science venn diagram all of these sciences are related and overlap!! copyright cmassengale1 g...

Science Venn Diagram

All of these sciences are related and overlap!!

copyright cmassengale 1

GGenetics

EEEvolution Taxonomy

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ClassificatioClassificationn

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•There are There are 3 million 3 million known known species of organismsspecies of organisms

•This is This is only 5% of all only 5% of all organisms that ever organisms that ever lived!!!!!lived!!!!!

•New organisms New organisms are still are still being found and identifiedbeing found and identified

Species of OrganismsSpecies of Organisms


What is a SPECIES?????A group of organisms that can naturally interbreed


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What is Classification?What is Classification?

ClassificationClassification is the is the arrangement of organisms arrangement of organisms into orderly into orderly groupsgroups based based on their on their similaritiessimilarities

Classification is also known Classification is also known as as taxonomytaxonomy

TaxonomistsTaxonomists are scientists are scientists that identify & name that identify & name organismsorganisms


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Benefits of ClassifyingBenefits of Classifying

•AccuratelyAccurately names names organisms organisms

•Provides clues to physical Provides clues to physical differencesdifferences

•Prevents Prevents misnomersmisnomers such such as starfish & jellyfish that as starfish & jellyfish that aren't really fish aren't really fish

•Uses Uses same language same language (Latin or some Greek)(Latin or some Greek) for for all names all names

Sea”horseSea”horse”??”??


Why LATIN?Latin was chosen because –-educated people knew the meaning of

the terms-it could be used as an international

language - it could gap the language barrier

-the language wouldn’t change with the language wouldn’t change with society society


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Confusion in Using Different Confusion in Using Different Languages for NamesLanguages for Names


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Latin Names are Understood Latin Names are Understood by all Taxonomistsby all Taxonomists


What does mephitis mean in Latin??

Noun1.A noxious gas emanating from something, esp. from the earth.2.A foul or poisonous stench.


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Early TaxonomistsEarly Taxonomists

•2500 years ago, 2500 years ago, AristotleAristotle was the was the first taxonomistfirst taxonomist

•Aristotle divided Aristotle divided organisms into organisms into plants & animalsplants & animals

•He He subdividedsubdivided them by their them by their habitathabitat --- ---land,land, seasea, , or or airair dwellers dwellers


Where do you put this guy????Honk Honk


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Early TaxonomistsEarly Taxonomists•John Ray, a John Ray, a

botanistbotanist,, was was the first to use the first to use Latin for Latin for namingnaming

•His His names names were very long were very long descriptionsdescriptions telling telling everything everything about the plantabout the plant


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Carolus LinnaeusCarolus Linnaeus1707 – 17781707 – 1778

•18th century Swedish Naturalist

•Classified organisms by their structure

•Developed naming system still used today


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Carolus LinnaeusCarolus Linnaeus

•Called the Called the “Father of “Father of Taxonomy”Taxonomy”

•Developed the modern Developed the modern system of naming system of naming known as known as bibinomial nomial nomenclaturenomenclature

•Two-wordTwo-word name (Genus name (Genus & species)& species)


Canis lupus


Term Meaning

BI= 2NOMIAL= NAMENOMENCLATURE= NAMING SYSTEM


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Standardized Standardized NamingNaming

•Binomial Binomial nomenclature nomenclature usedused

•Genus speciesGenus species

•Latin or GreekLatin or Greek

•ItalicizedItalicized in printin print

•CCapitalize genusapitalize genus, , but NOT but NOT sspeciespecies

•UnderlineUnderline when when writingwriting

Turdus Turdus migratoriusmigratorius

American American RobinRobincopyright cmassengale

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Binomial NomenclatureBinomial Nomenclature

Which TWO are more closely related?copyright cmassengale

Bear or Raccoon???The giant panda shares characteristics with

both the red panda and bears. As a result, scientists have argued on how to classify giant pandas.


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Classification GroupsClassification Groups

•TaxonTaxon ( ( taxataxa-plural) is a -plural) is a category into which related category into which related organisms are placedorganisms are placed

•There is a There is a hierarchyhierarchy of of groups (taxa) from broadest groups (taxa) from broadest to most specificto most specific

•Domain, Domain, KingdomKingdom, , PhylumPhylum, , ClassClass, , OrderOrder, , FamilyFamily, , GenusGenus, , speciesspecies


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Hierarchy-Taxonomic Hierarchy-Taxonomic GroupsGroups

DomainKingdom

Phylum(Division–is used for plants)

Class Order Family

Genus species

BROADEST BROADEST TAXONTAXON

Most Specific


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DDumbumb

KKingsings

PPlaylay

CChesshess

OOnn

FFatat

GGreenreen

SStoolstools


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3 Domains


6 kingdom Classification System


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•BroadestBroadest, , most inclusive most inclusive taxontaxon

