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Science

Curriculum materials for your content standards33 Milford Drive, Suite 1, Hudson, OH 44236866-315-7880 • www.focuscurriculum.com

F O C U S curr iculum

Objects inMotion

On Level

Theme: Order and OrganizationScience Inquiry and ApplicationStrand: Physical ScienceTopic: Matter and Motion

English Language ArtsStrand: Reading: Informational TextTopic: Key Ideas and Details

Craft and Structure

Objects in Motion OL

Focus on Ohio Standards On Level

2010 Content StatementsScience 6Theme: Order and Organization

Science Inquiry and Application: Design and conduct ascientific investigation; Use appropriate mathematics, tools andtechniques to gather data and information; Analyze and interpretdata; Think critically and logically to connect evidence andexplanations.; Communicate scientific procedures andexplanations.

Strand: Physical Science

Topic: Matter and Motion

Content Statement: An object’s motion can be described by itsspeed and the direction in which it is moving.

Objects in Motion

2


2010 Common Core State StandardsEnglish Language Arts 6Strand: Reading: Informational Text

Topic: Key Ideas and Details

Standard Statements: Cite textual evidence to support analysisof what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn fromthe text.; Determine a central idea of a text and how it is con-veyed through particular details; provide a summary of the textdistinct from personal opinions or judgments.

Topic: Craft and Structure

Standard Statement: Determine the meaning of words andphrases as they are used in a text, including figurative, connota-tive, and technical meanings.

On LevelObjects in Motion

3

Focus on Ohio Standards

Published by FOCUScurriculum33 Milford Drive, Suite 1

Hudson, OH 44236

866-315-7880

www.focuscurriculum.com

Copyright © 2012 FOCUScurriculumOrder Number OHSC-12604OL

Written by Cathy Podeszwa

Created by Kent Publishing Services, Inc.

Designed by Signature Design Group, Inc.

No part of this publication may be reproduced without purchasing a license

from the publisher. To purchase a license to reproduce this publication,

contact FOCUScurriculum. The publisher takes no responsibility for

the use of any of the materials or methods described in this book, nor

for the products thereof.

Every reasonable effort has been made to locate the ownership of copyrighted

materials and to make due acknowledgement. Any omissions will gladly be

rectified in future editions.

How to Help Your Students Make the Best Use of This Book Encourage students to develop nonfiction literacyskills by completing the Active Reader activities.Also encourage them to . . .

• Underline main ideas in paragraphs.

• Circle details that support the main ideas.

• Write down questions as they read.

• Circle key words as well as unfamiliar words.

Printing Instructions

Student Book: print pages 5–20

Assessments: print pages 21–24

Answer Key: print pages 25–28

On LevelObjects in Motion

Objects in Motion OL4

Physical Science

Have you ever wondered what makesthings move? When you hit a baseball with a bat, why does it sometimes travel on theground? Why does it sometimes travel inthe air? Why do some baseballs travel so far they clear the fence and some don’teven make it past the pitcher?

Motion is the change in the position ofan object over time. An object’s change inposition can be seen when the object is compared to a non-moving reference point.

Objects inMotion

Objects in Motion OLCopyright © 2012 FOCUScurriculum

Table of Contents

Starting Points Build Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Key Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Key Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Chapter 1 Relative MotionMotion and Reference Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Think Like a Scientist: Visualize Motion . . . . . . . . . 13

Chapter 2 Describing Motion . . . . . . . . 14Hands On Science: Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Stop and Think . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Assessments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Answer Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Objects in

Motion

7

8 Objects in Motion OL

Build Background

How can you tell when something is moving? How does something start moving in the first place? Write down some of your ideas below.

Predict

Sometimes things move more easily at different times. For example, objects that can slide easily on ice are much harder to move on a brick floor. A heavy box of books is easier to move when it rolls on wheels. Thin pointed objects move faster through air or waterthan wider, fatter ones. Why do you think this happens? What can cause motion to change. Brainstorm some ideas and write them on the lines below.

Brainstorm


The words listed below have to do with motion. Each word is important, but some of them may be new. Read each word. Rate your knowledge of each by putting a check or writing a few words inthe appropriate column.

Rate Your Knowledge

Key Vocabulary

Some of the words in this book are used in everyday language. But they also have a scientific meaning. Write the everyday meaning ofeach word. As you read through this book, come back to this page and write the scientific meanings of these words.

1. speed

Sample Everyday Sentence: The skiier built up speed as she raced downhill.

Everyday Meaning:

Scientific Meaning:

2. time

Sample Everyday Sentence: The time has come to get busy.

Everyday Meaning:

Scientific Meaning:

Everyday Meanings

I don’t know it.I’ve seen it, butI’m not surewhat it means.

