science · 2005. 7. 24. · scripts, book reviews, and illustrations, see science 125, 16 (4 jan....

8
16 May 1958, Volume 127, Number 3307 AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE Board of Directors WALLACE R. BRODE, President PAUL E. KLOPSTEG, President Elect LAURENCE H. SNYDER, Retiring President PAUL M. GROSS GEORGE R. HARRISON CHAUNCEY D. LEAKE MARGARET MEAD THOMAS PARK MINA REES WILLIAM W. RUBEY ALAN T. WATERMAN PAUL A. SCHERER, Treasurer DAEL WOLFLE, Executive Officer DAEL WOLFLE, Executive Officer GRAHAM DUSHANE, Editor JOSEPH TURNER, Assistant Editor ROBERT V. ORMES, Assistant Editor Editorial Board WALLACE R. BRODE EDWIN M. LERNER BENTLEY GLASS WILLIAM L. STRAUS, JR. EDWARD L. TATUM Editorial Staff MARY L. CRABILL, SARAH S. DEES, LUCILLE GuI- NARD, NANCY S. HAMILTON, OLIVER W. HEATWOLE, NANCY L. JACKSON, YUKIE KOZAI, ELLEN E. MUR- PHY, BETHSABE PEDERSEN, MADELINE SCHNEIDER, JACQUELYN VOLLMER, MARIA A. WOLSAK EARL J. SCHERAGO, Advertising Representative SCIENCE, which is now combined with THE SCIENTIFIC MONTHLY, is published each Fri- day by the American Association for the Advance- ment of Science at Business Press, Lancaster, Pa. The joint journal is published in the SCIENCE format. Entered at the Lancaster, Pa., Post Office as second class matter under the Act of 3 March 1879. SCIENCE is indexed in the Reader's Guide to Periodical Literature. Editorial and personnel-placement correspond- ence should be addressed to SCIENCE, 1515 Massachusetts Ave., NW, Washington 5, D.C. Manuscripts should be typed with double spacing and submitted in duplicate. The AAAS assumes no responsibility for the safety of manuscripts or for the opinions expressed by contributors. For de- tailed suggestions on the preparation of manu- scripts, book reviews, and illustrations, see Science 125, 16 (4 Jan. 1957). Display-advertising correspondence should be addressed to SCIENCE, Room 740, 11 West 42 St., New York 36, N.Y. Change of address notification should be sent to 1515 Massachusetts Ave., NW, Washington 5, D.C., 4 weeks in advance. If possible, furnish an address stencil label from a recent issue. Be sure to give both old and new addresses, including zone num- bers, if any. Annual subscriptions: $8.50; foreign postage, $1.50; Canadian postage, 75¢. Single copies, 35¢. Cable address: Advancesci, Washington. SCIENCE Journal Publication in Microform Communication is the blood-stream of science. So emphatically is this the case that it may truthfully be said that science did not become an identifiable human activity until arrangements for communication between scientists were effected. Among these arrangements, publication has always taken a place of principal importance. Yet publication, so ancillary though so necessary to the progress of science, has continuously presented scientists with one of their principal problems. There is either too little of it, or too much; it is too ubiquitous, or too inaccessible; it is too deficient in detail, or too plethoric. Above all, it suffers from delays and expense which greatly reduce its potential effec- tiveness. Science has continuously sought for media and methods of publi- cation which would speed up communication, reduce its cost and volume, and-by narrowing a field of interest both reduce the total quantity of material to be read and at the same time permit greater detail in that which remains to be read. Microphotography has long seemed to offer possibilities for these pur- poses. Almost a hundred years ago it was successfully applied by the pho- tographer Rene-Prudent-Patrice Dagron to the carrier pigeon post which linked Paris to the outside world during the seige of 1870; in similar fashion, it was adapted to the V-mail of the last war. In a notable application, the development of which has not yet expended itself, it was brought to the management of business records in the 1920's, and was thereafter almost immediately extended to lowering the cost and improving the accuracy of the reproduction of scholarly materials. Microphotography, then, would seem to have demonstrated many of the merits required of a vehicle for scientific communication. Editions can be as small as desired; format can be convenient; publication can ensue as quickly as a legible and edited copy is in hand, and many of the costs associated with letter-press publication are avoided; the enormous com- pression offered by the miniaturized image is reflected in savings of mate- rial, transportation, and storage. The publication of the meteorological data produced by the International Geophysical Year is thus expected to provide subscribers, for $5000, with 24 trays of 3-by-5-inch cards containing mate- rial which, by conventional letter-press methods, would cost more than $60,000 to produce and would occupy some 750 feet of shelving. These successes would argue for the possibility of journal publication in microform; yet this has not as yet achieved success. There are a number of reasons for this. Letter-press publication is normal; it conveys prestige; it serves as a vehicle for advertising; but, principally, it can be read with the naked (or nearly naked) eye and requires no elaborate optical mechanisms. And here it may be observed that the greater the reductions used, the more expensive, unportable, and complicated become the ancillary optical appa- ratus. Microfilm was borrowed originally from the motion picture industry, and with it all the norms of format, dimension, and allied apparatus. These norms have affected all use of the microforms ever since. It would seem necessary, to achieve better application of microphotography to the com- munication needs of working scientists, to take a look at the whole process, beginning at the consumer's end. In recent years there has been a great increase in the use of 105-millimeter as contrasted with the original 35- millimeter film, especially for the reproduction of engineering drawings and plans. This size greatly reduces the original, but the material can still be read without apparatus. It may be that we have been asking too much in the way of space-saving. Several scientific groups are now looking afresh at the possibilities of micro-journal publication. Their experience will be awaited with interest by all who are concerned with the problems of scientific communication.- VERNER CLAPP, Council on Library Resources, Inc.

