6 November 1959, Volume 130, Number 3384 SCIE 1 IE0

Editorial Crowded Spectrum ........................................................ 1223

Articles Digital Electronic Computers in Biomedical Science: R. S. Ledley .1225

Computers make solutions to complex biomedical problems feasible, butobstacles curb widespread use.

Further Evidence of Vegetation on Mars: W. M. Sinton . .1234

The presence of large organic molecules is indicated by recent infrared-spectroscopic tests.

Science In the News National Standards for Teacher Certification To Be Studied underCarnegie Grant to AAAS; Hesitancy of Europe To Invest in U.S.International Atom Program To Be Studied . 1237

Book Reviews B. Heuvelman's On the Track of Unknown Animals, reviewed by D. H. Johnson;other reviews.. . . 1245

Reports Photoelectric Technique for Measuring Eye Movements: W. M. Smith ..... ........ 1248

Electrolyte-Solvent Interactions: Effect of Electrolytes on VibrationalSpectrum of Methanol: J. Bufalini and K. H. Stern. 1249

Occurrence of 8-Aminoisobutyric Acid in Mytilus edulis: J. Awapara and K. Allen ... 1250

Parasitic Relationship between Two Culturally Isolated and Unrelated LichenComponents: V. Ahmadjian and E. Henriksson ............................ 1251

Another Meteorite Cratcr Studied: H. H. Nininger ...... ....................... 1251

Effect of Chlorine Dioxide on Lignin Content and Cellulose Digestibility of Forages:J. T. Sullivan and T. V. Hershberger ....... .............................. 1252

Sodium- and Potassium-Sensitive Glass Electrodes for Biological Use:S. M. Friedman et al.. 1252

Bregmatic Bones in North American Lynx: R. H. Manville ............... 1254

Horizontal Diffusion: F. C. W. Olson and T. Jchiye ........... .. ................ 1255

Zinc-65 in Foods: G. K. Murthy, A. S. Goldin, J. E. Campbell ........ ........... 1255

Subthreshold Retinal Integration Shown in Low Contrast Flicker Measurements:R. H. Peckham and W. M. Hart ........ ................................. 1256

Association Affairs Programs Planned for the AAAS Chicago Meeting .... . ....................... 1258

Departments Letters .1218

Mechanisms Involved in Conception; Forthcoming Events; New Products .......... 1260

Cover Braunbek coil array used for producing directed magnetic fields up to 1 oersted at theFredericksburg, Virginia, Magnetic Observatory and Laboratory of the U.S. Coast andGeodetic Survey. In the working space over the pierhead, the applied field neutralizesor modifies the earth's field to simulate that of any locality on the globe or in outerspace. [Courtesy U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey]

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Charles Darwin...on evolution"It is interesting to contemplate a tangled bank, clothedwith many plants of many kinds. with birds singing onthe bushes, with various insects Hitting about, and withworms crawling through the damp earth, and to reflectthat these elaborately constructed forms, so different fromeach other, and dependent upon each other in so complexa manner, have all been produced by laws acting aroundus.... Thus, from the war of nature, from famine and

death, the most exalted object we are capable of conceiv-ing, namely, the production of the higher animals, directlyfollows. There is grandeur in this view of life, with itsseveral powers, having been originally breathed into afew forms or into one; and that, whilst this planet hasgone cycling on according to the fixed law of gravity, fromso simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful andmost wonderful have been, and are being evolved."

~Origin of Species, 1859

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LettersOn the Two Cultures

I was especially interested in thecomments of C. P. Snow, printed as aneditorial in Science [130, 419 (21 Aug.1959)]. Those of us in the science teach-ing field are reminded of the existenceof the two cultures both by our asso-ciation with colleagues who representeach of them and by student commentsand attitudes.Some years ago William James wrote

an essay entitled "On a certain blind-ness in human beings." While havingbeen very much aware of this blindnessfor a long time,' I am still disturbedafter more than 35 years of collegeteaching to see how little impact scien-tific ideas have had on some segmentsof the college community. I was forciblyreminded of this on two occasions lastyear when students who were beingsubjected to the requirement of somecourse work in science while majoringin a humanities area protested inclusionof factual material in examinations. Oneof these students commented that as anEnglish-journalism major he was taughtto "think in ideas rather than in facts."The same student objected to scientificwriting being couched in technicalterms.

