school of communication and information engineering 迎接数字化通信时代的挑战...
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School of Communication and Information Engineering
迎接数字化通信时代的挑战
一、世界是数字化的
二、数字处理的主要技术
三、“蓝牙”技术中的数字通信
郑国莘
School of Communication and Information Engineering
一、世界是数字化的
人类基因密码
School of Communication and Information Engineering
无处不在的数字化的技术 -计算机
一、世界是数字化的
School of Communication and Information Engineering
数字化的通信
Data/Voice Access Points
Every Thing. Over IP
IP Over Every Thing
PSTNCATVINTERNET
School of Communication and Information Engineering
迎接数字化通信时代的挑战一、世界是数字化的
二、数字处理的主要技术
三、“蓝牙”技术中的数字通信
School of Communication and Information Engineering
知识构架
数学计算机基础 物理数据结构 电路、信号与系统通信原理 数字电子 模拟电子计算机网络 计算机接口 高频电子
通信系统 移动通信
微波通信 光纤通信
综合课程
工程实践课程
理论课程
School of Communication and Information Engineering
数字通信系统
CoderCoder
modulation
Demodulation
Decoder
School of Communication and Information Engineering
模拟信号的数字化6
8
54
3
2
1
01
2
3456
7
89
时间
幅度
0001001000110100010110000110二进制:1234586数字序列:
Coder
Coder
School of Communication and Information Engineering
数字信号处理
F
F-1
微积分
富氏变换
拉氏变换
Z 变换
数字信号处理
School of Communication and Information Engineering
信源编码核心→信源编码→有效性编码 减少份量以降低成本
语音编码: PCM △M LD-CELP MBELP
Hi,how are you!
图像编码: JPEG MPEG-1
MPEG-2 MPEG-4
浊音
清音
喉形∑
School of Communication and Information Engineering
MPEG-4 视频编码原理
MPEG-4 的视频编码就是针对运动信息、形状信息和纹理信息等 3 种信息的编码技术
School of Communication and Information Engineering
H.261 视频编码原理
H.261 所针对的可视电话信号最初考虑是在一般电话网中传输的,带宽和码率是其考虑的核心问题。
School of Communication and Information Engineering
MC 帧差编码原理
DPCM 编码主要是利用同一帧图像中各像素之间的相关性来对当前值进行预测
School of Communication and Information Engineering
MPEG - 2 音频压缩编码标准
MPEG - 2 则针对数字电视的视音频压缩编码,对数字电视各种等级的压缩编码方案及图像编码中划分的层次作了详细的规定,其编码码率可从3Mbps 到 100Mbps 。
School of Communication and Information Engineering
信道编码
包装→信道编码→可靠性编码 增加冗余量以确保安全
奇偶校验 1001000→10010001发现 1 位错误
重复码 1→111 0→000
纠正 1 位错误,发现 2 位错误
GSM→CRC 编码
School of Communication and Information Engineering
信道编码 1
000
111
许用码组禁用码组
010
100
001
110
101
011
通过增加编码的位数,以牺牲信息传输速率为代价换取通信的可靠性。
0 : come 1: not come
School of Communication and Information Engineering
信道编码 2
纠错码( 6 ) 信息位( 9 )GSM 编码 15 位 CRC 码
码间距
000 111
School of Communication and Information Engineering
数字电子技术—计算机大厦的砖瓦
1+1=10
A+B=CD 00
01
01
10
0 0
01
10
11
C DA B
D
A B C
加法器电路
向下为 1 向上为 0
世界万物
微分→除法减法→减法积分→加法乘法→加法
A
B
C
D
School of Communication and Information Engineering
空中的数字无线电波
1001000
1001111
1010111
1000001
……….
