scheme of work for third term 2019/2020 academic … · management practices in poultry: housing...
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SCHEME OF WORK FOR THIRD TERM 2019/2020 ACADEMIC YEAR
ANIMAL HUSBANDRY S S 1D
Weeks Topics Contents
1 Livestock management system
i. Explain the content of livestock management.
ii. Outline the livestock management system.
2 Intensive management system
i. Advantages of intensive management
ii. Disadvantages of intensive management
3 Semi-intensive management system
i. Advantages of semi-intensive
ii. Disadvantages of semi-intensive
4. Extensive system management
i. Advantages of extensive management system
5 Management practices in livestock
Management practices of ruminants (goat, sheep, cattle) Housing, feeding, sanitation, castration,dehorning,tatooing, earnotching, deworming, vaccination and culling
6 Management practices in livestock
Management practices in poultry: housing and equipment( feeding, drinking etc),feeding of chicks: broilers, layers etc, common diseases of poultry and control, debeaking
7 Management practices in livestock
Management practices of pig i. Housing ii. Feeding iii. Disease and control iv. Breeding
8 Management practices in livestock
Management practices of rabbit i. Housing ii. Feeding iii. Disease and control
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iv. Breeding
LIVESTOCK MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Concept of Livestock Management
Livestock management is a combination approach to the different
aspects of f arm practices relating to animal care including reproduction,
disease control, housing, feeding and hygiene in ruminants and non-
ruminants. It deals with how to run livestock operations and produce meat,
eggs, milk and other products for human consumption at a cost effective
level. There are three system of animal management. They include
1. Intensive system
2. Extensive system
3. Semi-intensive system
Intensive Management System
This is a system in which the animals are confined or restricted within
a pen and are not allowed to move out. This system prevents the livestock
from having access to pasture and sunshine. The livestock have limited
space to move about freely because of the high stocking density. All
feeding, water, medications, vaccinations and other management practices
are performed within the pen.
Advantages of Intensive System
1. It allows for adequate and accurate record keeping.
2. Culling of unproductive livestock is easy.
3. The animals are protected from thieves, wild animals or predators.
4. More animals are kept in a small land.
5. The animals grow uniformly.
6. Livestock reach market size quickly.
7. Disease outbreak is quickly checked.
8. Indiscriminate mating is reduced.
9. Ensures adequate and balanced feeding.
10. It gives animals protection against physical and environmental
hazard.
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Disadvantages of Intensive System
1. It is capital intensive.
2. Outbreak of epidemic causes serious losses.
3. Highly trained personnel are required.
4. Fighting, cannibalism and pecking may be rampant.
5. Cost of feeding is very high.
6. Spread of diseases is very fast since livestock are so close to each
other.
Extensive System
This is a system whereby livestock are allowed to roam about freely
over large areas of land in search of food and water. In this system,
there is no proper housing and feeding of livestock.
Advantages of Extensive System
1. It ensures fair distribution of manure or waste over farmland.
2. The system is cheap to carry out.
3. The meat is more palatable than those raise in other systems
4. The labour required is very minimal.
5. Animals have access to wide variety of feeds.
Disadvantages of Extensive System
1. Control of pest and disease are difficult.
2. It is difficult to identify unproductive animals.
3. There is underutilization of land.
4. Livestock takes a longer time to reach market size.
5. Animals are lost to predators and thieves.
6. It is impossible to implement a planned breeding programme for the
flock or herd.
Semi-intensive System
The system is midway between intensive and extensive systems. The
livestock are kept in a building especially at night but are allowed to
move about within a fenced area during the day. The animals are
usually provided with supplementary feeds.
Advantages of Semi-intensive System
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1. Animals are sheltered against adverse weather.
2. The animals are properly fed and cared for.
3. Cost of production is reduced.
4. Good returns are obtained in terms of meat, milk etc.
5. Livestock are protected from danger.
Disadvantages of Semi-intensive system
1. Record keeping is difficult.
2. Production of livestock may be low.
3. Spread of pests and diseases is high.
4. Fighting is rampant.
5. Vermon like thieves and snakes are common.
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN LIVESTOCK
Management practices involves application of various activities in an
integrated manner to ensure maximum yield or productionof the livestock. It
includes housing, feeding, disease prevention, sanitation etc.
