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Unit: Force and Motion.

Lesson: Mass and Weight.

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Homework

Q1: Define. Mass: …………………………………………………………………………..……………………… Weight:…………………………………………………………………………………………………. Q4: Write the scientific term.

1- The amount of matter in an object.( ) 2- The force with which a body is attracted to the earth. ( )

Q3: Put ( ) √ or )×( ,and correct the false. 1- Mass depends on the amount of matter in the object. ) (

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2- Mass is the force that attract the body to the earth. ) (

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3- Weight is the amount of matter in an object.( ) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Homework

Q1: Complete. 1- …………………………is equal to the mass of a paper clip, whereas the kilogram is equal to………………………. 2- Mass is measured by using………………………., …………………………, and ………………………………… 3- Weight is measured by using …………………………..and the measuring unit is……………… 4- ……………………….is equal to the weight of an object whose mass is 100 grams.

Q2:Give reasons. 1- The mass of an object is constant.

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Q3: Write the scientific term. 1- The measurement unit of mass which equal to a mass liter of water. ( ) 2- Measuring unit of mass and equal to the mass of the paperclip.(--------------) 3- It is equal to the weight of an object whose mass is 100 grams. (--------------) 4- A device measurement used to measure weight. (---------------)

Q4: Compare between mass and weight in the following table.

Points of comparison

Mass weight

Definition

Measuring unit

Device of measurement

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Homework

Q1: Compare between.

Points of comparison Mass weight


Direction

Effect of different places

Q2: Complete. 1- Factors that affect weight are…………………………………….…….,

……………………………….………., ………………………………………….. 2- The Earth gravitational force decreases as the body moves away from

………………………… 3- The more the planet,s ……………………increases , the more The Earth

gravitational force increases and the more the object,s weight becomes. 4- One of the most common mistakes in our dialy life is the confusion between -----

--------------- and ----------------------- 5- There is a relation between mass and -------------------- 6- Mass of an object does not depend on ----------------------

Q2 :Choose the correct answer. 1. Newton equal to the weight of an object whose mass is……………… ( 100 – 200 –

300 – 400 ) grams. 2. The attraction force of the earth is called………………. ( mass –

weight – matter ). 3. The measuring unit of weight is…………………. ( Kg – gram – newton ). 4. Weight (Newton) =……………………….. (Mass

(gram) × 10 – Mass (Kg) × 10 – Mass (Newton) × 10 ). 5. The weight of an object on the moon is equal to one………………… (quarter – sixth

– fifth – half)of its weight on the Earth.

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Date:…………………………………….

Lesson contents:

Find the weight of an object whose mass is 6 Kg and find its weight on the moon?

Weight on Earth = …………………….X ……………………..

= …………………X…………………= ……………………..

Weight on Moon= …………………………….X …………………..

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Homework

Q1:Give reasons. 1-The gravity on the moon is less than the gravity on the earth.

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Q2:Find the weight of an object on the moon where its weight on the earth

is 120 newton. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Q3: Find the weight of an object on the Earth and on the Moon where its

mass on Earth equal 30 km . ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Q4:Complete the following table.

Comparsion Mass Weight

definition

Measuring unit


Measuring unit

direction


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Lesson: Revision unit one (Solving student book).

Date:…………………………………….

Lesson contents:

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Points of comparison Mass weight

Definition The amount of

matter in an object. The force which attracts

bodies to the Earth.

Measuring unit Kilogram or gram Newton


A balance scale A spring scale

Direction has no direction It is towards the center of the Earth


Constant (does not change with the

change in place).

Changes from planet to another.

For mass & weight problems: Weight (Newton)= mass (kg) x 10

Weight on the moon= × weight on the Earth.

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Quiz 1

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Unit: Thermal energy.

Lesson: Heat conduction.

Date:…………………………………….

Lesson contents:

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Homework

Q1: what is meant by:

Heat energy:………………………………………………………………………………………..…………

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Temperature:…………………………………………………………………….……………………………

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Q2: Write the scientific term.

1- It is a form of energy that transfers from the higher temperature object to the lower temperature object. ( )

2- It is the degree of hotness or coldness. ( )

Q3: Compare between good and bad conductors of heat in the following table.


