Lissowska J et al (2011) exposure to diesel motor exhaust and
lung cancer risk in a pooled analysis from case-control studies in Europe and
Canada Am J Respir Crit Care Med 183 941ndash948
Pallapies D Taeger D Bochmann F Morfeld P (2013) Comment Carcinogenicity of
diesel-engine exhaust (DE) (2012) Arch Toxicol 87 547-549
Parent ME Rousseau MC Boffetta P Cohen A Siemiatycki J (2007) Exposure to
diesel and gasoline engine emissions and the risk of lung cancer Am J Epidemiol
165 53-62
Pintos J Parent ME Richardson L Siemiatycki J (2012) Occupational exposure to
diesel engine emissions and risk of lung cancer evidence from two case-control
studies in Montreal Canada Occup Environ Med 69 787-792
Silverman DT Samanic CM Lubin JH Blair AE Stewart PA Vermeulen R Coble
JB Rothman N Schleiff PL Travis WD Ziegler RG Wacholder S Attfield MD
The diesel exhaust in miners study a nested case-control study of lung cancer
and diesel exhaust J Natl Cancer Inst 104 1-14
Steenland K Deddens J Stayner L (1998) Diesel exhaust and lung cancer in the
trucking industry exposure-response analyses and risk assessment Am J Ind
Med 34 220ndash228
Stenfors N Nordenhaumlll C Salvi SS Mudway I Soumlderberg M Blomberg A Helleday
R Levin JO Holgate ST Kelly FJ Frew AJ Sandstroumlm T (2004) Different airway
inflammatory responses in asthmatic and healthy humans exposed to diesel Eur
Respir J 23 82ndash86
Sun Y Bochmann F Nold A Mattenklott M (2014) Diesel exhaust exposure and the
risk of lung cancer ndash a review of the epidemiological evidence Int J Environ Res
Public Health 11 1312-1340
US-EPA (US Environmental Protection Agency) (2002) Health Assessment
Document for Diesel Engine Exhaust EPA6008-90057F US Environmental
Protection Agency Washington DC USA
httpwwwepagovncea
US-EPA (2003) IRIS Integrated Risk Information System Diesel engine exhaust
Last revised 02282003 Washington DC USA
httpwwwepagovirissubst0642htm
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 21 of 23
Vermeulen R Silverman DT Garshick E Vlaanderen J Portengen L Steenland K
(2014) Exposure-response estimates for diesel engine exhaust and lung cancer
mortality based on data from three occupational cohorts
httpdxdoiorg101289ehp1306880
WHO (1996) Diesel Fuel and Exhaust Emissions Environmental Health Criteria 171
International Programme on Chemical Safety World Health Organization Geneva
Switzerland
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 22 of 23
HOW TO OBTAIN EU PUBLICATIONS
Free publications
bull one copy via EU Bookshop (httpbookshopeuropaeu)
bull more than one copy or postersmaps from the European Unionrsquos representations (httpeceuropaeurepresent_enhtm) from the delegations in non-EU countries (httpeeaseuropaeudelegationsindex_enhtm) by contacting the Europe Direct service (httpeuropaeueuropedirectindex_enhtm) or calling 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (freephone number from anywhere in the EU) () () The information given is free as are most calls (though some operators phone boxes or hotels may charge you)
Priced publications
bull via EU Bookshop (httpbookshopeuropaeu)
Priced subscriptions
bull via one of the sales agents of the Publications Office of the European Union (httppublicationseuropaeuothersagentsindex_enhtm)
doi 102767299599
ISBN 978-92-79-65251-6
KE-0
2-1
7-0
30-E
N-N
[Ca
talo
gu
e n
um
be
r]
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 20 of 23
MT Caporaso N Plato N Merletti F Mirabelli D Richiardi L Joumlckel K-H Ahrens
W Pohlabeln H Lissowska J et al (2011) exposure to diesel motor exhaust and
lung cancer risk in a pooled analysis from case-control studies in Europe and
Canada Am J Respir Crit Care Med 183 941ndash948
Pallapies D Taeger D Bochmann F Morfeld P (2013) Comment Carcinogenicity of
diesel-engine exhaust (DE) (2012) Arch Toxicol 87 547-549
Parent ME Rousseau MC Boffetta P Cohen A Siemiatycki J (2007) Exposure to
diesel and gasoline engine emissions and the risk of lung cancer Am J Epidemiol
165 53-62
Pintos J Parent ME Richardson L Siemiatycki J (2012) Occupational exposure to
diesel engine emissions and risk of lung cancer evidence from two case-control
studies in Montreal Canada Occup Environ Med 69 787-792
Silverman DT Samanic CM Lubin JH Blair AE Stewart PA Vermeulen R Coble
JB Rothman N Schleiff PL Travis WD Ziegler RG Wacholder S Attfield MD
The diesel exhaust in miners study a nested case-control study of lung cancer
and diesel exhaust J Natl Cancer Inst 104 1-14
Steenland K Deddens J Stayner L (1998) Diesel exhaust and lung cancer in the
trucking industry exposure-response analyses and risk assessment Am J Ind
Med 34 220ndash228
