scholarly publishing in flux: economic$ access & use barbara defelice director, digital...
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Scholarly Publishing in Flux: Economic$ Access &
UseBarbara DeFeliceDirector, Digital Resources ProgramDartmouth College
SchCom101 ACRL NEC SchComSIGJuly 23, 2009Dartmouth College, Hanover NH
PointsCurrent economic modelsCost and PriceLimitations on accessOpen access variationsChanging roles: scholars, publishers &
librarians Engaging in the conversations-small group
exercise using scenarios
Authors Readers
JournalsArticles
Publisher$$$$
gift economygift economy
“payment” comes from other system/s
(P&T, grants, prestige, etc.)
From Lee Van Orsdel’s “Economics” ACRL SchCom 101
$2023/year
Motivations of scholars/creators
Publish or PerishCredit, attribution & visibilityFind and build upon previous workAdvancement of knowledge, science, medicine & the artsLiteracyOthers?
Motivations of commercial & society publishers Profit for shareholders Funds to run the societyAttract authors, editors, reviewersControl content to repackage and resellInvest in technology
Results“Inelastic Market” ConsolidationLibrary budgets cannot keep up with price increases Library budgets cannot stretch to purchase or license new kinds of content
Libraries PublishersCanceled journals/created new competitive journals
Bundled journals/tie print to online
Cut book purchases Required multi-year contracts
Formed buying consortia Merged & consolidated
Fought mergers Raised prices
Developed model license to resist restrictions
Increased revenue via restrictive licensing
Adapted from Lee Van Orsdel’s ACRL SchCom 101 “Economics”
“Sticker Shock”$16,000Journal of Applied Polymer ScienceOR 32 heifers for Heifer InternationalSee Cornell’s “Sticker Shock” STM journals display
$1,238.00 for Russian LiteratureORa week in Moscow incl RT flight from Boston
$6,6000 for one year of access to Literature Online (LION)after you paid $115,000.00 to own itORDartmouth Alumni Trip “Celtic Lands” 12 day cruise
Humanities are not immune from “Sticker Shock”
Scholarly Journal Publishing: the Costs
Cost Element Percent of costs
Refereeing (peer review) 22%
Editorial & typesetting (typesetting not needed in e-only journals
33%
Physical production & distribution (not needed for e-only journals)
23%
Subscription Management(not needed in author pays)
7%
Sales & Marketing (not needed in author pays)
13%
Promotion to authors 2%
Based on table on page 13 of Wellcome 2004 “Costs and Business Models of Scientific Research Publishing
Scholarly STM Journal Publishing
9% $
91%dollars
62%citations
38%citations
cost and quality ratios—not what scholars think
cost and quality ratios—not what scholars think
Scholarly Humanities & Social Sciences Journal Publishing
From Lee Van Orsdel’s “Basics” ACRL SchCom 101
Publisher
AcademicLibrary
Editor
Peer Reviewers
cost
budget
old thinkingold thinkingScholarly PublishingScholarly Publishing
Serials Crisis
Publisher
editor
Peer Review
AcademicLibrary
cost
budget
Scholarly Communications SystemScholarly Communications System
Serials Crisiscopyrights
grants
university
taxpayers
rewardsnew business
models
OA mandates
open access* *
*
*
*
From Lee Van Orsdel’s “Basics” ACRL SchCom 101
ALPSP Academic journal publishers' policies and practices 3 yr update
Open access advocacy has changed policies
Pricing models complex & varied
Licensing terms better for teaching & learning
Authors post their final version BUT not the final accepted version
30% of publishers offer optional open access BUT author pays open access option is not popular
From: The Association of Learned and Professional Society Publishers (ALPSP) key findings from the survey Academic journal publishers’ policies and practices in online publishing, 3rd edition, 2008
Economic Climate Affects
IOCLC statement
ARL statement
Lexis Nexis 0% increase but had a 735M in profit in 2008)
Bergstrom et al request for “Big Deal” details
Many Models on Trial
Many examples; this one from Sarah Shreeves ACRL SchCom 101 “Openness”
Many examples; this one from Sarah Shreeves ACRL SchCom 101 “Openness”
Open Humanities PressOpen Humanities Press journals: fully peer reviewed,scholarly publications that have been chosen by OHP's editorial advisory board for their outstanding contribution to contemporary theory.
Univ. Michigan’s Scholarly Publishing Office OHPmonographic series in Digital Culture
Like Open SourceEnabled by technology
Dependent on the gift economy
Found both inside and outside of traditional models of software development, scholarship and publishing
Supported by a variety of business models
Open Access Right or Wrong?