Good conductors of heat

Bad conductors of heat

Definition

Examples

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Lesson: Heat conduction.

Date:…………………………………….

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Homework


1-Device used in measuring temperature. ( ) 2- Metal which conducts heat faster. ( ) 3- Materials which do not let heat flow through.( )

Q2: Give reasons: 1- Air is used in making insulating glass window. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2- We wear wool clothes in the winter. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3- We find spaces between railways.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4-Handles of cooking pots are made of wood. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Q3: Complete.

1- Examples of materials that conduct heat are………………………. and ……………………… while examples of insulators materials are ………………………… and …………………………. 2- All metals are…………………..conductors of heat. 3- Copper conducts heat faster than ……………………… and …………………… 4- Bad conductors are used in ……………………………………………………………

Q4:Compare between good and bad conductors of heat in the following table.


Good conductors of heat

Bad conductors of heat

Definition

Usages

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Quiz 2

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Lesson: Measuring temperature.

Date:…………………………………….

Lesson contents:

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Homework

Q1: Put ( √ ) or ( x ). 1- The main idea of making thermometers is changing the volume of the solids with

changing temperature. ( ) 2- Materials expand by heating and contract by cooling.( ) 3- We cannot measure temperature by touching. ( ) 4- The temperature of the healthy human is 73oc. ( ) 5- Mercury is a toxic material. ( )

Q2: Complete.

1- The Swedish scientist …………………………created the Celsius scale. 2- The melting point of ice is ………………..and the boiling point is ………

Q3:Give reasons.

1- There is a constriction above the bulb in the medical thermometer. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2- Medical thermometer is not used in measuring boiling point of water. …………………………………………………………………………………………………....

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Lesson: Measuring temperature.

Date:…………………………………….

Lesson contents:

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Homework

Q4: Compare between medical and Celsius thermometers in the following table.

Q2: Complete.

1- Mercury remains in the liquid state between the degrees …………and ………..……. 2- ………………..……………is used in sterilizing the medical thermometers.

Q3: Give reason.

1- Mercury preferred in making thermometers. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2- Do not seize thermometer firmly with your teeth. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………


Medical thermometer Celsius thermometer

Range of the scale

Constriction

Used liquid

usage

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Lesson: Revision unit 2 (Solving student book).

Date:…………………………………….

Lesson contents:

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Quiz 3

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Heat is: a form of energy that transfers from the higher temperature

object to the lower temperature one.

Temperature is: the degree of hotness or coldness of a body.

Good conductor of heat:Materials that conduct heat and let heat flow through. such

as: iron, copper, aluminium.

Bad conductor of heat (insulators): Materials that do not let heat flow through.

such as: wood,plastic.

Usages of good conductors: making cooking pots and kettles. In factories and in houses.

Usages of bad conductors: making handles of cooking pots , kettles and utensils. iron handles. Heavy blankets and wool clothes.

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Unit: The Atmosphere.

Lesson: Oxygen.

Date:…………………………………….

Lesson contents:

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Points of comparison Medical thermometer Celsius thermometer

Structure 1- transparent glass tube with capillary tube. 2- capillary tube is connected to a bulb. 3- The bulb filled with mercury . 4- a constriction above the bulb

1- transparent glass tube with capillary tube. 2- capillary tube is connected to a bulb. 3- the bulb filled with mercury.

Range of the scale from 350 c to 420 c. from 00 c to 1000 c.

Constriction It is existed. It is not existed.

Used liquid Mercury. Mercury.

usage Measuring temperature of human.

Measuring temperature of liquids.

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Homework:

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Q1: Complete.

1- Oxygen gas represents …………..% of the volume of the atmosphere. 2- Solid objects in the atmosphere such as……………………and………………..are produced by…………………..and……………. 3- The consumption of oxygen in the respiration is compensated by

………..………………………… process. 4- The scienist ……………………………….rediscovered oxygen and the

scienist………………………………..gave it the name "oxygen".

Q2: Give reason: 1- The atmosphere has a great importance for the life on the earth. ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 2- The ratio of oxygen is fixed although it is consumed in combustion and respiration.

