scientific knowledge from geospatial observations
TRANSCRIPT
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Scientific Knowledge from Geospatial Observations
IGARSS 2015 Session: Why Data Matters: Value of Stewardship and Knowledge Augmentation Services
George Percivall, Dr. Ingo Simonis, Dr. Terry IdolThe Open Geospatial Consortium
Copyright © 2015 Open Geospatial Consortium
OGC®
Copyright © 2015 Open Geospatial Consortium
Scientific Knowledge from Geospatial Observations
• Knowledge derived from remote sensing – Accumulated by systematic observation
– Processed with mathematical or experience-based algorithms
– Organized by general principles and concepts
• Standards play an essential role – Key to efficient and effective exchange of remote sensed data
– Necessary prerequisite for science
• Status– Much has been done in generating knowledge from remote sensing
– More needed to achieve full potential
OGC®
Knowledge Defined
• “Justified true belief” – Plato – Belief becomes knowledge when it is justified
• Scientific Knowledge– Collection of data through observation and
experimentation, – Formulation and testing of hypotheses
Copyright © 2015 Open Geospatial Consortium
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belief#Justified_true_belief
Helping the World to CommunicateGeographically
Decisions
Knowledge
Information
Data
• Adapted from “A Theory of Computer Semiotics”, Peter Andersen, Cambridge Press, 1997• Definitions for data and info: ANSI Dictionary of Information Technology, www.ncits.org• Definition for knowledge inspired by I. Kant
Creating Knowledge from Images
A representation subject to interpretation
From ISO/TS 19101-2 Geographic information - Reference model - Part 2: Imagery
Helping the World to CommunicateGeographically
Decisions
Knowledge
Information
Data
• Adapted from “A Theory of Computer Semiotics”, Peter Andersen, Cambridge Press, 1997• Definitions for data and info: ANSI Dictionary of Information Technology, www.ncits.org• Definition for knowledge inspired by I. Kant
Creating Knowledge from Images
Representation is described
A representation subject to interpretation
From ISO/TS 19101-2 Geographic information - Reference model - Part 2: Imagery
Helping the World to CommunicateGeographically
Decisions
Knowledge
Information
Data
• Adapted from “A Theory of Computer Semiotics”, Peter Andersen, Cambridge Press, 1997• Definitions for data and info: ANSI Dictionary of Information Technology, www.ncits.org• Definition for knowledge inspired by I. Kant
Creating Knowledge from Images
Data with meaning assigned
A representation subject to interpretation
From ISO/TS 19101-2 Geographic information - Reference model - Part 2: Imagery
Helping the World to CommunicateGeographically
Decisions
Knowledge
Information
Data
• Adapted from “A Theory of Computer Semiotics”, Peter Andersen, Cambridge Press, 1997• Definitions for data and info: ANSI Dictionary of Information Technology, www.ncits.org• Definition for knowledge inspired by I. Kant
Creating Knowledge from Images
Testing hypotheses with information
Data with meaning assigned
A representation subject to interpretation
From ISO/TS 19101-2 Geographic information - Reference model - Part 2: Imagery
Helping the World to CommunicateGeographically
Decisions
Knowledge
Information
Data
• Adapted from “A Theory of Computer Semiotics”, Peter Andersen, Cambridge Press, 1997• Definitions for data and info: ANSI Dictionary of Information Technology, www.ncits.org• Definition for knowledge inspired by I. Kant
Creating Knowledge from Images
Data with meaning assigned
Synthesis of theory and information
A representation subject to interpretation
From ISO/TS 19101-2 Geographic information - Reference model - Part 2: Imagery
Helping the World to CommunicateGeographically
Decisions
Knowledge
Information
Data
• Adapted from “A Theory of Computer Semiotics”, Peter Andersen, Cambridge Press, 1997• Definitions for data and info: ANSI Dictionary of Information Technology, www.ncits.org• Definition for knowledge inspired by I. Kant
Creating Knowledge from Images
Data with meaning assigned
Synthesis of theory and information
Goals of multiple stakeholders
A representation subject to interpretation
From ISO/TS 19101-2 Geographic information - Reference model - Part 2: Imagery
Helping the World to CommunicateGeographically
Decisions
Knowledge
Information
Data
• Adapted from “A Theory of Computer Semiotics”, Peter Andersen, Cambridge Press, 1997• Definitions for data and info: ANSI Dictionary of Information Technology, www.ncits.org• Definition for knowledge inspired by I. Kant
Creating Knowledge from Images
Data with meaning assigned
Synthesis of theory and information
Pragmatic application of knowledge
A representation subject to interpretation
From ISO/TS 19101-2 Geographic information - Reference model - Part 2: Imagery
OGC®
What is a Standard?
• “An agreed way of doing something”
© 2015 Open Geospatial Consortium
EC: Practical standards guide for researchers - en
OGC®
What is a Standard?
• “An agreed way of doing something”
• Standards are distilled wisdom of people with expertise in their subject matter and who know the needs of the organizations they represent – people such as manufacturers, sellers, buyers, customers, trade associations, users or regulators.
• Standards are knowledge. They are powerful tools that can help drive innovation and increase productivity. They can make organizations more successful and people’s everyday lives easier, safer and healthier.