I know it well. It means...

distance

motion

position

reference point

speed

time

9


Motion is the change in the position of an object over time. When you are standing still, youcan see other things as they move around you. When you are watching a soccer game, for example,you can see the players in motion on the field.

Funny things happen when you are in motion, though. Have you ever been on a train? If you can’t see out the window, you might feel as if you are not moving at all. If you look out thewindow, the scenery looks like it is in motion. Trees and buildings appear to rush past. You feel likeyou are standing still. If another train catches up to you, then moves at the same speed, it looks asif that train is standing still.

Here is another example. Earth rotates on its axis and orbits the Sun. We are all moving alongwith it. Yet we don’t feel like we’re moving at all. Motion is a relative thing. How we observe anddetect motion depends on many things.

What Causes Motion?All motion is caused by forces.

Think about a book that is sittingon a shelf. When you pick up thatbook, you cause it to move. Yourarm exerts a force on the book. A force is simply a push or pull on an object.

1 Describe Look around yourclassroom and out the window.Describe all of the differentmotions that you can see. Alsodescribe the motions that youcannot see. For example, describemotions inside of objects.

10

Key Concepts

Observing Motion A C T I V E R E A D E R

On a moving train, objects outside look likethey are moving even though they are not.


Relative Motion

1 Explain How does a reference point allow you to seethat an object is in motion?

At a swim meet, nervous swimmers position themselves along the starting line. They crouchdown, ready to begin the 50-meter race. At the sound of the starter’s gun, the swimmers dive inand swim to the other end of the pool. As the crowd cheers, one swimmer touches the wall to winthe race.

Swimmers are in motion as they race. An object is in motion when it changes position over time.You can observe that an object is in motion when you compare it to a nonmoving object. This objectis called a reference point.

The two ends of the pool are good reference points at a swim meet. One end is 50 meters awayfrom the other end. Officials and spectators keep track of each swimmer’s motion by comparingwhere they are to the ends of the pool. Spectators can cheer swimmers on as they get closer to thereference point that serves as the finish line.

Motion and Reference Points

Chapter

The underlined sentences contain important ideas about the position and motion of objects.As you read, think about how you can detect the motion of an object. A C T I V E R E A D E R

1

Good to KnowGeostationary weather satellitesmove at the exact same rate asEarth’s rotation. This allows eachsatellite to remain over onepoint on Earth’s surface. Thesesatellites serve as reference pointsfor moving weather, becausethey are not moving in relationto Earth’s surface.

The end of a pool is a reference point that allow you toobserve and describe the motion of the swimmers.


Everyday Reference PointsAny object that is not moving can be used

as a reference point. Useful natural referencepoints include trees, hills, mesas, mountains,lakes, and rivers.

Other useful reference points are telephonepoles, cell towers, wind turbines, roads, andbuildings. You can observe the motion of a car,for example, by watching it pass by telephonepoles along a road.

Chapter Relative Motion1

Q U E S T I O N S

1. How can you tell that an object is in motion?

2. Would a bus make a good reference point? Why or why not?

1 Identify What objectscould be used as reference pointsfor describing the motion of thebird in the picture?

A C T I V E R E A D E R


Visualize Motion Draw a scene showing how you could use reference points to observe the motion of a jet that istaking off. Then write a paragraph to describe your scene.

Chapter Relative Motion1


SpeedA champion swimmer can cover 50 meters in less than a minute. When you divide the distance

of the race by the time to finish, you get the swimmer’s average speed. Speed is the distance that istraveled by an object over a certain period of time. The equation for average speed is:

total distance traveledaverage speed = ____________________

total time

Let’s say that a train travels 300 miles in 5 hours. What was its average speed? We can use theformula to figure it out:

300 milesaverage speed = _____________ = 60 miles per hour (mph)

5 hours

You can measure speed using various measurement units. You can use feet and inches, for example, or meters and centimeters. Time can be measured in hours, minutes, or seconds. Speed, then, can be measured in meters per second, kilometers per hour, feet per minute, or miles per hour, etc.

1 Calculate What is theaverage speed of a cheetah thatruns 9 km in 10 minutes? Giveyour answer in km/hr. (Hint: 10minutes is 1/6 of an hour.)

A C T I V E R E A D E RIn this section, you will learn how the motion of an object can be described by its speed,and direction. As you read, note the differences between these terms.

Describing MotionChapter 2


Chapter Describing Motion

The graph at the right shows the averagespeed of a train. The train went 300 miles in 5 hours. Notice that when you divideeach distance by its time, you get 60 mph.For example, after 2 hours the train went120 miles. 120 ÷ 2 = 60 mph.