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Lesson: Oxygen.

Date:…………………………………….

Lesson contents:

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Q1: Draw the apparatus used to prepare Oxygen, and write the label.

Q2: Complete.

1- Oxygen is………………..than the air so it replaces it. 2- During preparing oxygen, hydrogen peroxide dissociates into

…………………… and ……………………….

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Q3: Write the scientific term. 1- The catalyst that used in preparing oxygen. ( )

Q4:Give reasons.

1- Oxygen is prepared by displacing water downward. ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 2- Manganese dioxide is used in preparing oxygen. …………………………………………………………………………………………………..


Lesson: Oxygen.

Date:…………………………………….

Lesson contents:

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Complete. 1- Oxygen has a ……………………..effect on litmus paper.


1- The rapid reaction that occurs between oxygen and elements producing heat and light. ( ) 2-The slow reaction that occurs between oxygen and elements in the presence of moisture.( ) Q3:Give reasons. 1- The materials become heavier after burning. …………………………………………………………………………………………………

Q4: Mention Properties of oxygen gas.

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Q4: Compare between oxidation and combustion.


Lesson: Oxygen.

Date:…………………………………….

Lesson contents:

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Oxidation Combustion

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Q1: Complete. 1- Ozone is composed of…………… oxygen atoms and it has the symbol…….. 2- Oxygen gas combines with…………………… gas to produce …………….……..

flame whose temperature is……………… 3- Water consists of oxygen united with……………………

Q1: Mention uses of oxygen gas.

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Q3:Give reasons. 1- Oxygen cylinders are used during diving and climbing mountains. ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 2- The importance of Ozone layer. …………………………………………………………………………………………………..

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Quiz(4)

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Atmosphere: is a mixture of gases that surround the earth and are

attracted by the gravity.

Importance of the Atmosphere: 1- It protects the earth from ultraviolet radition. 2- It adjusts (makes it suitable) the temperature of the earth. 3- There are solid objects in the atmosphere such as: smoke and gases,

these objects are air pollutants but they help in: condensing water vapor and falling rains or snow.

Oxygen gas represents 21% (one fifth)of the atmosphere volume. Oxygen is compensated by photosynthesis process.

Properties of Oxygen gas: -It is colorless, tasteless and odorless gas. -It scarcely dissolves in water. -It does not burn, but it helps in burning.

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-It has a neutral effect on litmus paper. -It is heavier than air (high density) so it replaces the air. -It can unite directly with most elements forming oxides.

Uses of Oxygen gas: -Water consists of oxygen united with hydrogen. -It is also important in respiration and combustion (burning). -It is used in cutting and welding metals by using oxy-acetylene flame which produced from combining between oxygen and acetylene gases, the flame has the temperature 3500oc which is sufficient to melt metals. -Ozone layer consists of 3 oxygen atoms (O3), this layer in the atmosphere protects the earth from harmful radiations. -Oxygen is compressed in iron cylinders to be used in:

1- Mechanical ventilation for patients who suffer from breathing difficulties. 2- During surgeries. 3- During diving and climbing because oxygen lighter (decreases) when we

rise above the surface of the earth.


Lesson: Carbon dioxide .

Date:…………………………………….

Lesson contents:

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Q1: Complete. 1-Carbon dioxide represents ………………% of the volume of the atmosphere. 2- Carbon dioxide is emitted by burning organic materials such as ……………………, ………………………., and…………………….. 3- The material that cigarettes are made of is called…………………. 4- Carbon dioxide consists of …………………..linked with…………………. and it has the symbol…………….. 5- ……………………gas is produced during the respiration of germinated seeds. 6- Magnesium ribbon keeps burning in presence of CO2 and turns into: ……………………………………….. and …………………………….. Q2: Give reasons. 1- Limewater is used in detecting carbon dioxide. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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2- Increasing temperature of CO2 is dangerous to the life on the earth. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….... 3- Carbon dioxide is used in extinguishing fires. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. Q3: Mention Properties of Carbon dioxide gas. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……….



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Q1: Draw the apparatus used to prepare Carbon dioxide, and write the label.

