scientists list

7/27/2019 Scientists List

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Important Inventors...

Alexander Graham Bell (March 3, 1847 - August 2, 1922): Invented the first practical telephone

following extensive work on elocution and deafness.

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (October 24, 1632 - August 26, 1723): Invented the microscope.

Leeuwenhoek is also considered as the first microbiologist in the world and the father of microbiology.

Archimedes (c. 287-212 BC): Invented the Archimedean Screw, used for drawing water out of

flooded ships, or from canals for irrigation. Archimedes also discovered the method for determining thevolume of irregular objects.

Benjamin Franklin (January 17, 1706 - April 17, 1790): Invented the lightning rod and bifocals,among other inventions. He is also famous as one of the Founding Fathers of the United States.

Brahmagupta (c. 597 - 668 AD): Brahmagupta was the first to use zero as a number, although it had

been in use before his time as a symbol, representing the order of magnitude of the number in question(7 - 70 - 700 etc.). Consequently, he devised the rules of arithmetic involving zero. Brahmagupta was

also the first to note that the product of two negative numbers is a positive number.

Eli Whitney (December 8, 1765 - January 8, 1825): Invented the cotton gin, which helped speed up

the industrial revolution by a great degree.

Elias Howe (July 9, 1819 - October 3, 1867): The Sewing machine

Emile Berliner (May 20, 1851 - August 3, 1929): Phonograph records

Felix Hoffmann (January 21, 1868 - February 8, 1946): Formulated aspirin and heroin in medically

usable forms.

Fritz Pfleumer (March 20, 1881 - August 29, 1945): Invented the magnetic tape used in audio

cassettes.

Galileo Galilei (February 15 1564 - January 8 1642): Invented, among other devices, the telescope

and the military compass. Galilei made several crucial astronomical observations (such as Jupiter's four

largest moons, which are called the Galilean moons in his honor), and promoted the Copernican viewthat the earth revolves around the sun -- the latter inviting the wrath of the Church.

Garrett Augustus Morgan (March 4, 1877 - July 27, 1963): Invented the traffic signal and a version of

the gas mask (mainly for firefighters).

Hans von Ohain (December 14, 1911 - March 13, 1998): Jet engine

Heinrich Focke (October 8, 1890 - February 25, 1979): Built the first practicably functional

helicopter.

Jagadish Chandra Bose (Basu) (November 30, 1858 - November 23, 1937): Invented the crescograph,

a device to measure growth in plants. Bose invented the crescograph to aid his own research on the

effects of external stimuli on the growth of plants. Bose also made pioneering research in the field of


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radio transmission, and demonstrated the first wireless signalling in the world. Marconi's future (and

patent-yielding) research was aided by Bose, who made his research available to the scientific

community instead of rushing off to privatize the invention of the radio.

Johannes Gutenberg (1395 - February 3, 1468): Invented the letterpress printing press also known as

mechanical printing press. This invention is regarded as one of the most important in human history.

Johann Philipp Reis (January 7, 1834 - January 14, 1874): Invented an early version of the telephone

that only worked on an 'on/off' basis, and thus could only convey a steady note when spoken into. It

failed at reproducing articulated speech (which is a constantly changing mixture of different vibrations)and was thus impractical.

John Logie Baird (August 13, 1888 - June 14, 1946): Invented the first practical Television. Baird'soriginal design was electromechanical rather than fully electronic. He also invented the color television

tube.

Karl Benz (November 25, 1844 - April 4, 1929): Invented the first self-propelled, gasoline-poweredautomobile.

Karl Friedrich von Drais (April 29, 1785 - December 29, 1851): Invented a pedal-less early versionof the bicycle, the draisine.

Karlheinz Brandenburg (b. June 20, 1954): Co-inventor of MP3 Technology

Konrad Zuse (June 22, 1910 - December 18, 1995): Built the first working, programmable,

electromechanical computer.

Laszlo Jozsef Bro (September 29, 1899 - October 24, 1985): Invented the ballpoint pen, still

commonly called biro after him.

Levi Strauss (February 26, 1829 - September 26, 1902): Denim trousers (Jeans)

Melitta Bentz (January 31, 1873 - June 29, 1950): Coffee filter

Nikola Tesla (July 10, 1856 - January 7, 1943): Built the Tesla induction motor, the Tesla coil and a

pioneering mechanism for wireless (radio) communication.

Orville and Wilbur Wright (Orville: August 19, 1871 - January 30, 1948 / Wilbur: April 16, 1867 -

May 30, 1912): Invented the airplane, i.e., successfully completed the first powered heavier-than-air

flight.

Otto Lilienthal (May 23, 1848 - August 10, 1896): An early pioneer of gliders. Lilienthal designed

and built several flying machines, including monoplanes, biplanes and gliders.

Percy Spencer (July 9, 1894 - September 8, 1970): Microwave oven

Peter Henlein (1479 - 1542): Considered the inventor of the pocket watch (early history of watches

has not been sufficiently determined).


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Rudolf Diesel (March 18, 1858 - disappeared September 29, 1913): Invented the compression

combustion engine, which was named the Diesel engine after him.

Rudolf Hell (December 19, 1901 - March 11, 2002): Formulated pioneering technology for thescanner and the fax machine (hellschreiber).

