Scientific Research• Observe--qualitative & quantitative• Formulate a hypothesis• Experiment• Formulate a theory• Experiment• Make conclusions• Formulate a natural law--rarely

done

Measurement•mass--kg•length--m•time--s•temperature--K•amount of substance--mol•electric current--A•luminous intensity--cd

Measurement Prefixes

•giga(G)– 10-9

•mega(M)—10-6

•kilo(k)– 10-3

•hecto(h)– 10-2

•deka(da)– 10-1

•deci(d)-- 101

•centi(c)-- 102

•milli(m)-- 103

•micro(µ)-- 106

•nano(n)-- 109

•Accuracy

•Precision

•Random error

•Systematic error

Significant Figure Rules•Nonzero integers are significant

•Leading zeros are never significant

•Captive zeros are always significant

•Trailing zeros are only significant when there is a decimal present in the number

•Exact numbers have an infinite number of significant figures

Significant Figures•20.0000

•500000

•2.056

•0.030

•0.0008

•4.09 x 105

614

2

1

3

Significant Figure Rulesfor Addition and

Subtraction•The answer has the same number of decimal places as the least precise measurement.5.8 + 4.261 =

10.1

6.855 - 2 =

5

Significant Figure Rulesfor Multiplication and

Division•The number of SF in the answer can be no greater than the number of SF in value with the least number of SF.5.8 x 4.261 =

25

6.855 / 2 =

3

Temperature Conversions

•Fahrenheit to Celsius:

(F 32F) x 5C / 9F

•Celsius to Fahrenheit:

(C x 9F / 5C) + 32F

Temperature Conversions

•Celsius to Kelvin:

C + 273

•Kelvin to Celsius:

•K 273

How many SF are in the following:a.600.0

b.7.0090

c.2.050 x 10-2

d.2001

e. 5 x 105

f. 41,000

g.0.0008

h.0.0052010

Round the following to 3 SF:

a.600.0

b.7.0090

c.2.050 x 10-2

d.2001

e. 5 x 105

f. 41,000

g.0.0008

h.0.0052010

Perform the following using applicable SF rules:

a. 6.0 + 1.450

b. 1 0.0990

c. (2.050 x 10-2) x (6 x 105)

d. 200 8.5

Subatomic Particles

• Protons• Neutrons• Electrons• Isotope formulae