Q2: Give reason. 1-Carbon dioxide is prepared by displacing air upward.

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…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 2-Carbon dioxide is not prepared by using water. …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Q3: Complete. 1- Carbon dioxide is ………………… than air, so it is collected by displacing air

upward. 2- During preparing carbon dioxide, we add …………………..to ……….……………



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Lesson contents:

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Q1: Give reasons. 1-Yeast is added to dough. …………………………………………………………………………………………………….…….. 2- Carbon dioxide is used in refrigeration. …………………………………………………………………………………………………….…….. Q2: Mention the importance of carbon dioxide. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Q3: Complete. 1- ………………………gas is called the silent killer. 2- Dry ice is used in …………………….……..

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Quiz (5)

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Carbon dioxide gas represents 0.03% of the atmosphere volume. Sources of carbon dioxide are:

1- Burning organic materials. 2- Resbiration.

Properties of Carbon dioxide gas:

-It is colorless and odorless. -It is heavier than air. -It easily dissolves in water. -It does not burn and does not help in burning, so it is used in extinguishing (putting off) fires. -Magnesium ribbon keeps burning in presence of CO2 and turns into: 1- Magnesium oxide (white color). 2- Carbon (coal) on the wall of the cylinder.

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Uses of Carbon dioxide gas: -It is used in refrigeration on converting it into liquid by pressure and cooling, then pressure is relieved (decreased) to compose dry ice that used in refrigeration. -It is used in extinguishing fires. -It is used in making soft drinks. -When we add yeast to bread bubbled, fermentation process is occurred and CO2 is produced which makes the bread porous and tasty. -It has a great role in photosynthesis process that leads to production of food and oxygen.


Lesson: Nitrogen .

Date:…………………………………….

Lesson contents:

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Q1: Complete. 1- Nitrogen gas represents ………………% of the volume of the atmosphere. 2- Nitrogen was discovered by a scientist called……………………………. 3- Nitrogen is also called………………….which means………………………. 4- ……………………..the main compnent in proteins. 5- Legumes benefit from the nitrogen in the air in producing……………….. 6- Nitrogen consists of two …………………… atoms and it has the symbol

………………….. 7- During burning of magnesium ribbon, it combines with nitrogen and by

adding water,………………….emits.

Q2: Give reasons.

1- Nitrogen is called azote.

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……………………………………………..…………………………………………………………….. 2- A pungent smell emits when we add water to magnesium ribbon combined with nitrogen. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Q3: Mention the properties of nitrogen. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..


Lesson: Nitrogen .

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Lesson contents:

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Homework Q1: Give reasons.

1- We prepare nitrogen by passing air across the sodium hydroxide. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

2- Nitrogen is prepared by displacing water downward. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

3- We prepare nitrogen by passing air across the hot copper. …………………………………………………………………………………………………..….

4- Nitrogen is prepared by using the atmospheric air. …………………………………………………………………………………………………..….

Q2: Draw the apparatus that used in preparing N2 , and label it.

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Lesson: Nitrogen .

Date:…………………………………….

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Homework:

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Homework Q1: Mention the importance of Nitrogen gas. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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Q2: Give reason. 1- Nitrogen used in filling car tires. ……………………………………………………………………………..………………………….... 2- Nitrogen is used in storing petroleum and flammable materials.

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Quiz 6

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Nitrogen gas represents 78 % of the atmosphere volume. The main sources of Nitrogen is the atmosphere.

Properties of Nitrogen gas:

- It is colorless, tasteless and odorless. -It scarcely dissolves in water. -It does not help in burning. -It combines with a lighted magnesium ribbon forming a white substance , by adding water "ammonia" emits (is produced) with a pungent smell. -It has a neutral effect on litmus paper. -It can be condensed to a liquid.

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Uses of Nitrogen gas: -It is used in filling car tires due to the relative constancy of its volume with changing of temperature. - Liquid nitrogen used in cooling food products, medicines, vaccines which

spoiled by heat. -Liquid nitrogen is used as a treatment to skin tumors. -It is used in making gunpowder, electronic devices, stainless steel, ammonia and ammonia nitrates that used in making soil fertilizers. -It is used in the tanks of liquified explosives and in storing petroleum and flammable materials because it is an inactive material. -It is used in filling some types of lamps. -It is the main component in all proteins and it enters in the composition of the living things tissues. -It reacts with nitrogen during lightening to form nitrogen oxides. -Nitrogen helps legumes such as clover, peas and soybeans to produce proteins with the help of a type of bacteria.