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Page 1: SCIENCE · 2005. 7. 24. · scripts, book reviews, and illustrations, see Science 125, 16 (4 Jan. 1957). Display-advertising correspondence should be addressed to SCIENCE, Room 740,

16 May 1958, Volume 127, Number 3307

AMERICAN ASSOCIATIONFOR THE

ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE

Board of Directors

WALLACE R. BRODE, PresidentPAUL E. KLOPSTEG, President ElectLAURENCE H. SNYDER, Retiring PresidentPAUL M. GROSSGEORGE R. HARRISONCHAUNCEY D. LEAKEMARGARET MEADTHOMAS PARKMINA REESWILLIAM W. RUBEYALAN T. WATERMANPAUL A. SCHERER, TreasurerDAEL WOLFLE, Executive Officer

DAEL WOLFLE, Executive OfficerGRAHAM DUSHANE, Editor

JOSEPH TURNER, Assistant EditorROBERT V. ORMES, Assistant Editor

Editorial Board

WALLACE R. BRODE EDWIN M. LERNERBENTLEY GLASS WILLIAM L. STRAUS, JR.

EDWARD L. TATUM

Editorial Staff

MARY L. CRABILL, SARAH S. DEES, LUCILLE GuI-NARD, NANCY S. HAMILTON, OLIVER W. HEATWOLE,NANCY L. JACKSON, YUKIE KOZAI, ELLEN E. MUR-PHY, BETHSABE PEDERSEN, MADELINE SCHNEIDER,JACQUELYN VOLLMER, MARIA A. WOLSAK

EARL J. SCHERAGO, Advertising Representative

SCIENCE, which is now combined with THESCIENTIFIC MONTHLY, is published each Fri-day by the American Association for the Advance-ment of Science at Business Press, Lancaster, Pa.The joint journal is published in the SCIENCEformat. Entered at the Lancaster, Pa., Post Officeas second class matter under the Act of 3 March1879. SCIENCE is indexed in the Reader's Guideto Periodical Literature.

Editorial and personnel-placement correspond-ence should be addressed to SCIENCE, 1515Massachusetts Ave., NW, Washington 5, D.C.Manuscripts should be typed with double spacingand submitted in duplicate. The AAAS assumes no

responsibility for the safety of manuscripts or forthe opinions expressed by contributors. For de-tailed suggestions on the preparation of manu-

scripts, book reviews, and illustrations, see Science125, 16 (4 Jan. 1957).