ASK
FSK
PSK
10001001
School of Communication and Information Engineering
数字信道的多路复用TDM 时分复用
FDM 频分复用
CDMA 码分多址
光纤
School of Communication and Information Engineering
无线电频谱
LIGHTSHFUHFVHFHFMFLF
F3*10
3*10
3*1044
5
6
TV
FM GSM
Bluetooth
Satellite
Visible light
(Hz)
School of Communication and Information Engineering
高频电子线路 ---- 数字通信的实现振荡器
放大器
合成器
天线
微波
IC 化
信号电路电磁场基础
School of Communication and Information Engineering
迎接数字化通信时代的挑战一、世界是数字化的
二、数字处理的主要技术
三、“蓝牙”技术中的数字通信
School of Communication and Information Engineering
Bluetooth Introduction
Guoxin ZhengSchool of Communicationand Information EngineeringShanghai University
School of Communication and Information Engineering
Architecture Overview
•Overview•Technically•Topology•Radio/Baseband•Protocol stack•Modules&Silicon•Development Kits•Qualification
School of Communication and Information Engineering
World Penetration
50100150200250300350400
1998
2000
2002
2004
Phones Smart Phones
4228 21 16
2237
21 2324 17 16 20
36 3658 61 67
82 73 75 70
9 7 10 9 1011
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
April-M
ay 9
6
Aug-Sep
t 96
Dec-J
an 9
6/97
April-M
ay 9
7
Aug-Sep
t 97
Dec-J
an 9
7/98
Feb-M
arch
98
April-M
ay 9
8
June-
July
98
EntryMidHigh
*70% of total sales volume Source: GFK retailer panelSource: Ericsson official forecast
Replacement
2003
400
100
Market Penetration 1997 & 1998
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Add. 98
1997
(est.)
Industry Forecast in million phones
Source;Ericsson
All (SP,GER, UK, FRA, ITA) - % Distribution by Price segment of Total Sales Volume*(units)
1995
School of Communication and Information Engineering
Forecast Worldwide Sales 2005
Mill
ion
units
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
mobile phones
mobile accessories
portable computers and PDA’s
desktop PCs
desktop accessories
printers
cordless phones
telephone answering devices
TV/VCR/DVD
CD-player
Mobile devices Desktop devices Consumer electronics
Source: IDC, Strategy Analytics, Ericsson, Silver Institute
Internet connection device
cameras & misc.Remote control
School of Communication and Information Engineering
The Future?• Mobile phones is by far the largest segment within Mobile Devices
– 250 million mobile phones will be sold year 2000
– 630 million mobile phones will be sold year 2005
• Desktop PCs is the largest segment in Desktop Devices
– 80 million desktop PCs will be sold year 2000
– 140 million desktop PCs will be sold year 2005
• Cordless phones is the largest segment in Consumer Electronics Devices
– 150 million cordless phones will be sold year 2000
– 350 million cordless phones will be sold year 2005
School of Communication and Information Engineering
Personal Ad-hoc Networks
Cable Replacement
Landline
Data/Voice Access Points
What does Bluetooth do for you?
“Usage Models”
School of Communication and Information Engineering
“Design a radio to replace the cable and its connectors…”
• Design Goals– Small implementation size– Low implementation cost – Low power consumption– Secure and robust for open ISM band
• Challenges– Fast frequency hopping– Single chip integration
School of Communication and Information Engineering
Global Operation
Industrial - Scientific - Medical
80 MHz at 2.45 GHz
Globally available
Unlicensed and free to use
School of Communication and Information Engineering
Unprecedented Cross Industry Commitment
• Special Interest Group
– Ericsson, IBM, Intel, Nokia and Toshiba
• And today there are more than 2000 Bluetooth adopters...
School of Communication and Information Engineering
Technically Speaking . . .