Lesson: Revision unit 3.

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Unit: Structure and function.

Lesson: Nervous system.

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Q1:Write the scientific term. 1-Branches extend from neuron body.( ) 2- The building unit of the nervous system. ( )

Q2: Give reasons. 1-The importance of dendrites in cell body of the neuron.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………… Q3:Complete.

1-……………………is the building unit of nervous system and it consists of ……………………….. and …………………………….

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2- Dendrites in neurons connect with neighboring neurons composing …………………………… 3- The axon in neurons covered with a fatty layer called …………….....,and it ends with nerve ending called ………………………………… Q4:Draw the neuron (nerves cell),and label it.



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Q1:Write the scientific term. 1- Part of nervous system contains centers of thinking and memory.( ) 2-The outer surface of the hemispheres and it is gray.( )

Q2: Give reasons. 1-Damage of the medulla oblongata causes death.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………… Q3:Mention the function of each:

1-The two hemispheres. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

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2-Skull. …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3- Cerebellum. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Q4:Complete.

1-The adult human brain weight about ………………….Kg. 2-The nervous system consists of two major systems which are …………………………………………… and ……………………………………



Date:…………………………………….

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Homework Q1: Write the scientific term.

1-The system which consists of nerves emerge from the central nervous system.( ) 2-Nerves which emerge from the brain.( ) 3-Nerves which emerge from the spinal cord.( ) 4-An involuntary response by the nervous system when the body is subjected to an external stimuli. ( )

Q2: Give reasons.

1-The spinal cord extends inside the backbone. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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Q3:Mention the function of each:

1- Spinal cord. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Q4:Complete.

1- There are …………….. pairs of nerves which emerge from the brain and …………… pairs of nerves emerge from the spinal cord .

2- Spinal cord appears in the shape of letter………………….. 3- Reflex action is………………………………………………………………………………….



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How can you maintain your nervous system?

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Quiz (7)

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The building unit of the nervous system is a cell that called: Neuron

Structure of the neuron: Cell body The axon

Dendrites

cytoplasm

Nucleus

Axon

Myelin sheath

Axon terminals

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1- Central nervous system:

Consists of: 1- Brain. 2- Spinal cord.

First: Brain It is located in a bony box called skull to protect it. It consists of: 1- Cerebrum.

2- Cerebellum. 3- Medulla oblongata.

Cerebrum: -It Controls voluntary movements in the body such as running. -It Receives nerve impulses from organs and send responses.

- It Contains the centers of thinking and memory. Cerebellum:

- It maintain the balance during moving.

Medulla Oblongata: it Controls (regulating) the involuntary processes of the body such as:

Heart beats. Movements of respiratory system (breathing). Movements of digestive system.

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Second: Spinal cord

It extends in the backbone. It appears in the shape of letter ( H ) .

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It delivers (gives) nerve messages from body organs to brain and vice versa.

It is responsible for the reflexes actions. Reflex action: is involuntary response of the body to different stimuli.

1- Peripheral nervous system:

Consists of: 1- spinal nerves (31 pairs). 2- cranial nerves (12 pairs).

Maintaining human nervous system

Reducing stimulating substances such as coffee because they affect sleeping periods and heart beats and lead to nervous tension.

Stay away from tranquilizers and stimulants. Not exhausting sensory organs by sitting for long periods in front of computer and television. Give your body a sufficient period of rest and sleeping. Avoiding extreme exciting situations. Staying away from sources of pollution such as noisy places and smoke. Doing physical exercises.


Lesson: Locomotory system.

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Q1:Write the scientific term. 1-Its function is to allow the body to bend in different directions.( )


1- Rib cage. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

2- Cartilages. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

3- Back bone.

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…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Q3:Complete. 1-Movement occurs with participation and integration of special systems such

as ……………………….., …………………….and…………………….systems. 2- Locomotory system consists of two major systems which are

…………………………………….. and ………………………………….. 3- The human skeletal system consists of …………………………………… and

………………………………….. 4- The axial skeleton consists of ……………….……, …………….…. and

…………………… 5- The skull is a bony box that contains cavities for ……………….,

………………. And ……………………. 6- Backbone consists of ……………. Vertebrae. 7- The rib cage consists of …………. pairs of ribs, The first ten pairs are

connected interiorly to ………………………



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Q1: Write the scientific term. 1- The sites of bones meeting.( ) 2- Joints do not allow any movement. ( ) 3- Joints allow movement in one direction. ( ) 4- Joints allow movement in all directions.( )


1- Joints.

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…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 2- Tendons. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Q3:Complete. 1- Bones of the upper limbs are connected to the ………………. bones. 2- Bones of the upper limbs consists of ……………………….., …………………… and

…………………….. bones. 3- Bones of the lower limbs consists of …………………………,…………………. and

……………………… bones. 4- Joints are three types which are ………………………….., …………………….. and

…………………………….. 5- ………………….. and …………………..are examples for movable joints, while

…………………………. Is an example for immovable joints.



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Homework Q1: Give reasons. 1- Muscles play an important role in human movement. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2- It is essential to eat healthy food which rich in calcium and phosphorus.

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Q2:Complete. 1-Exposing the body to sunlight is important in providing the body with

vitamin ………………..

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2- The human body contains …………….. muscles, the smallest muscle is in the ……………………... 3- Humans use ……………….. muscles during walking.

Q3: How can we maintain our locomotory system? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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Structure of the locomotory system:

Skeletal system Muscular system

1- Skeletal system:

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Consists of: 1- Axial skeletal system. 2- Appendicular skeletal system.

First: Axial skeletal system It consists of: 1- Skull.

2- Rib cage. 3- Backbone.

Skull: - It is a bony box that contains: cavities for eyes, ears and nose. -Its function is to: protect the brain.

. Rib cage: - It consists of 12 pairs of the ribs. -The first 10 pairs are connected to the sternum (breastbone). -Its function is to: 1- Protect the heart and lungs.

2- Help in inhalation and exhalation processes.

Back bone: -It consists of 33 vertebrae. -There are cartilages between vertebrae to prevent friction during movement. -Its function is to: 1- Protect the spinal cord. 2- Allow the body to bend in different directions.

Second: Appendicular skeletal system

- It consists of: 1- Upper limbs. 2- Lower limbs.

-They are connected to the shoulders bones. -Upper limbs consist of: 1-humerus bones. 2- forearm bones.

3- hand bones. Their function is to: allow eating,drinking,writing and holding things.

-Lower limbs consist of: 1- femur. 2- shaft bones. 3- foot bones.

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-Their function is to: allow walking, running, standing, sitting and carrying the rest of the body.

Joints and movement

Joints connect between bones.

They help in moving. There are 3 types of joints which are:

1- Immovable joints

They do not allow any movement,Such as: The bones of the skull.

2-Slightly movable joints . They allow movement in one direction,Such as: The knee and the elbow.

3-Freely movable joints.

They allow movement in all directions,Such as:Shoulder, wrist and thigh.

2-The muscular system It has an important role in movement. Muscles generate mechanical energy and movement to the body. Muscles contract and relax to generate movement. Muscles are fixed to bones by long strips called tendons.

There are 2 types of muscles which are:

1- Voluntary muscles such as: limbs, trunk, face and abdominal wall. 2- Involuntary muscles such as: gastrointestinal tract, blood vessels and

bladder muscles.

Maintaining human locomotory system

Giving children polio Vaccinations at accurate times.

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Eating healthy food rich in calcium, phosphorus and vitamin “D” to prevent bones diseases such as steomalacia and rickets.

Avoiding any behavior that leads to fractures and sprains such as jumping. Avoid carrying heavy things to protect your backbone.

Sitting and standing correctly to avoid straining (getting tired) the neck or backbone vertebrae.

Exposing the body to sunlight for suitable periods due to its importance in providing the body with vitamin D.

Exercising regularly.

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