There is also the attitude on the partof humanities and even of some social-science specialists that scientists are arather uneducated group, that real ed-ucation consists of knowledge of liter-ature and philosophy, acquaintance withwhich is mandatory, whereas ignoranceof science somehow enhances one's in-tellectual respectability. A short timeago I heard a philosopher speaking overa television network. While admittingthat science was one way of looking atthe world, he seemed to think of it asa rather distorted one, and of philos-ophy as the true way.We scientists are not guiltless. I find

some of my scientific colleagues usingliberal arts as a term of opprobrium,designating those who have the one

culture, to which "science" is muchsuperior. We have also placed some

rather formidable hurdles before theaspirant to scientific knowledge andhave sometimes assumed that unless heis capable of understanding in the crit-ical sense the mathematical jargon inwhich some scientists must express theirfindings, he is incapable of understand-ing what the scientist is about. We haveoften looked upon the man who at-tempts to translate scientific informa-tion into the less rigid terminology ofthe layman as almost guilty of dese-cration.The gap needs bridging. The vocab-

ularies of both groups need to be ex-

panded to include reading knowledge ofthe other culture's literature. This is a

very real challenge to both groups andespecially to those who try to teach atthe undergraduate level. Wordsworthmight write that he would rather be "apagan, suckled in a creed outworn,"but he could not be, any more thanThoreau could live in complete inde-pendence at Walden Pond.

GEORGE M. ROBERTSONGrinnell College, Grinnell, Iowa

Your quotation from Sir Charles P.Snow properly points out the seriousshortcomings of science education. ButI feel that it is incorrect in one im-portant respect.

Sir Charles assumes that there is asubstantial proportion of intelligentpeople who are incapable of graspingmathematical concepts. A similar viewis held by many concerning the exist-ence of people who are ineducable inscience. Although a certain amount ofsuch ineducability is probably in-evitable, I think that the extent of it isgrossly overestimated.

There was a time only three centuriesago when a majority of the populationwas considered incapable of masteringthe 3 R's. Long division was at thattime a college subject.

Science and mathematics educationare at a similar early stage of develop-ment. Almost no real science is taughtuntil age 12. Thereafter, science educa-tion (and to a lesser degree mathematicseducation) is hit-and-run, improperlypresented, and generally inadequate. Itis largely taught as a mass of facts. Ex-perimentation, observation, and criticalthinking are almost totally absent. Inmany schools mastery of terminologyis sufficient to pass an objective test, apoor substitute for real science.

Techniques and materials have beendeveloped to arouse curiosity and in-terest and challenge children's abilitiesat an early age. But these techniquesand materials are not yet in widespreaduse.

For example, for many young peopleexperiments with magnets and simplecircuits at age 6 will do more to developscientific attitudes than hours of bookstudy at age 16. Cutting and pastingcardboard tetrahedrons and prisms in-stead of paper dolls, and making in-teresting designs with ruler and compasscan prepare a child for a smooth transi-tion to formal geometry. Simple puzzlesand interesting experiments will help tolay the basis for satisfying successfulexperiences and serve to prevent futuremental blocks and failures.

Until proper techniques of scienceand mathematics education are actuallyin widespread use at school and athome, it is too early to think in terms

SCIENCE, VOL. 130

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of large numbers of otherwise intelli-gent people being unable to graspfundamental ideas in mathematics andscience.

HY RuCHLISScience Materials Center, New York

Publications and Basic Research

In his article "Basic research inindustry" J. C. Fisher [Science 123,1653 (1959)] attempted to gauge theextent of basic research in U.S. indus-try by a count of scientific publications.I suggest that Fisher's basic assumptionmay contain a much larger error thanhe recognized.

-

Fisher assumes that a count of pub-lications gives a "relatively good pictureof the quantity and distribution ofbasic research effort." He also states."Publications were counted indirectly,by counting abstracts . . . in the 1955volume of Chemical A bstracts.It is only approximately true thatChemical Abstracts finds and abstractsall publications concerned with basicresearch and rejects all publicationsconcerned with applied work. However,the proportion of abstracts dealing withapplied work appears to be reasonablysmall and invariant" (italics mine). Itis this latter premise which my associ-ates and I question.