Management Practices of Ruminant
Housing of Goat
Goats do not need any elaborate building as it is hardy animal. Loose
housing is preferred with enough space for the animas to move freely
within the building. The house must be well ventilated, dry and clean with
roof made of iron sheets. The floor and the windows should be made of
concrete and cement blocks respectively.
Fence should not be too low so that the animal cannot jump over it.
barbed wire is preferred. Beddings made of straw and wood shavings etc
should be provided. Hay and silage rack should also be provided.
Feeding in Goat
Goats are ruminants and herbivores and therefore mostly fed on
forages comprising of grasses and legumes. Concentrate feeds should be
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given to goats especially under intensive system to promote rapid growth
and high production. Goats are given other feeds like yam and cassava
peels, maize, groundnut etc. They can also be fe\d on plant stems like
banana.
During the dry season, hay and silage are provided for goats.
Periodically, rotational grazing should be carried out. Goats can also be fed
with household waste. Moreover, zero grazing should be practiced. It is
important to provide goats with clean water regularly.
Sanitation in Goat
Proper sanitation is important in goat management especially in the
intensive and semi-intensive management systems.
Ways to ensure proper sanitation in goat:
1. The pen should be washed, cleaned and disinfected at regular
intervals.
2. The beddings and accumulated droppings should be regularly
removed.
3. Sick animals should be culled and treated.
4. Practice regular dipping of goat to prevent pests and parasites attack.
5. Feeding trough, watering trough and hay racks should be cleaned
properly.
6. Rotational grazing should be carried out to avoid parasites buildup.
7. Dead animals should be buried.
Castration of Goat
Castration is the removal of the testis from the male goat thus making
it wither. Goats are best castrated at 8-12 weeks old.
Methods of Castration
1. Knife method/ open incision: In this method, incision is made in the
scrotum and the testes are pressed out and severed with a sharp
knife.
Steps in Open Incision
i. Hold the animal in a convenient position
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ii. Wash and disinfect the scrotal area.
iii. With a razor blade, make an open incision on each side of the
scrotum.
iv. Press each testis outward.
v. Clean and disinfect wound.
2. Emasculator method/ use of burdizzor: The emasculator or
burdizzor method involves using an instrument called emasculator or
burdizzor which is used in crushing the spermatic chord thus
preventing the blood supply to the testes. This method is also known
as the bloodness method since no cutting is done.
Steps in using Budizzor
i. Open the burdizor holding the two handles.
ii. Locate the spermatic chord.
iii. Clamp the budizzor on the spermatic chord.
iv. Release and remove the burdizzor plier.
Methods of Maintenance
i. Clean after use/ wash and dry.
ii. Grease or oil metal parts.
iii. Store in rack in a cool dry place.
iv. Protect wooden handles from termite attack.
Elastractor method/use of rubber ring: This is the application of
heavy rubber band or ring to the neck of the scrotum in order to cut off
blood supply to the testes.
Advantages for Castration of Farm Animals
i. It helps to control indiscriminate mating.
ii. Castration increase the carcass weight of animals.
iii. Remove the characteristics male odour.
iv. Animals becomes more docile and easy to handle.
v. Leads to better carcass quality.
vi. Leads to higher feed conversion ratio.
vii. To prevent male animals with bad trait from being used for
breeding purpose.
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Disadvantages of Castration
i. It may cause pain to the animals.
ii. Animals may loose much blood in the process.
iii. Animals may be infected if the operation is not properly treated.
Dehorning
Dehorning is the process involved in the removal of the horn buds of
farm animals in order to reduce injury to the handler and other animals.
Farm animals which posses horns are cattle, goat and sheep.
The removal of young horns from young animals is called disburding.
