CONTENTS Volume 333 Issue 6042www.sciencemag.orgSCIENCEVOL 33329 JULY 2011493COVERNew York City. The United States is the only currently developed country projected to rank among the 10 most populous countries in 2050. Unlike many developed countries, the U.S. has a fertility rate slightly greater than replacement level, which provides balanced growth of youngsters, working-age adults, and elderly dependents. For our global coverage of population, see the special section beginning on p. 538 and at www.scim.ag/pop2011.Image: Mitchell Funk/Getty ImagesDEPARTMENTS497This Week in Science500Editors Choice502Science Staff536AAAS News & Notes649New Products650Science CareersEDITORIAL499Population and DevelopmentBabatunde Osotimehin>> Population section p. 538NEWS OF THE WEEK504 A roundup of the weeks top storiesNEWS & ANALYSIS507 One Year On, LHC Sees Hints of HiggsAnd Nothing Else508 How an Alluring Geologic EnigmaWon the Mars Rover Sweepstakes510Report Alters Denition of What Students Should Learn511Bad Birthday News for First Bird?512Russia Launches a Telescope, Decades in the Making513 When Is It Ramadan? An Arab Astronomer Has AnswersNEWS FOCUS 514 THE INVISIBLE WOUNDS OF WARHealing the Brain, Healing the Mind>> ScienceNOW story p. 496517 A Battle No Soldier Wants to Fight520Predicting the Psychological Risks of WarLETTERS523 An Online Alternative to Freshman YearN. J. NusbaumHidden Declines in Post-Soviet EducationA. GorobetsLab Course Goals: Science or Writing?M. E. GogginResponseC. Moskovitz and D. Kellogg524 CORRECTIONS AND CLARIFICATIONSBOOKS ET AL.525 The Origins of Political OrderF. Fukuyama, reviewed by J. A. Robinson526AdaptT. Harford, reviewed by D. J. RankinPOLICY FORUM527 Promoting Convergence in Biomedical ScienceP. A. Sharp and R. LangerCONTENTS continued >>page 514SPECIAL SECTIONPopulationINTRODUCTION538Doom or Vroom?NEWS540 9 Billion?544 Are More People Necessarily a Problem?547 The Upside of Downsizing548 Does Family Planning Bring Down Fertility?549 A Pitched Battle Over Life Span551 How to Engineer a Baby Boom552 Young and Restless Can Be a Volatile MixGray Ladies in the Spotlight555 Regional Snapshots558 A World of Chronic DiseaseREVIEWS AND ANALYSIS560PERSPECTIVE: When the Worlds Population Took Off: The Springboard of the Neolithic Demographic TransitionJ.-P. Bocquet-Appel562 REVIEW: 7 Billion and CountingD. E. Bloom569 REVIEW: The Outlook for Population GrowthR. Lee574 POLICY FORUM: Population Policy in Transition in the Developing WorldJ. Bongaarts and S. Sinding576 REVIEW: Indias Demographic Change: Opportunities and ChallengesK. S. James581 REVIEW: Chinas Demographic History and Future ChallengesX. Peng587 REVIEW: Global Human Capital: Integrating Education and PopulationW. Lutz and S. KC592 PERSPECTIVE: Cities, Productivity, and Quality of LifeE. L. Glaeser>> Editorial p. 499; Reports pp. 616 and 623; Science Translational Medicine and Science Careers content p. 496, plus Podcast and multimedia features at www.scim.ag/pop2011Published by AAASwww.sciencemag.orgSCIENCEVOL 33329 JULY 2011495CONTENTSpage 525PERSPECTIVES528 The World Through a Bats EarM. B. Fenton>> Reports pp. 627 and 631529Whos Talking?P. K. Kuhl>> Brevia p. 595530Building a Lewis Base with BoronY. Wang and G. H. Robinson>> Report p. 610531H2O in a Desert of Carbon AtomsA. L. Balch>> Report p. 613532 A Cellular Roadmap for the Plant KingdomC. R. Landry>> Research Articles pp. 596 and 601SCIENCE PRIZE ESSAY534 Facilitating Scientic Investigations and Training Data ScientistsM. A. Korb and U. ThakkarBREVIA595 Human Voice Recognition Depends on Language AbilityT. K. Perrachione et al.People with dyslexia have more difculty than expected in recognizing familiar voices.>> Perspective p. 529RESEARCH ARTICLES596 Independently Evolved Virulence Effectors Converge onto Hubs in a Plant Immune System NetworkM. S. Mukhtar et al.601Evidence for Network Evolution in an Arabidopsis Interactome MapArabidopsis Interactome Mapping ConsortiumAn analysis of protein-protein interactions in Arabidopsis identies the plant interactome.>> Perspective p. 532REPORTS607 Friction AnisotropyDriven Domain Imaging on Exfoliated Monolayer GrapheneJ. S. Choi et al.Otherwise identical regions of supported graphene can be distinguished by changes in friction with sliding direction. 610 Synthesis and Characterization of a Neutral Tricoordinate Organoboron Isoelectronic with AminesR. Kinjo et al.Carefully chosen carbon substituents stabilize a boron oxidation state that bears an extra electron pair.