Bluetooth Module
• Small Size– 0.5 square inches in production
– Eventually moving to a single chip solution
• Low power– 2.7V (1.62 - 2.75V)
– 300 A standby, 30 A in sleep, 60 A hold/park
– 3 - 30 mA when transmitting
– 1 or 100 mW active power
• Low Price– $25 projected to come down to around $5 OE
M integration cost• Designed for CMOS single chip solution
Bluetooth Radio
BluetoothBluetooth
Bluetooth Link Controller
School of Communication and Information Engineering
Technical Features• 2.4 GHz ISM Open band
– Globally free available frequency, 89 MHz of spectrum available– FFH/DS Hybrid Radio
• 10 -100 m range, personal bubble – 8 active devices per piconet (share datarate)– Up to 10 piconets in bubble (full datarate)
• 1 Mbps gross rate – Future version: 2 Mbps
• Simultaneous voice/data capable– 432 Kbps (full duplex), 721/56 Kbps (asymmetric)– or– 3 simultaneous full duplex voice per piconet (CVSD@64 Kbps).– or a combination of data and voice
School of Communication and Information Engineering
Battery Life Time• Estimates calculated with 600 mAh battery and internal amplifier,
power will vary with implementation and application
• Low power consumption– Standby current 0.3 mA
• > 3 months
– Voice mode 10 mA (one voice channel)• > 60 hours
– Data mode average 6 mA (20% utilization) • > 100 hours
• Low Power Architecture– Programmable data length (else radio sleeps)– Hold and Park modes 60 µA
• Devices connected but not participating
• Device can participate within 2 ms
School of Communication and Information Engineering
Robust Data and Voice Transfer
• Bluetooth is designed to be robust
• Open band interference is negotiated by:– 1600 frequency hops/s
– Short and flexible data packets
– Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ)
– Forward Error Correction (FEC)
– 16 bit Cyclic Redundancy Check
– Speech coding:• Continuos Variable Slope Delta modulation (CVSD)
School of Communication and Information Engineering
Bluetooth Scalable Security• Provides link layer security between any two Bluetooth radios
• Authentication (E1 algorithm)
– Challenge/Response system
• Encryption (privacy)
– Encrypts data between two devices
– Stream cipher with E0 algorithm
• Key management and usage
– Configurable Encryption key length (0-16 bytes)
• Government export regulations
• Radio negotiate key size
– Key generation with E2-E3 algorithms• Authentication and Encryption keys
School of Communication and Information Engineering
Topology
• Radio range has two varieties
• Short range (10 meters or less)– 0 dBm radio, 1mW
– Optimized for short range devices• Headset, Mouse, Keyboard, etc. ...
• Longer range (100 meters or less)– 20 dBm radio, 100 mW
– Module has a power amplifier built-in
– Optimized for devices changing environments• Notebooks, cellphones, access points, etc. …
School of Communication and Information Engineering
Topology• Radio/Baseband
– Master/Slave medium access
– Radio/Baseband is symmetric
– Connected devices can be master or slave
– Could be master and slave concurrently
School of Communication and Information Engineering
• Piconet
– All devices in a piconet hop together
– Frequency hopping sequence is determined by the masters ID
– Phase of the frequency hopping sequence is determined by the masters clock
Topology
School of Communication and Information Engineering
• Piconet
– Point to Point
– Point to Multipoint
– No base station is needed
– 8 concurrent devices
– More than 200 active devices
– 1 Mb/s gross rate
Topology
School of Communication and Information Engineering
• Scatternet
– Devices can share piconets
– Interpiconet communication
– Instant Ad-hoc connections
– 10 Piconets
– Aggregated 10 Mb/s
Topology
School of Communication and Information Engineering
• Mobile Topology
– All device are mobile
– Walknet:
– The whole piconet cell is mobile
– Make and Brake Connections
Topology
School of Communication and Information Engineering