Display-advertising correspondence should beaddressed to SCIENCE, Room 740, 11 West 42St., New York 36, N.Y.Change of address notification should be sent to

1515 Massachusetts Ave., NW, Washington 5, D.C.,4 weeks in advance. If possible, furnish an addressstencil label from a recent issue. Be sure to giveboth old and new addresses, including zone num-

bers, if any.Annual subscriptions: $8.50; foreign postage,

$1.50; Canadian postage, 75¢. Single copies, 35¢.Cable address: Advancesci, Washington.

SCIENCEJournal Publication in Microform

Communication is the blood-stream of science. So emphatically is thisthe case that it may truthfully be said that science did not become anidentifiable human activity until arrangements for communication betweenscientists were effected. Among these arrangements, publication has alwaystaken a place of principal importance.

Yet publication, so ancillary though so necessary to the progress ofscience, has continuously presented scientists with one of their principalproblems. There is either too little of it, or too much; it is too ubiquitous,or too inaccessible; it is too deficient in detail, or too plethoric. Above all,it suffers from delays and expense which greatly reduce its potential effec-tiveness. Science has continuously sought for media and methods of publi-cation which would speed up communication, reduce its cost and volume,and-by narrowing a field of interest both reduce the total quantity ofmaterial to be read and at the same time permit greater detail in that whichremains to be read.

Microphotography has long seemed to offer possibilities for these pur-poses. Almost a hundred years ago it was successfully applied by the pho-tographer Rene-Prudent-Patrice Dagron to the carrier pigeon post whichlinked Paris to the outside world during the seige of 1870; in similar fashion,it was adapted to the V-mail of the last war. In a notable application, thedevelopment of which has not yet expended itself, it was brought to themanagement of business records in the 1920's, and was thereafter almostimmediately extended to lowering the cost and improving the accuracy ofthe reproduction of scholarly materials.

Microphotography, then, would seem to have demonstrated many of themerits required of a vehicle for scientific communication. Editions can beas small as desired; format can be convenient; publication can ensue asquickly as a legible and edited copy is in hand, and many of the costsassociated with letter-press publication are avoided; the enormous com-pression offered by the miniaturized image is reflected in savings of mate-rial, transportation, and storage. The publication of the meteorological dataproduced by the International Geophysical Year is thus expected to providesubscribers, for $5000, with 24 trays of 3-by-5-inch cards containing mate-rial which, by conventional letter-press methods, would cost more than$60,000 to produce and would occupy some 750 feet of shelving.These successes would argue for the possibility of journal publication in

microform; yet this has not as yet achieved success. There are a number ofreasons for this. Letter-press publication is normal; it conveys prestige; itserves as a vehicle for advertising; but, principally, it can be read with thenaked (or nearly naked) eye and requires no elaborate optical mechanisms.And here it may be observed that the greater the reductions used, the moreexpensive, unportable, and complicated become the ancillary optical appa-ratus.

Microfilm was borrowed originally from the motion picture industry, andwith it all the norms of format, dimension, and allied apparatus. Thesenorms have affected all use of the microforms ever since. It would seem

necessary, to achieve better application of microphotography to the com-

munication needs of working scientists, to take a look at the whole process,beginning at the consumer's end. In recent years there has been a greatincrease in the use of 105-millimeter as contrasted with the original 35-millimeter film, especially for the reproduction of engineering drawingsand plans. This size greatly reduces the original, but the material can stillbe read without apparatus. It may be that we have been asking too muchin the way of space-saving.

Several scientific groups are now looking afresh at the possibilities ofmicro-journal publication. Their experience will be awaited with interestby all who are concerned with the problems of scientific communication.-VERNER CLAPP, Council on Library Resources, Inc.