Methods of Dehorning
i. Use of saws: This involves the use of saw to cut off horns of adult
animals after which cut surface is treated with iodine solution.
ii. Use of electric dehorner: This is a special machine designed to
carefully cut off the horns of farm animals without damage to skin.
iii. Cutting the horn with a curved knife: This is done when the
animal is a couple of months old.
iv. Horn tipping: Matured animal can be dehorned by cutting the
pointed end of the horn.
v. Cauterization: This is a process of killing growth ring in a horn
using heat. It is done when the animal is 3-4 weeks old.
vi. Use of hot iron: This involves putting an iron on fire and when it is
red hot, it is removed and placed on the horn and it automatically
cuts it off.
vii. Use of chemicals: Chemicals like caustic soda can be rubbed on
the horn bud of a young animal and it eventually burns off the horn
viii. Use of guage: This involves the making of hole inside the horn
after which chemicals can be applied to remove the horn.
Advantages or Reasons for Dehorning
i. It makes handling of animals easier.
ii. It prevents secondary infection caused by horns injuries.
iii. It creates more space for animals.
iv. It prevents injuries to handlers and other animals.
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Disadvantages of Dehorning
i. It can cause injuries to the animals.
ii. It may cause infection the injured part.
Identification Marks
These are marks made on the body of the livestock for easy
identification.
A. Branding: This is done by using hot iron rod to write a letter, number
or make designs on the animal body.
Types of Branding
a. Hot branding
b. Cold branding
Advantages of Branding
i. Markings can be seen from a long distance.
ii. It is easy to perform.
iii. It is cheap to carry out.
Disadvantages of Branding
i. It is very painful to the animal.
ii. Hides and skins are destroyed.
iii. It can cause infections through marking.
iv. Animals may die if not properly done.
v. The skin may heal thereby making the marks difficult to read.
B. Tagging: This is a tag or label made of light metal or strong plastic
with numbers stamped on them which is fitted on the ear with tagging
forcept.
C. Ear notching: This is a small V-shaped cuts made on the ears of
farm animals using sharp knives or scissors.
Advantages of Ear Notching
i. The numbers can easily be seen from a long distance.
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ii. They are easy to read and understand.
iii. The numbers cannot be easily rubbed off.
Disadvantages of Ear Notching
i. It can cause infection if the cutting is not properly treated.
ii. Understanding of the marks may be difficult for a new employee in
the farm.
iii. The marking may heal up thus making marking difficult to read.
D. Tattooing: This involves the imprinting of signs/numbers/letters on
the body or ear of animals and rubbing the imprinted marks with dye
or paints to bring them out clearly for easy identification.
Advantages of Tattooing
i. It is easy to carry out.
ii. It is not expensive to do.
iii. Numbers can easily be seen and read from a distance.
Disadvantages of Tattooing
i. The metal pins can easily fall off.
ii. Metal pins can easily tear off the ear of the animals when stuck to
objects.
E. Horn branding: This is done by using hot irons to brand the horns.
F. Chaining: This involves the tying of metal chains round the neck of
farm animals like cattle and sheep.
Advantages of Chaining
i. It is cheap to carry out.
ii. It is easy to perform.
iii. The chains have no effect on the neck.
Disadvantages of Chaining
i. The numbers may not be easily seen.
ii. It may get stuck to objects and break off.
iii. It is not good for short animals as the chains may be touching the
ground.
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MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS OF POULTRY
The three systems of poultry management are;
i. Intensive system
ii. Semi-intensive system
iii. Extensive system
Intensive System
This is a system which allow for the confinement of birds into a
particular housing unit. The birds have limited space to move about freely,
but all the nutritional requirements in terms of feed, water, medication and
vaccination are provided within the confinement. This system is divided into
battery cage and deep litter.
Battery Cage System
This is a system in which birds are kept in cages. The cages are
usually made of expanded metal, built in a slanting form to allow eggs to
roll down. There are openings through which birds can pass out faeces, fed
and drink water. Battery cage permits ventilation from all sides.
Advantages of Battery Cage System
i. Unproductive birds can be identified and removed.
ii. It allows for adequate and accurate record keeping
iii. The birds conserve their energy because they are confined.
iv. Eggs are not lost to thieves and snakes.
v. Culling of eggs is very easy to carry out.
vi. Mostly ideal for egg production.
vii. There are fewer eggs with dirty shells.
Disadvantages of Battery Cage System
i. It is capital intensive.
ii. Spread of disease may be very fast since birds are kept very close
to each other.
iii. Vices such as cannibalism, fighting, egg eating are possible.
iv. Fertile eggs cannot be produced and as such there may be
reduction in chicks’ production.
v. There is lack of freedom.
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vi. Maintenance cost is high.
vii. Since birds are kept indoors, balanced diet must be provided.
Deep Litter System
This allows the keeping of both male and female birds together. It is
ideal for raising broilers, growers and layers. The roof of deep litter house is
made of iron sheet or asbestos while the sides are constructed with
cement, block and wire mesh. Therefore, deep litter house permits cross
ventilation. Moreover, the floor of the house must be concrete and covered
with litter of straws or wood shavings. The litter absorbs the water
associated with faeces. Birds are provided with water, feed and medication.
Advantages of Deep Litter System
1. It increases efficiency in poultry management.
2. It maximizes the use of land.
3. Cost of labour is reduced.
4. Birds are protected from predators and thieves.
5. It is suitable for rearing breeding stock.
6. Birds are protected against harsh weather.
7. It is easy to control house flies and mosquito.
8. Culling of sick birds can be carried out.
9. Large flocks of birds can be managed.
10. It is less expensive compared to battery cage system.
Disadvantages of Deep Litter System
1. Cannibalism and pecking among birds are common.
2. There is wastage of feeds by birds.
3. There is rapid spread of disease and pests.
4. The cost of construction of deep litter house is high.
5. Litter makes eggs dirty.
6. It is not easy to identify unproductive birds.
7. Cost of production is increased due to high litter requirement.
Importance of Sawdust as Litter in Deep Litter House
1. It is used as beddings on the floor of deep litter house.
2. It is used for storing eggs during transportation.
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Advantages of Sawdust
1. It is very cheap.
2. It absorbs water in the faeces thereby keeping the floor dry.
3. When the faeces are mixed up with the wood shavings, it decays to
form manure in the farm.
4. It prevents the birds from having direct contact with cold floor.
5. It protects the floor from being stained by faeces.
Disadvantages of Sawdust
1. It can harbor bacteria and other pathogens.
2. It may contain foreign bodies like nails.
3. Birds develop respiratory problems when they inhale dust.
4. It needs to be changed regularly to avoid introduction of diseases.
Semi-intensive System
In this system, the birds are kept in a building but are allowed to
move about within a fenced area during the day. It is midway between
intensive and extensive system of poultry keeping. An example of semi-
intensive system is the fold unit system.
Advantages of Semi-intensive System
1. Cost of management is low compared to intensive system.
2. Birds have the opportunity to excise themselves.
3. Adequate feed and water are provided.
4. If male and female are kept together, fertilized eggs can be produced.
Disadvantages of Semi-intensive System
1. Identification of unproductive birds are difficult.
2. Record keeping is difficult.
3. Fighting, egg eating, cannibalism etc is rampant.
4. Vermine like thieves and snake are common.
Fold unit System
A fold could be made of basket or other movable housing units. It is
mobile and can be moved from one place to another. About 50-100 birds
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are kept in the basket of folds. Feeding and watering troughs containing
feeds and water are supplied to the birds.
Advantages of Fold Unit System
1. It is ideal for rearing chicks.
2. It can be practices in a small land.
3. The house is cheap to produce.
4. It is easy to be handle by the farmer.
5. It is mobile and therefore helps in moving the birds to the market.
Disadvantages of Fold Unit System
1. It is not suitable for commercial production.
2. Fertile eggs may not be produced.
3. The spread of disease is rampant.
4. Constant movement may lead to the damage of the fold.
5. Fighting, pecking etc may be developed.
6. Labour requirement is high.
Extensive System (free range system)
This is a system in which domestic poultry are allowed to roam about
freely in search of food and water. There is no proper housing and feeding
for birds in this system. Unlimited grassland is available to the birds.
Advantages of Extensive System
1. Initial capital requirement is small.
2. It reduces the incidence of ecto parasites
3. The requirement for labour is low.
Disadvantages of Extensive System
1. Birds are exposed to danger such as snake, bad weather conditions,
thieves etc.
2. Production of egg is very low.
3. Birds are small in size.
4. Eggs are dirty.
5. There is indiscriminate mating of animals
6. Large labour force is required to collect eggs.
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Management Practices of Poultry
Housing in Poultry
Birds are kept in pens. The different houses required for rearing birds
are brooder pen, growers pen and layer pen. The chicks are sent to the
brooder house immediately after hatching where they receive heat from
stove or electric bulb in order to maintain their body temperature. As the
feathers of the chicks develop, the body temperature is grdually reduced
from 39oc to 27oc. The chicks are reared on littered concrete floor with the
house completely covered with rubber sheets which permits cross
ventilation of air. The chicks are transferred to the grower’s pen at the end
of 6th week.
The birds are reared from 7th to 20th week in the grower pen.
The buildings are netted with proper roofing and concrete flooring to
ensure the comfort of the birds.
The birds are transferred to the layers pen shortly before laying
begins.
The layers are reared in the layers pen from the 21st week. The
layer’s pen is either the deep litter house or battery cage system. The
poultry house should be provided with dip containing disinfectant for
visitors.
Poultry Equipment
These are appliances used in the poultry houses for successful
poultry keeping.
S/N Equipment Main use
1 Debeaker Reducing beak length.
2 Incubator Hatching fertile eggs.
3 Egg candler Detecting unfertile eggs
4 Bucket Fetching water
5 Feeders Feeding birds
6 Drinkers Provision of water
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7 Hypodermic syringe/needles
Injecting birds
8 Nesting box Egg laying
9 Brooder Provision of warmth for chicks.
10 Mesh box Feeding young chicken
11 Egg trays/ crates Collection of eggs / storing eggs.
12 Brooms Sweeping off waste.
13 Shovel Removal of poultry waste
14 Wheel barrow Carry feed or waste
15 Cages Confining or carrying poultry birds
16 Battery cages Housing of mainly layers
17 Folds For housing poultry birds.
Brooding Incubation
Incubation is the process of keeping the fertilized eggs warm in order
to allow for proper development of embryo into chicks. Brooding incubation
is a natural condition whereby a hen sits over her eggs until the chicks
hatch. The period of incubation in chicken is 21 days. The temperature of
about 35oc-39oc is required for incubation to take place.
Feeding of Poultry
Poultry birds require balance diet for proper growth and development.
Birds are fed every time and any time. Birds reared extensively fed on
insects, seeds, grasses, earthworms etc. under the intensive system, birds
are fed on mash.
1. Feeding of chicks: These are birds from day old to a week. They
feed on chicks’ mash which contains about 18% of protein. The
chicks are fed ad-libitum.
2. Feeding of growers: They are birds from 7th -20th weeks of age.
They are fed with growers’ mash. (16% protein). The birds are placed
on restricted feeding.
3. Feeding of layers: Layers mash is fed to layers. The feed is rich in
protein (16%) and bone meal which provides calcium and
phosphorus for proper egg shell formation.
4. Broiler chicks: These are birds of a day old to 4th weeks and are fed
with broiler starter (20-23% protein)
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5. Broiler: Broiler birds from 4th -12weeks are fed with broiler finisher
(20-23% protein). Broiler are fed ab-libitum. Occasionally, vegetables
like water leaf, tridax etc should supplied to birds. Moreover,
adequate and regular supply of fresh cool water should be given to
birds.
Common Disease of Poultry and Controls
Name of disease
Causal organism
Method of spreading(transmission)
Signs and symptoms
Prevention and control (treatment)
Coccidiosis Protozoa (coccidian)
Contaminated feed, water, beddings/wet litter, droppings of infected birds.
Ruffled feather, blood stained diarrhea, reduced feed intake, dropping of wings, drowsiness, death.
