Scientific RevolutionScientific Revolution

A New Model of the Cosmos A New Model of the Cosmos

1.1. Science increasingly affected practical affairs, such Science increasingly affected practical affairs, such as health, wealth, and the pursuit of happiness.as health, wealth, and the pursuit of happiness.

2.2. The modern world ideas have had a way of The modern world ideas have had a way of passing over from science into other domains.passing over from science into other domains.

3.3. The 17th century Scientific Revolution had The 17th century Scientific Revolution had repercussions far beyond the realm of pure repercussions far beyond the realm of pure science changing ideas of religion, God and human science changing ideas of religion, God and human beings.beings.

4.4. Science helped to spread certain very deep-seated Science helped to spread certain very deep-seated beliefs such as thatbeliefs such as that

the physical universe is orderly and harmonious, the physical universe is orderly and harmonious,

that human reason is capable of understanding and that human reason is capable of understanding and dealing with it dealing with it

and that human affairs can be conducted by methods and that human affairs can be conducted by methods of peaceable exchange of ideas and rational of peaceable exchange of ideas and rational agreement.agreement.

5. 5. Scientific methods for establishing truth or Scientific methods for establishing truth or defining progress shaped a very wide range defining progress shaped a very wide range of modern social institutions,of modern social institutions,

including armies, including armies,

hospitals, hospitals,

universities, universities,

trading companies, trading companies,

government bureaucracies, government bureaucracies,

law courts, and law courts, and

even literary journals.even literary journals.

6. 6. The meaning of the word “modern” became The meaning of the word “modern” became linked to the intellectual prestige of science, linked to the intellectual prestige of science, and scientific knowledge became the most and scientific knowledge became the most important force in the history of the modern important force in the history of the modern world.world.

Scientific RevolutionScientific Revolution

The period and process of the The period and process of the creation of modern science, creation of modern science, especially astronomy and physics, especially astronomy and physics, usually dated from the publication of usually dated from the publication of Copernicus’ Copernicus’ On the Revolution of the On the Revolution of the Celestial SpheresCelestial Spheres (1534) to that of (1534) to that of Newton’s Newton’s Mathematical Principles of Mathematical Principles of Natural PhilosophyNatural Philosophy (1687), and which (1687), and which established classical physics.established classical physics.

Ptolemaic SystemPtolemaic System

Explanation of the structure of heavens Explanation of the structure of heavens until replaced by Copernican system.until replaced by Copernican system.

Stationary earth in center of finite universe Stationary earth in center of finite universe Composed of concentric crystal circlesComposed of concentric crystal circles Each crystal sphere rotated about earth, Each crystal sphere rotated about earth,

carrying with it one or more heavenly carrying with it one or more heavenly bodies.bodies.

God himself moved outermost sphere, God himself moved outermost sphere, thereby causing all motion in the universethereby causing all motion in the universe

Ptolemaic SystemPtolemaic System

Nicholas Copernicus (1473-Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543)1543)

Sun was centralSun was central Earth was third planet from centerEarth was third planet from center He retained the elements of medieval He retained the elements of medieval

view in that universe was still finite view in that universe was still finite and composed of crystalline spheres.and composed of crystalline spheres.

Theory formed in 1530 but he waited Theory formed in 1530 but he waited ‘til on his deathbed in 1543 to publish ‘til on his deathbed in 1543 to publish it.it.

Nicholas Copernicus (1473-Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543)1543)

On the Revolution of the Celestial SpheresOn the Revolution of the Celestial Spheres

Nicholas Copernicus (1473-Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543)1543)

Idealized Painting Idealized Painting

Tycho Brahe (1546-1601)Tycho Brahe (1546-1601)Born 3 years after Copernicus’ deathBorn 3 years after Copernicus’ deathDanish nobleman gathered meticulous Danish nobleman gathered meticulous

astronomical records from his observatory astronomical records from his observatory on his private island where he livedon his private island where he lived

Although he rejected Ptolemaic model, he Although he rejected Ptolemaic model, he never fully accepted Copernican onenever fully accepted Copernican one

Maintained that sun revolved around earth Maintained that sun revolved around earth while other planets revolved around sunwhile other planets revolved around sun

Still….he provided the data from which Still….he provided the data from which later scientists used to prove Copernicus’ later scientists used to prove Copernicus’ theorytheory

Tycho Brahe (1546-1601)Tycho Brahe (1546-1601)

While a student, he got into a duel. Part of the bridge of his nose was cut off and he had a metal piece attached in its place.

This gave him a very special look for the rest of his life.

