school quality and the black-white achievement gap
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School Quality and the Black-White Achievement Gap. Eric Hanushek Steven Rivkin January 2006 (Revised June 2006). Examine changes in the black/white Math achievement gap from K-8. Use Texas administrative data and ECLS - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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School Quality and the Black-White Achievement Gap
Eric HanushekSteven Rivkin
January 2006 (Revised June 2006)
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Examine changes in the black/white Math achievement gap from K-8
Use Texas administrative data and ECLS Describe changes in gap and decompose
into within and between school components Investigate differences by initial position in
the achievement distribution and gender Do initially high achieving blacks suffer the
largest drop-off? Identify contributions of specific school and
peer factors to changes in achievement gap
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Data
UTD Texas Schools Project (TSP) Administrative panel data set
Early Childhood Longitudinal Survey (ECLS) NCES survey
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Possibility of variation in gap changes across distribution
Examine differences by initial achievement
Examine differences by gender Sources
Actual difference in evolution of knowledge differential
test instrument driven pattern
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Decomposition into within and between school components
Coefficient on black dummy variable in school fixed effect achievement regression captures student weighted average within school difference
However, it does not capture within school contribution to overall gap because of uneven distribution of blacks and whites among schools
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Implications of Uneven Distribution
The more uneven the distribution the smaller is the within school contribution given actual differences within schools
Schools contribute more to the within school component the more balanced the distribution and the higher the enrollment
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Black/White Achievement Gap
EC LS TSP
K 1st 3rd 5th 3rd 5th 8th
Overall 7.9 12.3 18.0 19.4 0.59 0.65 0.70
b/w school
6.2 10.3 15.0 16.8 0.19 0.25 0.28
w/in school
1.8 2.0 3.1 2.6 0.39 0.40 0.42
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Examine changes across initial achievement distribution
Comparisons of blacks and whites with same initial scores problematic because of measurement error induced regression to the mean Mean regression tends to raise
achievement gap for blacks and whites with same initial scores
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Our Approach
Classify students according to 3rd grade reading score Assumes positive correlation between
true reading and math achievement and no correlation in test measurement error
Divide 3rd grade reading distribution into 20 intervals of equal length
In TSP, most students in top categories
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Patterns of achievement gap changes by initial Achievement
ECLS Higher growth in early grades little systematic difference except for top
category Most between schools
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Patterns of achievement gap changes by initial Achievement
TSP Higher growth in early grades without
strong pattern Between grades 5 and 8 gap increased
only in higher categories Between school gap declines in each of the
bottom 7 categories but did not decline in any of the remaining groups
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Figure 1. 3rd to 5th Grade and 5th to 8th Grade Changes in the Math Achievement Gap by 3rd Grade Reading Category
-0.10
-0.05
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
3rd Grade Reading Category(lowest = 1, highest = 16)
Incr
ease
in b
-w g
ap (
s.d
.'s)
3rd to 5th gap change
5th to 8th gap change
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Figure 2. Between School Changes in the Math Achievement Gap by 3rd Grade Reading Category
-0.10
-0.05
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
3rd Grade Reading Category
Incr
ease
in b
-w g
ap (
s.d
.'s)
3rd to 5th gap change
5th to 8th gap change
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Gender Differences
Tables reveal little systematic pattern by gender in either the ECLS or TSP data
However, low test taking rates for blacks and to a lesser extent whites in ECLS raises concerns, and low test taking rates of black boys in TSP likely conceals academic difficulties
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Black-White difference in test taking status distribution for boys
3 5 8
Has score -6.8% -9.7% -10.3%
No test/Special ed 5.9 8.9 6.8
Off grade sequence 0.4 0.8 2.1
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Examine contribution of schools
Sizeable between school contribution consistent with important role for schools but not evidence of causal effect due to extensive sorting of families
We focus on 3 factors Teacher experience; student racial
composition; student turnover
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Empirical approach Use full panel of TSP data for 4 cohorts Regress achievement in grade g on
Proportions of teachers with 0, 1, and 2 yrs experience;
Proportion of students new to the school; and Proportion of students who are black Controls Fixed effects Fully interact variables by race
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Black/White Differences in Texas Elementary School Characteristics
% students black much higher for blacks 28 point mean difference in TSP
Large difference in ECLS
% teachers in 1st or 2nd year much higher for blacks 4 points in TSP; 2 points in ECLS
Student turnover much higher for blacks 4 points in both TSP anc ECLS
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Contributions of Teacher and Peer Variables to gap in TSP (exponential depreciation of 0.3 per year)
Annual effect Cumulative effect
Proportion new 0.003 0.0085
Proportion black 0.012 0.0333
Proportion 0 yrs 0.002 0.005
Proportion 1 yr 0.001 0.0018
total 0.018 0.0486
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Do peer and teacher variables explain different pattern by initial achievement?
Is there variation by initial achievement in Characteristic differences by race?
Little or none Characteristic effects?
Some evidence of this
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Policy Implications are complicated
Desegregation limited by legal rulings and may alter relationship between achievement and racial composition
Student turnover difficult to control Teacher preferences regarding
working conditions must be considered in efforts to raise teacher quality