>> Perspective p. 530613 A Single Molecule of Water Encapsulated in Fullerene C60K. Kurotobi and Y. MurataAn open-cage derivative of C60 was lled with one water molecule and then restored to its original closed framework.>> Perspective p. 531616Climate Trends and Global Crop Production Since 1980D. B. Lobell et al.Climate change has decreased global maize and wheat production, while soybean and rice production have remained stable.>> Population section p. 538620 Sr-Nd-Pb Isotope Evidence for Ice-Sheet Presence on Southern Greenland During the Last InterglacialE. J. Colville et al.Melting of the Antarctic Ice Sheet contributed substantially to the excess sea-level rise of the last interglacial period.623Tenfold Population Increase in Western Europe at the NeandertaltoModern Human TransitionP. Mellars and J. C. French The ability of modern humans to sustain larger populations contributed to the decline of Neandertals in Western Europe.>> Population section p. 538627 Bats Use Echo Harmonic Structure to Distinguish Their Targets from Background ClutterM. E. Bates et al.Bats use temporal differences in sonar echoes to suppress interference from background clutter.631Floral Acoustics: Conspicuous Echoes of a Dish-Shaped Leaf Attract Bat PollinatorsR. Simon et al.A bat-pollinated plant has dish-shaped leaves with conspicuous echoes that that serve as acoustic attractors.>> Perspective p. 528633 Initiation Complex Structure and Promoter ProofreadingX. Liu et al.RNA polymerase II transcription complexes reveal the basis of abortive initiation and its role in promoter control.637 Impaired Respiratory and Body Temperature Control Upon Acute Serotonergic Neuron InhibitionR. S. Ray et al.Inducible neuron inhibition reveals essential roles for serotonergic neurons in respiratory and body temperature homeostasis.642 RNA Mimics of Green Fluorescent ProteinJ. S. Paige et al.Selection for RNAs that bind and activate derivatives of the green uorescent protein uorophore yields a wide range of useful spectral properties.646 Isolation of Succinivibrionaceae Implicated in Low Methane Emissions from Tammar WallabiesP. B. Pope et al.Metagenome sequence predicted the culture conditions required for successful isolation of a marsupial gut bacterium.CONTENTS continued >>pages 530 & 610Published by AAASCONTENTSSCIENCEXPRESSwww.sciencexpress.orgIsotopic Signature of N2O Produced by Marine Ammonia-Oxidizing ArchaeaA. E. Santoro et al.Archaea may account for the majority of marine nitrous oxide emissions to the atmosphere.10.1126/science.1208239A Neutralizing Antibody Selected from Plasma Cells That Binds to Group 1 and Group 2 Inuenza A HemagglutininsD. Corti et al.An antibody able to broadly neutralize both group 1 and group 2 inuenza A viruses and its target epitopeare identied.10.1126/science.1205669Nectins Establish a Checkerboard-Like Cellular Pattern in the Auditory EpitheliumH. Togashi et al.Interactions between adhesion molecules support the checkerboard-like patterning of cells in the cochlea.10.1126/science.1208467Exome Sequencing of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Reveals Inactivating Mutations in NOTCH1N. Agrawal et al.10.1126/science.1206923The Mutational Landscape of Head and Neck Squamous Cell CarcinomaN. Stransky et al.The mutational prole of head and neck cancer is complex and may pose challenges to the development of targeted therapies.10.1126/science.1208130SCIENCENOWwww.sciencenow.orgHighlights From Our Daily News Coverage How Blasts Injure the BrainNew ndings may provide important clues to how explosions cause traumatic brain injury in soldiers.http://scim.ag/brainblasts>> News story p. 514A Submarine That Doesnt Make WavesA new wake cloak could eliminate drag on water vessels, making them operate as though they were in a vacuum.http://scim.ag/wakecloakHeavy Armor Gave Knights a WorkoutPhysiologists put armor-clad historical interpreters on a treadmill and measure how quickly they run out of steam.http://scim.ag/heavyarmorSCIENCEONLINE SCIENCE(ISSN0036-8075)ispublishedweeklyonFriday,exceptthelast weekinDecember,bytheAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementof Science, 1200 New York Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20005. Periodicals Mail postage(publicationNo.484460)paidatWashington,DC,andadditionalmailing ofces.Copyright2011bytheAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementof Science. The title SCIENCE is a registered trademark of the AAAS. Domestic individual membershipandsubscription(51issues):$149($74allocatedtosubscription). Domestic institutional subscription (51 issues): $990; Foreign postage extra: Mexico, Caribbean(surfacemail)$55;othercountries(airassistdelivery)$85.Firstclass, airmail,student,andemeritusratesonrequest.CanadianrateswithGSTavailable uponrequest,GST#125488122.PublicationsMailAgreementNumber1069624. Printed in the U.S.A. Change of address: Allow 4 weeks, giving old and new addresses and 8-digit account number. Postmaster: Send change of address to AAAS, P.O. Box 96178, Washington, DC 200906178. Single-copy sales: $10.00 current issue, $15.00 back issue prepaid includessurfacepostage;bulkratesonrequest.Authorizationtophotocopy materialforinternalorpersonaluseundercircumstancesnotfallingwithinthefair useprovisionsoftheCopyrightActisgrantedbyAAAStolibrariesandotherusers registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) Transactional Reporting Service, provided that $25.00 per article is paid directly to CCC, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. The identication code for Science is 0036-8075. Science is indexed in the Readers Guide to Periodical Literature and in several specialized indexes.SCIENCESIGNALING www.sciencesignaling.orgThe Signal Transduction Knowledge Environment26 July issue: http://scim.ag/ss072611RESEARCH ARTICLE: Proteome-Wide Mapping of the Drosophila Acetylome Demonstrates a High Degree of Conservation of Lysine AcetylationB. T. Weinert et al.Comparing the acetylomes with the phosphoproteomes of ies and humans suggests that phosphorylation sites may have evolved faster than acetylation sites.RESEARCH ARTICLE: A Cell-Based High-Content Screening Assay Reveals Activators and Inhibitors of Cancer Cell InvasionM. Quintavalle et al.PODCASTS. A. Courtneidge and A. M. VanHookCyclin-dependent kinase 5 is identied as an anticancer target because its activity promotes invasiveness of cancer cells.PERSPECTIVE: Stem Cell Proliferation in the Skin-Catenin Takes Over the Hippo PathwayE. R. Flores and G. Halder-Catenin inhibits the transcriptional coactivator Yap to limit epidermal stem cell proliferation.SCIENCETRANSLATIONAL MEDICINEwww.sciencetranslationalmedicine.orgIntegrating Medicine and Science27 July issue: http://scim.ag/stm072711COMMENTARY: Losing the War Against ObesityThe Need for a Developmental PerspectiveP. D. Gluckman et al. Recent scientic insights into early-life contributions to the adult obesity epidemic must now be translated into interventions.>> Population section p. 538 and www.scim.ag/pop2011REVIEW: Assessing the Safety of Adjuvanted VaccinesS. S. Ahmed et al.Preclinical and clinical studies assess the risk of adverse events from vaccine adjuvants.RESEARCH ARTICLE: Photoactivated Composite Biomaterial for Soft Tissue Restoration in Rodents and in HumansA. T. Hillel et al.Photoactivated composite biomaterials demonstrate enhanced physicochemical properties for facial soft tissue reconstruction.RESEARCH ARTICLE: IL-7 Promotes TH1 Development and Serum IL-7 Predicts Clinical Response to Interferon- in Multiple SclerosisL.-F. Lee et al. High serum IL-7 predicts responsiveness of multiple sclerosis patients to IFN- therapy and indicates a TH1 celldriven disease.RESEARCH ARTICLE: Targeting TLRs Expands the Antibody Repertoire in Response to a Malaria VaccineS. R. Wiley et al.PERSPECTIVE: Antibody RepertoireEmbracing DiversityA. J. Pollard and A. V. S. HillAdjuvanted formulations expand the vaccine-induced antibody repertoires against a virus and a parasite.SCIENCECAREERSwww.sciencecareers.org/career_magazineFree Career Resources for ScientistsScience in NamibiaS. GaidosA new series highlights what its like to do science in different parts of the world, starting with Namibia.http://scim.ag/namibia_careers>> Population section p. 538 and www.scim.ag/pop2011Experimental Error: The Gray Pride ParadeA. RubenWalk through the corridors of many scientic institutions and youll see the results of decisions made by the hiring committee of 1962.http://scim.ag/ee_grayprideSCIENCEPODCASTwww.sciencemag.org/multimedia/podcastFree Weekly ShowOn the 29 July Science Podcast: a special show all about population, from the major demographic shift of the Neolithic to the regional youth bulges of today.