The smooth straight line suggests thatthe speed of the train never changed duringthe trip.

But trains in the real world don’t travelat a constant speed. They might slow down,or speed up. They might even stop at a sta-tion for a while.

The graph at the left shows how thespeed of the train might change over the fivehour trip. It shows that the train still coveredthe same 300 miles in the same 5 hours. Butits speed varied along the way.

Speed is found by comparing distance to time.

A C T I V E R E A D E R

10

60

120

180

240

300

2 3 4 5

Time in HoursDi

stan

ce in

Mile

s

•

•

•

•

•

Average Speed

1

60

120

180

240

300

2 3 4 5

Time in Hours

Speed

Dist

ance

in M

iles

•

• •

••

2

1 Explain How are the twographs on this page alike? Howare they different?

2 Analyze According to thegraph entitled “Speed,” whatwas the speed of the trainbetween hours two and three of the trip?

0

00


Chapter Describing Motion2Changes in Speed

You can graph the changein speed of an object anotherway. The graph on the rightshows how a train changesspeed as it moves forward intime.

The graph shows that thetrain maintains a constantspeed for the first 2 seconds.The train slows down steadilyduring the next 2 seconds, thenspeeds up steadily for theremaining 6 seconds.

Q U E S T I O N

1. Look back at the graph above. At what point does the train reach its highest speed?

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

0

10

20

30

40

50

Time (s)

Spee

d (m

/s)

Changes in Speed

10

Did you know that the maleAnna’s Hummingbird is the fastest animalon Earth? The tiny

bird can dive at about 58 mph. Thistranslates to about 385 body lengths per second. The fastest fighter jet canonly travel at about 150 aircraft lengthsper second! What are some other fast animals? Whatis the slowest animal on Earth? You canuse the Internet to find answers to allthese questions, and any more questionsthat you have about animals and speed.

DirectionYou can describe the direction in which motion takes place using map directions: north, south,

east, and west. For example you might say that a train traveled “west at an average speed of 60mph.” You can also describe direction by naming the beginning and ending points such as, “Thetrain averaged 60 mph on its trip from Columbus to Cleveland.”


Speed How does the steepness of a hill affect the speed of a car? You can begin to answer this question using thisinvestigation.

Chapter Describing Motion2

1. Obtain a meterstick, stopwatch, small toy car, three books that are the same size, and a wooden board.2. Set up the board and one of the books so that they form a ramp. This will be Ramp 1.3. Use the meterstick to measure the length of the ramp. Use the stopwatch to measure how much time it takes for the car to get from the

top of the ramp to the bottom. Calculate the average speed of the car. 4. Repeat the experiment three times and record the speeds in the table. Find the average speed from all four trials.5. Add another book to the ramp. Repeat the entire investigation using Ramp 2.6. Add the third book to the ramp. Repeat the entire investigation using Ramp 3.7. How does changing the ramp cause a change in the motion of the car?

Trial Speed on Ramp 1 (cm/sec) Speed on Ramp 2 (cm/sec) Speed on Ramp 3 (cm/sec)1234

Average Speed

Ramp 1 Ramp 2 Ramp 3


This page will help summarize what you have read so far. The following questions are like those that might appear on the Ohio Achievement Assessment in Science about motion.

1. Which could be used as a reference point to determine that a car you are sitting in is in motion?

� billboards alongside the road � cars coming toward you

� birds in the air � airplanes in the sky

2. Which statement best describes the motion of a car traveling at a constant speed of 10 mph as it makes a left turn?

� The car travels north then south at a constant speed of 10 mph.

� The car travels north then west at a constant speed of 10 mph.

� The car travels east then south at a constant speed of 10 mph.

� The car travels south then west at a constant speed of 10 mph.

3. What changes areshown on the graph?

� distance and time

� speed and time

� speed and direction

� direction and distance

Stop and ThinkTip:

When you are asked a question about a graph, make sure you read

the titles on each axis to understandwhat is being compared.

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

0

10

20

30

40

50

Time (s)

Spee

d (m

/s)

Chapter Describing Motion2

10

Dear Ms. Understanding,

If the Earth is both spinning on itsaxis and orbiting the sun at thesame time, how come we’re not alldizzy? Why can’t we tell that theEarth is constantly in motion?

Not Dizzy in Dayton

Dear Not,

When we stand on the ground wedon’t percieve the motion of theEarth, either its rotation or its orbitaround the Sun Instead, it seems tous that we are stationary and the skyis moving around us. This isbecause we can’t step away fromEarth to observe the planet movingin relationshp to another object orreference point.