Good sanitation, avoid wet liiter, use of drug known as coccidiostat.
Pullorum Bacteria (salmonella pullorum)
Spread from the hatcheries, infected droppings and egg, infected adult birds to chicks
Acute infestation with sudden death, weakness and loss of appetite on chicks, lethargy, breathless, gathering together under brooder in older birds.
Vaccination, isolate infected birds, proper sanitation, disinfection of feeders and drinkers, proper disposal of carcass of infected birds.
Newcastle Virus Ingestion of contaminated food and water, direct contact with infected birds, feed, water or liter
Difficulty in breathing, twisting of head and
Vaccination, proper sanitation, isolate
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material neck in circular movement, paralysis, diarrhea, low egg production.
infected birds, slaughtering and burning of infected birds.
Fowl typhoid
Bacteria Droppings of infected birds, contaminated feed and water, infected footwear of workers and staff. Poor disposal of carcass of infected birds.
Anorecia, weakness and high mortality in young chicks, gathering under brooder, yellowish droppings, comb and wattle form darker, death etc.
Proper sanitation, disinfect footwear before entering poultry house, proper disposal of infected birds, adequate vaccination of new birds, treat with antibiotics.
Gumboro disease
Virus Infected droppings, footwear, feeds etc.
Inflammation of the cloaca, soiled vent feathers, watery diarrhea and poor in- cordination
Eliminate infected birds, disinfection of contaminated materials, vaccination, treatment.
Fowl pox disease
Virus Through injury by fighting or pecking, contact with contaminated materials, transmitted by lice, ticks etc. overcrowding
Blisters on comb and wattle severe patches on the beak and tongue.
Vaccinate birds, remove infected birds, good sanitation, keep birds in
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fly proof house.
Fowl cholera
Bacteria Spread by infected treatment birds which are still carriers of the organism
Fever, depression, weight loss, mucus discharge from the mouth, ruffled feather, diarhoa, fast breathing etc.
Vaccination, proper sanitation, use of Sulphur and tetra cycline drug, use of antibiotics.
Avian influenza disease
Virus (transmitted by migrated water duck)
Exposure of birds to migratory water flock, direct contact from birds to birds, manure/litter, people whose clothes or shoes had contact with the virus.
Coughing, nasal discharge, sneezing, poor coordination, diarhoea, sudden death, lack of energy and appetite, soft shelled or abnormal egg shape, swelling of the head, eyelid, comb and wattle, purple discolouration of the wattle
Protect birds from germs or migratory birds, do not loan or borrow any equipment from other farms, avoid visiting other farms.
Other Poultry Diseases
1. Infectious bronchitus disease (virus)
2. Marek’s disease (virus)
General Control of Disease in Poultry
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1. Vaccinate the birds at the right time.
2. Proper disposal of infected birds.
3. Regular cleaning of feeders and drinkers.
4. Proper ventilation of poultry house.
5. Adopt good sanitation/ hygiene practices.
6. Regular cleaning and disinfection of poultry house.
7. Regular change of water.
8. Keeping contaminated objects away from healthy birds.
9. Avoid contact between wild birds and poultry
Vaccination (inoculation)
Vaccination or inoculation is a management practice whereby certain
chemicals called vaccines are injected into the animals in order to prevent
them from certain diseases.
Poultry Vaccination Schedule
Age of birds
Vaccination Disease
Day 1 Market disease vaccine (intramuscular)
Against neck disease
Day 1-4
Newcastle disease vaccine ( intra-ocular)
Against Newcastle disease
Day 10
First dose. Infectious basal disease vaccine (oral)
Against gumboro
Week 3
First dose. Newcastle disease vaccine (lasota strain)
Against Newcastle disease
Week 4
Second dose infectious basal disease vaccine (oral)
Against gumboro disease
Week 5
Fowl pox vaccine (using injection)
Against fowl pox disease
Week 6
Third dose: basal disease vaccine (oral)
Against gumboro disease
Week 8
First dose; Newcastle disease vaccine ( komora strain intra muscular)
Against Newcastle disease
Week 12
Second dose: Newcastle disease vaccine (lasota strain)
Against Newcastle disease
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oral
Week 16-18
Second dose: Newcastle disease vaccine (komorov strain)
Against Newcastle disease
Debeaking
Debeaking is the process which involves the partial removal of beak
of fowls with an instrument known as debeaker.