Page 2: SCIENCE · 2005. 7. 24. · scripts, book reviews, and illustrations, see Science 125, 16 (4 Jan. 1957). Display-advertising correspondence should be addressed to SCIENCE, Room 740,

The pla of te Particl A cc lErator

in BasjcReerh.Atomic Displacement by 1-ugh-energy Particles -VI

Research on t rac t f

nally described in1923 3,

is

f generally known as a thermal or

ReWsearch 00onstrchthe interaction003;000 ;0dsl mn 0 oneof

highner Disparcemticleswithatoms P' eI

\ high-energy partcewihaos' displacement spie t soeo

in the solid phase has received the most difficult and yet mostInew impetus with the availabil interesting phenomena in solid-ity of controlled beams of elec- state radiation reactons.trnpositive ionsado the hihdemprts epk2

monoenergetic neutrons from 5eitz, hin desrbn the theorVan de GraaffacertosIn vestigations in his important,has made an esiaeo thiortantfield

volume affected and of the tern-

of solid-state physics and chem- perature and pressure produced

istry have been the subjectin this region by tr

several recent surveys and ainlthi regioncbyatrnsferce f inbok.1,2, 3.

cident energy toalticaombooks. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~usingassumptions deduced fromn

rather meager experimental evi-Determination of

dence, it can be shown that the

OfgreaThitresthasdbenteafce ouehas a radius ap-

Of great interest has been the W Jfproximately ten times the atomic

determination of the threshold radius. In this volume, the tern-

for displacement in semi-con- radspe.ature is above the meltin

duor dslbyemeasuremsentstaieatr saoe h

etn\by measurements that points of most solids and the

ductors,~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ pesue due to the high localcan be made with electrons of pressur

several hundred Kev. Increasing 2.M.v pcsltive-lon Van de Graaff temperature is of the order of

the energy above the threshold with analyzingp systim107 dynes per cm.2 Althoughvale uesethea to to recoil cniin atfrolwithvalue causes hh kinetic deutrons. The resulting neutron these conditions last for onlye with cusefther dise- baam is monoenergetic, with a about 10.11 seconds, which ismenty in co ns whe eipg- high flux making it ideal for brief in comparison with most

beouing toc Eleonswt neigh- displacement studies. It does not chemical reactions, they could

bouring atoms. Electrons cannot suffer from the broad energy be useful for certain selectedtransfer large amounts of energy spectrum of pile-produced neu- systems.

to these recoil atoms because of trons and has relatively low One of the exciting possibili-Ithe large mass difference, bu gamma background. ties of such local thermal spikes

changes can be effected by heavy g . is the use of the extremely high

particles if they have sufficient Thermal Spike temperatures and pressures forkinetic energy. Although high-

I eea h oonrei hmcln ntiil

energy protons and deutrons neral the pertic citte alsold state reactions.have been used for solid-state netospouebypril itehauseo bhee doneiinlthisffieldstudies, these particles do not accelerators have energies above becasen o the diffulty. oft ana-provide the best results because the displacement, threshold. availability of low-energy monortheyose nerg to he lattice Their interaction with the atomic avalailtyrof sl oweerg mono

eltheycos andat losw energies, nuclei can be described by classi- energetic nutrons frcomplicaVhaelcrn anlmtd, rangowe nris cal hard-sphere collisions and de Graaff, without the complicah

Naeualmtron cangbe. prdcd tesbsequent recoil atom en- tion of Coulomb encounterswtwitha Van de Graaff accelerator ergy is sufficient to produce elec- the lattice atoms, tearbyhbomardmen oraf tacclrgets rsc trnic excitation of neighbouring hope thak this promisingfilas Li7 and H3 with protons or atoms. This phenomenonorg- wlatacmreteti.

1e;eence. Vineyard, I sencePublishers Incew 19561.Radiato Efet nSois .J D Ene tos,GH. l 2IntaersniefPress Inc. New York, 15

2. Solid State physics, F. Seitz, D. Turnbul, Edior, Vol.,Acae9c5re. A. A Brinkman, Journal of Applied Physics. 25, 961, 154 ci o:4 F. Desauer, Z. Physik, 38, 12, 1923.

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1146 SCIENCE, VOL. 127

Page 3: SCIENCE · 2005. 7. 24. · scripts, book reviews, and illustrations, see Science 125, 16 (4 Jan. 1957). Display-advertising correspondence should be addressed to SCIENCE, Room 740,

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LettersCurrent Scientific JournalsMay I briefly discuss one statement

made in your timely and excellent edi-torial entitled " Strength through union"and published in the 14 February issueof Science [127, 313 (1958)].