Tycho Brahe (1546-1601)Tycho Brahe (1546-1601)

Tycho’s castle and observatory

Johanne Kepler (1571-1630)Johanne Kepler (1571-1630)

German mathematician who German mathematician who assistant who edited some materials assistant who edited some materials left unpublished by Brahe after his left unpublished by Brahe after his deathdeath

Employed Brahe’s data of celestial Employed Brahe’s data of celestial motion to test Copernican theorymotion to test Copernican theory

Concluded that nature operated in Concluded that nature operated in regular patterns that could be regular patterns that could be described mathematicallydescribed mathematically

Johanne Kepler’s Johanne Kepler’s Three Principles or “rules” of Planetary Three Principles or “rules” of Planetary

MotionMotionThey move in ellipses, not circles They move in ellipses, not circles

around the sunaround the sunThey move at varying speeds in their They move at varying speeds in their

elliptical orbitselliptical orbitsThe time it takes them to make their The time it takes them to make their

complete orbits is precisely related complete orbits is precisely related to their distances from the sun.to their distances from the sun.

Johanne Kepler Johanne Kepler

Galileo’s Galileo’s telescopetelescope

Galileo Galileo GalileiGalilei(1564-(1564-1642)1642)

Galileo’s ObservationsGalileo’s Observations

Spots on sun Spots on sun Mountainous surfaces of moonMountainous surfaces of moon Jupiter had satellites & Saturn ringsJupiter had satellites & Saturn ringsMilky Way made up of innumerable Milky Way made up of innumerable

starsstars

Galileo and the Experimental Galileo and the Experimental MethodMethod

Greatest achievement was elaboration Greatest achievement was elaboration and consolidation of the EMand consolidation of the EMRather than speculate about what might Rather than speculate about what might

or should happen, he conducted or should happen, he conducted controlled experiments to find out what controlled experiments to find out what actually actually diddid happen happen

Law of inertiaLaw of inertia: rest not natural state : rest not natural state of objects. An object continues in of objects. An object continues in motion forever until stopped by motion forever until stopped by external forceexternal force

Galileo ‘s WritingsGalileo ‘s Writings

Starry Starry Messenger Messenger (1610) or (1610) or Sidereus Sidereus Nuncius:Nuncius:

Galileo ‘s WritingsGalileo ‘s Writings

Dialogue Dialogue Concerning the Concerning the Two Chief World Two Chief World Systems (1632)Systems (1632)

series of discussions, over a series of discussions, over a span of four days, among span of four days, among two philosophers and a two philosophers and a layman: no question that the layman: no question that the Copernican side gets the Copernican side gets the better of the argumentbetter of the argument

Isaac Newton (1642-1727)Isaac Newton (1642-1727)

English scientistEnglish scientist Discovered principles governing a limitless Discovered principles governing a limitless

universe investigated by Galileouniverse investigated by Galileo He puts it all together!He puts it all together! Principle of universal gravitationPrinciple of universal gravitation

Three laws of motionThree laws of motion Developed calculusDeveloped calculus Using glass prism, white light can be split Using glass prism, white light can be split

into sequence of colors that make up the into sequence of colors that make up the spectrumspectrum

Isaac Newton (1642-1727)Isaac Newton (1642-1727) MathematicMathematic

al Principles al Principles of Natural of Natural Philosophy Philosophy (1687)(1687)

Isaac Newton (1642-1727)Isaac Newton (1642-1727)

Exploration of the Human BodyExploration of the Human Body

Ancient MDs TheoryAncient MDs Theory Healthy body possessed balance of four bodily Healthy body possessed balance of four bodily

fluidsfluids Blood, Black, Yellow Bile, Phlegm Blood, Black, Yellow Bile, Phlegm These governed four temperamental tendencies or humors These governed four temperamental tendencies or humors Blood: good spiritsBlood: good spirits Black: melancholic, depressedBlack: melancholic, depressed Yellow: choleric, hostileYellow: choleric, hostile Phlegmatic: slow and complaisantPhlegmatic: slow and complaisant

MDs examined blood, drained, confident they were MDs examined blood, drained, confident they were achieving right balance of humorsachieving right balance of humors

Still these guys didn’t know how blood circulated or Still these guys didn’t know how blood circulated or how a baby was conceived. how a baby was conceived.

Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564)Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564)

Flemish anatomistFlemish anatomistFirst to practice dissection of human First to practice dissection of human

cadaverscadaversOn the Structure of the Human BodyOn the Structure of the Human Body

(1543)(1543)Dismantled Galenic systemDismantled Galenic system

William Harvey (1578-1657)William Harvey (1578-1657)

English MDEnglish MD Served as court MD to James I and Charles Served as court MD to James I and Charles

II Blood circulated through body via arteries Blood circulated through body via arteries

and veins, propelled by heart functioning and veins, propelled by heart functioning as a pumpas a pump ““I profess to learn and teach anatomy not from I profess to learn and teach anatomy not from

books but from dissections, not from tenets of books but from dissections, not from tenets of philosophers, but from the fabric of nature.”philosophers, but from the fabric of nature.”

Concerning Concerning the Motion the Motion

of the of the Heart and Heart and

Blood Blood (1653)(1653)