Through the courtesy of Fisher, weobtained a list of the titles of thosearticles which he counted in the 1955volume of Chemical Abstracts for EssoR esearch and Engineering Company,Humble Oil and Refining Company(which carries out research and de-velopment under contract to EssoResearch), and two other leadingpetroleum research organizations. Wehave analyzed the articles so listed andfind that the bulk of these articleswould, in our opinion, be classed asother than basic research. Furthermore,the proportion of papers which wewould class as basic research variesgreatly, from about 10 to 48 percent ofthe total listed in Chemical Abstracts.

Fisher's tabulation of papers for EssoResearch and Engineering Companyalso was incorrectly low, due to hisassignment of ten Esso Research papersto Standard Oil Company (Indiana). Apaper originating from Standard OilCompany of Ohio was also attributedto Standard Oil Company (Indiana).These errors perhaps arose becausevarious companies use the Standard Oilname. The papers appearing in 1955Chemical Abstracts were publishedfrom the Standard Oil DevelopmentCompany, the predecessor to Esso Re-search and Engineering Company.A final comment-there has been a

marked increase since 1953-54 in the

amount of basic research being doneby private industry. I am sure Fisherwould be the first to suggest that thissubject warrants an up-to-date andquantitative analysis.

W. T. KNOXEsso Research and EngineeringCompany, Linden, New Jersey

I wish to thank W. T. Knox forfinding the error in Table 1 of myarticle, wherein ten papers belonging toEsso Research and Engineering Com-pany were mistakenly attributed toStandard Oil Company (Indiana). Thewrong figures were

Rank Company13 Standard Oil (Indiana)48 Esso Research and

Engineering

The correct figures are

Rank Comnpany15 Standard Oil (Indiana)28 Esso Research and

Engineering

No. ofpublicationls

4813

No. ofpublications

3823

The change affects the position ofStandard Oil (Indiana) relatively little,moving it from 13th to 15th position.Esso Research and Engineering is moresignificantly affected, moving from 48thto 28th position. The error came aboutbecause Esso Research and Engineeringchanged its name from Standard Oil De-velopment during the period covered bythe study, and the earlier name did notappear in my check list of companiesand affiliates (Poor's Register -of Di-rectors and Executives, 1956). I extendmy apologies to Esso Research andEngineering for the error.The Standard Oil of Ohio paper

mistakenly attributed to Standard Oil(Indiana) seems to be an example ofthe random errors that arose becauseof company names that were missing,wrong, or incompletely given in Cheini-cal A bstracts.The assumption that a reasonably

small and invariant proportion of ab-stracts dealt with applied work is not asgood as I had thought, and I must agreewith Knox's criticism of this point. Myassociate, J. B. Newkirk, has made anindependent study of this matter andfeels that only about half of the chem-istry research and two-thirds of thephysics research was properly classifi-able as basic. Although the proportionof basic work abstracted by ChemicalAbstracts is smaller than I had thought,I believe that the general conclusionsof the study remain valid. Certainly amore up-to-date study is in order toshow the considerable growth of basicresearch in industry since 1954.

JOHN C. FISHERGeneral Electric Company ResearchLaboratory, Schenectady, New York

SCIENCE, VOL. 130

U

1220

6 November 1959, Volume 130, Number 3384

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION Crowd(FOR THE

ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCERadioa

Board of Directors radiotelesPAUL E. KLOPSTEG, President of radioCHAUNCEY D. LEAKE, President Elect of all kWALLACE R. BRODE, Retiring President mission iH. BENTLEY GLASS ideal. RaGEORGE R. HARRISON desl w

MARGARET MEAD daries: vTHOMAS PARK reflectionDON K. PRICE They braMINA REES with enoWILLIAM W. RUBEY When coALAN T. WATERMAN increasedPAUL A. SCHERER, Treasurer RadioaDAEL WOLFLE, Executive Officer their neec

Editorial Board and becaDONALD J. HUGHES H. BURR STEINBACH noise byKONRAD B. KRAUSKOPF WILLIAM L. STRAUS, JR. certain bEDWIN M. LERNER EDWARD L. TATUM waves.