At the end of the second paragraphyou speak of "50,000 scientific journals"which "currently publish about 2 millionarticles per year." On several occasionsI have seen a like estimate of the num-

ber of current scientific journals and ofpublished scientific articles, and I havenever understood the estimates. For a

discussion of this subject please read theeditorial entitled "Lost-literature legend"which appeared in Chemical and Engi-neering News [30, 505 (1952)].

It seems to me that some definitionsand some qualifying comments would beappropriate in this connection. What isa scientific journal?From time to time chemistry is used in

the experimental work of most branchesof natural science. Accordingly, Chem-ical Abstracts must examine many sci-entific journals in order completely toreport the new information of chemicalinterest appearing throughout the world.We have been striving for complete cov-

erage for over fifty years now and feelthat we have been succeeding reasonablywell. We only find articles suitable forabstracting in about 7500 current peri-odicals.We realize, of course, that there are a

good many scientific journals which donot carry even a single article of at leasta little chemical interest now and then,but I would be surprised if there can beproved to exist more than 15,000 or 20,-000 journals worthy of being rated as

current scientific journals. At least, I be-lieve this to be true for publicationswhich deserve to be considered in con-

nection with scientific research. Perhapsthe high estimate which I believe to bewrong includes the many small localpublications such as county health bulle-tins, city medical association circulars,house organs, lesser trade journals, hos-pital bulletins, and publications for agri-culture, home economics, and clinicalmedicine as examples of fields in whichmuch is published. Some publications ofthese kinds do contain new informationof a scientific nature, but a great many

of them are of no real value in connec-

tion with scientific research. Such pub-lications have various kinds of values (Ido not belittle them), but they are hardlyscientific journals for the most part, andabstracting journals published to aid inscientific research can usually pass thesepublications by with impunity.At least it is misleading to speak of

50,000 current scientific journals if theinference is made that the informationin all should be made available to scien-

SCIENCE, VOL. 127

Page 4: SCIENCE · 2005. 7. 24. · scripts, book reviews, and illustrations, see Science 125, 16 (4 Jan. 1957). Display-advertising correspondence should be addressed to SCIENCE, Room 740,

tific research workers by the abstractingand indexing services. The researchworker would be hindered instead ofserved thereby.

E. J. CRANEChemical Abstracts Service,Ohio State University, Columbus

Communicative Accuracy

Science has touched on a timely andurgent point in Warren Weaver's edi-torial on "Communicative accuracy"[127, 499 (1958)]. I suggest that it bean opening to a more extensive and thor-ough study. Pushed on its way by theAAAS, such a study can be of greatservice to the country.

Serious and difficult as the problemposed by Weaver is, it is multiplied incomplexity for both the public at largeand the Government by the simple factthat too often the scientists who are de-scribing their activities are interested inmore than "communicative accuracy" assuch. They have axes to grind. Many oftheir topics involve problems sufficientlytechnical so that, even if the scientistsspoke as precisely as they would like, andused caveats, it still would be difficult tocome to a common understanding lead-ing to a practical solution-that is, onethat could lead to a policy, for instance.If scientific problems-particularly thoseinvolving a dispute, real or apparent-are aired in public without precision ofstatement and use of qualification, it mayturn out that sides are picked and eachside talks at the other, and a real solu-tion becomes ever farther away.

I would suggest that part of the reasonthat scientists, in talking to the public orto the Government, find their communi-cations problems difficult is that theyhave not thought either deeply or com-prehensively enough about the publicpolicies which their scientific statementsare supposed to relate to. They have notthought enough about the framework inwhich policy will be made or about theconstraints and conceptual models thatmight apply. The result is that scientists,even those most sincere and wishing tobe and appear unbiased, will overstatepoints and then find themselves trappedby a misinterpretation of something thatdidn't need to be said in the first place.Often enough, too, it is the scientistspeaking in too narrow a framework,lacking the vision to speak in a properlyinformative way.

