science skills. technology use of knowledge to solve practical problems. science and technology are...
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Science Skills
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Technology
• Use of knowledge to solve practical problems.• Science and technology are interdependent• Advances in one lead to advances in the other
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Models• Make it easier to understand things that might
be too difficult to observe directly. • Computer models can show Earth moving• Allows to see things that are too small (atoms)• Allows to see situations that are dangerous or
not possible to show. (ocean floor)
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Models representation of object or system
• Can be:• Physical: airplanes, drawings, cell, volcanoes,
steam engine, skyscraper• Mathematical: Weather predictions, punnett
square• Conceptual: systems of ideas, making
comparisons with familiar things to help illustrate or explain
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Safety
• 1. Never start without teacher • 2. Read directions and assign jobs• 3. Fire and Heat /Electrical Precautions• 4. Chemical Precautions• 5. Proper equipment, goggles, gloves• 6. No running, playing, eating, throwing items• 7. Clean Up and disposal
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International system of units (SI)• Used in many countries to have a uniform scale
of measurement.
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Conversions: Units based on 10
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Measurement
• Volume: Measure of the amount of space an object takes up. For regular shaped solids use the equations L X W X H but for an irregular shaped solid you use a graduated cylinder and measure how much water is displaced. ( cm³ or ml)
• 1 ml = 1 cm³• Mass: The measure of the amount of matter in an object. The
tool used is a triple beam balance. (Grams g)• Length: distance between two or more points. (meter m)
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SI Base UnitsQuantity Unit Symbol
Length meter m
Mass kilogram kg
Temperature kelvin K
Time second s
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Derived UnitsQuantity Unit Symbol
Area Square meter m²
Volume Cubic meter m³
Density Kg per cubic meter Kg/m³
Frequency hertz Hz
wavelength meter m
VelocitySpeed
m/s directionm/s
v vE
Acceleration Meters per second per second
m/s² or m/s/s
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Quantity Unit Symbol
Power J /s W
Force Kg.m/s² N
Momentum Kilogram meter per s Kg.m/s
Work Joule J
Energy Joule J
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Organizing Data• Data Tables: easier to spot trends in the data
that can support or disprove a hypothesis.
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D R Y M I X
• Dependent variable ( outcome)• Responding Variable• Y – axis
• Manipulated variable• Independent Variable (test)• X - axis
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Graphing DO’S
1. Title2. Scale3. Label units for independent & dependent
variables4. Key5. Label the X & Y axis
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Graphs• Line Graph: shows changes that occur in
related variables. Data that will change over time and not stay the same. ( Temperature)
• The Independent (manipulated) variable is on the x x-axis (horizontal axis ).
• The dependent (r) variable is on the y y-axis (vertical axis).
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Bar Graph• Used to compare a set of measurements,
amounts, or changes. Allows us to analyze data quickly.
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Circle/ Pie Graph
• A divided circle that shows how a part or percent of something relates to the whole.
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Doing Science
• Descriptive Research: answers through observations.
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Observation• Uses your senses: sight, smell , sound, touch,
taste• Qualitative: a quality such as color, shape,
smell.
• Quantitative: a number or quantity such as 20 students are in this class.
• Observations lead to inferences (guess).
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Observations
• Systemic observation: observations obtained by following a preplanned method of observation.
• Empirical Evidence: Evidence based on observations of experiments rather than theory.
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Inferences
• A guess based on your observations.• Example: The students are tired because they
were up late study for their science exam.
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Hypothesis
• An educated guess base on observations. • Use an if ----- then statement.
• If independent variable then dependent variable.
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Experimental Research
• To answer questions by testing a hypothesis through the use of scientific method.
• Perform a controlled experiment by changing one variable (independent variable) , using a control group, constants, and dependent variable.
• Trials: do multiple trials (repeat) to make study reliable.
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Variables
• Independent variable/test variable: The variable manipulated by the experimenter in order to study changes in the outcome variable.
• Dependent variable/outcome variable: A factor, usually being measured or observed that responds to, or depends on, another factor (test variable).
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Multiple Trials
• Repetition: Making multiple sets of measurements or observations in a scientific investigation.
• Replication: The reproduction of a scientific investigation by another person to ensure accuracy.
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C & C
• Constants: Factors that need to be kept the same in an experiment. Example: amount of sunlight, amount of water, and type of plant.
• Control or Control Group: receives normal conditions and used for comparison. Example a group that does not receive a medication to lower high blood pressure.
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Law vs. Theory
• Law: A statement that describes invariable relationships among phenomenon, or scientific problem that can be tested by further investigation.
• Theory: A set of statements or principles devised to explain a group of facts or phenomena, especially one that has been repeatedly tested or is widely accepted and can be used to make predictions about natural phenomena.
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Bias
• Scientists may expect certain results which effects the outcome of their experiment.
• Avoid by making careful measurements and choosing random samples.