Topology, Scatternet
master
slave 1
slave 2
slave 3
master
slave 4
slave 5
School of Communication and Information Engineering
Frequency HoppingMaster MasterMaster MasterMaster
0
1
2
3
4
5
78
73
74
75
76
77
6
A1
A2
A4
B1
B2
2402
B3
2403
2404
2405
2406
2407
2408
2480
2479
2478
2477
2476
2475
A3
MHz
7 4
5
16 2
2400 Mz 2483.5 M z
3
Frequency Density
School of Communication and Information Engineering
Inquiry Page
C onnectedAMA
T ransm itdataAMA
T typ ica l=0.6s
T typ ica l=2s
H O LDAMA
PAR KPMA
T typ ica l=2 m s T typ ica l=2 m s
R e leasesA M A
A ddress
Low Pow erStates
ActiveStates
Standby
ConnectingStates
UnconnectedStandby
Det
ach
Connection Procedure• Standby
– Waiting to join a piconet
• Inquire– Finding devices
• Page– Connect to a known device
• Connected– Actively on a piconet (master
or slave)
• Park/Hold– Low Power connected states
School of Communication and Information Engineering
Page and Inquire Scans
• A radio must be enabled to accept pages or inquires (also in connected state)
InquireScan
Page Scan
T typ ica l=1.25Sleep
T typ ica l=11 m s18 s lo ts
T typ ica l=11 m s18 s lo ts
Standby
InquireScan
Page Scan
T typ ica l=1.25C onnected
T typ ica l=11 m s18 s lo ts
T typ ica l=11 m s18 s lo ts
Connected
School of Communication and Information Engineering
Bluetooth Protocol Stack
Con
trol
RF
Com
m
HID
TC
P/I
P
Still Image Obex
vCard
WAP
vCal
Basic
Provided
Adapted
Ap
plic
atio
n F
ram
ew
ork
RadioBaseband
Link Man.
L2CAP
Aud
io
HCIHCI
School of Communication and Information Engineering
Ericsson Bluetooth CoreFunctional Partitioning
SRAMSRAM
FlashFlash
BASEBAND
Link Control
BASEBAND
Link Control
RADIO
RF Section
RADIO
RF Section
CPU
Link Manager
CPU
Link ManagerHost
Interface
School of Communication and Information Engineering
TX-balun
RX-balun
SwitchRF IC Antenna
Filter
VCO-tank
LPfilter
PASwitch
Control &data
Filters and baluns integrated into LTCC substrate RF IC flip chip mounted Laser trimming used to optimize performance 100mW optional version with PA and Optional Gain Control (- 30 to +20 dBm) Small outline BGA type package
– 1mW: 10.2 x 14 x 1.6 mm – 100mW: 10.2 x 16 x 1.6 mm
Radio Module
School of Communication and Information Engineering
First Complete Module
RadioRadioLinkController
LinkController (Optional)
FlashFlashHost interface USBUART/PCM
PAPA
Antenna
School of Communication and Information Engineering
First Complete Module
Key Features
• FCC type approved
• Interface through USB, UART or PCM
• Bluetooth 1.0 pre-certified
• USB 1.1 compliant (Voice and Data)
• Small size, 33x17x3.36 mm
• Generic SW (HCI, L2CAP, RFCOMM)
School of Communication and Information Engineering
Complete Module SW-stack
L2CAP
Radio
BaseBand
Link Manager
HCI
HCI
Higher Layers
Bluetooth host
Bluetooth completemodule
Ericsson Bluetooth Core
School of Communication and Information Engineering
What is the Developer’s Kit?
Blu e to o th Radio Bas eband Firmw are
Blu e to o th Radio Bas eband Firmw are
Win 98 PC SerialInterface
Bluetooth Developer KitHardware
• Demonstrator of Bluetooth technology
• Starter kit for product development
• Application software development platform
• Increase integration with option to do embedded SW
School of Communication and Information Engineering
Global Market
Qualification Program Regulatory Type Approval
Bluetooth Devices
&Bluetooth Identity 'License to sell'
Qualification and Type Approval
School of Communication and Information Engineering
Manufacturer
Blue-tooth Quali-
fication Body
AuthorizedTest houses
Qualification Program - Concept
Bluetooth Administrative
Instance
Product including documentation and declaration (ICS)
Feedback
Logo approval
Test results
Authorize
Accreditation
Preliminary!
School of Communication and Information Engineering
Bluetooth Moves Fast...
Web sites for latest news
• www.bluetooth.com
• www.ericsson.se/bluetooth
• WWW.bluetoothinchina.com
ENDEND