science progress 98(4)

SCIENCE PROGRESS100 years of reporting science

SCIENCE REVIEWS 2000 LTD

ISSN 0036 8504

Volume 98 Part 4 2015

SCIENCE PROGRESS100 years of reporting science

ABSTRACT EDITION

Reviews313 Bacterial cell division: experimental and theoretical approaches

to the divisomeClaire E. Broughton, David I. Roper, Hugo A. van den Berg and Alison Rodger

346 Multifunctionality in molecular magnetismDawid Pinkowicz, Bernard Czarnecki, Mateusz Reczyński and Mirosław Arczyński

379 Nitrogen, phosphorus, carbon and populationBernard Gilland

391 What do bones tell us? The study of human skeletons from the perspective of forensic anthropologyBrigida Corrieri and Nicholas Márquez-Grant

Current commentaries403 Permaculture: regenerative – not merely sustainable

Christopher J. Rhodes

413 Exercising our brains, muscles and cells to fight the ageing processSamuel J.E. Lucas, Leigh Breen and Anna C. Phillips

416 Dementia as an existential threat: the importance of self-esteem, social connectedness and meaning in lifeRichard Cheston, Gary Christopher and Sanda Ismail

Progress in Science420 Science news

426 Events diary

427 One hundred years ago in Science Progress

Cover: The fascinating world of multifunctional solids with magnetism as the leitmotif – see pages 346 – 378

SCIENCE PROGRESSVolume 98 Part 4 2015

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Science Progress (2015), 98(4), 313 – 345Paper 1500148 doi:10.3184/003685015X14461391862881

Bacterial cell division: experimental and theoretical approaches to the divisome

CLAIRE E. BROUGHTON, DAVID I. ROPER, HUGO A. VAN DEN BERG and ALISON RODGER

ABSTRACT

Cell division is a key event in the bacterial life cycle. It involves constriction at the midcell, so that one cell can give rise to two daughter cells. This constriction is mediated by a ring composed of fibrous multimers of the protein FtsZ. However, a host of additional factors is involved in the formation and dynamics of this “Z‑ring” and this complicated apparatus is collectively known as the “divisome”. We review the literature, with an emphasis on mathematical modelling, and show how such theoretical efforts have helped experimentalists to make sense of the at times bewildering data, and plan further experiments.

Keywords: bacterial cell division, FtsZ, Z‑ring, FtsA, ZipA, divisome, mathematical modelling

Figure 1 The prokaryotic divisome. A schematic representation of the complex of proteins that orchestrates cytokinesis in prokaryotic cells1. Cylinders represent trans‑membrane domains.

Link to full article: http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/stl/sciprg/2015/00000098/00000004/art00001

http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/stl/sciprg/2015/00000098/00000004/art00001


Multifunctionality in molecular magnetismDAWID PINKOWICZ, BERNARD CZARNECKI, MATEUSZ RECZYŃSKI and MIROSŁAW ARCZYŃSKI

ABSTRACT

Molecular magnetism draws from the fundamental ideas of structural chemistry and combines them with experimental physics resulting in one of the highest profile current topics, namely molecular materials that exhibit multifunctionality. Recent advances in the design of new generations of multifunctional molecular magnets that retain the functions of the building blocks and exhibit non‑trivial magnetic properties at higher temperatures provide promising evidence that they may be useful for the future construction of nanoscale devices. This article is not a complete review but is rather an introduction into the fascinating world of multifunctional solids with magnetism as the leitmotif. We provide a subjective selection and discussion of the most inspiring examples of multifunctional molecular magnets: magnetic sponges, guest‑responsive magnets, molecular magnets with ionic conductivity, photomagnets and non‑centrosymmetric and chiral magnets.

KEYWORDS: bimetallic, polymetallic, chiral, guest‑responsive, hysteresis, ionic conductivity, LIESST, magnetic sponge, molecular magnet, multifunctionality, photomagnet, second harmonic generation, spin crossover, single‑molecule magnet

Figure 9 Diagram of the tristability of [FeII(1‑propyltetrazole)6 ](BF

4)

2. Adapted with

permission from J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2013, 135, 15880. Copyright 2013 American Chemical Society.




Nitrogen, phosphorus, carbon and population

BERNARD GILLAND

ABSTRACT

Population growth makes food production increase necessary; economic growth increases demand for animal products and livestock feed. As further increase of the cropland area is ecologically undesirable, it is necessary to increase crop yields; this requires, inter alia, more nitrogen and phosphorus fertiliser, despite the environmental problems which this will exacerbate. It is probable that a satisfactory food supply and an environmentally benign agriculture worldwide cannot be achieved without reducing population to approximately three billion. The reduction could be achieved by 2200 if the total fertility rate – currently 2.5 – declined to 1.5 as a world average by 2050, and remained at that level until 2200, but the probability of such a global fertility trajectory is close to zero. It will also be necessary to replace fossil energy by nuclear and renewable energy in order to stabilise atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, but the phase‑out cannot be completed until the 22nd century, when the atmospheric concentration will be approximately 50% above the 2015 level of 400 ppm.

