EugeneEhrlich,authorofmanybooksonlanguage,servedasseniorlecturerintheDepartmentofEnglishandComparativeLiterature,SchoolofGeneralStudies,ColumbiaUniversity.

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PREFACE

ThestudyofEnglishgrammarhastwoprincipaladvantages.Itfacilitatesmasteryofwritingandenablesstudentstostudythegrammarofotherlanguagesmoreeffectively.ThisthirdeditionofEnglishGrammarwasdevelopedtomakethestudyofEnglishgrammarascurrentandaseffectiveaspossibleforallstudents,whetherornotEnglishistheirfirstlanguage.AGlossaryofGrammaticalTerms,atthestartofthetext,isprovidedasareferencetobeusedatanytime.Ihopethatstudentswillcontinuetofindtheexercisesandexplanationshelpful.

Chapter1discussestheprincipalelementsofthesentence,andthenextsixchaptersprovideinformationandpracticeinallthepartsofspeech:nounsandarticles,verbsandverbals,pronouns,adjectives,adverbs,andprepositionsandconjunctions.Eachchapterofthebookfirstpresentsnecessarydefinitionsanddiscussions,completewithexamples.Thispresentationisthenfollowedbyexercisesdesignedtohelpthestudentachievemasteryofthesubject.Answerstoallexercisesareprovidedattheendofthebook.Thestudentisadvisedtoworkstepbystepthrougheachchapter,doingeachexerciseinturnandcheckingtheanswersbeforeproceedingfurther.

ThepreviouseditionsofSchaum’sOutlineofEnglishGrammarwereoriginallywrittenbyDanielMurphyandbyme.ProfessorMurphy,mylongtimecolleague,nowisdeceased,sothisneweditionisdedicatedtohim.

EUGENEEHRLICH

CONTENTS

GlossaryofGrammaticalTerms

CHAPTER1PrincipalElementsoftheSentence

VerbSubjectDirectObjectComplementIndirectObjectModifiersMultiple-wordModifiersClausesPhrases

CHAPTER2NounsandArticles

NounsNounFunctionsTypesofNounsPluralFormsofNounsPossessiveFormsofNounsCollectiveNounsNounClausesArticlesDefiniteArticle.OmissionoftheDefiniteArticle.IndefiniteArticle.ChoosingBetweenaandan.

CHAPTER3VerbsandVerbals

Verbs

PredicateTransitiveandIntransitiveVerbsCopulative(Linking)VerbsAuxiliaryVerbsShallandWill.ShouldandWould.

MoodUsesoftheSubjunctiveMood.

VoiceNumberAgreementofSubjectandVerb.CompoundSubjectsandTheirVerbs.CollectiveNounsandTheirVerbs.

PersonTensePrincipalPartsoftheVerb.SelectionofTense.AgreementofTenses.PresentTenseforIdeasTrueforAllTime.

ConsistencyofVerbsConsistencyofVoice.ConsistencyofPerson.ConsistencyofTense.ConsistencyofMood.

VerbalsInfinitiveInfinitivePhrases.TensesoftheInfinitive.SplitInfinitives.

ParticipleTensesoftheParticiple.

GerundVerbalsUsedasModifiers

DanglingandMisplacedModifiersDanglingParticiples.MisplacedParticiples.DanglingInfinitives.

AuxiliaryVerbsandInfinitivesinCompoundConstructionsAuxiliaryVerbs.Infinitives.

ParallelStructureandVerbForms

CHAPTER4Pronouns

TypesofPronounsPersonalandImpersonalPronouns.RelativePronouns.DemonstrativePronouns.InterrogativePronouns.ReflexivePronouns.IntensivePronouns.ReciprocalPronouns.IndefinitePronouns.

PronounAgreementPluralandSingularAntecedents.AntecedentsJoinedbyAnd,Or,orNor.CollectiveNouns.SingularPronounsasAntecedents.

PronounsintheSubjectiveCasePronounsintheObjectiveCasePronounsasObjectsofVerbals.PronounsasObjectsofPrepositions.

PronounsinthePossessiveCasePronounsasAppositives

CHAPTER5Adjectives

TypesofAdjectives

LimitingAdjectives.PredicateAdjectives.

PositionofAdjectivesComparisonofAdjectivesAdjectivePhrasesAdjectiveClausesRestrictiveandNonrestrictiveAdjectiveClauses.ThatandWhichwithAdjectiveClauses.

NounsUsedasAdjectivesAdjectivesUsedasNouns.

ParticiplesasAdjectivesDanglingParticiples.

InfinitivesasAdjectives

CHAPTER6Adverbs

RecognizingAdverbsAdverbsEndingin-ly.RecognizingAdverbsbyTheirFunctions.

DistinguishingAdverbsfromAdjectivesComparisonofAdverbsNounsandPhrasesUsedasAdverbsAdverbialClausesConjunctiveAdverbsIntensifiersInfinitivesasAdverbs

CHAPTER7PrepositionsandConjunctions

PrepositionsCommonlyUsedPrepositions.ObjectofPreposition.DifferentiatingPrepositionsfromOtherPartsofSpeech.PrepositionalPhrasesasModifiers.

Conjunctions

ANSWERS

Index

GLOSSARYOFGRAMMATICALTERMS

Accusativecase.Formofapronounshowingthatthepronounistheobjectofaverborpreposition:me,her,him,us,them,whom.Alsocalledobjectivecase.

Activevoice.SeeVoice.

Adjective.Wordorwordsusedtomodifyanoun,pronoun,orverbal:goodfood,wonderfulyou,poorfishing.

Adjectiveclause.Subordinateclauseusedasadjective:Everyonewhoapprovesshouldvoteforhim.

Adjectivephrase.Phraseusedasadjective:Thewomaninthereddressisbeautiful.

Adverb.Wordorwordsusedtomodifyaverb,verbal,adjective,adverb,orentireclauseorsentence:runquickly,tositquietly,quitefresh,naturallyhewaselated.

Adverbialclause.Subordinateclauseusedasadverb:Johnleftwheneverhefeltlikeit.

Adverbialphrase.Phraseusedasadverb:Shesenthersontothestore.

Antecedent.Wordorwordstowhichapronounrefers:Alice(antecedent)askedforher(pronoun).

Apposition.Placementofanounornounsubstitutenexttoanothertoexplainoridentifyit:NewYork,theEmpireState;RichardtheLionHearted.TheEmpireStateandtheLionHeartedareknownasappositives.

Article.A,an,andthearearticles.Theirfunctionistomodifyanounornounsubstitute.Aandanaretheindefinitearticles.Theisthedefinitearticle.

Auxiliaryverb.Verbusedwithotherverbstoformtenseorvoice:Weshouldgotothemovies.Hewasslaughtered.

Case.Formofanounorpronounthatshowsfunction.Thethreecasesarenominative(subjective),genitive(possessive),andaccusative(objective).NominativeIsaw.Genitivemyhat.AccusativeThedogbitme.

Clause.Groupofwordscontainingasubjectandverb.Clausesareeither

dependent:Themanwhocametodinnerleftearly;orindependent:Themilkmanlefttwobottlesofcream.Dependentclausesareunabletofunctionassentences.Independentclausesareabletofunctionassentences.

Collectivenoun.Anounthatappearstobesingularbutreferstoagroup.Treatedassingularwhenthegroupisthoughtofasaunit,treatedaspluralwhenthemembersofthegroupareconsideredindividually.

Comparison.Inflectionofadverbsoradjectivestoshowdegreesofqualityoramount.Absolute:good,quickly,famous.Comparative:better,quicker,morefamous.Superlative:best,quickest,mostfamous.