Three domains based on RNA Three domains based on RNA differencesdifferences

1-Archaea – ancient bacteria 1-Archaea – ancient bacteria found in harsh environmentsfound in harsh environments

2-Bacteria- modern bacteria 2-Bacteria- modern bacteria found in common placesfound in common places

3-Eukarya- organisms that 3-Eukarya- organisms that have a nucleus have a nucleus

DomainsDomains


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ARCHAEA•Kingdom - ARCHAEBACTERIA

•Probably the 1st cells to evolve

•Live in HARSH environments

•Found in:

–Sewage Treatment Plants (Methanogens)

–Thermal or Volcanic Vents (Thermophiles)

–Hot Springs or Geysers that are acid

–Very salty water (Dead Sea; Great Salt Lake) - Halophiles


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BACTERIA

•Kingdom - EUBACTERIA

•Some may cause DISEASE

•Found in ALL HABITATS ALL HABITATS except harsh ones

•Important decomposers for environment

•Commercially important in making cottage cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, etc.


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Domain Eukarya is Domain Eukarya is Divided into 4 KingdomsDivided into 4 Kingdoms

•ProtistaProtista

•Fungi Fungi

•PlantaePlantae

•AnimaliaAnimalia


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ProtistaProtista

•THESE ARE THESE ARE ORGANISMS THAT ORGANISMS THAT ARE ARE NOTNOT PLANTS, PLANTS, ANIMALS OR ANIMALS OR FUNGUSFUNGUS

•Can be unicellular Can be unicellular or multicellularor multicellular

•Can be Can be autotrophicautotrophic or or heterotrophicheterotrophic

•All Are All Are Aquatic/microscopicAquatic/microscopic


• Normally Asexual

Examples of ProtistsAmoebas, Green Algae,

Dinoflaggellates


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FungiFungi•Multicellular,Multicellular,

except yeastexcept yeast

•Absorptive Absorptive heterotrophs heterotrophs (digest food (digest food outside their outside their body & then body & then absorb it)absorb it)

•Cell walls Cell walls made of made of chitinchitin


Examples of FungiExamples of Fungi

Molds Yeasts Mushrooms


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PlantaePlantae

•MulticellularMulticellular

•AutotrophicAutotrophic

•Absorb Absorb sunlight sunlight to make glucose to make glucose – – PhotoPhotosynthesissynthesis

•Cell walls made Cell walls made of of cellulosecellulose


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AnimaliaAnimalia

•MulticellularMulticellular

•Ingestive Ingestive heterotrophsheterotrophs (consume food (consume food & digest it & digest it inside their inside their bodies)bodies)

•Feed on Feed on plantsplants or or animalsanimals

•Movement!Movement!


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TaxonsTaxons

•Most Most generagenera contain a contain a number of similar number of similar speciesspecies

•The genus The genus HomoHomo is an is an exception (only contains exception (only contains modern humans)modern humans)

•Classification is based on evolutionary evolutionary relationshipsrelationships


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Basis for Modern Basis for Modern TaxonomyTaxonomy

•Homologous structuresHomologous structures (same structure, (same structure, different function)different function)

•Similar Similar embryoembryo developmentdevelopment

•Molecular SimilarityMolecular Similarity in in DNADNA, , RNARNA, or , or amino acidamino acid sequence of Proteinssequence of Proteins


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Homologous Structures (BONES in the FORELIMBS) Homologous Structures (BONES in the FORELIMBS) shows Similarities in mammals.shows Similarities in mammals.


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Similarities in Vertebrate Similarities in Vertebrate EmbryosEmbryos


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CladogramCladogramDiagram showing how organisms are related Diagram showing how organisms are related

based on based on shared, derived characteristicsshared, derived characteristics such as feathers, hair, or scalessuch as feathers, hair, or scales


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Primate Primate CladogramCladogram


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Dichotomous KeyingDichotomous Keying

•Used to identify Used to identify organismsorganisms

•Characteristics given in Characteristics given in pairspairs

•Read both Read both characteristicscharacteristics and and either go to another set either go to another set of characteristics of characteristics OROR identify the organismidentify the organism


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Example of Dichotomous Example of Dichotomous KeyKey

1a Tentacles present – Go to 21a Tentacles present – Go to 2

1b Tentacles absent – Go to 31b Tentacles absent – Go to 3

2a Eight Tentacles – Octopus2a Eight Tentacles – Octopus

2b More than 8 tentacles – 32b More than 8 tentacles – 3

3a Tentacles hang down – go to 3a Tentacles hang down – go to 44

3b Tentacles upright–Sea 3b Tentacles upright–Sea AnemoneAnemone

4a Balloon-shaped body–4a Balloon-shaped body–JellyfishJellyfish

4b Body NOT balloon-shaped - 54b Body NOT balloon-shaped - 5


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science venn diagram all of these sciences are related and overlap!! copyright cmassengale1 g...

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