Thomas Edison (February 11, 1847 - October 18, 1931): Edison was involved in countlessinventions, either directly or through the several engineers he employed. He is known for the invention

and commercialization of the electric light and the phonograph.

William Henry Perkin (March 12, 1838 - July 14, 1907): First to produce a synthetic aniline dye --

mauveine, of the color mauve.

... And Discoverers

Albert Einstein (March 14, 1879 - April 18, 1955): Perhaps the most famous scientist in history,Einstein formulated the theory of general relativity, and the famous equation of mass-energy

equivalence -- E=mc2.

Alexander Fleming (August 6, 1881 - March 11, 1955): Discovered the fungus responsible for the

production of penicillin, Penicillium notatum.

Andreas Vesalius (December 31, 1514 - October 15, 1564): First to describe the human skeletal

system and muscular system accurately and in great detail.

Aryabhata (476 AD - 550 AD): Approximated the value of pi to 3.1416 -- 5 significant figures (4decimal places), and was possibly the first to note the irrationality of pi. Aryabhata also did

commendable work in trigonometry, creating one of the earliest trigonometric tables (later found to be

accurate), and astronomy, discovering the daily rotation of the earth.

Carl Linnaeus (May 12, 1707 - January 10, 1778): Formed the taxonomical system of binomial

nomenclature, wherein the name of the genus is followed by the name of the species. For instance,human beings are termed as Homo sapiens, wherein Homo is the genus and sapiens is the species.

Carl Wilhelm Scheele (December 9, 1742 - May 21, 1786): Discovered oxygen, although JosephPriestly published his findings first and is thus given credit for the discovery.

Sir Chandrashekhar Venkata Raman (November 7, 1888 - November 21, 1970): Discovered the

change in the wavelength -- and thus the color -- of light traveling through a transparent medium, aphenomenon later named after him -- the Raman effect.

Charles Darwin (February 12, 1809 - April 19, 1882): Formulated the theory of evolution, explainingthe huge diversity in organisms as a result of millions of years of unceasing evolution programmed by

natural selection.

Copernicus (February 19, 1473 - May 24, 1543): The first to accurately describe the solar system as

heliocentric (having the sun at the center) rather than geocentric (having the earth at the center); some

Greek scholars had previously described a heliocentric solar system, but none was accurate. Weirdly --


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given the travails Galileo would later face -- the Church was curious, even accepting, about Copernicus'

findings. However, a few months after Copernicus published his findings, they were ridiculed and

"refuted" on the basis of wrong but conventionally accepted wisdom.

Dmitri Mendeleev (February 8, 1834 - February 2, 1907): Created a comprehensive periodic table of

elements, incorporating the Newland's law of octaves and leaving blanks where he theorized the

presence of elements that had not yet been discovered. Most of these gaps were later found to becorrect.

Edward Jenner (May 17, 1749 - January 26, 1823): Discovered the process of vaccination by provingthat deliberate (or accidental) infection of cowpox provided immunity against smallpox, an untreatable

disease in Jenner's time. Jenner is said to have saved more lives than any other man in history!

Ernest Rutherford (August 30, 1871 - October 19, 1937): Discovered the phenomenon of radioactive

half-life and the change in the atomic number of the element due to radiation, sowing the seeds of the

extensive future research into nuclear fission. Due to his highly influential findings, Rutherford is

termed the 'father of nuclear physics'.

Francis Crick - James Watson (Crick: June 8, 1916 - July 28, 2004 / Watson: b. April 6, 1928):

Discovered the double-helical structure of the DNA molecule.

Georg Ohm (March 16, 1789 - July 6, 1854): Discovered the proportionality between the voltage and

the resultant current in a circuit, now known as Ohm's law: I (current) = V (voltage)/ R (resistance)

Heinrich Hertz (February 22, 1857 - January 1, 1894): Proved the existence of electromagnetic waves

by constructing radio equipment. Although Hertz didn't realize the full ramifications of his work, the

seminal research led to the discoveries made by Jagadish Chandra Bose, Marconi et al.

Henri Becquerel (December 15, 1852 - August 25, 1908): Discovered radioactivity in uranium salts.

Isaac Newton (December 25, 1642 - March 20, 1727): One of the most revered scientists in history

(and rightly so), Newton discovered and formulated the laws of gravity and the three laws of motion,

along with invaluable work in several other fields. He was also closely involved in the development ofcalculus.

James Chadwick (October 20, 1891 - July 24, 1974): Discovered the electrically neutral particle inatoms, neutron.

Johann Kepler (December 27, 1571 - November 15, 1630): Formulated the laws of planetary motion,

which are named after him.

Marie Sklodowska-Curie - Pierre Curie (Marie: November 7, 1867 - July 4, 1934 / Pierre: May 15,

1859 - April 19, 1906): Expounding on the work of Marie's Doctoral Advisor Henri Becquerel, Marieand Pierre Curie discovered the radioactive elements Radium (Ra) and Polonium (Po). Their work in

radioactivity (a term coined by Marie Curie, incidentally) resulted in Marie Curie, Pierre Curie and

Henri Becquerel receiving the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics.

Max Planck (April 23, 1858 - October 4, 1947): A theoretical physicist by nature and profession,

Planck formulated the quantum theory, considered one of the most important theories of modern


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physics.