Complement.Nounoradjectiveusedtocompletethemeaningofacopulativeverb.Alsoknownaspredicatecomplement:Fredissick(predicateadjective).Normaisanoperastar(predicatenoun).

Complexsentence.Sentencecontainingoneindependentclauseandoneormoredependentclauses.

Compoundsentence.Sentencecontainingtwoormoreindependentclauses.

Compound-complexsentence.Sentencecontainingtwoormoreindependentclausesandoneormoredependentclauses.

Conjunction.Wordorwordsusedtojoinwords,phrases,orclauses.Coordinatingconjunctionjoinselementsofequalvalue.Subordinatingconjunctionjoinsdependentclausestoindependentclauses.

Conjunctiveadverb.Adverbusedasconjunction.Mostcommonexamplesare:however,thus,andtherefore.

Coordinate.Ofequalgrammaticalorsyntacticalimportance:twosuchnouns,phrases,clauses,etc.

Copulativeverb.Verbthatlinksasubjectanditscomplement.Mostcommoncopulativeverbisbe.Alsoknownaslinkingverb.

Demonstrativeadjective.Adjectivethatindicatesaparticularnounorpronoun:thishat,thatcoat,thisone.

Demonstrativepronoun.Pronounthatspecifiesaparticularreferent:thisiswhatIwant;thatistoomuch.

Dependentclause.SeeSubordinateclause.

Descriptiveadjective.Adjectivethatnamestheconditionorqualityornounitmodifies:greentrees,wreckedautomobile.

Directaddress.Constructioninwhichthewriteraddressesthereaderdirectly:Dan,handmethecase.Ethel,pleaseleavetheroom.

Directobject.Wordorwordsthatreceivetheactionofaverb:Thespeakerhitthetable.Hebelievedthattheboywouldreturnthebook.

Gender.OfnoconsequenceinEnglishgrammar.Referstomasculine,feminine,neuternounsincertainotherlanguages.PersonalpronounsinEnglishhavegenderinthirdpersonsingular:he,she,it.

Genitivecase.Formofanounorpronounusedtoshowpossession:woman’s,hour’s,her,hers,his,their,etc.Alsoknownaspossessivecase.

Gerund.-ingformofaverbusedasnounorperforminganounfunction:Swimmingismorefunthanlyingonthebeach.Theybothloveboatingandfishing.Gerundsareclassifiedasverbals.

Imperativemood.Verbconstructionusedingivingcommands.Thesubjectoftheverbisusuallylacking:Gohome!Stopsmoking!

Indefinitepronoun.Pronounthatdoesnotspecifyaparticularreferent:any,anyone,each,everyone,etc.

Independentclause.Clausethatcanstandaloneandconveymeaningasasimplesentence:Shewasfondofallherfriends,althoughshelovednooneinparticular.Alsoknownasmainclauseorprincipalclause.

Indicativemood.Formofverbusedtomakeastatementoraskaquestion:Shedriveswell.Ishestillbakingbread?

Indirectobject.Nounorpronounrepresentingthepersonorthingwithreferencetowhichtheactionofaverbisperformed.Theygavemeapresent.Theygaveapresenttome.

Infinitive.Simpleformoftheverb,usuallyprecededbyto:(to)run,(to)jump,(to)attempt.Infinitivesfunctionasnouns,adjectives,andadverbs.Infinitivesareclassifiedasverbals.

Infinitivephrase.Infinitiveplusitsmodifiersandobject:toswimexpertly,toreadabook.Infinitivephraseshavethesamefunctionsasinfinitives.

Inflection.Changeinformtoindicategrammaticalrelationships.Inflectionofnounsandpronounsisknownasdeclension.Inflectionofverbsisknownasconjugation.Inflectionofadjectivesandadverbsisknownascomparison.

Intensivepronoun.Pronounusedtostrengthenanounorpronoun:themanager

herself,youyourselves,thebeeitself.

Interjection.Ejaculatorywordorexpression:Alas,there’slittlelefttoeat.Heavensabove,istherenoshameintheman?

Interrogativeadjective.Adjectiveusedinaskingquestion:whosebook?whichstreet?

Interrogativepronoun.Pronounusedinaskingaquestion:whosewaslost?whichwasstolen?

Intransitiveverb.Verbthatdoesnottakeanobject:Ismiledallday.Sheargueswell.Allcopulativeverbsareintransitive.Manyverbsfunctiontransitivelyaswellasintransitively.

Irregularverb.Verbthatformsitspasttenseandpastparticiplebyachangeofvowels:be,was,were;run,ran,run;sing,sang,sung.Alsoknownasstrongverb.

Linkingverb.SeeCopulativeverb.

Modifier.Wordorwordsthatlimit,describe,ormakemoreprecisethemeaningofthewordsmodified:bluehat,themanwhomyousaw,theywalkedsilently.

Mood.Characteristicofaverbthatshowsthemannerinwhichastatementisregardedbythewriter.SeeIndicativemood,Imperativemood,andSubjunctivemood.

Nominativecase.SeeSubjectivecase.

Nonrestrictivemodifier.Modifierofawordorgroupofwordsalreadylimitedorrestricted:Jane’sfather,whorowedforYale,stillrowseveryday.Ibroughthimtomysummerhouse,whichisinaPittsburghsuburb.

Noun.Nameofaperson,place,thing,quality,action,oridea.Nounsfunctionassubjects,objects,objectsofprepositions,objectsofverbals,andadjectives.

Nounphrase.Phrasethatfunctionsasanoun:Ienjoyafternoontea.WillyoubetakingthetraintoDenver?

Number.Singularandpluralaspectsofnouns,pronouns,andverbs.

Numericaladjective.Adjectivethatnumberstheworditmodifies:sixteachers,firstanniversary.

Objectivecase.SeeAccusativecase.

Parallelconstruction.Repetitionofgrammaticalconstructionforcoherence

andemphasis:flyingandswimming;Icame,Isaw,Iconquered.

Participle.Adjectiveformofaverb.Presentparticipleendsining:running,walking.Pastparticipleendsinediftheverbisregular,changesavoweliftheverbisirregular:walked,talked;run,eaten.Participlesareclassifiedasverbals.

Passivevoice.SeeVoice.

Person.Formsofverbsandpronounstoindicatepersonspeaking:Iam,wearefirstperson;personspokento:youaresecondperson;personspokenof:heis,theyarethirdperson.

Personalpronoun.Pronounusedtoindicatepeople:I,you,he,she,etc.Isawher.

Possessiveadjective.Adjectiveusedtoindicatepossession:my,your,his,her,its,etc.Ourhats,histypewriter.

Possessivecase.SeeGenitivecase.

Predicate.Inaclauseorsentence,theverbwithitsmodifiers,object,complement,orindirectobject.

Predicateadjective.SeeComplement.

Predicatecomplement.SeeComplement.

Predicatenoun.SeeComplement.

Preposition.Awordorwordsthatconveyameaningofposition,direction,time,orotherabstraction.Togetherwithanounorpronounanditsmodifiers,theprepositionformsaprepositionalphrase,whichservesasamodifier:tothefront,fromtheshore,withthem.Intheseprepositionalphrases,front,shore,andthemfunctionasobjectsofprepositions.

Principalpartsofaverb.Theinfinitive(steal),pasttense(stole),andpastparticiple(stolen).

Pronoun.Awordthattakestheplaceofanoun:I,it,me,he,him,they,them,etc.SeeAntecedent.