Stenfors N Nordenhaumlll C Salvi SS Mudway I Soumlderberg M Blomberg A Helleday
R Levin JO Holgate ST Kelly FJ Frew AJ Sandstroumlm T (2004) Different airway
inflammatory responses in asthmatic and healthy humans exposed to diesel Eur
Respir J 23 82ndash86
Sun Y Bochmann F Nold A Mattenklott M (2014) Diesel exhaust exposure and the
risk of lung cancer ndash a review of the epidemiological evidence Int J Environ Res
Public Health 11 1312-1340
US-EPA (US Environmental Protection Agency) (2002) Health Assessment
Document for Diesel Engine Exhaust EPA6008-90057F US Environmental
Protection Agency Washington DC USA
httpwwwepagovncea
US-EPA (2003) IRIS Integrated Risk Information System Diesel engine exhaust
Last revised 02282003 Washington DC USA
httpwwwepagovirissubst0642htm
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 21 of 23
Vermeulen R Silverman DT Garshick E Vlaanderen J Portengen L Steenland K
(2014) Exposure-response estimates for diesel engine exhaust and lung cancer
mortality based on data from three occupational cohorts
httpdxdoiorg101289ehp1306880
WHO (1996) Diesel Fuel and Exhaust Emissions Environmental Health Criteria 171
International Programme on Chemical Safety World Health Organization Geneva
Switzerland
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 22 of 23
HOW TO OBTAIN EU PUBLICATIONS
Free publications
bull one copy via EU Bookshop (httpbookshopeuropaeu)
bull more than one copy or postersmaps from the European Unionrsquos representations (httpeceuropaeurepresent_enhtm) from the delegations in non-EU countries (httpeeaseuropaeudelegationsindex_enhtm) by contacting the Europe Direct service (httpeuropaeueuropedirectindex_enhtm) or calling 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (freephone number from anywhere in the EU) () () The information given is free as are most calls (though some operators phone boxes or hotels may charge you)
Priced publications
bull via EU Bookshop (httpbookshopeuropaeu)
Priced subscriptions
bull via one of the sales agents of the Publications Office of the European Union (httppublicationseuropaeuothersagentsindex_enhtm)
doi 102767299599
ISBN 978-92-79-65251-6
KE-0
2-1
7-0
30-E
N-N
[Ca
talo
gu
e n
um
be
r]
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust
Page 21 of 23
Vermeulen R Silverman DT Garshick E Vlaanderen J Portengen L Steenland K
(2014) Exposure-response estimates for diesel engine exhaust and lung cancer
mortality based on data from three occupational cohorts
httpdxdoiorg101289ehp1306880
WHO (1996) Diesel Fuel and Exhaust Emissions Environmental Health Criteria 171
International Programme on Chemical Safety World Health Organization Geneva
Switzerland
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 22 of 23
HOW TO OBTAIN EU PUBLICATIONS
Free publications
bull one copy via EU Bookshop (httpbookshopeuropaeu)
bull more than one copy or postersmaps from the European Unionrsquos representations (httpeceuropaeurepresent_enhtm) from the delegations in non-EU countries (httpeeaseuropaeudelegationsindex_enhtm) by contacting the Europe Direct service (httpeuropaeueuropedirectindex_enhtm) or calling 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (freephone number from anywhere in the EU) () () The information given is free as are most calls (though some operators phone boxes or hotels may charge you)
Priced publications
bull via EU Bookshop (httpbookshopeuropaeu)
Priced subscriptions
bull via one of the sales agents of the Publications Office of the European Union (httppublicationseuropaeuothersagentsindex_enhtm)
doi 102767299599
ISBN 978-92-79-65251-6
KE-0
2-1
7-0
30-E
N-N
[Ca
talo
gu
e n
um
be
r]
SCOELOPIN403 Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
Page 22 of 23
HOW TO OBTAIN EU PUBLICATIONS
Free publications
bull one copy via EU Bookshop (httpbookshopeuropaeu)
bull more than one copy or postersmaps from the European Unionrsquos representations (httpeceuropaeurepresent_enhtm) from the delegations in non-EU countries (httpeeaseuropaeudelegationsindex_enhtm) by contacting the Europe Direct service (httpeuropaeueuropedirectindex_enhtm) or calling 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (freephone number from anywhere in the EU) () () The information given is free as are most calls (though some operators phone boxes or hotels may charge you)
Priced publications
bull via EU Bookshop (httpbookshopeuropaeu)
Priced subscriptions
bull via one of the sales agents of the Publications Office of the European Union (httppublicationseuropaeuothersagentsindex_enhtm)
doi 102767299599
ISBN 978-92-79-65251-6
KE-0
2-1
7-0
30-E
N-N
[Ca
talo
gu
e n
um
be
r]