Javier Máñez 4t. B

Marie CurieRosalind Franklin

Jocelyn Bell Burnell

Lise Meitner

WHAT ARE PHYSICS?

• PHYSICS:– It’s the natural science that involves the study of matter and its motion

through space and time, along with related concepts such as energyand force.

– More broadly, it is the general analysis of nature, conducted in orderto understan how the universe behaves.

– Physics is one of the oldest academic disciplines, perhaps the oldestthrough its inclusion of astronomy.

– Physics intersects with many interdisciplinary areas of research, suchas biophysics and quantum chemistry, and the boundaries of physicsare not rigidly defined.

– New ideas in physics often explain the fundamental mechanisms ofother sciences.

– Physics also makes significant contributions through advances in newtechnologies that arise from theoretical breakthroughs.

• CHEMISTRY:– It’s a branch of physical science that studies the composition,

structure, properties and change of matter.

– It’s chiefly concerned with atoms and molecules and their interactionsand transformations.

– As such, chemistry studies the involvement of electrons and variousforms of energy in photochemical reactions, oxidation-reductionreactions, changes in phases of matter, and separation of mixtures.

– Chemistry is sometimes called the central science because it bridgesother natural sciences like physics, geology and biology.

– Chemistry is a branch of physical science but distint from physics.

– The history of chemistry can be traced to certain practices, known asalchemy, which had been practiced for several millennia in variousparts of the world.

WHAT ARE CHEMISTRY?

Marie Curie• Marie Curie, née Maria Sklodowska, was born

in Warsaw on November 7, 1867.

• She died in 4 July 1934 (aged 66).

• She was a daughter of a secondary-school teacher. She received ageneral education in local schools and some scientific trainingfrom her father.

• She became involved in a students' revolutionary organization andfound it prudent to leave Warsaw.

• In 1891, she went to Paris to continue her studies at the Sorbonnewhere she obtained Licenciateships in Physics and theMathematical Sciences.

• She met Pierre Curie, Professor in the School of Physics in 1894and in the following year they were married. They had a daughtercalled Irene.

Marie Curie• Following the tragic death of Pierre Curie in

1906, she took his place as Professor ofGeneral Physics in the Faculty of Sciences,the first time a woman had held thisposition.

• She was also appointed Director of the Curie Laboratory in theRadium Institute of the University of Paris, founded in 1914.

• The discovery of radioactivity by Henri Becquerel in 1896inspired the Curies in their brilliant researches and analyseswhich led to the isolation of polonium, named after the countryof Marie's birth, and radium.

• Mme. Curie throughout her life actively promoted the use ofradium to alleviate suffering and during World War I, assisted byher daughter, Irene, she personally devoted herself to thisremedial work.

• She was a member of the Conseil du PhysiqueSolvay from 1911 until her death and since 1922she had been a member of the Committee ofIntellectual Co-operation of the League ofNations.

Marie Curie

• She was a member of the Conseil du Physique Solvay from 1911until her death and since 1922 she had been a member of theCommittee of Intellectual Co-operation of the League ofNations.

• she is the author of Recherches sur les SubstancesRadioactives (1904),L'Isotopie et les Éléments Isotopes and theclassic Traité' de Radioactivité(1910).

• She received many honorary science, medicine and law degreesand honorary memberships of learned societies throughout theworld.

• Together with her husband, she wasawarded half of the Nobel Prize for Physicsin 1903, for their study into thespontaneous radiation discovered byBecquerel, who was awarded the other halfof the Prize.

Marie Curie

• In 1911 she received a second Nobel Prize, this time inChemistry, in recognition of her work in radioactivity.

• She also received, jointly with her husband, the Davy Medal ofthe Royal Society in 1903 and, in 1921, President Harding of theUnited States, on behalf of the women of America, presentedher with one gram of radium in recognition of her service toscience.

• She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize and the firstperson to win twice.

Rosalind Franklin

• 25 July 1920 – 16 April 1958.

• Was an English chemist and X-ray crystallographer who madecritical contributions to the understanding of the fine molecularstructures of DNA, RNA, viruses, coal, and graphite.

• British chemist Rosalind Elsie Franklin was born into an affluentand influential Jewish family on July 25, 1920, in Notting Hill,London, England.

• She displayed exceptional intelligence from early childhood,knowing from the age of 15 that she wanted to be a scientist.

• Rosalind Franklin enrolled at Newnham College, Cambridge, in1938 and studied chemistry.

• In 1941, she was awarded Second Class Honorsin her finals, which, at that time, was acceptedas a bachelor's degree in the qualifications foremployment.

Rosalind Franklin

• She went on to work as an assistant research officer at theBritish Coal Utilisation Research Association, where shestudied the porosity of coal—work that was the basis of her1945 Ph.D. thesis "The physical chemistry of solid organiccolloids with special reference to coal”.

• Franklin and her student Raymond Gosling made an amazingdiscovery: They took pictures of DNA and discovered thatthere were two forms of it, a dry "A" form and a wet "B" form.

• After finishing her portion of the work on DNA, with her ownresearch team at Birkbeck College, Franklin led pioneeringwork on the molecular structures of viruses, including tobaccomosaic virus and the polio virus.

• Continuing her research, her team member, and later herbeneficiary Aaron Klug went on to win the Nobel Prize inChemistry in 1982.