Properadjective.Adjectiveformedfromapropernoun:Japaneserestaurant,Englishhistory.

Propernoun.Nameofaspecificperson,place,orthing:Elizabeth,Finland,EmpireStateBuilding,RadioCityMusicHall.

Reciprocalpronoun.Eachotherandoneanother.Usedonlyastheobjectofa

verborpreposition:Theysaweachotherregularly.Wespoketooneanotheryesterday.

Regularverb.Verbthatformsitspasttenseandpastparticiplebyaddinged:worked,worked;talked,talked.Alsoknownasaweakverb.

Relativeadjective.Limitingadjectiveintroducingsubordinateclause:Thewomanwhosefamilylooksafterherisdeeplydepressed.

Relativepronoun.Pronounintroducingsubordinateclause:Themanwhohiredyouhasbeenpromoted.Thebookthatyougavemeismissing.

Restrictivemodifier.Modifierthatlimitsorrestrictsawordorgroupofwords:HenrytheEighth,themanwhoworkedforyou.

Sentence.Groupofwordsnormallycontainingasubjectandpredicate,expressinganassertion,question,command,wish,orexclamation.

Strongverb.SeeIrregularverb.

Subject.Elementinasentenceperformingtheactionindicatedbyanactiveverb;elementinasentencereceivingtheactionofapassiveverb:Janesawhersister.Shewasreceivedincourt.Infinitivesmayalsotakesubjects:Motheraskedhimtoreturnhome:himisthesubjectoftoreturn.

Subjectivecase.Formofpronounshowingthatthepronounisthesubjectofaverb:I,she,he,we,they,who.Alsocallednominativecase.

Subjunctivemood.Formofverbusedtoexpressdoubts,possibilities,desires,andconditionscontrarytofact:Idoubtthatshewilleverbecomechairperson.Ifhewerehere,thisproblemwouldvanish.

Subordinateclause.Sentenceelementconsistingofasubjectandpredicateandfunctioningasanoun,adjective,oradverb:Thathewasfiredcameasnosurprisetome.Thebookyousentmeneverarrived.Hewonderedwhenhewouldhearofhisappointment.Asubordinateclause,alsoknownasadependentclause,cannotstandaloneasasentence.

Superlative.Highestdegreeofcomparison,usedwhencomparingthreeormoreunits:mybesteffort,theoldestchildinthefamily,thesmallesterror.SeeComparison.

Tense.Characteristicofverbformsthatshowsdifferencesintimeofactionperformed:Irun,Iran,Iwillrun,Iwillhaverun,etc.

Transitiveverb.Verbthattakesanobject:Sheboughtthecar.JackandJill

carriedthewater.SeeIntransitiveverb.SeeCopulativeverb.

Verb.Wordorwordsusedtoexpressactionorstateofbeingofthesubject:Annestudiedhard.Sheiswilling.Theyaregoinghome.Thefamilywillhavereceivedthetelegrambythistimetomorrow.

Verbal.Wordderivedfromaverb,butfunctioningasanounormodifier.SeeGerund.SeeInfinitive.SeeParticiple.

Voice.Characteristicofverbsthatdifferentiatesbetweenthesubjectasperformeroftheactionoftheverb(activevoice)andthesubjectasreceiveroftheactionoftheverb(passivevoice).Activevoice:Thelecturerelaboratedhermainpoints.Passivevoice:Themainpointswereelaboratedbythelecturer.

Weakverb.SeeRegularverb.

CHAPTER1PrincipalElementsoftheSentence

Asentenceisagroupofwordsthatmakesastatementandcanbefollowedbyaperiod,questionmark,orexclamationpoint.

Theprincipalelementsofasentencearetheverb,subjectoftheverb,anddirectobjectoftheverborcomplementoftheverb.Manysentenceshaveonlyaverbandasubject.

Otherimportantsentenceelementsaretheindirectobjectandmodifiers.

VERBAverbisthewordorwordsthatdescribetheactionorstateofbeingofthe

subject.

Ratseatcheese.(Theverbeatdescribestheactionperformedbythesubjectrats.)Martyhasfeltwellrecently.(TheverbhasfeltdescribesthestateofbeingofthesubjectMarty.)Theorganwasoftenplayedduringchapel.(Theverbwasplayeddescribestheactionofthesubjectorgan.)

SUBJECTAsubjectisthepersonorthingthatperformstheactionindicatedbytheverb

orthatisinthestateofbeingthatisdescribedbytheverb.

Treesandshrubslinetheboulevard.(Treesandshrubsisthesubjectoftheverbline,answeringthequestionWhoorwhatline?Treesandshrubsline.)

Rarephotographsareexpensive.(Photographsisthesubjectoftheverbare.Whoorwhatareexpensive?Photographsare.Expensiveisthecomplementofare.Complementsarediscussedlater.)

DIRECTOBJECTAdirectobjectisthewordorwordsthatreceivetheactionindicatedbythe

verb.

Automobilesaredestroyingcities.(Whatistheaction?Aredestroying.Whatreceivestheaction?Cities.Citiesisthedirectobjectoftheverbaredestroying.)Thegardenerfertilizedthelawnandthetrees.(Whatreceivestheaction?Thelawnandthetrees.Lawnandtreesistheobjectoffertilized.)Thebankwasrobbed.(Thereisnodirectobject.Thissentencehasonlythesubjectbankandtheverbwasrobbed.)

COMPLEMENTAcomplementisthewordorwordsthatcompletethemeaningofverbsthat

expressfeeling,appearing,being,orseeming.Suchverbsareclassifiedascopulative,orlinking,verbs,whicharediscussedfullyonpage41.Copulativeverbsdonottakeadirectobject.Theyarecompletedbycomplements.Notethatallformsoftheverbtobearecopulativeexceptwhenusedasauxiliaryverbs(seepages41and42).

Heseemswell.(Theverbseemsdoesnotdescribeaction,butdoesdescribeastateofbeing.Seemslinksthesubjecthewithwell,andwellisthecomplementofseems.Notethatitoccupiesthepositioninthesentencethatanobjectwouldoccupy.ThesentenceHeseemswellcanbestbeunderstoodbyimaginingthataphysicianisreceivingareportonapatient’shealth.Noactionisbeingreported,onlyastateofbeing.Theverbseemsconveysnomeaningwithoutacomplement.Thus,wellcompletesthemeaningofseemsandiscalledthecomplementofthecopulativeverbseems.)Hewillbeacarpenter.(Theverbwillbelinksthesubjecthewithcarpenter,anoun.Noactionisbeingperformed.Carpentercomplements—completes—thecopulativeverbwillbe.)Emmafeelsfineearlyinthemorning.(ThecopulativeverbfeelslinksEmmawithfine,thecomplementoffeels.)

Itshouldbenotedthattheverbfeeldoesnotalwaysfunctionasacopulativeverb.InthesentenceShefeltthetable,anactionisbeingperformed,theactionoffeeling.Inthissentence,then,tableisthedirectobjectoffelt.

Tofindtheprincipalelementsofasentence:

(1)Findtheverborverbsbyaskingyourself:Whatishappening?Whatstateofbeingisindicated?

(2)Findthesubjectorsubjectsbyaskingyourself:Whoorwhatisperformingtheactiondescribedbytheverborverbs?Whosestateofbeingisdescribedbytheverborverbs?

(3)Findthedirectobjectoftheverborverbsbyaskingyourself:Whoorwhatisreceivingtheactionoftheverborverbs?

(4)Findthecomplementofacopulativeverbbyaskingyourself:Whatelementofthesentencecompletestheverb?