Advantages of Debeaking
1. To prevent pecking of other birds.
2. To prevent feather pulling of other birds.
3. To prevent cannibalism.
4. To prevent egg eating,
Disadvantages of Debeaking
1. It is painful to the birds.
2. It may cause stress if not properly done.
3. Beak and tongue may be permanently damaged.
Culling in Poultry
Culling is the removal of diseased or poorly performing destructive
birds from a flock.
Benefits derived from culling
1. The spread of poultry disease and pests are minimized.
2. The extra cost of feeding unproductive birds is eliminated.
3. A large floor space is available for the rest of the birds.
4. Egg pecking and cannibalism is minimized.
5. It removes unproductive birds from the flock.
Identification Marks in Poultry
Banding: It involves attaching a small individually, numbered metal or
plastic tag to the legs or wings of birds.
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES OF PIGS
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Housing of Pig
The pig pen consists of low wall built with concrete, cement, bricks or
stones. The low wall allows flow of air in the pen. The roof should be made
of iron sheet or asbestos. The floor should slope towards the drains with
the inner end having a water deep for cooling the body temperature of pigs.
The floor should be constructed with concrete to make it hard and
impervious to water.
In most cases, male should be separated from the female. Fallowing
pen should also have creep area where the feeds of the piglets are kept.
Feeding in Pig
Pigs are omnivorous animals can feed on grains, fruits, kitchen waste,
grasses, brewery waste etc. feeds given to all categories of pig must be
balanced in nutrients.
1. Breeders’ mash (15% protein) should be fed to breeders. This will
help the sow or gilt to produce more eggs and by extension large
litters or piglets.
2. Pregnant or in sow should not be overfed to prevent fat deposition
which may lead to small liter size and dystocia (difficulty in
parturition). Their feed should be supplemented with grasses rich in
fibre to aid easy farrowing.
3. To promote rapid growth of the piglets, they should be given creep
feed (22%protein) as from 2 weeks of age.
4. Piglets are given weaners’ mash (18%protein) after weaning from 8th
weeks at an average rate of 11kg for a pig per day.
5. Moreover, pigs are fed fatteners’ ration (14%protein) till they reach
market weight at seven months of age.
Diseases and Control
Common Diseases of Pigs
Name of disease
Causal organisms
Symptoms Mode of transmission
Control measure
Brucellosis or
Bacteria (brucellabortus)
Premature abortion,
Contaminated feed, water
Isolation of infected
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contagious abortion
dysentery, diarhoea.
and infected animals.
animals, proper sanitation, regular vaccination.
Abortion Bacteria High fever, depression, blood oozing out from nose, mouth, anus, loss of appetite, sudden death.
Contaminate feed, water, equipment and infected animals.
Regular vaccination
Enteritis or swine dysentery
Hog cholera or swine fever
Transmissible gastro enteritis
Sanitation/ Health Care of Pigs
1. Clean pigs pen regularly by scrubbing the floor.
2. Clean the feeders and watering troughs to prevent contamination.
3. Disinfect the house regularly.
4. Remove and bury the dead animals.
5. Isolate or separate sick animals for treatment.
6. Pigs should be dewormed regularly.
7. Visitors should the footwear in order not to spread diseases.
Breeding in Pig
Breeding in pig occurs in breeder house. Boar and gilt should be at
least eight months before they are used for breeding. The gilt have twelve
functional well-spaced teats and good temperaments and should not be
obese. The gilt must be dewormed and sprayed with acaricides to remove
internal and external parasites respectively two weeks before mating.
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Flushing should be done 7-10 days before breeding. The gilt or sow
is mated on the second day of heat and second mating is done 24 hours
later.
