1 November 1957, Volume 126, Number 3279

AMERICAN ASSOCIATIONFOR THE

ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE

Board of Directors HowLAURENCE H. SNYDER, PresidentWALLACE R. BRODE, President Elect I prePAUL B. SEAs, Retiring President t ePAUL M. GROSS to entice

GEORGE R. HARRISON stretchesPAUL E. KLOPSTEO thing inCHAUNCEY D. LUxz nique, ifMARGARET MEAD MARGMUT M~ ~~~~~~~~~useanalTHOMAS PARKuWILLIAM W. RUBEY the preliALAN T. WATERMAN the exclaPAUL A. SCHERER, Treasurer seen, sonDAEL WOLFLE, Executive Officer But just

DABL WOLFLE, Executive Officer story of

GRAHM DUSHANE, Editor ConsicJOSEPH TURNER, Assistant Editor author mROBERT V. ORMES, Assistant Editor move pei

Editorial Board just oneWALLACE R. BRODE EDWIN M. Lmrnta step in t(BENTLEY GLASS WILLIAm L. STRAUS, JR. as leadinKARL LARK-HOROVITZ EDWARD L. TATUM solving a

Editorial StaffPATRICIA L. CARSON, MARY L. CpLsa, Y begin re;DAVID, StARK S. DEES, NANCY S. HAmILTON, once a pOLIVER W. HEATWOLE, YUKIE Koz~u, ELLaN suchE. MURPHY, BETHSABE PEDERSEN, MADELNz ologicalSCHNEIDER, MARGO E. STOUT, JACQUELYN VOLLEa that scieiEARL J. SCHERAGo, Advertising Representatwe place in

To illkSCIENCE, founded in 1880, is published each

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SI

SCIENCE

To Be Interesting Though Factual

paring a report of a new scientific finding, it is sometimes possiblee a reader into sticking with you through apparently pointlessby intimating at regular intervals that you have discovered some-his private bailiwick that he had better know about. This tech-

F crude, is legitimate. Indeed, some of the greatest literary artistslogous techniques, for example, Dostoevski, who invariably opensiminary remarks necessary to introduce a new turn of events withimation: "Then something happened that nobody could have fore-nething that was to be talked about in our district for many years."as subtler methods are possible in fiction, so also in telling the

a piece of scientific work.der the sequence of steps that make up a successful inquiry. If annerely describes those steps, then, even though the reader finds eachrmissible and each result valid, the inquiry itself will appear to bething after another. But, if, in addition, the author presents each:erms of the purpose it serves, then the reader will see the inquiryig to the solution of a problem. Steps without direction are dull;l problem is interesting. Consequently, the way to get people whoading a paper to finish it is to develop a sense of purpose. In fact,aper is properly oriented, it will gain not only reader interest, butother essentials as coherence, clarity, and balance of detail. Tele-

explanation may have no place in science proper, but to the extentntific investigations have to do with the intentions of men, it has ascience writing.ustrate the advantages of explanation in terms of purpose, let ustwo possible ways of reporting the results of an imaginary inquiry.le inquiry offers a solution to a problem that occasionally arisesDurse of preparing picnics, cold lunches, and similar repasts.gersion: Ordinarily, determining whether an egg is cooked or raw,breaking the shell, poses no special problem. But suppose thathard-boiled eggs-now cooled-are inadvertently mixed with sev-eggs. How then would you tell them apart? The following methodno special equipment, only the application of a well-known physi-eiple. Place each egg on its side and attempt to spin it. If it spinsis cooked; if not; it is raw. Raw eggs do not spin readily becausetional energy is dissipated in the egg's interior, as dictated by thenamics of viscous fluids. To confirm the method, break the eggs.d version: Twelve white eggs were purchased at a supermarket.s were divided into two groups of equal number. The eggs in theup were boiled seven minutes and allowed to cool; the eggs in theTroup were kept as controls. The eggs were mixed. Each egg wasen its side, and an attempt was made to spin it, after which the eggen. It was easy to spin those eggs that subsequently were found tod, but difficult to spin those eggs that proved to be raw. Etc., etc.trategy of developing a sense of purpose applies at any level: tech-ports for fellow specialists, popular articles for scientists in otherid popular articles for the totally uninitiated. Authors know whereheading; may they share that secret with the readers.-J.T.

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Twenty-two world famous special-ists have participated to make thisvolume a classic. Editor Taylor hascontributed 6 chapters and aglossary.