Notethataverbthattakesadirectobjectcannottakeacomplement.Averbthattakesacomplementcannottakeadirectobject.

1.Thisexercisetestsyourabilitytoidentifysubjects,verbs,directobjects,andcomplements.Youmaywanttoreviewthematerialpresentedearlierbeforebeginningworkonthisexercise.(Thesentencesincludecertainelementsnotyetdiscussed.Theywillbediscussedshortly.)

Inthefollowingsentences,identifytheprincipalsentenceelementsasshownintheseexamples:

Manycatshavefleas.

BillandTomappearedhappy.

1.Playwrightsandauthorsreceiveacclaim.

2.Librariespreservethewisdomofcivilization.

3.StoresarebusiestatChristmastime.

4.BuenosAireshasthelargestoperahouseintheworld.

5.Religionisapopularcourseinmanycolleges.

6.EliandSamuelwereOldTestamentprophets.

7.Warshaveproduceddeathanddestruction.

8.Tamaratelephonedherbrothers.

9.Thewaiterservedmineralwatertohiscustomers.

10.Thedormitorywasransacked.

11.Burglarswereransackingthedormitory.

12.HelenstudiedItalianinSwitzerland.

13.Shefelttheliningofhercoat.

14.Hefeltwellagain.

15.Thedefendantscalledtheirlawyer.

16.Anorderlymindensuressuccessinbusiness.

17.Microchipshaverevolutionizedthecommunicationsindustry.

18.Abibliographyisalistofbooksandarticles.

19.Eventeenagerscarrycellulartelephonestoday.

20.FewprofessionalsinEnglandnowwearbowlerhats.

21.Theshirtandtiesuitedhimwell.

22.OutstandingmatadorsarehighlyrespectedinSpain.

23.Manyhomesnowareairconditioned.

24.Airconditioningcleansandcoolsbuildings.

25.AlthoughPolish,ConradwroteinEnglish.

INDIRECTOBJECTAnindirectobjectisawordorwordsthatrepresentthepersonorthingwith

referencetowhichtheactionofaverbisperformed.Youwillencounterindirectobjectsintwodifferentways:

(1)Whenanindirectobjectfollowsthedirectobject,theindirectobjectwillbeprecededbyto,for,orof.

(2)Whenanindirectobjectappearsbetweentheverbandthedirectobject,theindirectobjectwillappearwithoutto,for,orof.

Indirectobjectsoccurmostoftenwithsuchverbsasask,tell,send,give,andshow.

Considerthefollowingsentences:

Hegavethejobtome.(Thedirectobjectofgaveisjob.Meistheindirectobjectandisprecededbyto.)Hegavemethejob.(Thedirectobjectofgaveisjob.Meistheindirectobject.Noticethattoisomitted,becausetheindirectobjectappearsbetweentheverbgaveandthedirectobjectjob.)Theprofessoraskedheraquestion.(Thedirectobjectofaskedisquestion.Heristheindirectobject.Noticethatofisomitted.)Theprofessoraskedaquestionofher.(Heristheindirectobjectandisprecededbyof.Thedirectobjectisquestion.)Televisioncommentatorsgiveaudiencesthenews.(Thedirectobjectoftheverbgiveisnews.Theindirectobjectisaudiences.)Televisioncommentatorsgivethenewstoaudiences.(Theindirectobjectaudiencesisprecededbyto.)ManyfloristssendtheirbestcustomersorchidsonNewYear’sEve.(Thedirectobjectofsendisorchids.Theindirectobjectiscustomers.)ManyfloristssendorchidstotheirbestcustomersonNewYear’s

Eve.(Theindirectobjectiscustomers,andorchidsisthedirectobject.)

2.Inthefollowingsentences,underlinetheindirectobjectsasshownintheseexamples:

Thebridethrewherbouquettothebridesmaids.TonyBlairdeliveredamajoraddresstotheHouseofCommonsandHouseofLords.Wepaidhermanycompliments.

1.CentralAmericancountriesprovideexcellentfacilitiesforvacationers.2.Theauctionhousesentthecarpettothemuseum.3.Attorneysasktheirclientssearchingquestions.4.ThestorekeepersenthisbestcustomeraChristmasgift.5.Rebeccawroteapoemforhim.6.Hegavethemuseumararevase.7.ThedoghandlershowedtheEnglishsettertothejudges.8.SheleftherstampcollectiontoMarie.9.Sheshowedherroommatesherpaper.

10.HegavehisChinesevasetotheBritishMuseum.11.Wesuppliedhimfoodanddrink.12.Librariansprovideservicesforreaders.13.Districtattorneysmayaskembarrassingquestionsofwitnesses.14.Cargoshipsusuallygivereliableservicetomostclients.15.Childrenmaytelltheirparentsoutrageousstories.

MODIFIERSAllwordsinasentencethatarenotverbs,subjects,directobjects,indirect

objects,orcomplementsaremodifiers.Typically,modifiersdefine,makemoreprecise,identify,ordescribeaverb,

subject,directobject,indirectobject,complement,orothermodifier.Modifiersmaybesinglewordsorgroupsofwords.Considerthefollowingsentences:

Sheranquickly.(Theverbranismademoreprecise—is

modified—byquickly.)Sheranasquicklyasshecould.(Theverbranismademoreprecise—ismodified—byasquicklyasshecould.)Thebluehatsuitedthewomanbest.(Thesubjecthatisdescribed—ismodified—byblue.)Thehatthatsheboughtsuitedthewoman.(Thesubjecthatismodifiedbythatshebought.)Thethiefstolemynewmower.(Thedirectobjectmowerismodifiedbymynew.)AthiefstolethecomputerthatAndrew’swifehadgivenhim.(ThedirectobjectcomputerismodifiedbythatAndrew’swifehadgivenhim.)Copyrightlawyersforwardtheirfindingstowaitingclients.(ThesubjectlawyersismodifiedbyCopyright,andtheindirectobjectclientsismodifiedbywaiting.)Copyrightlawyersrevealtheirfindingstoclientswhopaytheirbills.(ThesubjectlawyersismodifiedbyCopyright,andtheindirectobjectclientsismodifiedbywhopaytheirbills.)Seanappearedoverlyanxious.(Thecomplementanxiousismodifiedbyoverly.)Mywifeappearedanxioustoanembarrassingextent.(Thecomplementanxiousismodifiedbytoanembarrassingextent.)Excessivelygratefulpeopleembarrassothers.(Themodifiergratefulisitselfmodifiedbyexcessively.)Uninformedbyanystandard,hecontinuedtoposeasanexpert.(ThemodifierUninformedismodifiedbybyanystandard.ThesubjectheismodifiedbyUninformedbyanystandard.)

3.Inthefollowingsentences,underlinethesingle-wordmodifiersasshownintheseexamples:

Threelargestoreswereopenedsimultaneously.

Theopenbooklayontheprofessor’sdesk.

1.Anoutdoormarketattractsenthusiasticvisitors.

2.Thepatientchildgreetedherjoyfully.

3.Thetiredwifecamehomeverylate.

4.Atastyspaghettidinnerisalwayswelcome.

5.Aregularlyservicedcarmakesdrivingsafer.

6.Susanopenedthelargepackagecarefully.

7.Theneighborhoodstoreopenedearlyandclosedlate.

8.Grandmotheralwaysfoldedcleansheetsneatly.