Keywords: population, nitrogen fertiliser, phosphorus fertiliser, nonfossil energy, climate change


Box 1 The incremental yield–nitrogen ratio in 2014 is calculated as follows:• Global cereal yield 3,800 kg ha – 1

• Basal cereal yield (1961 – 1965 average + 10%) 1,600 kg ha – 1

• Yield from N fertiliser = 3800 – 1600 = 2,200 kg ha – 1

• Global nitrogen application on cereals = 114 × 0.55 = 63 Mt

• Cereal area 720 Mha

• Average nitrogen application on cereals 87 kg ha – 1

• Incremental yield–nitrogen ratio = 2,200 / 87 = 25

• Cereal yields of up to 2,500 kg ha – 1 were obtained in the Netherlands as far back as 1850, but the world average yield without inorganic fertiliser would be much lower, chiefly due to variation in soil quality and moisture availability44.



What do bones tell us? The study of human skeletons from the perspective of forensic anthropologyBRIGIDA CORRIERI and NICHOLAS MÁRQUEZ‑GRANT

ABSTRACT

Human remains are present in a number of contexts. Some of these are archaeological burial sites, which can comprise individual or mass graves burials. Human remains are usually found buried (or cremated), but they can also be found in museums and in universities, as part of their anatomical collections. Human remains can be found in churches as relics, in ossuaries, and as part of objects. Hence human remains refer to not just a complete skeleton, but also a part of a bone or tooth, hair and mummified remains. In more recent forensic, police or medico‑legal cases, human skeletal remains can be found in a number of contexts, such as fire scenes, natural disasters, clandestine graves, or on the surface in open areas (e.g. a woodland). One aspect of physical anthropology is that which studies human skeletal remains in order to reconstruct the past, understand human variation, and provide information about the deceased individuals, such as their age at death, sex, ancestry, stature, pathological conditions or traumatic injuries; the remains from medico‑legal or police cases fall under the branch of forensic anthropology.

Keywords: physical anthropology, human skeleton, forensic science


1

23 456

78

10

9

11

12

1314

1516

1718

19

20

21

2223

24

1. Cranial bones (27)2. Mandible3. Hyoid4. Cervical vertebrae (7)5. Clavicle (2)6. Scapula (2)7. Sternum8. Ribs (24)9 Humerus (2)

10. Ulna (2)11. Radius (2)12. Os coxae (2)13. Sacrum14. Coccyx (3 – 5)15. Carpals (16)16. Metacarpals (10)17. Phalanges (28)18. Femur (2)19. Patella (2)20. Tibia (2)21. Fibula (2)22. Tarsals (14)23. Metatarsals (10)24. Foot phalanges (28)


Current CommentariesScience Progress (2015), 98(4), 403 – 412

Permaculture: regenerative – not merely sustainableCHRISTOPHER J. RHODESKeywords: permaculture, sustainable, regenerative, techno‑fix, green‑tech, green business, soil, climate change, earth stewardship, soil, hydrologic cycle

Within a broader perspective of regenerative design, permaculture identifies the elements of sustainable living which are harmonious with nature. Discordant practices which lead, e.g. to soil erosion, fret the environment, and are neither sustainable nor regenerative, but degenerative.

Link to full FREE article: http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/stl/sciprg/2015/00000098/00000004/art00005

Science Progress (2015), 98(4), 413 – 415

Exercising our brains, muscles and cells to fight the ageing processSAMUEL J.E. LUCAS*, LEIGH BREEN and ANNA C. PHILLIPS

School of Sport, Exercise & Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK. *E‑mail: [email protected]: brain health, muscle function, immune system, ageing process

This commentary questions the lifestyle that we lead and discuss realistic alternatives to incorporate healthy activity, such as exercise, into our lifestyles to improve our healthy ageing. It illustrates the effectiveness of physical activity for ageing healthily.


Science Progress (2015), 98(4), 416 – 419

Dementia as an existential threat: the importance of self-esteem, social connectedness and meaning in lifeRICHARD CHESTON*, GARY CHRISTOPHER and SANDA ISMAIL

Health and Social Sciences, Department of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 9AY, UK*E‑mail: [email protected]: dementia, cognitive function, self esteem, social connectedness

If we are to achieve an understanding of the psychological impact of dementia, then we also need to understand the way in which dementia acts as an existential threat. Dementia can compromise identity, challenge independence, prompt social isolation and threaten our ability to find meaning and purpose in life.





Science news


In our free Science news section this issue:

• Nanodiamonds might prevent tooth loss after root canals

• Global marine analysis suggests food chain collapse

• Plants trick bees with caffeine-laced nectar• Undetected solar storms: a hazard to power supply and

telecommunications

• Plant biosensor could help African farmers fight parasitic ‘witchweed’• Unlocking the secrets of how fossils form

For more of the latest science news follow our Twitter feed: @SciProgress

Events diaryOur Events diary includes details of upcoming conferences and science meetings.


To have your conference or meeting listed E-mail: [email protected]

We also welcome conference reports or papers for publication

One hundred years ago in Science Progress . . .Science Progress has been published for over 100 years. In the latest issue we include articles from 1915 on:

WAR INVENTIONS

A LETTER FROM THE FRONT

GOVERNMENT AND CHEMISTRY

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