Editorial Staff TwootDAEL WOLFLE, Executive Officer inlmost

GRAHAM DUSHANE, Editor alocatedJOSEPH TURNER, Assistant Editor tions of

ROBERT V. ORMES, Assistant Editor parts of

CHARLOTTE F. CHAMBERS, SARAH S. DEES, NANCY and exteiS. HAMILTON, WILLIAM HASKELL, OLIVER W. Radio CcHEATWOLE, YUKIE KOZAI, MILDRED L. MACE, meeting:ELLEN E. MURPHY, ELEANOR D. O'HARA, BETHSABE The 84 pPEDERSEN, NANCY L. TEIMOURIAN, LOIS W. for alloc2WOODWORTH

EARL J. SCHERAGO, Advertising Representative Radioapositiononly theto' workof the ciseveral yiopinionstance of

SCIENCE, which is now combined with THE they didSCIENTIFIC MONTHLY, is published each Fri- into freqday by the American Association for the Ad- Castesvancement of Science at National Publishing asers.Company, Washington, D.C. The joint journal is superiorpublished in the SCIENCE format. SCIENCE enter inmtis indexed in the Reader's Guide to Periodical could, h(Literature.

to allocalEditorial and personnel-placement correspond- th foce

ence should be addressed to SCIENCE, 1515 the forceMassachusetts Ave., NW, Washington 5, D.C. would piManuscripts should be typed with double spac-t ting and submitted in duplicate. The AAAS amoun tassumes no responsibility for the safety of It is gImanuscripts or for the opinions expressed by at the Ncontributors. For detailed suggestions on thepreparation of manuscripts and illustrations, see 16 OctolScience 125, 16 (4 Jan. 1957). officials,

Display-advertising correspondence should be U.s. posiaddressed to SCIENCE, Room 740, 11 West 42 radioastriSt., New York 36, N.Y. On 26Change of address notification should be sent reservatic

to 1515 Massachusetts Ave., NW, Washington 5,D.C., 4 weeks in advance. If possible, furnish an astronomaddress label from a recent issue. Give both old radioastr4and new addresses, including zone numbers, if the U.S. 'any.

Annual subscriptions: $8.50; foreign postage, impr$1.50; Canadian postage, 75¢. Single copies, 35¢. that willCable address: Advancesci, Washington. exploratil

SCIENCE

ed Spectrumastronomers have hitherto devoted much effort to siting theirscopes in locations as free as possible from man-made sources

noise; the best locations are those remote from transmitters-inds and protected by mountains from line-of-sight trans-from distant sources. Even this kind of siting is far fromadio waves are no respecters of international or spatial boun-veak signals of distant origin may bypass the mountains byfrom the ionosphere. Satellites pose an additional hazard.

Dadcast directly and also may reflect waves of earthly origin)ugh intensity to interfere with reception by radiotelescopes.)mmunications satellites are put into orbit the threat will be1.astronomers the world over are in general agreement aboutds. Because of the extraordinary sensitivity of their instrumentstuse weak signals can only be distinguished from backgroundrepeated observation and averaging of results, they need

lands of frequencies that are entirely free of man-made radio

major difficulties stand in the way of satisfaction of these needs:advanced countries much of the radiospectrum is alreadyfor governmental and private use, and international alloca-radio space are controlled by treaty. Thus, any freeing ofthe spectrum for radioastronomy depends upon new internalrnal agreements. It is in this context that the Administative)nference of the International Telecommunication Union nowin Geneva is all-important for the future of radioastronomy.Participating members are attempting to negotiate a new treatyation of radio frequencies.astronomers in this country have been highly critical of theof -the U.S. delegation, which originally proposed to reserve

hydrogen line from 1400 to 1427 megacycles per second andout other desirable allocations where practical. In anticipationurrent conference, the Federal Communications Commissionrears ago made an inquiry on radioastronomy and elicited theof individual radioastronomers. All agreed upon the impor-the hydrogen line, and all wanted other bands reserved, butnot agree upon which ones. Many of those proposed cutuencies now in use by governmental and commercial broad-These could be changed only upon the establishment ofclaims. Our delegation to the Geneva conference could not:o a treaty that disregarded these domestic commitments. Itowever, get a foot in the door by agreeing to a "resolution"te certain frequencies to radioastronomy. This would not haveof a treaty, nor would it require Senate ratification, but it

,ermit gradual readjustment of the requirements and wouldto a statement of intent to support the needs of radioastronomy.ratifying to report that, largely as a consequence of a meetingrational Academy of Sciences-National Research Council ontber between radioastronomers and responsible governmentincluding a representative of our delegation to Geneva, theition at the conference has become much more favorable toonomy.October the U.S. delegation, while continuing to ask for

an of the hydrogen band for the exclusive use of radio-iy, added 16 others for joint occupancy by present users andonomy. This puts the U.S. closer to the position taken byS.R., Great Britain, Belgium, the Netherlands, and others. Itthe outlook for gradual clearing of the desired bands, a stepgive radioastronomy a chance to continue its spectacular

on of the cosmos.-G.DuS.