9.Ineverbelievenewsstories.10.Ourbestskateralmostfell.11.Thetrusteeswillmeettonight.12.Ourweeklynewspaperprintsonlylocalnews.13.Nighttimetelevisionshowsoldmovies.14.Peterneverrepairedthebrokenpipe.15.Whitewineimprovesroastchicken.16.Herman’sbandwasplayinggooddancemusic.17.Bertha’sdiaryhasabluebinding.18.Ineversawhimbefore.19.Thetallpolicemangentlycomfortedthefrightenedchild.20.Pleasebringtwosharppencils.21.Theredpaintdriesslowly.22.Thestormyweatherraisedhighwaves.23.Happyschoolchildrenstudyhard.24.Robert’soldcarneedsnewtires.25.Theysellamillionbagelsannually.

MULTIPLE-WORDMODIFIERSMultiple-wordmodifiersarecomposedofphrasesorclauses.Aphraseisa

logicalgroupingofwordsthatdoesnotcontainasubjectorverb.Aclauseisalogicalgroupingofwordsthatdoescontainasubjectandverb.

Considerthefollowingsentences:

Considerthefollowingsentences:

Thehousewiththegabledroofbelongstomycousin.(Inthissentence,thephrasewiththegabledroofmodifieshouse;thephrasetomycousinmodifiesbelongs.Noticethatthereisnosubjectorverbineithermultiple-wordmodifier.)Themanwhojustenteredtheroomwenttothehostess.(Inthissentence,theclausewhojustenteredtheroommodifiesman;thephrasetothehostessmodifieswent.Thefirstmultiple-wordmodifierhasbothsubjectwhoandverbentered.Forthisreason,themodifierisaclause.Tothehostesshasneithersubjectnorverb,soitisaphrase.)Thegirlwhosearmhadtobesetawokeinthehospital.(Inthissentence,theclausewhosearmhadtobesetmodifiesgirl;thephraseinthehospitalmodifiesawoke.)

4.Inthefollowingsentences,underlinethemultiple-wordmodifiersasshownintheseexamples:

Graceclungtothearmoftheboyinthefootballuniform.Theexpertwhoidentifiedtheforgerieswasrewardedbytheartcollector.Ifindhimguilty.(none)

1.Thedressthatthechampionworeonthetenniscourtwastrimmedwithgreenpiping.

2.Themanintheskimaskrandownthestairs.3.Hewentoutoncoldnightswithoutacoat.4.Theflankerofthevisitingteamranaroundtherightend.5.Thebuildinginwhichwearelivinghasbeencondemned.6.Acarthatisdoubleparkedblockstrafficintheentirestreet.7.Themancarryingthebrownportfoliolefthispapersonhisdesk.8.Garbagehadfallenacrossthesidewalk.9.Peopleofallagesenjoyswimming.

10.Thecigarstoreonthecornersellsnewspapersfrommanycities.11.Alineofunemployedmenandwomenwaitedattheofficedoor.12.Thegirlinthereddresswalkeddownthestreet.13.Thelightofmorningshonethroughthewindow.14.Therainwehadyesterdayleftlargepuddlesonstreetsalloverthecity.

15.Thewindowboxweplantedisfullofredflowers.16.Apairofblackbirdsnestsunderthatbridge.17.Studentsfromourschoolalwaysvisitthemuseum.18.Thegirlwithbrowneyespointedacrosstheroomwithherlefthand.19.Thedriverofourbusispleasanttoallhispassengers.20.IdawillhavedinneratourhouseonSaturday.21.AsalesmanwhospeaksonlyEnglishcannotcommunicatewithmany

customers.22.Thebatterwhohittoleftfieldreachedsecondbasebeforetheballwas

thrownin.23.Adogthatiswelltrainedobeysawell-trainedmaster.24.Thepriestinourparishhelpseveryonewhocomestohim.25.Askierwhoknowswhatsheisdoingmoveswithgreatcaution.

5.Inthefollowingsentences,identifyverbs,subjects,directobjects,complements,indirectobjects,andmodifiersasshownintheseexamples:

Thebasementofthehouseacrossthestreetwasfloodedduringthestorm.

Thequarterbackpassedtheballtothetightend.

Thegeneralwasanableman.

1.Lisahastilywroteanangrylettertohermother.

2.Beethovenisthegreatestcomposerofalltime.

3.WhileIwaswaitingforJon,Imetanotheroldfriend.

4.Michelleistheworststudentinthejuniorclass.

5.TheDemocraticcandidategaveanimportantspeechontheradio.

6.NolagaveMarlaaveryexpensivepresent.

7.Theyoungwomanrosefromherchairnearthewindow.

8.Literarycriticsoftenarefrustratedauthors.

9.Acompetentornithologistidentifiedmanyrarebirds.

10.EmmaDallyhaswrittenthreeinterestingnovelsonmodernEnglishlife.

11.WorkingfarintothenightgivesGarybadheadaches.

12.MostThirdWorldnationsexperienceeconomicdifficulties.

13.Oldautomobilesareaburdentotheirusers.

14.Lifehasneverbeenbetterforthisgeneration.

15.Ialwaysstudyatnight.

16.Thenewpuppiesaretheenvyoftheneighbors.

17.H.L.Menckenwasanirreverentcritic.

18.Katemadeattractivedressesforherselfandherfriends.

19.Actorsreceivemanyletterseveryday.

20.Povertydamagesthelivesofmanyruralchildren.

21.Westillgotothetheaterasoftenaspossible.

22.Commoditypricesarehigheverywhere.

23.WhenDickcutshimself,hebleedsforalongtime.

24.Paperairplanesrarelyflyformorethanafewminutes.

25.Fishingisgreatfunonceyouhavelearnedthefundamentalskills.

CLAUSESLikeasentence,aclausecontainsasubjectandverb.Itmayalsocontainan

objectorcomplement,anindirectobject,andmodifiers.Aclausethatmakesacompletestatementandcanstandaloneasasentenceis

calledanindependentclause.Aclausethatcannotstandaloneasasentenceiscalledasubordinate,ordependent,clause.

Asentencemayconsistofoneormoreindependentclausesplusoneormoresubordinateclauses.

Considerthefollowingsentences:

Aftershesatdown,sheremovedhershoes.(ThissentenceconsistsofasubordinateclauseAftershesatdownandanindependentclausesheremovedhershoes.Youknowfromthepreviousdiscussionofmodifiersthat,inthissentence,thesubordinateclausemodifiestheverbremovedinthemainclause.Notethatbothclauseshavetheirownsubjectsandverbs:shesat,sheremoved.Notefurtherthattheindependentclausecanstandasasentence:sheremovedhershoes.Thesubordinateclausecannotstandasasentence:Aftershesatdown.Thesubordinateclausedoesnotmakeacompletestatementbutdependsontheindependentclauseforitsmeaning.ThewordAfterconnectsthe

subordinateclausetotheindependentclause.Afterhereisclassifiedasasubordinatingconjunction.ConjunctionsarediscussedinChapter7.)Wewenttothemovies,andtheystayedhome.(Thissentenceconsistsoftwoindependentclauses.Eachclausehasitsownsubjectandverb:Wewent,theystayed.Eitherclausecanstandasacompletesentence.Eachmakesastatementthatdoesnotdependontheother.Theconjunctionhereisand,whichisclassifiedasacoordinatingconjunction.Othercoordinatingconjunctionsarebut,for,so,or,nor,andyet.)

6.Inthefollowingsentences,underlinetheindependentclausesasshownintheseexamples:

Westayedonthedocklongaftertheshiphadgone.EventhoughIwassick,Iattendedclassregularly.

1.Someofuslikedtheprogramthatnight,andmanypeoplewereenthusiasticaboutit.

2.Manyvotersmisinterpretedtheremarksofthecandidate,soshetriedtorestateherposition.

3.Whilewewalkedhome,weconsideredtheproblemcarefully.

4.Willielivedalongandhappylife,buthistimehadcometodie.

5.Duringtheyearstheyspentraisingtheirchildren,theyhadmanyhappyexperiences.

6.Cigaretteshavelongbeenknowntobedangeroustohealth,yetmanypeoplecontinuetosmoke.

7.Hewantedtojoinherinthenewbusiness,buthehadlittlecapitaltoinvest.

8.Althoughtherewasenoughfoodtogoaround,itsqualitywaspoor.

9.Hisfirstremarksweregreetedwithderision,buttheaudiencesoonbegantoapplaud.

10.Wellresearchedpapersusuallygethighermarksthanhastilypreparedpapers.

7.Inthefollowingsentences,underlinethedependentclausesasshownintheseexamples:

Mostoftheseniorswillbegraduatedbeforetheyreacheighteen.Ateveryopportunityhederideshisassociates.(none)

1.MostofthemhavebeendrivingcarelesslyeventhoughtheypassedDriverEducation.

2.Aspensandpoplarsgrowrapidlybutarenotusefulinbuilding.

3.TheyleftCaliforniaaftertheirchildrenfinishedcollege.

4.Sallynevereatsmeat,eventhoughtherestofherfamilydoes.

5.Wedecidedthatshewasnotafriendofoursandhewas.

6.Mywifecanbarelymanagetogettoherjobatschool,wheresheteachesremedialreading.

7.Themayortoldherconstituentsshewouldsurelymeetthetown’sfinancialneeds.

8.Supersonictransportairplaneshavelittletorecommendthem,sincetheysavethetravelerlittletimeandcontributeheavilytoairpollution.

9.Ihavereservedtwoexcellentandhigh-pricedseatsfortonight’sperformance.

10.ThemovieheldallofusspellboundexceptforRory,whoyawnedsteadilyandaudiblyfromthetimethemoviebegan.

PHRASESAphraseisagroupoftwoormorewordsthatdoesnotcontainasubjectand

verb.Phraseshavemanyformsandfunctions,whicharediscussedatlengthelsewhereinthisbook.Itisusefulheretolearntorecognizephrasesandtoidentifytheirfunctionsasmodifiers,subjects,complements,andobjects.

Considerthefollowingsentences:

Theyhidbehindthebuilding.(Thephrasebehindthebuildingmodifieshid.Noticethatnosinglewordwithinthephraseconveysthemeaningintendedbytheentirephrase,whichfunctionsasalogicalgroupingofwordsthatconveysasinglemeaning.Noticealsothatthephrasehasnosubjectorverb.)Thehorseinfrontwillwin.(Thephraseinfrontmodifieshorse.)Eatingappleshasbeencalledasurewaytoavoiddoctors’bills.(ThephraseEatingapplesfunctionsasthesubjectofhasbeencalled.NoticethatwordssuchasEatingoftenfunctionassubjects,objects,andmodifiers.Intheserolestheyareclassifiedasverbals.InthissentenceEatingisagerund,oneofthethreetypesofverbals.)Herhobbywasflyingairplanes.(Thephraseflyingairplanesfunctionsasthecomplementofwas,acopulativeverb.Flyingisalsoagerund.)Eileenwantedtofinishherworkearly.(Thephrasetofinishherworkearlyistheobjectofwanted.Noticethattofinishisaninfinitive,whichisoneofthethreetypesofverbals.)

8.Inthefollowingsentences,underlinethephrasesasshownintheseexamples:

Thechildrenweretakentothestore.Winningthepeaceismoreimportantnowthanwinningthewar.Shedecidedtospearanoctopusfordinner.

1.Weswamacrossthewindingriver.

2.Afterherdivorce,allmentionofhernameceased.

3.Theysawthemselvespinnedtothewall.

4.Theglidersoaredskyward,soontobereleasedbythetowingairplane.

5.Theybaitedthetrapinhopeofsnaringsomethingfordinner.

6.Asimplecountrydoctorwasallsheeverwantedtobe.

7.Bookswerehisbestfriends;timehisgreatestenemy.

8.Acupofteainlateafternoonenabledthemtosurviveuntilevening.

9.Inthelibrarytheboyfoundpeaceandquiet.10.Thecaptainorderedustopickupourgearandretreattothenearest

townasquicklyaspossible.

CHAPTER2NounsandArticles

NOUNSAnounisthenameofaperson,place,thing,quality,activity,concept,or

condition.

Person

AbrahamLincolnisknownthroughouttheworldforhishumanity.Cervantescreatedoneofthegreatcomicnovels.StudentsoflogicstudySocrates.TheactorportrayingTarzanhasasimpletask.Pelé,theBraziliansoccerplayer,scoredmoregoalsthananyotherplayerbeforehim.

PlaceLimaisthecapitalofPeru.Dublinexperiencedaliteraryrenaissancejustaftertheturnofthecentury.TravelersfindScotlandoneofthemostbeautifulplacestovisit.Colombiaisnotedformarvelouscoffee.Afghanistanisnolongervisitedbymosttourists.

ThingAbeachisunsurpassedforrelaxation.Aman’shouseishiscastle.Dogsperformanimportantfunctionfortheblind.Thecommitteegatheredaroundtheconferencetable.Russiansenjoyteaservedinaglass.

QualityIadmireherchildlikeinnocence.Athingofbeautyisajoyforever.TheHouseofRepresentativessometimesappearstobeavailabletothehighestbidder.Shediscerneddeceitfulnessinhisproposal.Theshopkeeperaccusedthesalesmanofopportunism.

ActivityFishinghadbecomeamajorsport.Hemadehisfortuneinmanufacturing.Leisurehasbecomeincreasinglyimportantforthemiddleclass.Thehorseshowlistedsixevents,ofwhichjumpingwasconsideredmostimportant.Writingisanarttoooftenneglected.Oneofthebestbooksoncookingisnowoutofprint.

ConceptorConditionChristianityisoneofthemajorworldreligions.Thenewspapercarriedmajorarticlesonchangesincapitalism.Footballisoftenagameofinches.AlliedArmiesinvadedNormandyin1944.MonarchywastheprevailingformofgovernmentinEuropeatthattime.

1.Inthefollowingsentences,underlineallnounsasshownintheseexamples:Intellectaloneneverprovidesanadequateanswer.Actorsmuststudyvoiceinordertobeheard.

1.HarpoMarxwasabelovedcomedian.

2.Theskyseemedtobefullofparachutes.

3.Take-outcuisinefeatureshamburgersandchickenwings.

4.Billworeatweedcoatthatoncebelongedtohisfather.

5.Charitybeginsathome.

6.ThefootballbouncedoffthestatueofHamilton.

7.Theavenueisundergoingrestoration.

8.Theboringspeechlastednearlyonehour.

9.Somechairmenfailtokeeporder.10.Ourpuppyhasblackspotsonitsnose.11.Hishotelwasnearthecasino.12.Myneighbordrivesasmallcar.13.WilltheworldeverforgetMartinLutherKing?14.Lovemakestheworldgoround.15.Ballpointpensdonotflatterthehandwriting.16.ThetrainmaygetustoChicagointimetocatchtheshow.17.Maryisallergictoroses,butshestilllovesthem.18.Thecleaningfluiddidnottakeoutthestain.19.Awomanwhomissesherbusmaywellbeindanger.20.Loisfoundthatnoonewouldofferheraseat.21.Maryrefusedtoknitthesweaterforherfather.22.Joechangedthetireandgotbackintohiscar.23.Hewashedhishandsasthoroughlyashecould.24.Bridgeisnotmycupoftea.25.Planningseemstotakeallmytime.

NOUNFUNCTIONSAnouncanhavemanyfunctionsinasentence:

(1)subjectofaverb,(2)directobjectofaverb,(3)objectofapreposition,(4)objectofaverbal(gerund,infinitive,participle),(5)indirectobjectofaverb,(6)predicatecomplement(complementofacopulativeverb),

(6)predicatecomplement(complementofacopulativeverb),(7)modifierofanothernoun.

SubjectofaVerbHousesbuiltafter1950areusuallyofpoorconstruction.(SubjectHouses,verbare.)Beautyisintheeyesofthebeholder.Indianarthasmanyadmirers.Despiteallassurances,theyoungdancerfoundhisdebuttrying.NewYorkCityappearstohavereachedastablesize.Swimmingwashisgreatestpleasure.(ThegerundSwimmingfunctionshereassubjectofwas.)

DirectObjectofaVerbThehuntershotthreedeer.(Verbshot,directobjectdeer.)Theautomobileforcedthecowsofftheroad.Africanhuntersfoundagricultureimpossibletosustain.Criticalacclaimtooearlyinacareermayimpedeanovelist’sdevelopment.Inadequateeducationmaycausedelinquency.Theylikeddancing.(Thegerunddancingfunctionshereasthedirectobjectofliked.)

ObjectofaPrepositionTheywalkedaboutthemall.(Prepositionabout,objectofprepositionmall.)Forhispart,hewouldrememberthatdayforever.Upanddowntheriver,therewasnothingbutsolidice.Sheperformedmostofherchoresduringtheafternoon.(Prepositionof,objectofprepositionchores;prepositionduring,objectofprepositionafternoon.)Thecoupledecidedtoskitheupperslopebeforelunch.

ObjectofaVerbal

Swimmingthechannelwasmorethanhecouldmanage.(VerbalSwimming;channel,objectoftheverbalswimming.)Topasshisexaminationseasilywasallhewanted.Fightingtherain,heslowlymadehiswayhome.Havingfoundhiswallet,hedecidedtoretireforthenight.Theconsultingengineerofferedyetanothersuggestionforsolvingtheproblem.

IndirectObjectofaVerbThelawyergavehersecretaryabriefletter.(Verbgave,indirectobjectsecretary.)Weshowedthecuratorthenewacquisition.Thepitcherthrewthefieldertheball.ThemessengergaveJuananenvelope.Teachersassigntheirclassesenoughworktokeepanyonebusy.

Inallthesesentences,thewordordercanberearrangedsothattheindirectobjectcanbemadetheobjectofapreposition:Thelawyergaveabrieflettertohersecretary.Weshowedthenewacquisitiontothecurator.Thepitcherthrewtheballtothefielder.ThemessengergaveanenvelopetoJuan.Teachersassigntotheirclassesenoughworktokeepanyonebusy.

PredicateComplementIntheeyesofmanyofherclients,sheisthebestlawyerintown.(Verbis,predicatecomplementlawyer.Theverbisis,ofcourse,acopulativeverb.)ChristianityisthereligionofmanyEuropeans.Sheistheyoungestteacherinourschool.Themaindifficultyofthatcountryisthepovertyofmostofthepopulation.Wordprocessorscanbeablessingforthoseofuswhowriteillegibly.

ModifierofAnotherNounStonewallswerebuiltthroughoutNewEngland.(NounStone,

modifyingnounwalls.)Thepeacetalkssettledthelongwar.Glassdoorswereinstalledinthekitchen.Tennischampionsplayedmanytournamentsthatyear.Johncollectedpostagestamps.

2.Inthefollowingsentences,underlinenounsandidentifytheirfunctionsinrespectiveorderasshownintheseexamples:

UtamarowasoneofthegreatestartistsofJapan.

Thecollegehasgraduatedmanynotedscholars.

Rosasentherbloodhoundtotheveterinarian.

Toobtainanewhalfback,themanagerofferedhisstarrookie.

Janegivesallheradmirersabrieftalk.

Svenisanexcellentcarpenter.

1.Librariansliketohelpseriouspeoplefindbooks.

2.McDonaldhadaflourishingfarm.

3.WewenttothezooonthefirstMondayoftheyear.

4.Pianomusicgoeswellwithaglassofwineandcandlelight.

5.Allhesaidwasthathethoughtwemadebeautifulmusic.

6.Thechildraninfrontofthecarbeforewehadachancetostop.

7.Fatherwasannoyedbecausewestayedupsolatetowatchvideos.

8.Louistriedhardtobecomeapainter,butonlysucceededinbecominganillustrator.

9.Werodeupthemountainonachairlift.

10.AttendingchurchonSundayswasthecustominourfamily.

11.Mywifelikestoprepareelegantdishes.

12.HeknewmarryingAviswouldchangehislife.

13.PleasegiveSamaticketforthefootballgame.

14.IwillknitAlfredasweatereventhoughIreallyshouldknitoneformyfather.

15.Inalargefamily,laundrydayisaneverydayevent.

16.Eyeglassesarenotasuresignofage;bifocalsare.

17.AnAcuraisnotonlyabeautifulcar,butapracticaloneifyoucanaffordtheinitialinvestment.

18.FinewineisincreasinglymadeofCaliforniagrapes.

19.Termpapersreallyshouldbecalledresearchpapers.

20.Ifailtoseetheadvantagesofmicrowaveovens.

21.Sculptureisausefulandinterestinghobby.

22.Despitetheadviceofhisdoctor,Fredwentonsmokingcigarettesuntilthedayhedied.

23.Cabbageiseasytogrowifyouhaveroomforitinyourgarden.

24.Cindyhaddrunktoomuchbourbonwhiskey.

25.Thenewcouchfitsrightintoourlivingroom.

TYPESOFNOUNSNounsareclassifiedaspropernounsorcommonnouns.Apropernounisthenameofaspecificperson,place,orthing:

Michelangeloisuniversallyadmired.ShewasaDemocratinheryouth.Oh,tobeinEngland!LincolnCenterattractsmanyvisitorstoNewYorkCity.

Acommonnounisthenameusedforanyunspecifiedmemberofaclassofpersons,places,things,qualities,orconcepts:

Sculptorsandpaintersworkhardforrecognition.Wealladmiretheworkoffinenovelists.Thecitywasknownforitsuglyarchitecture.Oh,tobeinafarawayland.Steepmountainschallengeexperiencedhikers.Themuseumexhibitedonlysomeofitstreasures.Heflirtedbrieflywithacareerinpoliticsinhisyouth.

Propernounsarecapitalized;commonnounsarenot,unlesstheyarethefirstwordinasentence.

3.Inthefollowingsentences,underlineallnounsandidentifythemasproperorcommonasshownintheseexamples:

Marysubmittedherpaperinafolder.

ThomasEdisonsleptonlyfourhoursanightthroughoutthemajorportionofhislife.

1.Theroadwasicy,soJamesadvisedhiswifetohavechainsputonthefamilycar.

2.Siberiasupportsthousandsofmigratorydeer.

3.TheAtlanticispollutedwithcongealedoilfromNewYorktoPortugal.

4.Manystudentscannotfinishcollegebecauseofthehighcostoftuition.

5.Mostphysicstextbooks,accordingtoLorimer,donotsupplystudentswithsufficientexercises.

6.TheaterseatsinEnglandaresoinexpensivethatsometouristsseeaplayeverynightoftheweek.