In defense of the scientist it should bepointed out that neither the Governmentnor the press-even the "blue-ribbon"press-is inclined, even if able, to bealways unbiased in seeking the facts.They too grind axes. In interviews, hear-ings, and even in conversations, questionsare fed that invite the biased answer,particularly-as is often true and not16 MAY 1958

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Page 5: SCIENCE · 2005. 7. 24. · scripts, book reviews, and illustrations, see Science 125, 16 (4 Jan. 1957). Display-advertising correspondence should be addressed to SCIENCE, Room 740,

always by coincidence if the biases ofthe questioner agree with those of thescientist.

But the careful scientist needn't fallfor this. Hower many scientists, on the spotbefore Congress or on television, willcome out and say thex are not competentto speak on a point, or will draw a linebetween their owx n expert and their ownlay opinion? Sometimes ves, but rarelyenough to make the questioner suspecta desire not to answs er the question ratherthan a desire to be simon-pure. The egoof the scientist is here apparent, and hewill repeatedly speak with equal convic-tion on points on which he is expert andon points on which he is not even reason-ably sxell informed.

It seems to me that it is not to be ex-pected that a simple answer to thesecommunications problems wx ill be forth-coming. Maybe, in fact, both the Gov-ernment and the press wxill have to facetip to the fact that scientists are people.I guess the best known method on earthfor getting at real "commnunicative ac-curacy," as \\eaveer speaks of it, is bytaking advantage of the alwxays existiniginterplay and conflict of personalitiesthat is to say, biases. Lass yers cross-ex-amine. In the [Congressional] hearingslast year on "The nature of radioactivefallout and its effects on man," the dis-ciussion seminar, with panels of scientists

of not too coincident views, was used toadvantage. What wsras brought out bythese seminars perhaps ws-as of no im-portance to science, but it sswas importantfrom the standpoint of sshat scientistshad to sav about fallout. Scientists, fac-ing each other across the table, literallyor figuratively, are going to be more care-ful about "communicatixe accuracy."Reputations are at stake.

Similarly, the (Goxvernmiieint and the1e.ss are going to have to go much

farther toss ard obtaininog sufhicietst basictechnical competence to avoid beingsnoswed" bs overzealous, or just plainI rone ous, scentific statent. I myselfdo not feel that obtaining this compe-te(nlce is impossible or even necessarilyv erx. difficult, once the need is recognized.Clear thinking and understanding ofbasic scientific facts, principles, and phi-losophy will go a long essay toward givingthis competence.

Not to go in this direction means con-tniiued reliance, without understanding,on the statements and judgments of sci-entists. For both the press and the Gos'-ernment, such reliance is often placedon a very fessw individuals of high repu-tation. (Government secrecy in excesshas, as one of its more insidious effects,the furthering of this tendency to leanin one direction; either the facts can't bebrought out publicly or else only one

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side" knoxss them.) It seems to me thatfor either press or Government to leanheavily on one, or a fess, scientists canbe excec(dijiig1 dangerous.

HL IHIOIISTIER1e(theda, Mat? yland

Fluorescence of EthylenediamineDerivatives of Epinephrineand Norepinephrine

A. tie T Vaslk, Jr., and 1+1. 1L. PrI eCI. (Hit,. Incitt. 35, 837 19)56j andmoreIr ciii(l . F'. Mangan, Jr., andJ. W. MIlsconi coci 126, i62 (1957 1reported the olbservation that a greaterfluorescence is obtained wx hen the con-densation of (ethy lenediasiiiie Wxith epi-nephrine [H. Weil-Malberbe and A. D.Bone, Bioche no. J., 51, 311 (1952)] isperformed in a solution containing aceticacid which had been passed over a col-umn of alumlina than wx hen it is per-formed in swater, or in acetic acid notthus treated. According to Valk andPrice this difference amounts to 100 to150 percent; Mangan and Mason founda difference of only 30 percent.

This phenomenon, of course, swouldnot has e escaped our notice if it hadoccurred under our conditions. Checkson the adsorbant have been and still areregularly carried out in our laboratory;the recoveries of epinephrine, after ad-sorption on a column of alumina, varybetween 80 and 100 percent, but theynever exceed 100 percent. We repeat~edly and unsuccessfully attempted to oh-serve the effect by adding epinephrine todilute acetic acid which had been filteredthrough a column of alumina. We alsoadded aluiminium iOIlS to epinephrincsolutions; these did not affect the fluor-escence of the ethy lenediamine-conden-sation product up to concentrations of1() 4. At higher concentrations the-reduced the intensity of fluorescence.