Michael Faraday (September 22, 1791 - August 25, 1867): Discovered electromagnetic induction,

laws of electrolysis and fundamental relations between light and magnetism. Faraday is considered thegreatest experimentalist.

Neils Bohr (October 7, 1885 - November 18, 1962): Formulated the Bohr model of the atom.

Otto Hahn (March 8, 1879 - July 28, 1968): Discovered nuclear fission. During the related research,

Hahn collaborated with Lise Meitner and her nephew Otto Frisch, who confirmed Hahn's results andcoined the term 'nuclear fission'; Hahn was initially baffled by the results, which did not fit in the

prevalent scientific paradigm.

Robert Koch (1843-1910): Renowned for the isolation of Bacillus anthracis, Mycobacterium

tuberculosis and Vibrio cholerae, the bacteria responsible for the diseases anthrax, tuberculosis and

cholera, respectively. Although the diseases may not sound sinister in the 21st century, they were

among the deadliest in the 19th century. Koch is also known for his eponymous postulates about thedetermination of the particular microbe responsible for a disease.

Srinivasa Ramanujan (December 22, 1887 - April 26, 1920): Isolated from the European mathematicscommunity, Srinivasa Ramanujan rediscovered several previously discovered theorems, as well as

several new ones. Ramanujan's groundbreaking and unorthodox derivations are still being heavily

researched by mathematicians all over the world.

Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen (March 27, 1845 - February 10, 1923): Discovered the X-ray, and thus

considered the father of diagnostic radiology.

William Harvey (April 1, 1578 - June 3, 1657): Described the 'double cycle' nature of the human

circulatory system (organs-veins-heart-lungs-heart-arteries-organs).

Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/famous-scientists-and-their-inventions.html

FAMOUS SCIENTISTS

LIFE PERIOD

INVENTIONS

Archimedes287-212 BCArchimedean principle, famous theory of buoyancy and many mathematical and mechanical discoveries.

Heinrich Hertz1857-1894Electromagnetic theory of light and electromagnetic waves.

Andre Marie Ampere1775-1836Unit of measurement to measure electric current

Amedeo Avogadro1776-1856Avogadro's Law, that is, "equal volumes of different gases, pressure and temperature being equal, containthe same number of molecules".
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Neils Hendrik David Bohr1885-1962Bohr Model of Atom

Johannes Gutenberg1398-1468Letterpress printing press also known as mechanical printing press.

Albert Einstein1879-1955Theory of Relativity, photoelectric effect and lots more

Rudolf Diesel1858-1913Combustion engine.

Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen1845-1923X-ray

Karl Friedrich von Drais

1785-1851Bicycle

Peter Henlein1479-1542Pocket Watch

Ferdinand Verbiest1623-1688first ever car.

Graham Bell1847-1922first practical telephone.

Philipp Reis1834-1874early invention of telephone

John Logie Baird1888-1946Television.

Werner von Siemens1816-1892Dynamo

Hans von Ohain

1911-1998Jet engine

Artur Fischer1919Fischertechnik

Felix Hoffmann1868-1946Aspirin


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Hugo Junkers1859-1935Civilian avion

Otto Lilienthal1848-1896Gliding flights

Melitta Bentz1873-1950Coffee Filter

Konrad Zuse1910-1995First 'working' computer. You can read more on the original idea of computers and also about CharlesBabbage who invented the computer.

Gottlieb Daimler1834-1900Automobile and internal combustion machine

Robert Koch

1843-1910Isolation ofBacillus anthracis, tuberculosis bacteria and Vibrio cholerae. Also known for his Koch's postulates.

Karlheinz Brandenburg1954MP3 Technology

Heinrich Gobel1818-1893Incandescent light bulb

Samuel Hahnemann1755-1843Creation of alternative medicine practice called Homeopathy

Heinrich Focke1890-1979Helicopter

Levi Strauss1829-1902Jeans

Otto Hahn1879-1968Nuclear fission and known as the 'father of nuclear chemistry'.

Julius Lothar Meyer

1830-1895First person to draw the periodic table of chemical elements

Emil Berliner1851-1929Record Player

Rudolf Hell1901-2002Formulated technology for Scanner and Fax


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Fritz Pfleumer1881-1945Audio tape

Thomas Edison1847-1931Electric light bulb.

Elias Howe1819-1867Sewing machine

Laszlo Jozsef Bro1899-1985Ballpoint pen

Garrett Augustus Morgan1877-1963Traffic signal, respiratory protective mask (gas mask), hair straightening preparation.

Samuel F. B. Morse1791-1872

Telegraph

Percy Spencer1894-1970Microwave oven

Orville Wright,Wilbur Wright1871-1948, 1867-1912Airplane

Benjamin Franklin1706-1790One of the founding fathers of America, Franklin is attributed to have invented electricity

From C. V. Raman to Salim Ali, the talents of Indian scientists and inventors have been fully

established in many different areas, including physics, medicine, mathematics, chemistry and biology.

Some of them have also contributed in a substantial way to advanced scientific research in manydifferent regions of the world.

This article will discuss the famous Indian scientists and inventors throughout history and their

wonderful contributions.

Prafulla Chandra Ray

Famous academician and chemist, known for being the founder of Bengal Chemicals &

Pharmaceuticals, Indias first pharmaceutical company.