Ms. Understanding

Glossary


distance – a number that tells how far apart two objects orpoints are

motion – change in the position of an object over time

position – the location of an object

reference point – a nonmoving object that can be used tomeasure the rate of motion of a moving object

speed – the distance that is traveled by an object over a certainperiod of time

time – elapsed time, the amount of time that passes betweentwo events

Science

Assessments

Science



Craft and Structure

Objects inMotion


Check Understanding

Answer Document

1. � � � � 3. � � � �

2. � � � �

Shade the circle next to your choice in the

Answer Document.

1. The public library is 3 miles from Carrie’s house.

Carrie travels from her home to the library and

back in 105 minutes.

If Carrie spent 45 minutes inside the library, what

was her average speed traveling to and from

the library?

A. 1.5 mph

B. 3.0 mph

C. 3.5 mph

D. 6.0 mph

2. What two pieces of information do you need in

order to describe an object’s motion?

A. speed and distance

B. distance and time

C. speed and time

D. direction and speed

Use the diagram below to answer question 3.

3. The diagram above shows a person riding a

bicycle up a hill. He bikes for 12 minutes, stops

to rest for 10 minutes, then bikes for another 8

minutes to reach the top of the hill.

What is the biker’s speed?

A. 9 mph

B. 6 mph

C. 3 mph

D. 2 mph

Objects in Motion

3 miles


5. The bus traveled along a straight highway directly east for its entire trip. Describe the motion of the bus. Explain how

the speed of the bus changes during the course of the trip. (2 points)

Check Understanding

Use the information in the table and graph to answer questions 4 and 5.

The data table below contains information about the total distance traveled after each

half hour on a three-hour bus trip. A graph of the data has been started.

Time(hours)

Distance Traveled (kilometers)

0 0

0.5 15

1.0 45

1.5 80

2.0 130

2.5 180

3.0 240

Bus Trip

4. Complete the graph by plotting the last three

points and sketching the line that represents the

speed of the bus over the course of its three

hour trip. (2 points)

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.00

40

80

120

160

200

240

Time (hr)

Speed of a Bus (km/hr)

Dist

ance

(km

)•

•

•

0

Objects in Motion

Answer Key

Science



Craft and Structure

Objects inMotion


Answer Key

Page 8: Starting PointsBuild BackgroundPredict: Sample answer: You can tell ifsomething is moving by watching it go fromone place to another. Things start movingwhen they are pushed or pulled by a force.Brainstorm: Answers will vary but shouldreflect the forces of gravity and friction.

Page 9: Starting PointsKey VocabularyRate Your Knowledge: Answers will varyaccording to the student’s prior knowledge.Everyday Meanings: 1. Everyday Meaning:haw fast someone is going; ScientificMeaning: distance traveled over time; 2.Everyday Meaning: moment; ScientificMeaning: the amount of time that haselapsed between two events.

Page 10: Starting PointsKey ConceptsActive Reader: Sample answers: flutteringleaves, sweeping hands on a clock, bubblesrising in an aquarium, etc.

Page 11: Chapter 1Active Reader: 1. The reference point doesnot change position. If the object you arewatching changes position in relation to thereference point, then you know that theobject is in motion.

Page 12: Chapter 1Active Reader: 1. the rock cliff at the lowerleft of the photographFocus Questions: 1. You can tell that anobject is in motion when you see that itchanges position over time when comparedto a reference point.; 2. If a bus were perma-nently parked, it could make a good refer-ence point. Otherwise, the bus might move,so it would not make a good referencepoint.

Page 13: Chapter 1Think Like a ScientistVisualize Motion: Drawings and descrip-tions will vary but could include buildingsor natural features as reference points for ajet taking off.

Page 14: Chapter 2Active Reader: 1. 54 km/hr

Page 15: Chapter 2Active Reader: 1. Both graphs show speedand time. One graph shows the averagespeed of the train over 5 hours. The othershows the train’s speed hour by hour.; 2.The train was not moving between hourstwo and three of the trip.

Page 16: Chapter 2Focus Questions: 1. The velocity of thetrain is highest at the 10 second mark, so itsspeed is also highest, at 40 m/s.;

Page 17: Chapter 2Hands On ScienceSpeed: Students’ tables will vary dependingon the data they generate during the timetrials.

Page 18: Chapter 2Stop and Think: 1. A; 2. B; 3. B

Page 23: Check Understanding1. D; 2. D; 3. B;

26


Answer Key

Page 24: Check Understanding4.

5. It travels east at an average speed of 80kmh. The speed of the bus increases eachhalf hour.

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.00

40

80

120

160

200

240

Time (hr)

Speed of a Bus (km/hr)

Dist

ance

(km

)

•

•

•

0

•

•

•

27

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