Both Valk and Price and Manganand Mason used the Farrand fitiorimeter,which differs from our fluorimneter inthat test tubes are used instead of rec-tangular cuvettes and the fluorescent solu-tion is exposed to focused exciting lightinstead of parallel exciting light. Wetherefore measured the fluorescence of thecondensation product, prepared in thepresence and absence of alumina-treatedacetic acid, under conditions approach-ing those obtaining in the Farrand fluor-imeter. Again, no difference wxas found.

Neither Valk and Price nor Manganand Mason made any attempt to offer arational explanation for their observa-tion. In viesw of our failure to confirmit, the burden of finding its cause restswith them.

11. W\E7s -MALHFRBFA. D. BoNi

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SCIENCE, VOL. 127

Page 6: SCIENCE · 2005. 7. 24. · scripts, book reviews, and illustrations, see Science 125, 16 (4 Jan. 1957). Display-advertising correspondence should be addressed to SCIENCE, Room 740,

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MeetingsInternational Genetics Congress

The tenth International Congress ofGenetics will be held at McGill Univer-sity in Montreal 20-27 August. This isthe second International Congress ofGenetics to be held in North America(the first took place in Ithaca, N.Y., in1932), and the first in Canada. An in-vitation to hold this congress at McGillwas extended at the last congress (inBellagio, Italy) by McGill and sponsoredby the Genetics Society of America.The invitation was unanimously sup-

ported by the Permanent InternationalCommittee for Genetics Congresses andapproved at a plenary session of the con-gress. Since then the following organi-zations have enlisted as cosponsors:Genetics Society of Canada, Agricul-tural Institute of Canada, AmericanCancer Society, American Eugenics So-ciety, American Genetic Association,American Society of Agronomy, Amer-ican Society for Animal Production,American Society for Horticultural Sci-ence, American Society of Human Ge-netics, American Society of Naturalists,Society for the Study of Evolution.

Sewall Wright of the University ofWisconsin is president of the congress,and the vice presidents are: L. S. Pen-rose, University College, London, Eng-land; C. Pavan, University of Sio Paulo,Sio Paulo, Brazil; Y. Sinoto, Interna-tional Christian University, Tokyo,Japan; A. Mfintzing, Mendelska Siill-skapet Genetiska Institutionen, Lund,Sweden; A. Sturtevant, California Insti-tute of Technology, Pasadena, Calif.; andW. P. Thompson, University of Sas-katchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. J.W. Boyes, Department of Genetics, Mc-Gill University, Montreal, P.Q., is thegeneral secretary.The scientific program will consist of

symposia, invited papers, contributedpapers and demonstrations, exhibits,panel discussions, and special meetings.A very extensive exhibit, illustrating thenumerous ways in which the science ofgenetics has contributed to human prog-ress and welfare, is being prepared.There will be about 100 booths, includ-ing many exhibits brought from Japanespecially for the congress, a numberbeing prepared by the Department ofAgriculture of the Government of Can-ada, some by the U.S. Department ofAgriculture, and some by the SwedishSeed Association.The Japanese exhibits will illustrate

genetic and cytological work on morningglory, wheat, rice, radish, silkworm,goldfish, and fowl. Exhibits on plantgenetics will include examples fromstudies of coffee, cotton, sorghum, water-melons, rubber, and hybrid corn; crop

improvement through crosses with wildrelatives will also be shown.

