scientific method. steps in the scientific method state the problem state the problem collect...
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Scientific MethodScientific Method
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Steps in the Scientific Steps in the Scientific MethodMethod State the ProblemState the Problem Collect InformationCollect Information Form HypothesisForm Hypothesis Experiment – test Experiment – test
hypothesishypothesis ObserveObserve Record & Analyze DataRecord & Analyze Data Write ConclusionWrite Conclusion RetestRetest
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ObservationsObservations
Gathered Gathered through your through your
sensessenses A scientist A scientist
notices notices something in something in their their natural natural
worldworld
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ObservationsObservations
An An exampleexample of of an observationan observation
might be might be noticing that noticing that
many many salamanders salamanders near a pond near a pond
have curved, not have curved, not straight, tailsstraight, tails
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HypothesisHypothesis
A suggested A suggested solution to the solution to the problem.problem.
Must be Must be testabletestable Sometimes Sometimes
written as written as If…If…Then…Then… statementsstatements
PredictsPredicts an an outcomeoutcome
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HypothesisHypothesis
An An example of a example of a hypothesishypothesis might might be that the be that the salamanders salamanders have curved tails have curved tails due to a due to a pollutant in the pollutant in the moist soil where moist soil where they live. they live.
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ExperimentExperiment
A A procedure procedure to to testtest the the hypothesishypothesis
..
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ExperimentExperiment
VariableVariable – – factor in the factor in the experiment experiment that is being that is being
testedtested
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ExperimentExperiment
A good or A good or “valid” “valid”
experiment experiment will only will only
have have ONE ONE variable!variable!
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Controls and VariablesControls and Variables
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Scientific Experiments Scientific Experiments Follow RulesFollow Rules
An experimenter changes one factor and observes or measures what happens.
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The Control VariableThe Control Variable The experimenter makes a The experimenter makes a
special effort to keep special effort to keep other factors constantother factors constant so so that they will not affect that they will not affect the outcome.the outcome.
Those factors are called Those factors are called control variables.control variables.
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What is the Purpose of What is the Purpose of a Control?a Control?
Controls are NOT being tested
Controls are used for COMPARISON
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Other Variables The factor that is changed
is known as the independent variable.
The factor that is measured or observed is called the dependent variable.
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Example of Controls & Example of Controls & VariablesVariables
For example, suppose you want to figure out the fastest route to walk home from school.
You will try several different routes and time how long it takes you to get home by each one.
Since you are only interested in finding a route that is fastest for you, you will do the walking yourself.
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What are the Variables What are the Variables in Your Experiment?in Your Experiment?
Varying the route is the Varying the route is the independent variableindependent variable
The time it takes is the The time it takes is the dependent variabledependent variable
Keeping the same walker Keeping the same walker throughout makes the throughout makes the walker a walker a control variable.control variable.
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One more thing… it is best to make several trials with each independent variable.
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Valid ExperimentsValid Experiments
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Remember: To be a Remember: To be a Valid Experiment:Valid Experiment:
Two groups are required --- the control & experimental groups
There should be only one variable
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DataData Results of
the experiment
May be quantitative (numbers) or qualitative
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DataQuantitative
Deals with numbers. Data which can be
measured. Length, height, area,
volume, weight, speed, time, temperature, humidity, sound levels, cost, members, ages, etc.
Quantitative → Quantity
Qualitative Deals with
descriptions. Data can be observed
but not measured. Colors, textures,
smells, tastes, appearance, beauty, etc.
Qualitative → Quality
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DataQuantitative
Example: Latte
12 ounces of latte serving temperature 150º F. serving cup 7 inches in
height cost $4.95
Qualitative
Example: Latte
robust aroma frothy appearance strong taste burgundy cup
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DataData Must be
organized Can be
organized into charts, tables, or graphs
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ConclusionConclusion
The answer to the hypothesis based on the data obtained from the experiment
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RetestRetest
In order to verify the results,
experiments must be retested.
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To ReviewTo Review
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Solving a ProblemSolving a Problem1)Identify a Problem2) State Observations
about the problem3) Form a Hypothesis
about the problem (if…then…)
4) Design an Experiment to test the hypothesis
5) Collect Data6) Form a Conclusion7) Retest
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One way to remember it…..
People (Problem) Often (Observation) Hear (Hypothesis) Every (Experiment) Dark (Data) Cloud (Conclusion) Rains (Retest)