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11-12. Salt and Water Metabolism,symp., New York, N.Y. (A. P. Fishman,New York Heart Assoc., 10 ColumbusCircle, New York 19.)

11-12. Texas Acad. of Science, Austin.(L. Kennamer, Dept. of Geography, Univ.of Texas, Austin 12.)

16-18. American Soc. of AgriculturalEngineers, Chicago, Ill. (J. L. Butt, P.O.Box 229, St. Joseph, Mich.)

25-27. Indian Mathematical Soc., 25thconf., Allahabad, India. (B. N. Prasad.Allahabad Univ., Lakshmi Niwas, GeorgeTown, Allahabad 2.)

26-30. American Assoc. for the Ad-vancement of Science, annual, Chicago.Ill. (R. L. Taylor, AAAS, 1515 Massa-chusetts Ave., NW, Washington 5.)

The following 46 meetings are beingheld in conjunction with the AAAS an-nual meeting.AAAS Committee on Science and the

Promotion of Human Welfare (B. Com-moner, School of Botany, WashingtonUniv., St. Louis 5, Mo.). 27 Dec.AAAS Cooperative Committee on the

Teaching of Science and Mathematics(Brother G. Nicholas, Dept. of Biology.Univ. of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Ind.).27 Dec.Academy Conference (A. M. Winches-

ter, Stetson Univ., De Land, Fla.). 27-28Dec.Alpha Epsilon Delta (M. L. Moore, 7

Brookside Circle, Bronxville, N.Y.). 29Dec.American Assoc. of Clinical Chemists

(A. Dubin, Director of Biochemistry.Cook County Hospital, Chicago 12, III.).26-27 Dec.American Geophysical Union (W. C.

Krumbein, Dept. of Geology, Northwest-ern Univ., Evanston, III.). 28 Dec.

American Meteorological Soc. (K. Spen-gler, 3 Joy St., Boston. Mass.).American Nature Study Soc. (E. L. Will.

State Univ. Teachers College, Oneonta,N.Y.). 26-30 Dec.

American Physiological Assoc. (F. A.Hitchcock, Ohio State Univ., Columbus).28 Dec.American Political Science Assoc. (J.

Robinson, Dept. of Political Science.Northwestern Univ., Evanston, Ill.). 28Dec.

American Psychiatric Assoc. (E. L.Bliss, General Hospital, Salt Lake City.Utah). 28-29 Dec.American Soc. of Criminology (D. E.

J. MacNaamara, New York Inst. of Crimi-nology, Inc., New York 36). 28-29 Dec.American Soc. of Naturalists (A. D.

Hasler, Dept. of Zoology. Univ. of Wis-consin, Madison). 27-28 Dec.American Soc. of Plant Taxonomists

(L. R. Heckard, Dept. of Botany, Univ.of Illinois, Urbana). 28-30 Dec.

American Sociological Soc. (J. S. Cole-man, Dept. of Sociology. Univ. of Chi-cago. Chicago 37, 111.). 28-29 Dec.American Statistical Assoc. (R. F.

Winch, Dept. of Sociology, NorthwesternUniv., Evanston, Ill.). 29-30 Dec.

Association of American Geographers(A. Cutshall, Univ. of Illinois, Navy Pier.Chicago 11). 29 Dec.

SCIENCE, VOL. 130

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6 NOVtMBER 1959 1267

Association for Computing Machinery(W. F. Cahill, Goddard Space Flight Cen-ter, Silver Spring, Md.). 29 Dec.

Astronomical League (E. Halbach, 2971S. 52 St., Milwaukee 19, Wisc.). 26 Dec.

Beta Beta Beta (Mrs. F. G. Brooks, P.O.Box 515, Ansonia Station, New York 23).27-28 Dec.Chicago Acad. of Sciences (R. A. Ed-

gren, Chicago Acad. of Sciences, 2001 N.Clark St., Chicago 14, Ill.). 29-30 Dec.

Conference on Scientific Communica-tions (G. L. Seielstad, Applied PhysicsLab., Johns Hopkins Univ., Silver Spring,Md.). 28-29 Dec.

