science - ch2 - body coordination
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CHAPTER 2BODY COORDINATION
Subjek : ScienceTajuk : Body Coordination
Tahun : 2012 Tingkatan : 4Penulis : En. Mohd Fadzil Bin Abdul HanidNama Sekolah ; SMK Dato` Usman Awang
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2.1 – UNDERSTANDING BODY COORDINATION
1) Body coordination is a life process that involves harmonious functioning of interrelated organs and parts in the body to produce a coordinated response.
2) Body coordination is controlled by the nervous system and endocrine system.
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THE PATHWAY OF A BODY COORDINATION
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3) Activities regulated and coordinated by : a) The nervous system - senses, memory and thinking,
speech, voluntary actions and physical movements, involuntary actions
such as breathing, heartbeat and digestion. b) The endocrine system - Growth, sexual maturation, blood
glucose level, amount of fluid in the body.
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4) The importance of body coordination :
Enables us to protect our body from harmful stimuli such as hot objects.
Enables our body to carry out activities to respond to the stimuli.
Regulates appropriate response to stimuli.
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2.2 – UNDERSTANDING THE HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM
1) The nervous system is made up of the a)Central Nervous System (CNS)b)Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
2) The Central Nervous System consists of the brain and the spinal cord.
3) The Peripheral Nervous System consists of :
a)The cranial nerves (emerge from the brain)
b)The spinal nerves (arise from the spinal cord)
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NERVOUS SYSTEM
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There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves. These nerves arise from the brain and brain stem, carrying motor
and / or sensory information.
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SPINAL NERVES
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FUNCTION OF EACH COMPONENT Central nervous system
Receiving and interpreting impulse from the receptors in the sensory organs.
Peripheral nervous system
Sending and receiving information to and from the central nervous system.
Cranial nerves Connecting the brain with the sensory organs and the internal organs such as the heart and the lungs.
Spinal nerves Connecting the spinal cord with the receptors and effectors in the body.
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2.3 – NERVOUS COORDINATION
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RECEPTORS AND EFFECTORS
1) Receptors are sensory cells that detect and receive stimuli and turn them into electrical impulses.
2) Effectors are muscles or glands which produce responses due to stimuli. They respond to stimuli by:
• contraction• gland secretion
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THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RECEPTORS, NEURONES AND EFFECTORS IN THE
HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM
Receive stimuli and generate impulses
Conduct impulses to the central nervous system
In central nervous system
Conduct impulses from the central nervous system
Carry out appropriate responses
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REFLEX ACTION1) Reflex action is one of the simplest
responses.
2) These responses are automatic and does not require conscious thought.
3) Example : Accidentally touched a sharp object.
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EXAMPLES OF SOME REFLEX ACTIONSSTIMULI REFLEX ACTION
Flash of bright light Pupil gets smaller
Insect touches eyelid
Eye blinks
You are hungry and smell food
Saliva in the mouth
Body gets hot Sweating
Body gets cold Shivering
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REFLEX ARCThe nerve pathway in a reflex action.
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2.4 - PROPRIOCEPTORS
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1) Receptors that are sensitive to
movement, pressure or stretching.
2) They are found in muscles, joints,
ligaments and tendons.
3) When we perform movements, the
stretch in muscles, joints, tendons and
ligaments will change. These changes
will be detected by proprioceptors
called stretch receptors.
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muscle
Stretch receptor
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The flow of impulses involving proprioceptorsMuscles are stretched (stimulus)
Stretch receptor (generate impulses)
Sensory neuron (transmit impulses)
Brain (interpret information)
Motor neuron (transmit impulses)
Effectors (produce movement)
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The importance of proprioceptors
1) Enable us to be conscious of the position and the posture of our body.
2) Enables us to detect the movements of our body parts without using our eyes.
3) Examples : a) Typing text using a computer
without looking at the keyboard. b) Buttoning shirt without looking. c) Riding bicyles without looking at
the pedals.
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2.5 – THE HUMAN BRAIN
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cerebrum
cerebellumMedulla oblongata
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Cerebrum •The largest part of the brain.•Surface area is expanded by numerous folds.• Large number of neurones are located here.Function : Controls sensory functions, voluntary actions and mental functions.
Cerebellum
•Located under the cerebrum.•The second largest part of the brain.•Surface area is expanded by numerous folds.Function : Regulates body movements, maintains posture and balance.
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Medulla Oblongata
•The lowest part of the brain.•Continuous with spinal cord.Function : Controls involuntary actions such as breathing, heartbeat, peristalsis and sneezing.
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VOLUNTARY ACTION1) Is the action that you do with
consciousness and according to your will even though there is no stimuli.
2) It is controlled by the cerebrum of the brain.
3) Examples : a) writing b) dancing c) reading d) talking
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INVOLUNTARY ACTION1) It is happen automatically without
consciousness and does not involve thinking.
2) It is controlled by the medulla oblongata.