Salim Ali

Naturalist who helped develop Ornithology; also known as the birdman of India.

Srinivasa Ramanujan

Mathematician known for his brilliant contributions to contributions to mathematical analysis, number
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theory, infinite series and continued fractions.

C. V. Raman

Physicist who won Nobel Prize in 1930 for his Raman Effect.

Homi Jehangir BhabhaTheoretical physicist; best known as the chief architect of the Indian atomic energy program.

Jagadish Chandra Bose

Physicist, biologist and archaeologist who pioneered the investigation of radio and microwave optics.

Satyendra Nath Bose

Mathematician and physicist; best known for his collaboration with Albert Einstein in formulating a

theory related to the gaslike qualities of electromagnetic radiation.

A.P.J. Abdul Kalam

Known for his crucial role in the development of Indias missile and nuclear weapons programs.

Har Gobind Khorana

Biochemist who won the Nobel Prize in 1968 for demonstrating how the nucleotides in nucleic acids

control the synthesis of proteins.

S.S. Abhyankar

Mathematician; famous for his outstanding contributions to algebraic geometry.

Meghnad Saha

Astrophysicist who developed the Saha equation, which explains chemical and physical conditions in

stars.

Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar

Astrophysicist won the Nobel Prize in 1983 for his research on the evolutionary stages of massive stars.

Raj Reddy

A.M. Turing Award-winning computer scientist, best known for his work related to large scale artificialintelligence systems.

Birbal Sahni

Paleobotanist known for his research on the fossils of the Indian subcontinent.


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Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis

Statistician and physicist who founded the Indian Statistical Institute.

Women have made valuable contributions to science. Some of the women scientists of the very ancient

times have faced difficulties in getting the due recognition of their work from the society. With thepassing years, the society realized the value of their scientific works and today, they are held in high

regard.

Anita Roberts: She was a molecular biologist who was instrumental in the discovery of the protein

TGF-beta. This protein has the potential of playing a dual role of blocking as well as stimulating cancer

and it helps in the healing of wounds and fractures. Anita Roberts is one of the most-cited scientists inthe world.

Annie Easley: She is an African-American computer scientist who worked for the NationalAeronautics and Space Administration's Lewis Research Center. She was a part of the team that

developed the software for the Centaur rocket stage.

Barbara McClintock: She was an American scientist who won the prestigious Nobel Prize inPhysiology or Medicine in 1983. She led the development of the maize cytogenetics and studied the

changes that the chromosomes in maize undergo during the process of reproduction. She discovered the

process of transposition and used it to demonstrate how genes are associated with the presence orabsence of certain physical characteristics in human beings. She is one of the most famous

cytogeneticists of the world.

Christiane Nusslein-Volhard: She is a German biologist who conducted a successful research in

mutagenesis to demonstrate the embryonic development in fruit flies. For her research on the genetic

control of embryonic development, she won the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research in1991 and the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1995.

Diane Fossey: She was an American zoologist who completed an extensive study of eight gorilla

groups by closely observing their lives in the mountain forests of Rwanda. Her work was similar toJane Goodall's research on chimpanzees.

Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin: She was a British chemist who worked in the field of proteincrystallography. She was instrumental in determining the structure of penicillin and vitamin B12. This

work earned her a Nobel Prize in Chemistry. She also discovered the chemical composition of insulin.

Passionate and peace-loving by nature, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin is one of the most notable scientists

in the field of X-ray crystallography.

Grace Hopper: She was a computer scientist and a naval officer of the United States. She developed

the first compiler for a computer programming language. She pioneered the idea of writing computerprograms in a language close to English. She was instrumental in the establishment of testing standards

for computer systems and components. She made an excellent naval career while also making valuable

contributions to the computer technology.

Gertrude B. Elion: She is a notable American biochemist and pharmacologist who received the Nobel


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Prize in Physiology or Medicine. She is attributed with the discovery many drugs, the most significant

one being the AIDS drug, AZT. She received the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1988 followed by the

National Medal of Science in 1991 and the Lemelson-MIT Lifetime Achievement Award in 1997. She

was inducted to the National Inventors Hall of Fame and was the first woman to receive this honor.

Gerty Theresa Cori: She was an American biochemist and the proud winner of the Nobel Prize in

Physiology or Medicine, which she shared with her husband. The Cori couple was awarded the NobelPrize for their discovery of glycogen.

Helen Flanders Dunbar: She has made a valuable contribution to psychosomatic medicine andpsychobiology.

Henrietta Swan Leavitt: She was an American astronomer who began working at the Harvard CollegeObservatory as a woman 'computer' to record the brightness of stars. She was among the first ones to

note that variable stars followed a pattern. She deduced that the brighter ones have longer periods. This

relationship derived by her proved helpful for measuring distances in the Universe. It was due to her

research that we realized that many galaxies are outside the Milky Way. The Leavitt crater on the Moonwas named in her honor. She continues to be one of the most notable figures in astronomy and physics.

Irene Joliot-Curie: She was a French scientist who started as a teacher of laboratory techniques forradiochemical research to Frederic Joliot, who later became her husband. Their joint accomplishment

of the discovery of artificial radioactivity earned them a Nobel Prize for Chemistry.