• In the fall of 1956, Franklin discovered that she had ovariancancer. She continued working throughout the following twoyears, despite having three operations and experimentalchemotherapy.

• She experienced a 10-month remission and worked up untilseveral weeks before her death on April 16, 1958, at the ageof 37.

Rosalind Franklin

Jocelyn Bell Burnell

• Bell whose married name became Burnell is a female Britishastronomer and astrophysicist who discovered the firstpulsars. Pulsars are stars that release regular bursts of radiowaves and the discovery ranks as an important milestone inthe history of astrophysics.

• She began her road to discovery while attending CambridgeUniversity, England working on her Ph.D. As a researchstudent under the supervision of her staff advisor AnthonyHewish, Jocelyn began work on a radio astronomy projectdesigned to study the interplanetary scintillation (twinkling)of compact radio waves.

• Susan Jocelyn Bell Burnell was born on July 15,1943 in Belfast Ireland.

• In November 1967 Jocelyn began to takenotice of unusual signals which she termedas "scruff" that at first was thought to besome form of radio wave interference, acommon occurrence with highly sensitiveradio telescopes.

Jocelyn Bell Burnell

• Jocelyn was able to record these radio pulse surveillance and study them in great detail.

• As news of the discovery began to spread the astronomycommunity began to speculate as to the source of theseanomalies.

• At the time the discovery was the most suggestive of an extraterrestrial intelligent origin that had ever been detected and Jocelyn herself termed this first stellar discovery LGM which stood for Little Green Men.

• In time these radio signals proved to be emissions from a unique category of neutron star.

• Jocelyn Burnell Bell had made the most remarkable astronomicaldiscovery in recent history; she had detected the first knownpulsar, a rapidly spinning neutron star that sends out regularburst of radio waves and other electromagnetic radiation.

Jocelyn Bell Burnell

• Bell recognized that the sourcechanged its position in the skyfrom day to day at the same rateas the stars, proof that it was nota man-made signal.

• Jocelyn Bell Burnell has received numerous awards for herprofessional contributions.

• She was first elected as a fellow of the Royal Astronomical Societyin 1969 and has served as its Vice President.

• Among many of her awards she received the Beatrice M. TinsleyPrize from the American Astronomical Society in 1987 and theHerschel Medal from the Royal Astronomical Society in 1989.

Jocelyn Bell Burnell

• She is a recipient of the Oppenheimer Prize and The Michelson Medal.

• She has been frequently interviewedand was the cover story for the May1995 issue of the magazine CurrentBiography.

Lise Meitner

• She was an Austrian physicist who worked on radioactivity and nuclear physics.

• The third of eight children of a Jewish family, she entered theUniversity of Vienna in 1901, studying physics under LudwigBoltzmann.

• After she obtained her doctorate degree in 1906, she went to Berlin in 1907 to study with Max Planck and the chemist Otto Hahn.

• She worked together with Hahn for 30 years, each of them leading a section in Berlin's Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry.

• Lise Meitner was born on November 7, 1878,in Vienna, Austria. She died on October 27,1968, in Cambridge, England (aged 89).

• In 1918, they discovered the element protactinium.

• In 1923, Meitner discovered the radiationless transitionknown as the Auger effect, which is named for Pierre VictorAuger, a French scientist who discovered the effect two yearslater.

• in 1938, Meitner was forced to flee Germany for Sweden. She continued her work at Manne Siegbahn's institute in Stockholm, but with little support, partially due to Siegbahn's prejudice against women in science.

Lise Meitner

• The experiments that provided the evidence for nuclear fission were done at Hahn's laboratory in Berlin and published in January 1939.

Lise Meitner

• In February 1939, Meitner published thephysical explanation for the observations and,with her nephew, physicist Otto Frisch,named the process nuclear fission.

• The discovery led other scientists to prompt Albert Einstein towrite President Franklin D. Roosevelt a warning letter, whichled to the Manhattan Project.

• In 1944, Hahn was awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry forhis research into fission, but Meitner was ignored, partlybecause Hahn downplayed her role ever since she leftGermany.

• The Nobel mistake, never acknowledged, was partly rectifiedin 1966, when Hahn, Meitner, and Strassman were awardedthe Enrico Fermi Award.

• On a visit to the U.S. in 1946, she wasgiven total American press celebritytreatment, as someone who had "leftGermany with the bomb in my purse."

Lise Meitner

• Meitner retired to Cambridge, England, in 1960, where shedied October 27.

• In 1992, element 109, the heaviest known element in theuniverse, was named Meitnerium (Mt) in her honor.

• Many consider Lise Meitner the "most significant womanscientist of the 20th Century."

SOURCES:• http://curiosidades.batanga.com/2009/07/05/las-10-mujeres-

cientificas-mas-importantes-de-la-historia

• http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1903/marie-curie-bio.html

• http://www.biography.com/people/rosalind-franklin-9301344• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin

• http://www.cpp.edu/~nova/scientists/articles/burn.html

• http://www.atomicarchive.com/Bios/Meitner.shtml

• https://www.google.es/imghp?hl=es&tab=wi&ei=WpgrVe_mDYGvPKPPgMgK&ved=0CBIQqi4oAg

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics