science posse university of wyoming electricity. what is electricity? the physical properties...
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Science PosseUniversity of Wyoming
Electricity
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What is ELECTRICITY?
The physical properties associated with the movement of electric charge
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Electric Charge
A basic property of some subatomic particlesProtons have positive chargeElectrons have negative chargeNeutrons have no charge
Particles that have opposite charges are attracted
Particles with the same charge repel each other
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Electric Charge
The SI unit of charge is the coulomb (C)
It takes 6,250,000,000,000,000,000 protons to have 1 C of charge!
How many coulombs will 6,250,000,000,000,000,000 electrons have?
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Electric Charge
The SI unit of charge is the coulomb (C)
It takes 6,250,000,000,000,000,000 protons to have 1 C of charge!
How many coulombs will 6,250,000,000,000,000,000 electrons have?
- 1 C
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Electric Charge – some definitions
The space surrounding an electric charge is called the electric field
A conductor is something which freely allows the flow of electric charge
An insulator is something which resists the flow of electric charge
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Electric Charge
If electric charge builds up in an insulator, static electricity is produced
If electric charge builds up in a conductor, that charge will move about, creating electric current
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Electric Current
Electric current is the flow of electric charge.
Current can be the flow of either positive or negative charge.
The flow of charge is really a flow of energy
The actual charged particles move much slower than the flowing charge.
In fact they are said to drift.
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Electric Current
Newton’s Cradle provides a great analogy
As soon as the ball you dropped at one end hits the rest of the balls, the ball at the far end moves!
At a much slower speed, all of the balls move together.
The invisible transfer of energy is like electric current and the motion of the balls is like the particle drift
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Electric Current
The SI unit for current is the ampere, or amp (A).
Current is measured with an ammeter.
Note that in order for current to flow, there must be something “pushing” it along.
This is known as voltage.
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Voltage
Voltage is the electric potential between two points.
It describes how much potential there is for current to flow between two points.
Think of the Newton’s Cradle example.Voltage is like the gravity that forces the first ball to fall, thus moving the other balls.
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Voltage
The SI unit for voltage is the volt (V).
Voltage is measured with a voltmeter.
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Voltage
How many volts are in…AA battery?The outlet in the wall?The power lines in the street?The large power lines out in the middle of nowhere?
Lightning?
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Voltage
How many volts are in…AA battery? 1.5 VThe outlet in the wall? 120 VThe power lines in the street? 13,000 V
The large power lines out in the middle of nowhere? 765,000 V !!
Lightning? 100,000,000 V !!!!!
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The Electric Circuit
Electric circuits allow us to harness electricity and have it do something useful
Electric circuits are connections of two or more electrical devices to form a closed loop
A closed loop means you could start at any point the circuit, follow the wires with your finger, and eventually arrive back at the starting point
They must form a closed loop because electric current needs to flow to someplace from someplace.
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The Electric Circuit
Circuits can either be wired in series or parallel
In series circuits, the pieces of the circuit are all connected in line. They create only 1 path for the current to flow
In parallel circuits, the pieces are connected side by side, so there are many paths for the current to flow
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Series Circuit
9 V
Here are 2 lights connected in series with a 9 V battery.
Notice there is only 1 path for the current to flow
Notice this forms a closed loop
If one bulb burns out, will the other stay lit? Why?
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Parallel Circuit
9 V
Here are 2 lights connected in parallel with a 9 V battery.
Notice there are 2 paths for the current to flow
Notice this forms 3 closed loops
If one bulb burns out, will the other stay lit? Why?
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Some notes on series and parallel circuits
Components in series have
The same current
Different voltages
Components in parallel have
Different current
The same voltages
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Examples of Electric Circuits
MicroprocessorsComputersThe electric power linesCan you think of any more?