Partial List of ContentsGEOGRAPHY IN THE NINETEENTH

CENTURYG. Tatha~

THE FRENCH SCHOOL OF GEOGRAPHYB. J. Harrison Church

THE GERMAN SCHOOL OF GEOGRAPHY5. van Valkenburg

THE WEST SLAV GEOGRAPHERSJ. Kral and J. Kondracki

THE PROGRESS OF GEOMORPHOLOGY5. W. Wooldridge

GEOGRAPHICAL ASPECTS OFMETEOROLOGY

F. K. HareSOILS AND THEIR GEOGRAPHICAL

SIGNIFICANCED. F. Putnam

GEOGRAPHY AND ARCTIC LANDSA. L. Washburn

GEOGRAPHY AND REGIONALISME. W. Gilbert

THE SOCIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OFGEOGRAPHYJ. W. Watson

GEOGRAPHY AND AVIATIONElisworth Huntingdon

GEOGRAPHY IN PRACTICE IN THEFEDERAL GOVERNMENT,

WASHINGTONJohn K. Rose

GEOPOLITICS AND GEOPACIFICSGriffith TaylorCARTOGRAPHYw. W.weias

THE GEOGRAPHICAL INTERPRETATIONON AIR PHOTOGRAPHY

F. WalkerTHE RELATIONS OF GEOGRAPHY

AND HISTORYH. C. D~rby

$10Order today from your favorite Bookseller or

PHILOSOPHICAL LIBRARYPublishers

15 East 40 Street, Dept. A-47, New York 16, N.Y.Expedite Shipment by Prepayment

936

Michigan College, Kalamazoo). 26-30Dec.

National Assoc. of Science Writers (J.Troan, Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, Pa.).

National Council of Teachers of Math-ematics (P. Peak, College of Education,Indiana Univ., Bloomington). 27 Dec.

National Geographic Soc. (W. R. Gray,NGS, 16th and M Sts., NW, Washington6). 29 Dec.

National Science Teachers Assoc. (R.W. Schulz, Emmerich Manual TrainingHigh School, 2405 Madison Ave., Indian-apolis 25). 26-30 Dec.

National Speleological Soc. (Brother G.Nicholas, LaSalle College, 20th and OlneyAves., Philadelphia 41, Pa.). 28 Dec.

Philosophy of Science Assoc. (C. W.Churchman, Case Inst. of Technology,Cleveland, Ohio).

Scientific Research Soc. of America,annual (D. B. Prentice, 56 Hillhouse Ave.,New Haven 11, Conn.). 27 Dec.Sigma Delta Epsilon, annual (Miss M.

Chalmers, Dept. of Chemistry, PurdueUniv., Lafayette, Ind.). 26-30 Dec.Sigma P1 Sigma (M. W. White, Penn-

sylvania State Univ., University Park).27 Dec.

Society for the Advancement of Crimi-nology (D. E. J. MacNamara, New YorkInst. of Criminology, 40 E. 40 St., NewYork 16). 27-28 Dec.

Society for General Systems Research,annual (R. L. Meier, Mental Health Re-search Inst., Ann Arbor, Mich.).

Society for Industrial Microbiology,Washington Section (W. N. Ezekiel, Bu-reau of Mines, Washington 25).

Society for Investigative Dermatology(H. Beerman, Univ. of PennsylvaniaSchool of Medicine, Philadelphia 3). 28-29 Dec.

Society of the Sigma Xi, annual (T. T.Holme, 56 Hillhouse Ave., New Haven11, Conn.). 27 Dec.

Society of Systematic Zoology, annual(R. E. Blackwelder, Box 500, Victor,N.Y.). 26-31 Dec.

United Chapters of Phi Beta Kappa,annual address (C. Billman, 1811 Q St.,NW, Washington, D.C.). 27 Dec.

27. Association for Symbolic Logic.,Cambridge, Hass. (J. Barlaz, RutgersUniv., New Brunswick, N.J.)

27-28. Linguistic Soc. of America, Chi-cago, Ill. (A. A. Hill, Box 7790, Univer-sity Station, Austin 12, Tex.)

27-30. American Finance Assoc., an-nual, Philadelphia, Pa. (G. E. Hassett,Jr., New York Univ., 90 Trinity P1., NewYork 6.)

28-29. American Folklore Soc., annual,Chicago, Ill. (M. Leach, Box 5, BennettHall, Univ. of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia4, Pa.)

28-30. American Anthropological As-soc., annual, Chicago, Ill. (W. S. God-frey, Jr., Logan Museum, Beloit College,Beloit, Wis.)

28-30. American Economic Assoc., an-nual, Philadelphia, Pa. (J. W. Bell, North-western Univ., Evanston, Ill.)

28-30. Archaeological Inst. of America,annual, Washington, D.C. (C. Boulter,608, Univ. of Cincinnati Library, Cincin-nati 21, Ohio.)(See issue of 18 October for comprehensive list)

EQUIPMENT NEWSThe information reported here is ob-

tained from manufacturers and fromother sources considered to be reliable.Science does not assume responsibilityfor the accuracy of the information. Allinquiries concerning items listed shouldbe addressed to Science, Room 740, 11W. 42 St., New York 36, N.Y. Includethe name(s) of the manufacturer(s) andthe department number(s).