Jane Goodall: She is an English UN Messenger of Peace as also an anthropologist who is renowned

for her study of the chimpanzees. She spent long years in studying the social and family interactions

between chimpanzees and went on to found the Jane Goodall Institute.

Jocelyn Bell Burnell: She is an astrophysicist who discovered the first radio pulsars. This

accomplishment earned her a Nobel Prize.

Linda B. Buck: She is an American biologist who has made a noteworthy contribution to the research

on olfactory system. In 2004, she won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

Lise Meitner: Born in Austria, Lise Meitner was a Swedish physicist who worked in the fields of

radioactivity and nuclear physics. She was a part of the team that discovered nuclear fission and was

one of the potential winners of the Nobel Prize.

Marie Curie: Raised in Poland and a citizen of France, Marie Curie was a physicist and chemist and

the only person to receive Nobel Prizes in two different sciences. She served the University of Paris as

a professor and became the first woman to do so. She is credited with the creation of the theory ofradioactivity and the discovery of polonium and radium.

Maria Goeppert Mayer: She was a German-born American physicist and the winner of theprestigious Nobel Prize in Physics. She was the second woman scientist receiving a Nobel Prize in

Physics, after Marie Curie. She received the Nobel Prize for proposing the nuclear shell model of the

atomic nucleus.

Rachel Zimmerman: At a very young age, she came up with a software that made it possible to use

Blissymbols that enable those with severe physical disabilities to communicate. She designed a printer


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that could translate symbols into the written language.

Rita Levi-Montalcini: For her discovery of the nerve growth factor, she received the Nobel Prize in

Physiology or Medicine in 1986. This Italian neurologist, aged 99, is the oldest living Nobel Prizewinner.

Rosalind Franklin: She was an English biophysicist and X-ray crystallographer who contributed tounderstanding the compositions of DNA and viruses. She also contributed to understanding the

structures of graphite and coal. Her most noteworthy work is that on the X-ray diffraction images of

DNA.

These were some of the famous women who have made a remarkable contribution to science. They

have made some brilliant discoveries and gifted the world their inventions.

Inventions

Button, ornamental: Buttonsmade from seashellwere used in the Indus Valley Civilization

for ornamental purposes by 2000 BCE.[1] Some buttons were carved into geometric shapes and

had holes pierced into them so that they could be attached to clothing by using a thread.[1] IanMcNeil (1990) holds that: "The button, in fact, was originally used more as an ornament than as

a fastening, the earliest known being found at Mohenjo-daro in the Indus Valley. It is made of a

curved shell and about 5000 years old."[2]

Calico: Calico had originated in the subcontinent by the 11th century and found mention inIndian literature, by the 12th century writer Hemachandra. He has mentioned calico fabric prints

done in a lotus design.[3] The Indian textile merchants traded in calico with the Africans by the

15th century and calico fabrics from Gujaratappeared in Egypt.[3] Trade with Europe followed

from the 17th century onwards.[3] Within India, calico originated in Kozhikode.[3]

Carding, devices for: Historian of science Joseph Needham ascribes the invention of bow-

instruments used in textile technology to India.[4] The earliest evidence for using bow-

instruments for carding comes from India (2nd century CE).[4] These carding devices, called

kaman and dhunaki would loosen the texture of the fiber by the means of a vibrating string.[4]

Map showing origin and diffusion of chess from India to Asia, Africa, and Europe, and the changes in

the native names of the game in corresponding places and time.

Chaturanga and Shatranj: The precursors ofchess originated in India during the Guptadynasty (c. 280 - 550 CE).[5][6][7][8] Both the Persians andArabs ascribe the origins of the

game of Chess to the Indians.[7][9][10] The words for "chess" in Old PersianandArabicare

chatrangandshatranj respectively terms derived from catura ga in Sanskrit,[11][12] whichliterally means an army of four divisions orfour corps.[13][14] Chess spread throughout the

world and many variants of the game soon began taking shape.[15]This game was introduced

to theNear East from India and became a part of the princely or courtly education ofPersiannobility.[13]Buddhist pilgrims, Silk Road traders and others carried it to the Far East where it

was transformed and assimilated into a game often played on the intersection of the lines of the

board rather than within the squares.[15] Chaturanga reached Europe through Persia, the

Byzantine empire and the expanding Arabian empire.[14][16] Muslims carried Shatranj to
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ote-eb-calico-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_inventions_and_discoveries#cite_note-eb-calico-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_inventions_and_discoveries#cite_note-eb-calico-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozhikodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_inventions_and_discoveries#cite_note-eb-calico-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Needhamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_inventions_and_discoveries#cite_note-Baber1-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_inventions_and_discoveries#cite_note-Baber1-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_inventions_and_discoveries#cite_note-Baber1-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaturangahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shatranjhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gupta_dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gupta_dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_inventions_and_discoveries#cite_note-Murray1913-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_inventions_and_discoveries#cite_note-Forbes1860-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_inventions_and_discoveries#cite_note-JonesAj121-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_inventions_and_discoveries#cite_note-LindeGM-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_inventions_and_discoveries#cite_note-JonesAj121-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_inventions_and_discoveries#cite_note-Wilkinson-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_inventions_and_discoveries#cite_note-Bird48-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Persianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shatranjhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaturangahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_inventions_and_discoveries#cite_note-Whyld-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_inventions_and_discoveries#cite_note-SBI106-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_inventions_and_discoveries#cite_note-Meri-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_inventions_and_discoveries#cite_note-Basham208-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_inventions_and_discoveries#cite_note-Britannica1-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_Easthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_inventions_and_discoveries#cite_note-Meri-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_Roadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_Easthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_inventions_and_discoveries#cite_note-Britannica1-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_inventions_and_discoveries#cite_note-Basham208-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_inventions_and_discoveries#cite_note-ChessEurope-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslims


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North Africa, Sicily, and Spain by the 10th century where it took its final modern form of chess.