© 2015 Open Geospatial Consortium
EC: Practical standards guide for researchers - en
OGC®
Use of Standards in Science
• Allow scientists to reliably access and review data – Physical: SI Units – Int. Bureau of Weights and
Measures (BIPM)– Information: fundamental to communicating concepts
• Research paradigms A) Working with current standards to arrive at new
conclusions
B) Reconsidering accepted standards, towards a view of the world
– In either paradigm, need for well defined and realized standards is vital to the progress of science
Copyright © 2010, Open Geospatial Consortium
“Geoscience depends on geospatial information standards,” S. J. Khalsa and G. Percivall, IEEE GRS-S Newsletter, March 2010
OGC®
Connecting the Sensor Web and Model Web using scientific methods
Deduction Observation
SensorWeb
ModelWeb
Automated workflow at Illinois uses LDAS data from NASA to run river model at Texas
Source: D. Maidment, Univ. Texas, GEOSS Future Product Workshop, 2013
OGC®
Connecting the Sensor Web and Model Web using scientific methods
Deduction Observation
SensorWeb
ModelWeb
Automated workflow at Illinois uses LDAS data from NASA to run river model at Texas
RAPID River Flow Model
Observations Datasets, Numerical
Weather Model
Land Surface Model
Source: D. Maidment, Univ. Texas, GEOSS Future Product Workshop, 2013
OGC®
OGC Sensor Web Enablement Standards
Discover and Task Sensors - Access and process Observations
• Sensor Model Language (SensorML)
• Observations & Measurements (O&M)
• PUCK
Copyright © 2015 Open Geospatial Consortium
• Sensor Observation Service (SOS)
• Sensor Planning Service (SPS)
• Sensor Alert Service (SAS)
OGC® Namibia Flood Pilot Sensor Web Concept
Source: NASA
Debris flow sensor web – GIS FCU
2002Establishment
2003Mobile Stations
2010Portable Units R&D
Debris Flow
Sediment
Landslide
Portable Units14
Mobile3
On-Site 24
Soil moisture map with time series
Precipitation monitor stations map
http://aafc.geocens.ca/
Agriculture and Agri-Food CanadaReal-time In-situ Soil Monitoring for Agriculture (RISMA)
SWE Implementation Maturity – TRL 9
Water webs integration in AIP-6
Model Interoperability - An Evolution
(Source: S. Nativi, CNR, GEOSS Future Products Workshop, 2013)
OpenMI
ESMF
OGC®
• An interface standard (API) for:• run time (in memory) data exchange between
models, databases & other components
• Whose purpose is to:• improve ability to model complex scenarios
Hydraulics
Output data
Input data
User interface
Application
Rainfall/Runoff
Output data
Input data
User interface
Application
OpenMI
OpenMI – OGC Standard for Model Introperability
19
OGC®
WPS for Remote Sensed Data Processing
Web Processing Service (WPS)
Web Coverage Processing Service (WCPS)
• WPS Geoprocessing Workflow– Workflow environment for
geospatial algorithms – Access to predictive models– Survey of progress in special
issue of Computers & Geosciences [7]
• Big Data Processing of Imagery
© 2012 Open Geospatial Consortium 20
GetCapabilities
Execute
DescribeProcess
Algorithms Repository
Data Handler Repository
HTTP
WPS-client
WPS
OGC®
© 2014 Open Geospatial Consortium 21
OGC Testbed 10: SAR Interferometry with WPS on SBAS Cloud
• Performance enhancements with Cloud deployment of SBAS (Small Baseline Subset) processing application using WPS and OpenSearch OGC Web Services
• Exploit 64 differential SAR scenes for the generation of time series showing ground displacements over a decade in geological sensitive areas.
• Part of an ongoing effort from ESA, CNR-IREA and Terradue partners
OGC®
Example: EarthServer
© 2014 Open Geospatial ConsortiumBaumann, 2013
EarthServer-2 starting May 2015
20 … 132 TB spatio-temporal databases as of June 2015
OGC®
Discrete Global Grid Systems
Source: Matt Purss, Geoscience Australia
National Nested Grid
SCENZ-Grid
Earth System Spatial Grid
Snyder Grid
OGC®
Discrete Global Grid System (DGGS) Standards Working Group (SWG)
• Develop common criteria that will define conformant DGGSs– Considering Goodchild criteria
• Develop conceptual standard to facilitate data fusion between DGGSs using OGC Standards– to make them interoperable – with
conventional and other DGGS data– to standardize operations on them
• Engage stakeholders to encourage new use cases and adoption of interoperability through DGGSs
http://www.opengeospatial.org/projects/groups/dggsswg
To Collaborative Science
Roderick | Nyerges – AAG 2015, Chicago
OGC®
Knowledge Objects need to be conceptually modeled and implemented
• “Decision” and “Hypothesis” as 1st class objects– UML Model of the concepts and linked data relationships– Ontology for Types of decisions and hypothesis– Encodings of conceptual models– Templates for Decisions and Hypothesis
• Recommender systems - a guess at the riddle– If I see “these conditions” then consider this “decision template”– If I am researching “these topics” then consider this “hypothesis”
• “Geodata fusion” Proceedings SPIE Geospatial InfoFusion III, 87470A (23 May 2013); doi: 10.1117/12.2016226
Copyright © 2015 Open Geospatial Consortium
OGC®
Scientific Knowledge from Geospatial Observations
• Standards underlie the scientific integrity of geospatial knowledge systems
• Open standards are essential to open science – Basis to converge empirical and conceptual for science progress– Standards progress must have a scientific framework
“Accidental observations made according to no plan, cannot be united under necessary law”
– Immanuel Kant
Copyright © 2015 Open Geospatial Consortium