>> Population section p. 538 and www.scim.ag/pop2011SCIENCEINSIDERnews.sciencemag.org/scienceinsiderScience Policy News and Analysis29 JULY 2011VOL 333SCIENCEwww.sciencemag.org496Published by AAAS497EDITED BY STELLA HURTLEYCREDITS (TOP TO BOTTOM): JOE BELCOVSON/SALK INSTITUTE; CHOI ET AL.www.sciencemag.orgSCIENCEVOL 33329 JULY 2011Continued on page 498Uncover UpDuring the previous interglacial period, ap-proximately 127,000 to about 116,000 years ago, Earths climate was warmer than it is currently. Global average sea level was also 4 to 6 meters higher, but it is unclear how much additional ocean volume resulted from the melting of the Greenland Ice Sheet versus the Antarctic Ice Sheet. Colville et al. (p. 620) ex-amined the Sr-Nd-Pb isotope ratios of silt-size sediment discharged from southern Greenland over the penultimate warm period in order to infer what terrane in Greenland was covered in ice. The results were compared with model outputs of the Greenland Ice Sheet in order to estimate the volume of ice and to calculate how much the ice sheet contributed to sea level. The ndings indicate that the Greenland Ice Sheet supplied between 1.6 and 2.2 meters of the excess sea-level rise, which suggests that the Antarctic Ice Sheet also made a major contribu-tion to the sea level.To Trap a Water MoleculeMany of the unusual properties of water stem from its ability to form networks through hydrogen bonding. In most cases, where water is conned, it can still interact with other elements through hydrogen bonds. Kurotobi and Murata (p. 613; see the Perspective by Balch) isolated single water molecules inside what should have been a highly hydrophobic environmenta C60 molecule. At relatively high temperatures and water-vapor pressures, an open-cage C60 derivative was quantitatively lled with one water molecule. Closing of the opening restored the C60 framework, encapsu-lating single water molecules. Access to bulk quantities of isolated water molecules may enable studies into the inuence of hydrogen bonding on its properties.Heating Up Agricultural ProductionGlobal temperatures have been increasing over the past several decades, and it is not clear whether this temperature increase is already affecting agricultural output. Lobell et al. (p. 616, published online 5 May) examined global food production and temperature data from the past 30 years. Of the four largest agricul-tural commodities, corn and wheat production has decreased in response to warming, while soybean and rice production has, on a global scale, remained unaffected. Future increases in temperatures could thus have substantial effects on food production and commodity prices.Mass Migration?Modern humans migrated into Eurasia about 40,000 years ago and rapidly replaced the existing Neandertal populations, driving them to extinction. Genetic data imply that one reason modern humans were so successful is that their populations were greateralthough better tools and different social structures also may have been important. Mellars and French (p. 623) analyzed the archaeological records in one well-studied region of France to better assess population changes. The number of sites, density of food processing at the sites, and extent of occupations imply that after the transi-tion, modern humans were 10 times as abun-dant as the preceding Neandertal population. Thus, the rapidity and success of the transition may have been largely a matter of numbers.Valence VariationBoron is the quintessential electron-decient element, forming numerous compounds in which it is missing a full set of valence electrons, leading to the attraction of donor molecules such as amines. Kinjo et al. (p. 610; see the Perspective by Wang and Robinson) inverted this paradigm and created a compound in which a boron center bears a free electron pair instead of a vacancy. The unusually low oxidation state was stabilized by using bulky anking carbon substituents and was characterized by x-ray crystallography. Like an amine, the boron center acts as a base: A protonated conjugate was also isolated and fully characterized. Sliding More Easily To Than FroGiven the symmetry of graphene, the friction caused by an object sliding over it should be the same moving forward and backward. However, when Choi et al. (p. 607, published online 30 June) exam-ined mechanically exfo-liated graphene sheets on silica substrates measured by friction force microscopy, do-mains were present that varied in friction, coef-cient with scanning direction, rising and dropping with every 180 turn. These domains appeared otherwise identical by atomic force microscopy and by Raman spectroscopy. Puckering induced in the graphene during its attachment to the substratemay have caused the observed anisotropy.Seeing in the Dark Bats detect their prey in nocturnal environ-ments by using projected sonar beams and can also act as important pollinators for tropical plants (see the Perspective by Fenton). Sonar