3) Examples : a) Heartbeat b) Peristalsis c) Yawning d) Blinking eyes
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THE EFFECTS OF INJURIES TO SPECIFIC PARTS OF THE HUMAN BRAIN
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2.6 – HORMONAL COORDINATION
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1) In hormonal coordination, information is carried around the body by hormones.
2) Hormones are organic chemicals made in special glands called endocrine glands.
3) Since endocrine glands do not have ducts, hormones are secreted in small quantities into the surrounding tissue fluid and diffused into blood capillaries.
4) Hormones travel in the bloodstream until they reach target organs.
5) The target organ will then react towards the hormones.
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-HUMAN GROWTH-DURING ACTIVITIES SUCH AS A 100M RACE
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1) The endocrine system is a system
which consists of endocrine glands.
2) These glands produce and secrete
hormones directly into the
bloodstream to be transported to
specific target organs.
3) Each hormone secreted has its own
functions.
4) The endocrine system consists of
the following endocrine glands.
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THE ENDOCRINE GLANDS WITH THE RESPECTIVE HORMONES AND ITS
FUNCTION
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ENDOCRINE GLAND
FUNCTION
Pituitary gland is also called the ‘master gland’
Secretes certain hormones which control the activity of other glands such as thyroid gland and ovaries. It also secretes other hormones which control body processes like growth and urine production.
Thyroid gland secretes thyroxine
Controls metabolic rate and regulates growth and body development.
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Adrenal gland secretes adrenaline
Increases the blood glucose level, increases heartbeat, increases breathing rate.
Pancreas secretes insulin and glucagon
Insulin stimulates the change of glucose to glycogen while glucagon stimulates the change of glycogen to glucose.
Testes secrete testosterone
Promotes and maintains development of secondary male sex characteristics.
Ovaries secrete oestrogen and progesterone
Promotes and maintains the development of secondary female sex characteristics.
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EFFECTS OF HORMONAL IMBALANCEHORMONES SHORTAGE
EFFECTEXCESSIVE
EFFECT
Growth hormone
Dwarfism Gigantism
Thyroxine Low metabolic rate.CretinismGoiterLethargy
Higher metabolic rate.Increase in body temperature and heartbeat.Irritability.
Insulin Diabetes mellitus
Hypoglycemia
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Oestrogen and progesterone
Secondary sex characteristics are not well developed.Irregular menstrual cycle.
Overdeveloped of secondary sex characteristics.
Testosterone Secondary sex characteristics are not well developed including sex organ.
Overdeveloped of secondary sex characteristics.
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2.7 – COORDINATION BETWEEN THE NERVOUS
SYSTEM AND THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
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COMPARISON
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SIMILARITY
To control and coordinate functions and
activities of organs in the body.
IMPORTANCETo ensure body functions such as
physical, chemical and physiological responses occur at their optimum level.
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COORDINATION BETWEEN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND THE ENDOCRINE
SYSTEM
Brain interpret the information
Cause movement
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2.8 – EFFECTS OF DRUGS
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EXAMPLE TYPE EFFECTSTranquilisersBarbiturates
Depressants
•Delay reaction towards stimuli•Decrease stress•Help people to calm down
AmphetaminesCaffeineCocaine
Stimulants •Increase metabolic rate•Stay awake or active
CannabisMarijuanaLSD
Hallucinogens
•Hallucination
HeroinMorphineCodeine
Narcotics •Relieve pain•Induce sleep
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Cleaning solventsGluePaint thinnersAerosol sprays
Inhalants
•Hallucinations and depression•Damage to brain, lungs, kidneys, liver and other parts of the body
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2.9 – EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL
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1) Alcoholic drinks contain ethanol which is a type of alcohol.
2) Examples : a) beer b) Wine c) Whisky d) Champange3) Alcohol in alcoholic drinks slows
down the transmission of impulses. 4) It slows down brain activities which
lead to misjudgement, a total loss of self-control, temporary loss of memory and delaying reaction time.
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THE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL ON INTERNAL ORGAN IN HUMAN BODY
ORGANS EFFECTS
BRAIN •Brain damage•Rapid aging•Coma
HEART •Heart disease•High blood pressure•Stroke
LIVER •Liver inflammation•Liver Scarring
STOMACH •Stomach ulcer
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THE IMPORTANCE OF AVOIDING EXCESSIVE CONSUMPTION OF ALCOHOL
Have better health
Be free from addition
Prevent accidents
Overcome family and social problems
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2.10 – THE IMPORTANCE OF A SOUND AND HEALTHY MIND
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1) Mind means having the ability to think and reason.
2) A sound and healthy mind enables us to make reasonable judgements before making any decisions.
3) Factors that affect the mind a) External - Social conditions such as pressure
in family, conflicts with colleagues. - Environment, such as busy traffic,
noise pollution.
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b) Internal
- Imbalance of hormone secretion can affect emotions such as when one experiences premenstrual syndrome. - Brain injury caused by accidents can result in malfunction in certain parts
of the brain. - Intake of chemical substances, consumption of drugs and alcohol affected mind because the central nervous system is not functioning properly.