[15]

Chintz: The origin of Chintz is from the printed all cotton fabric of calico in India.[17] The

origin of the word chintzitself is from the Hindi language word(chitr), which means a spot.[17][18]

Coherer, iron and mercury: In 1899, theBengali physicist SirJagdish Chandra Boseannounced the development of an "iron-mercury-iron coherer with telephone detector" in apaper presented at the Royal Society, London.[19]He also later receivedU.S. Patent 755,840,

"Detector for electrical disturbances" (1904), for a specific electromagnetic receiver.

Cotton gin, single-roller: The Ajanta caves of India yield evidence of a single roller cotton gin

in use by the 5th century.[20] This cotton gin was used in India until innovations were made inform of foot powered gins.[21] The cotton gin was invented in India as a mechanical device

known as charkhi, more technically the "wooden-worm-worked roller". This mechanical device

was, in some parts of India, driven by water power.[4]

Crescograph: The crescograph, a device for measuring growth inplants, was invented in the

early 20th century by the Bengali scientist SirJagadish Chandra Bose.[22][23]

Crucible steel: Perhaps as early as 300 BCEalthough certainly by 200 CEhigh quality steel

was being produced in southern India also by what Europeans would later call the crucible

technique.[24] In this system, high-purity wrought iron, charcoal, and glass were mixed in acrucible and heated until the iron melted and absorbed the carbon.[24] The first crucible steel

was the wootz steel that originated in India before the beginning of the common era.[25]

Archaeological evidence suggests that this manufacturing process was already in existence inSouth India well before the Christian era.[26][27][28][29]

Dock (maritime): The world's first dock at Lothal(2400 BCE) was located away from the main

current to avoid deposition of silt.[30] Modern oceanographers have observed that the

Harappans must have possessed knowledge relating to tides in order to build such a dock on theever-shifting course of the Sabarmati, as well as exemplary hydrography and maritime

engineering.[30] This was the earliest known dock found in the world, equipped to berth and

service ships.[30][31] It is speculated that Lothal engineers studied tidal movements, and theireffects on brick-built structures, since the walls are of kiln-burnt bricks.[32] This knowledge

also enabled them to select Lothal's location in the first place, as the Gulf of Khambhat has the

highest tidal amplitude and ships can be sluiced through flow tides in the river estuary.[32]

Cotton being dyed manually in contemporary India.

Incense clock: Although popularly associated with China the incense clock is believed to have

originated in India, at least in its fundamental form if not function.[33][34] Early incense clocksfound in China between the 6th and 8th century CEthe period it appeared in China all seem tohave Devangarcarvings on them instead of Chinese seal characters.[33][34] Incense itself was

introduced to China from India in the early centuries CE, along with the spread of Buddhism by

travelling monks.[35][36][37] Edward Schaferasserts that incense clocks were probably anIndian invention, transmitted to China, which explains the Devangar inscriptions on early

incense clocks found in China.[33]Silvio Bedinion the other hand asserts that incense clocks

were derived in part from incense seals mentioned in Tantric Buddhist scriptures, which first

came to light in China after those scriptures from India were translated into Chinese, but holds
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that the time-telling function of the seal was incorporated by the Chinese.[34]

India ink, carbonaceous pigment for: The source of the carbon pigment used in India ink was

India.[38][39] In India, the carbon black from which India ink is produced is obtained by

burning bones, tar, pitch, and other substances.[39][40] Inkitself has been used in India since atleast the 4th century BCE.[41]Masi, an early ink in India was an admixture of several chemical

components.[41] Indian documents written in Kharosthi with ink have been unearthed in

Xinjiang.[42] The practice of writing with ink and a sharp pointed needle was common inancient South India.[43] Several Jain sutras in India were compiled in ink.[44]

Indian clubs: The Indian clubwhich appeared in Europe during the 18th centurywas used

long by India's native soldiery before its introduction to Europe.[45] During the British Raj the

British officers in India performed calisthenic exercises with clubs to keep in for physicalconditioning.[45] From Britain the use of club swinging spread to the rest of the world. [45]

Kabaddi: The game ofkabaddi originated in India during prehistory.[46] Suggestions on how it

evolved into the modern form range from wrestling exercises, military drills, and collective self-

defense but most authorities agree that the game existed in some form or the other in Indiaduring the period between 1500 and 400 BCE.[46]

Ludo: Pachisi originated in India by the 6th century.[47]The earliest evidence of this game in

India is the depiction of boards on the caves of Ajanta.[47] This game was played by the

Mughal emperors of India; a notable example being that of Akbar, who played living Pachisiusing girls from his harem.[47][48] A variant of this game, called Ludo, made its way to

England during the British Raj.[47]

Muslin: The fabric was named after the city where Europeans first encountered it, Mosul, in

what is now Iraq, but the fabric actually originated from Dhaka in what is now Bangladesh.[49][50] In the 9th century, anArab merchantnamed Sulaiman makes note of the material's origin

inBengal (known asRuhmlin Arabic).[50]

The Great Stupa at Sanchi (4th-1st century BCE). The dome shaped stupa was used in India as acommemorative monument associated with storing sacred relics.