Studies on animal genetics will be il-lustrated by exhibits of the King RanchSanta Gertrudis cattle; dwarf cattle, furanimals, sheep and poultry; and possiblyof dogs, cats, and swine. There will bea section concerning the use of geneticsin relation to medicine, with displays onthe use of inbred strains of animals, liv-ing chromosome maps of the mouse, im-munogenetics of tissue transplants, hu-man cancer genetics, cancer in animals,twin studies, and radiation biology.The Canadian exhibit will demon-

strate aspects of the application of ge-netic principles to studies of wheat, oats,Lacombe hog, poultry, legume breeding,flower color, and tomatoes.There will be three public lectures for

the general public. The Huskins Me-morial Lecture of the Genetics Societyof Canada will be presented in Englishby Arne Miintzing, chairman of theMendelska Siillskapet Genetiska Insti-tutionen of Lund, Sweden, in the SirArthur Currie Memorial Gymnasium at8 P.M. on 19 August; a public lecture inFrench will be presented by Dr. Jacobin the auditorium of the University ofMontreal at 8 P.M. on 21 August; and alecture in English will be given by Theo-dosius Dobzhansky of Columbia Univer-sity at the Sir Arthur Currie MemorialGymnasium at 8 P.M. on 25 August.

Invitations have been extended tosome 60 countries through the Depart-ment of External Affairs in Ottawa. Thegeneral secretary has extended personalinvitations to more than 230 individualsand about 300 institutions in many dif-ferent countries. The responses to theseinvitations have been numerous and en-couraging. The United States FinanceCommittee has raised more than $50,-000 to be used in helping overseas ge-neticists to come to the congress. Officialdelegates of 17 universities (or other or-ganizations) have already been appointedand many more are expected. Countrieswhich will be represented by these dele-gates include Italy, England, Switzer-land, Japan, Netherlands, Poland,Greece, West Germany, the Union ofSouth Africa, and Australia. For furtherinformation write to Prof. J. W. Boyes,General Secretary, X International Con-gress of Genetics, McGill University,Montreal 2, P.Q., Canada.

Pacific Division of the AAAS

The 39th annual meeting of the PacificDivision of the AAAS will be held onthe campus of Utah State University,Logan, 16-20 June. Registration willopen at 1 P.M. on 15 June and at 8 A.M.on subsequent days.The divisional symposium, on the sub-

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United States-Geomorphic, Climatic,Ecological," will be held on the eveningof 16 June. On 18 June the Council ofthe Pacific Division will meet at 4 P.M.The presidential address of Ian Camp-bell, president of the Pacific Division,will be given that evening.

Nineteen societies affiliated with thePacific Division will participate in theLogan meeting, with symposia and ses-sions for the reading of papers. Localarrangements are in charge of a generalcommittee, which is under the chair-manship of J. Stewart Williams, dean ofthe Graduate School of Utah State Uni-versity.

International Dairy Congress

United States scientific and technicalworkers in the field of dairy science havebeen invited to participate in the 15thInternational Dairy Congress, to be heldin London, England, 29 June through 3July 1959. The congress is under the di-rection of the International Dairy Fed-eration. Arrangements for United Statesparticipation are being handled by R. E.Hodgson of the U.S. Department ofAgriculture. A committee of USDA spe-cialists is being named to assist him.Those who wish to propose papers for

inclusion in the program and proceed-ings of the congress are requested to ad-vise Hodgson not later than 25 May1958. Correspondence indicating titleand subject matter should be addressedto Dr. R. E. Hodgson, Animal Hus-bandry Research Division, U.S. Depart-ment of Agriculture, Beltsville, Md.Papers are limited to 2000 words. Allmanuscripts are to be submitted by 15August 1958.The United Kingdom Dairy Associa-

tion, with the approval of the BritishGovernment, is organizing the 1959 con-gress. Organizing secretary is A. W.Marsden, XV International Dairy Con-gress, 86 Brook St., London, W.1, Eng-land.

Seventh National Clay Conference

The seventh National Clay Confer-ence will be held 20-23 October at theU.S. National Museum, Washington,D.C. Sessions will be open to all whohave a common interest in clays and claytechnology. The meeting is sponsored bythe Clay Minerals Committee of the Na-tional Research Council and is underthe chairmanship of Dr. H. F. Mefurdieof the National Bureau of Standards.A principal theme for the conference

will be "Geology of Clay Deposits."However, papers will also be presentedon other phases of the broad subject of"Clays and Clay Minerals." Completedetails of the program will be announced16 MAY 1958

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