* ELECTROMETER-MEGOHMMETER meas-

ures resistance from 5 Mohm to 5 x 109Mohm in nine decade ranges. The instru-ment consists of a cathode-follower elec-trometer with a series of input shunt re-sistors and a regulated 500-v powersupply. Accuracy varies from 3 percenton the lower ranges to 10 percent on thehighest. Open-circuit input-voltage driftrate is about 0.02 v/min. (Walter N.Trump, Dept. S684)

*RELAY, of subminiature size, will pro-vide continuous duty at 2000C and inter-mittent duty to 2500C. The coil assem-bly is hermetically isolated from the con-tact assembly to avoid contamination ofcontacts. Weight is 0.5 oz. (ReltronCorp., Dept. S687)

*ULTRASONIC PROCESSING TANKS of 5-gal and 8-gal capacities operate at a fre--quency of 20 kcy/sec. The tanks operatewith 400-w and 700-w generators, re-spectively. Treatment chambers, madeof No. 302 stainless steel, are equippedwith input and outlet drains. (GeneralUltrasonics Co., Dept. S691)

* VACUUM INDUCTION FURNACE has a

capacity of 12 lb of molten steel. Tem-peratures of 17000C or higher, depend-ing on crucible material, are produced.Pressure is maintained at 1 g. Acces-sories include a special crucible for heat-treating, inert-gas introduction kit, andfeed-through for power and water. (Na-tional Research Corp., Dept. S698)

*POWER SUPPLY, regulated by a transis-tor-magnetic amplifier, furnishes 0 to 60v at 5 amp. Maximum ripple is 1 mvr.m.s. Line regulation is 5 mv static andless than 5 mv dynamic. Load regulationis less than 25 mv. (Perkin EngineeringCorp., Dept. S699)

* VERTICAL AMPLIFIER for a 10 Mcy/secoscilloscope has input sensitivity of 5mv/cm from d-c to 10 Mcy/sec. Driftafter Y2-hr warm-up is less than 1 cm/hr.Sensitivity is adjustable from 0.005 to50 v/cm. (Hewlett-Packard Co., Dept.S701)

* DIRECT-WRITING OSCILLOGRAPH RECORDERprovides up to 19 channels of curvilinearrecording on a 24.5-in. chart. Either inkor electric writing is available. Pen spac-

SCIENCE, VOL. 126

AVOID... FUSSING TIME. .. TINKERING TIME

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BRINKMANN-HERAEUSMicro Combustion TrainWill operate at 12000C

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"TORBAL"Series of Micro Torsion

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ULTRA Thermostats(Hoeppler system)circulating waterbaths of highcapacity and extreme accuracyfrom -30 to +250`C

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SEDIBALRecording Sedimentation

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OTA - NetzschThe modern apparatus forAUTOMATIC Differential

Thermo AnalysisBuilt in recorderTemperatures to 1500°CIndispensable for measuring en-dothermic and exothermic reac-tions under controlled conditions

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MULTI-CHANNELOSCILLOGRAPHThis new concept in direct writing Polygraphs provides

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ing is 2 in. for assemblies with 12 chan-nels or less, and 1.25 in. for assemblieswith 13 through 19 channels. Eight chartspeeds from 1 to 250 mm/sec are select-able. Chart paper is available printed or

unprinted and in roll or folded form.(Offner Electronics Inc., Dept. S705)

* VACUUM TUBE VOLTMETER for a-c willwithstand temperatures of 850C. Accu-racy of ± 2 percent, full scale, is retainedat 71 0C. The input impedance is 1Mohm, and the frequency range is 20 to50,000 cy/sec. Ranges from 30 mv to 300v are available. (Trio Laboratories, Inc.,Dept. S702)

* FLOW COLORIMETER uses ratio recordingto provide continuous analysis of color.Measurements can be made from 350 to1000 mg in the presence of turbidity or

entrained gas. Path lengths from 1 to100 cm are available. Insensitivity bothto source variations and to accumulationof foreign matter on the cell windows issaid to be a feature of the instrument'sperformance. (Beckman Instruments,Inc., Dept. S703)

* ELECTROCARDIOGRAPH ELECTRODE, for

use during surgery, permits the use of a

sterile hypodermic needle as a subcu-taneous contact. The subcutaneous elec-trode is said to make optimum contactand to eliminate skin resistance and theproblem of paste drying. (Pacific Tech-nical Agency, Dept. S704)

* FORCE CALIBRATOR is a direct-reading,automatic balance, digital servo indica-tor. The indicator is calibrated with a

strain-gage load cell for tension or com-

pression measurements. Accuracy is 0.1percent of reading or of lowest range,

whichever is greater. National Bureau ofStandards calibration can be supplied.(Gilmore Industries, Inc., Dept. S706)

* SEQUENTIAL SAMPLER for air-pollutionstudies takes 12 consecutive samples bymeans of impingers, gas bubblers, or

dry filters. Sampling is controlled bya series of midget solenoid valves con-

nected to a common vacuum manifold.The sampling program may be adjustedby interchanging timing gears. (GelmanInstrument Co., Dept. S708)

*THERMOMETER, of stainless steel, is ofstraight form. An adjustable mountingnut makes it possible to turn and lockthe thermometer head for maximum visi-bility. Stem lengths are 2%2 to 72 in. Avariety of ranges is available; accuracy is1 percent of range. (W. C. Dillon andCo., Inc., Dept. S709)

* CURVE READER uses a flying-spot scanner

to convert a photographic transparencyof a drawn curve into a voltage signal. Amultiplier-phototube circuit detects the

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SCIENCE, VOL. 126