Palampore:(Hindi language) of Indian origin[51] was imported to the western worldnotable England and Colonial americafrom India.[52][53] In 17th century England these handpainted cotton fabrics influenced native crewel work design.[52] Shipping vessels from India

also took palampore to colonial America, where it was used in quilting.[53]

Prayer flags: The Buddhiststras, written on cloth in India, were transmitted to other regions

of the world.[54] These sutras, written on banners, were the origin of prayer flags.[54] Legendascribes the origin of the prayer flag to the Shakyamuni Buddha, whose prayers were written on

battle flags used by the devas against their adversaries, theasuras.[55] The legend may havegiven the Indian bhikku a reason for carrying the 'heavenly' banner as a way of signyfying hiscommitment to ahimsa.[56] This knowledge was carried into Tibet by 800 CE, and the actual

flags were introduced no later than 1040 CE, where they were further modified.[56] The Indian

monkAtisha (980-1054 CE) introduced the Indian practice of printing on cloth prayer flags toTibet.[55]

Prefabricated home and movable structure: The first prefabricated homes and movable

structures were invented in 16th century Mughal India by Akbar. These structures were reported

by Arif Qandahari in 1579.[57]
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Wayang Kulit (shadow puppet) in Wayang Purwa type, depicting five Pandava, from left to right:

Bhima, Arjuna, Yudhishtira,Nakula, andSahadeva (Museum Indonesia, Jakarta). Ghosh, Massey, andBanerjee (2006) trace the origins of puppetry in India to the Indus Civilization.

Rocket artillery, iron-cased andmetal-cylinder: The first iron-cased and metal-cylinder

rockets were developed by Tipu Sultan, ruler of the South Indian Kingdom of Mysore, and hisfatherHyder Ali, in the 1780s. He successfully used these iron-cased rockets against the larger

forces of the British East India Company during the Anglo-Mysore Wars. The Mysore rockets

of this period were much more advanced than what the British had seen, chiefly because of theuse of iron tubes for holding the propellant; this enabled higher thrust and longer range for the

missile (up to 2 km range). After Tipu's eventual defeat in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore Warand

the capture of the Mysore iron rockets, they were influential in British rocket development,

inspiring the Congreve rocket, and were soon put into use in theNapoleonic Wars.[58][59]

Ruler: Rulers made from Ivory were in use by the Indus Valley Civilization in what today isPakistan and some parts of Western India prior to 1500 BCE.[60]Excavations at Lothal (2400

BCE) have yielded one such ruler calibrated to about 1/16 of an inchless than 2millimeters.

[60] Ian Whitelaw (2007) holds that 'The Mohenjo-Daro ruler is divided into unitscorresponding to 1.32 inches (33.5 mm) and these are marked out in decimal subdivisions with

amazing accuracyto within 0.005 of an inch. Ancient bricks found throughout the region have

dimensions that correspond to these units.'[61] Shigeo Iwata (2008) further writes 'Theminimum division of graduation found in the segment of an ivory-made linear measure

excavated in Lothal was 1.79 mm (that corresponds to 1/940 of a fathom), while that of the

fragment of a shell-made one from Mohenjo-daro was 6.72 mm (1/250 of a fathom), and that of

bronze-made one from Harapa was 9.33 mm (1/180 of a fathom).'[62]The weights andmeasures of the Indus civilization also reached Persia and Central Asia, where they were further

modified.[62]

Seamless celestial globe: Considered one of the most remarkable feats in metallurgy, it wasinvented in Kashmirby Ali Kashmiri ibn Luqman in between 1589 and 1590 CE, and twenty

other such globes were later produced in Lahore and Kashmir during the Mughal Empire.[63]

[64] Before they were rediscovered in the 1980s, it was believed by modern metallurgists to betechnically impossible to produce metal globes without any seams, even with modern

technology.[64] These Mughal metallurgists pioneered the method oflost-wax casting in order

to produce these globes.[64]

Snakes and ladders: Snakes and ladders originated in India as a game based on morality.[65]

During British rule of India, this game made its way to England, and was eventually introducedin the United States of America by game-pioneerMilton Bradley in 1943.[65]

Stepwell: Earliest clear evidence of the origins of the stepwell is found in the Indus ValleyCivilization's archaeological site at Mohenjodaro in Pakistan.[66] The three features ofstepwells in the subcontinent are evident from one particular site, abandoned by 2500 BCE,

which combines a bathing pool, steps leading down to water, and figures of some religious

importance into one structure.[66] The early centuries immediately before the common era sawthe Buddhists and the Jains of India adapt the stepwells into their architecture.[66] Both the

wells and the form of ritual bathing reached other parts of the world with Buddhism.[66] Rock-

cut step wells in the subcontinent date from 200 to 400 CE.[67] Subsequently the wells at