Conference on Scientific Manpower (T.J. Mills, National Science Foundation,Washington 25). 28 Dec.

Ecological Soc. of America (W. C. Ash-by, Dept. of Botany, Univ. of Chicago,Chicago 37, Ill.). 28-30 Dec.Honor Soc. of Phi Kappa Phi (L. R.

Guild, 634 S. Western Ave., Los Angeles5, Calif.). 30-31 Dec.

Illinois Geographical Soc. (Miss M.Grant, Morton Junior College, Cicero,111.). 28 Dec.

Institute of Management Sciences (M.M. Flood, College of Engineering, Univ.of Michigan, Ann Arbor). 29 Dec.

Metric Assoc. (J. T. Johnson, Ravens-wood YMCA, 1725 Wilson Ave., Chicago40, Ill.).

Mycological Soc. of America (D. P.Rogers, Dept. of Botany, Univ. of Illinois,Urbana).

National Assoc. of Biology Teachers(H. E. Weaver, 202 Men's Old Gym, Univ.of Illinois, Urbana). 26-30 Dec.

National Acad. of Economics and Po-litical Science (J. Rothrock, Pan AmericanUnion, Washington 6). 29 Dec.

National Assoc. for Research in ScienceTeaching (J. C. Mayfield, Univ. of Chi-cago, Chicago 37, Ill.). 26-30 Dec.

National Assoc. of Science Writers (P.Fraley, Evening Bulletin, Philadelphia,Pa.). 27 Dec.

National Geographic Soc. (W. R. Gray,NGS, 16 and M Sts., NW, Washington6). 30 Dec.

National Science Teachers Assoc. (R.H. Carleton, NSTA, 1201 16 St., NW,Washington, D.C.). 26-30 Dec.

National Soc. for Medical Research (R.A. Rohweder, NSMR, 920 S. MichiganBlvd., Chicago 5, Ill.). 29 Dec.

National Speleological Soc. (T. C. Barr,Jr., Tennessee Polytechnic Inst., Cooke-ville, Tenn.). 28 Dec.

Philosophy of Science Assoc. (W. A. R.Ley, Roosevelt College, Chicago, Ill.). 28Dec.

Scientific Research Soc. of America (D.B. Prentice, 56 Hillhouse Ave., NewHaven 11, Conn.). 29 Dec.Sigma Delta Epsilon (Miss E. S. Ander-

son, Stratford Hotel, 25 E St., NW, Wash-ington, D.C.). 26-30 Dec.

Society for General Systems Research(R. L. Meier, Mental Health ResearchInstitute, Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor).

Society for the History of Technology

(M. Kronzberg, Dept. of History, CaseInst. of Technology, Cleveland, Ohio).

Society of the Sigma Xi (T. T. Holme,56 Hillhouse Ave., New Haven 11, Conn.).29 Dec.

Society of Systematic Zoology (R. E.

Blackwelder, Southern Illinois Univ., (Jar-bondale). 26-30 Dec.Tau Beta Pi Assoc. (R. H. Nagel, Univ.

of Tennessee, Knoxville). 27 Dec.United Chapters of Phi Beta Kappa (C.

Billman, 1811 Q St., NW, Washington,D.C.). 29 Dec.

27-30. American Anthropological Assoc.,Mexico City. (W. S. Godfrey, Jr., LoganMuseum, Beloit College, Beloit, Wisc.)

27-30. American Astronomical Soc.,Cleveland, Ohio. (J. A. Hynek, Smith-sonian Astrophysical Observatory, 60Garden St., Cambridge 38, Mass.)

27-30. American Folklore Soc., MexicoCity. (MacE. Leach, 110 Bennett Hall,Univ. of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 4.)

27-30. American Statistical Assoc.,Washington, D.C. (D. C. Riley, 1757 KSt., NW, Washington 6.)

27-30. Institute of Mathematical Statis-tics (weather control), Washington, D.C.(J. Neyman, Statistical Lab., Univ. ofCalifornia, Berkeley 4.)

28-29. American Chemical Soc. (Div.of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry),symp., Baltimore, Md. (M. A. H. Emery,ACS, 18 and K Sts., NW, WashingtonD.C.)(See issue of 16 October or comprehensive list)

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1268 SCIENCE, VOL. 130

ZOOGEOGRAPHYEditor CARL L. HUBBS

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