Breeds of Pigs
Large white
Chester white
Large black
Duroc jersey
American landrace
Poland ching
West African dwarf pig
Feature (characteristics of pigs)
1. They are highly prolific.
2. They have short gestation period of 114 days.
3. Maturity is very fast within 8 months.
4. They are good converters of feed into meat.
5. Proportion of flesh to bone in pig is very high.
6. Pigs are polyestrous.
7. Pigs require very little investment.
8. Pigs are good source of protein.
9. They have short legs, neck and compact body.
10. They have scanty hair and coiled tail.
Management Practices of Rabbit
Housing
Rabbits are usually kept in hutches.Wood or metal hutches with wire
netting surrounding are widely used.
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Hutches are arranged in single, double or triple tiers. However, the
best hutches are single tiers type because it enhances cleaning and
feeding of rabbit.
Hutches are usually placed in a building known as rabbitry which
must be ventilated. The floor of the rabbitry should be made with concrete
and the roof corrugated iron sheets. Legs of hutches should be placed in
disinfected bowls. This will help to curtail pest attack.
The males are kept separately from the female within the rabbitry.
Feeding in Rabbits
Rabbits are simple stomach herbivores. They are fed with
concentrate in form of pellets are not available. It is advisable to feed adult
rabbits 130g of pellets per day in combination with other feeds.
The concentrate feeds should be supplemented with succulent forage
crops and grasses such as tridax, amaranthus, water leaf, guinea grass,
centrosema etc. Rabbits can also be fed with root crops example cassava
and carrot; protein supplements example soya bean meal as well as hay
and roughages.
The protein content of feeds for dry does and bucks should be 12-
15% while that of pregnant does and nursing does is 16-20%. Feed should
be served in feeding troughs. Vitamins and mineral salt (table salt) should
be included in their feed. Clean water should be available on a regular
basis.
Disease and Control
Name of disease
Causal organisms
Symptoms Control/prevention treatment
Coccidiosis Protozoa Loss of appetite, dehydration, loss of weight, diarrhea, death on severe cases.
Raising rabbits on raised cases, isolate all infected stocks, treat with coccidostat.
Ear canker (mange)
Mange mite Swelling and painful ear, brown scab
Isolate infected rabbits, invite a veterinary doctor,
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inside the ear, ear scratching.
treat with matricide drug against the mite.
Helminthiasis Worms Poor growth, anaemia, diarrhoae, constipation, death in severe cases
Practice good sanitation, deworm regularly.
Ring worm Fungus Loss of hair or affected skin, circumscribed lesions on the skin
Use of fungicides, isolate infected animals.
Other diseases of rabbits
i. Pneumonia: common during cold and poorly ventilated houses.
ii. Gastro-intestinal complines mainly arises from feeding.
iii. Bloat: the major symptoms of bloat disease is disintended
stomach. It is a nutritional disorder caused by excessive feeding of
succulent forage.
Prevention/Control of Diseases of Rabbits
1. The floor of rabbitry and the cage must be cleaned regularly.
2. Proper sanitation should be observed; example washing of hands
after handling sick rabbits.
3. Feed rabbits with proper and balanced diet.
4. Quarantine sick rabbits for proper treatment.
Breeding in Rabbits
The buck is ready for breeding at 10 months of age. The doe is taking
to the cage of the buck for mating in the morning and evening. A buck can
serve 10 does. The gestation period of does is 30-31 days. Kindling takes
place at night. Mothers should take plenty of food and waste after kindling.
The liter moves out when they can see and have grown some furs on the
body. They are weaned at the age of 8 weeks.
Characteristics of Rabbits
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i. They have small medium sized bodies.
ii. They are prolific animals.
iii. Easy to house.
iv. They have short gestation period of 30-31 days.
v. They are efficient converter of vegetables matter into meat.
vi. Their fur can be processed as pelt for sale.
vii. They are easy to manage.
viii. Weaning period is between 6-8 weeks.
ix. They have high rate of resistance.
Breeds of Rabbits
i. New Zealand white
ii. California white
iii. Chinchilla
iv. Giant Flemish
v. New Zealand
vi. Bevern
vii. Angora
viii. Dutch
ix. loopere