Dhank (550-625 CE) and stepped ponds at Bhinmal (850-950 CE) were constructed.[67]
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ikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_inventions_and_discoveries#cite_note-Whitelaw14-60http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millimetershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_inventions_and_discoveries#cite_note-Whitelaw14-60http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_inventions_and_discoveries#cite_note-Whitelaw15-61http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_inventions_and_discoveries#cite_note-Iwata2254-62http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_inventions_and_discoveries#cite_note-Iwata2254-62http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_globehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_inventions_and_discoveries#cite_note-Kamarustafa48-63http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_inventions_and_discoveries#cite_note-Kamarustafa48-63http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_inventions_and_discoveries#cite_note-Emilie-64http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/seamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_inventions_and_discoveries#cite_note-Emilie-64http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost-wax_castinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_inventions_and_discoveries#cite_note-Emilie-64http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snakes_and_laddershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_inventions_and_discoveries#cite_note-Augustyn-65http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Bradleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_inventions_and_discoveries#cite_note-Augustyn-65http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepwellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohenjodarohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_inventions_and_discoveries#cite_note-Livingston.26Bach20-66http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_inventions_and_discoveries#cite_note-Livingston.26Bach20-66http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_inventions_and_discoveries#cite_note-Livingston.26Bach20-66http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_inventions_and_discoveries#cite_note-Livingston.26Bach20-66http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_inventions_and_discoveries#cite_note-L.26B-67http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhinmalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_inventions_and_discoveries#cite_note-L.26B-67


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Stupa: The origin of the stupa can be traced to 3rd century BCE India.[68]It was used as a

commemorative monument associated with storing sacred relics.[68] The stupa architecture was

adopted in Southeast and East Asia, where it evolved into thepagoda, a Buddhist monumentused for enshrining sacred relics.[68]

Toe stirrup: The earliest known manifestation of the stirrup, which was a toe loop that held the

big toe was used in India in as early as 500 BCE[69]or perhaps by 200 BCE according to other

sources.[70][71] This ancient stirrup consisted of a looped rope for the big toe which was at thebottom of a saddle made of fibre or leather.[71] Such a configuration made it suitable for the

warm climate of most of India where people used to ride horses barefoot.[71] A pair of

megalithic double bent iron bars with curvature at each end, excavated in Junapani in the central

Indian state ofMadhya Pradesh have been regarded as stirrups although they could as well besomething else.[72] Buddhist carvings in the temples of Sanchi, Mathuraand the Bhaja caves

dating back between the 1st and 2nd century BCE figure horsemen riding with elaborate saddles

with feet slipped under girths.[73][74][75] Sir John Marshall described the Sanchi relief as "theearliest example by some five centuries of the use of stirrups in any part of the world".[75]In

the 1st century CE horse riders in northern India, where winters are sometimes long and cold,

were recorded to have their booted feet attached to hooked stirrups.[70] However the form, the

conception of the primitive Indian stirrup spread west and east, gradually evolving into thestirrup of today.[71][74]

Suits game: Kridapatram is an early suits game, made of painted rags, invented in Ancient

India. The term kridapatram literally means "painted rags for playing."[76][77][78][79][80]Paper playing cards first appeared in East Asia during the 9th century.[76][81] The medieval

Indian game ofganjifa, or playing cards, is first recorded in the 16th century.[82]

Wootz steel: Wootz originated in India before the beginning of the common era.[25] Wootz

steel was widely exported and traded throughout ancient Europe, China, the Arab world, andbecame particularly famous in the Middle East, where it became known as Damascus steel.

Archaeological evidence suggests that this manufacturing process was already in existence in

South India well before the Christian era.[26][27]

Discoveries

Agriculture

Jute plants Corchorus olitorius and Corchorus capsularis cultivated first in India.

Cashmere wool: The fiber is also known aspashm orpashmina for its use in the handmade

shawls of Kashmir, India.[83]The woolen shawls made from wool in Kashmirregion of Indiafind written mention between 3rd century BCE and the 11th century CE.[84]However, the

founder of the cashmere wool industry is traditionally held to be the 15th century ruler ofKashmir,Zayn-ul-Abidin, who employed weavers from Central Asia.[84]

Cotton cultivation: Cotton was cultivated by the inhabitants of the Indus Valley Civilization bythe 5th millennium BCE - 4th millennium BCE.[85] The Indus cotton industry was well

developed and some methods used in cotton spinning and fabrication continued to be practiced

till the modern Industrialization of India.[86] Well before theCommon Era, the use of cotton

textiles had spread from India to the Mediterraneanand beyond.[87]

Indigo dye: Indigo, a blue pigment and a dye, was used in India, which was also the earliest
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17/23

major center for its production and processing.[88]TheIndigofera tinctoria variety of Indigo

was domesticated in India.[88] Indigo, used as a dye, made its way to the Greeksand the

Romans via various trade routes, and was valued as a luxury product.[88]

Jute cultivation: Jute has been cultivated in India since ancient times.[89] Raw jute wasexported to the western world, where it was used to make ropesand cordage.[89] The Indian

jute industry, in turn, was modernized during the British Raj in India.[89] The region ofBengal

was the major center for Jute cultivation, and remained so before the modernization of India'sjute industry in 1855, when Kolkata became a center for jute processing in India.[89]

Sugar refinement: Sugarcane was origina

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