Open access means no copyright
Open access is free
Open access always means the author pays
Open access will destroy peer review
Open access will destroy small scholarly society publishers
Open access is the answer
Adapted from Sarah Shreeves ACRL SchCom101 “Openness”
Roads to Open Access Some dead-ends?
Archiving(self,
institutional, disciplinary)
‘green’
Open Access Publishing
(journals & books)‘gold’
3920 OA journals in Directory of Open Access Journals
For-profit open accessBioMedCentral/Springer
Open access after a whileScience after 12 monthsUniv. Rochester Press 6 months
Hybrid-subscriptionauthor pays
OA fee
Open Access Publishing (‘Gold’)Publication that is free & open for anyone to access
Like “Toll Access” peer reviewed journals or edited books except free to the reader
Multiple financial models including institution or funder supported OR author-supported
(2006 – 47% author supported)
Usually allow authors to retain copyright and/or license under creative commons
Literature published through traditional channels that is made openly available through deposit in a repository or placing on web site
Institutional, departmental, or discipline based repository
Range of publisher policies on depositOften post-prints (final author manuscript) can be deposited but publisher version cannot
Copyright issues murkyhttp://www.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo.php
Discipline based repositories often rooted in cultures used to sharing but faculty use of institutional repositories not strong
Questions of authority of pre-print/post-print and multiple versions
Open Access Publishing (‘Green’)
Hybrid modelsSubscription based journals
Author can pay to make article open access
Publisher Price Notes
Elsevier Sponsored Article
$3,000 A few journals
Oxford Open $1,500 / 3,000 Lower price if institution subscribes; some journals
Springer Open Choice $3,000 All journals
Wiley Funded Access $3,000 Some journals
American Chemical Society AuthorChoice
As low as $1,000
Lowest price if institution subscribes & have personal membership
Plant Physiology $1,000 / Free OA free for members of ASPB
From Sarah Shreeves “Openness” ACRL SchCom 101
University Presses Support OA
10 University Press Directors on Free Access to Scholarly Journal Articles:•support the dissemination of scholarly research•support the free access to scientific, technical, and medical journal articles no later than 12 months after publication•support the principle that scholarly research fully funded by governmental entities is a public good•support legislation that strengthens this principle•oppose legislation designed to weaken it•support the archiving and free release of the final, published version of scholarly journal articles•will work ….to determine strategies concerning dissemination options
Florida, Akron,UPNE, Athabasca, Wayne State, Calgary, Michigan, Rockefeller, Penn State, and Massachusetts University Presses
In reaction to the American Association of University Presses, supporting the Conyers bill without consultation
Openness enables:
Contribution
Participation
Broad access without barriers of place or privilege
Use & reuse with few or no restrictions
NewIdeas Knowledge Art Literature Science Medicine
How will creators, publishers and librarians create a sustainable future that supports
these benefits?
References & SourcesACRL Scholarly Communcation Toolkit
Bergstrom, Carl and Ted Bergstrom,2001 and 2006 The economics of scholarly journal publishing, original report & 5 year update
Bergstrom, Ted. Papers on Journal Pricing
Clarke, Roger. The Cost-Profiles of Alternative Approaches to Journal-Publishing. December 2007 First Monday
Cox, John & Laura Cox, Academic journal publishers’ policies and practices in online publishing, 3rd edition 2008, the Association of Learned and Professional Society Publishers (ALPSP) Survey 2008
Journal Cost-Effectiveness Search for price per article or citation
Wellcome Trust (2004) Costs and business models in scientific research publishing.
CreditsSlide 1: “Open Access” image flickr CC site under Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 Generic license
Slides 3, 10, 12 & 13 : from ACRL Scholarly Communication 101 “Economics” powerpoint talk by Lee Van Orsdel
Slide 6: Modified from Scholarly Communication 101 “Economics” powerpoint talk by Lee Van Orsdel
Slides 12, 16,19, 21, 22, 23, 24 & 25: modified from ACRL Scholarly Communication 101 powerpoint talk “Openness: Contribute, Access, Use” by Sarah Shreeves
Slide 20: “Open Access: Dawn of a New Day” by Gideon Burton, flickr CC site used under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 Generic license
All slides used under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 license
Scholarly Publishing in Flux: Economics, Access & Use by Barbara DeFelice, was developed for ACRL NEC SchCom SIG Scholarly Communications 101 workshop and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 United States LicenseLast updated 7/27/09