7.Richpeopleordinarilyfindthatexpensiverestaurantsareeagerfortheirpatronage.

8.Fewlexicographersseethemselvesasguardiansoftheirlanguage.

9.BernardMalamudwastheauthorofmanyfinestoriesandbooks.

10.RogerCasementwasanIrishpatriot,anEnglishtraitor.

PLURALFORMSOFNOUNSMostnounsformtheirpluralsbyaddingstothesingular:time,times;girl,

girls;home,homes;bear,bears.Thereareexceptionstothispractice:

(1)Addeswhenanounendsins:kindness,kindnesses;lens,lensesendsinz:fez,fezzes;quiz,quizzes(notethedoublingofz)endsinsh:hash,hashes;flash,flashesendsinch:lunch,lunches;bunch,bunchesendsinx:mix,mixes;box,boxes

(2)Whenanounendsinyprecededbyaconsonant,changetheytoiandaddes:harmony,harmonies;baby,babies;burglary,burglaries.

(3)Forcertainnounstakendirectlyfromforeignlanguages,formthepluralasitisformedinthoselanguages:alumnus,alumni;alumna,alumnae;erratum,errata;stimulus,stimuli;phenomenon,phenomena.Thereisatendencytodropthispracticeandusetheletterstoformpluralsofwordstakendirectlyfromforeignlanguages.Thus,thepluralofmemorandumisnowmoreoftenmemorandumsthanmemoranda.Acurrentdictionarywillbeusefulindecidingquestionsofpluralization.

(4)Certainnounsdonotchangeinformingplurals:deer,goods,headquarters,scissors,species,etc.

(5)CertainnounsthathavecomedownfromAnglo-SaxonretaintheirAnglo-Saxonplurals:foot,feet;tooth,teeth;woman,women;man,men;child,children;ox,oxen;etc.

(6)Certainnounsendinginoformthepluralbyaddings:radios,cameos,videos.Othersaddes:potatoes,tomatoes.Stillothersallowbothsandes.Checkyourdictionary.

4.Givethepluralformsofthewordsandphrasesinthefollowinglistasshownintheexamples.Consultadictionaryifnecessary.

POSSESSIVEFORMSOFNOUNSTworulesarehelpfulinformingpossessivenouns:

(1)Withsingularnounsandwithpluralnounsthatdonotendins,add’stoformthepossessive:boy,boy’s;child,child’s;Jane,Jane’s;children,children’s;brethren,brethren’s;sisters-in-law,sisters-in-law’s.

(2)Withpluralnounsandwithsingularnounsthatendins,add‘or’stoformthepossessive:boys,boys’;girls,girls’;Russians,Russians’;Charles,Charles’,Charles’s;Yeats,Yeats’,Yeats’s.

5.Inthefollowingsentences,supplythemissingpossessiveformsasshownintheseexamples:

ThemusicoftheBeatlesdidnotappealtoeverybody.

ThemusicoftheBeatlesdidnotappealtoeverybody.

The musicdidnotappealtoeverybody.

Adelayofonedaywillnotbotherme.

One delaywillnotbotherme.

1.TheshirtJohnwillwearneedsironing._____________shirtneedsironing.

2.Theperformanceofbothteamsinthefirsthalfwasdisappointing.The_____________performanceinthefirsthalfwasdisappointing.

3.MostmeetingsoftheUnitedNationsbeginontime.TheUnited_____________meetingsmostlybeginontime.

4.HeobjectedtothereunificationofKorea.Heobjectedto_____________reunification.

5.Whohasnotadmiredthebattingofthe1998Yankees?Whohasnotadmiredthe_____________batting?

6.JohnRuskinwasknownformorethanartcriticism.John_____________reputationextendedbeyondartcriticism.

7.Thechildofmynext-doorneighborhadapartyyesterday.Mynext-door_____________childhadapartyyesterday.

8.Theambitionsofmostmenareneverrealized.Most_____________ambitionsareneverrealized.

9.Thebestdishesofourcookarereservedfornightswhencompanyisexpected.Our_____________bestdishesarereservedfornightswhencompanyisexpected.

10.ThepoetryofJohnKeatswillnevergooutofstyle.John_____________poetrywillnevergooutofstyle.

11.Withalittleluck,thescrambledeggsmywifemakeswillresembletherealthing.Withalittleluck,my_____________scrambledeggswillresembletherealthing.

12.AtmidnightonDecember31,Ishallbecelebratingwithmyfamily.IshallbecelebratingNew_____________Evewithmyfamily.

13.TheshoesMickeyworehadseenbetterdays._____________shoeshadseenbetterdays.

_____________shoeshadseenbetterdays.14.RetirementfortheJohnsonsdidnotlastlongenough.

The_____________retirementyearsweretoofew.15.Mr.andMrs.Jonessaidalltheycouldatthemeeting.

Mr.andMrs._____________remarksboredeveryoneatthemeeting.

COLLECTIVENOUNSAcollectivenounmayrepresentagrouporclassconsideredasaunit.Sucha

collectivenounisconsideredsingular.Acollectivenounmayalsorepresentagrouporclassofindividuals

consideredasindividuals.Inthiscase,thecollectivenounistreatedasplural.Thewritermustdecidehowheorsheintendsacollectivenountobe

understoodandmustbeconsistentintreatmentofthenoun.Someofthemostcommoncollectivenounsare:army,audience,band,

committee,couple,flock,group,jury,majority,andteam.Thesenounsmaybetreatedassingularsorplurals.Whenacollectivenounissingular,itsverbmustbesingular.Whenplural,itsverbmustbeplural.

Thefollowingsentencesshowbothuses:

Singular

Thearmyisadvancingslowly.(Theentirearmyasaunit.)Thebandhasplayedwell.(Theentirebandasaunit.)Thejuryhasreachedaverdict.(Theentirejuryasaunit.)

Plural

Theaudienceareleavingtheirseatsnow.(Themembersoftheaudiencearethoughtofasindividuals.)Thecommitteedisagreewiththestandtakenbytheminority.(Themembersofthecommitteearethoughtofasindividuals.Thecommitteehasnottakenasinglestandasaunit.)Theyoungcouplewereunhappywiththeapartmenttheyrented.(Bothhusbandandwife,asindividuals,wereunhappy.)

Certaincollectivenouns,forexample,athletics,contents,andpolitics,appeartobepluralbecausetheyendins.Yettheyaretreatedassingularswhentheyare

intendedassingularsand,ofcourse,theyaretreatedaspluralswhentheyarethoughtofasplurals.Again,thewritermusttreatthemconsistentlyeitherassingularsorplurals:

Singular

Thecontentsofthevalisewasexaminedthoroughlybytheguard.(Thewritertreatscontentsasaunit.)Statisticsisnotmybestsubject.(Thewriterisdiscussingadisciplinecalledstatistics.)

Plural

Theremainingcontentsofthevalisewerethrownabouttheroom.(Thewriteristhinkingoftheindividualobjectsthatmakeupthecontentsofthevalise.)Statisticsaresaidtomisleadtheunwary.(Thewriteristhinkingofindividualcomputationsthattogetherconstitutewhatwecallstatistics.)

6.Inthefollowingsentences,identifythecollectivenounsassingularorpluralasshownintheseexamples:

Humankindiscomingtoadecisiveerainitshistory.Thepublicmakesknownitswishesslowlybutforcefully.

Theremainderaregoingtobeleftbehind.

1.Inmanyuniversities,athleticsisfundedfromfootballreceipts._____________

2.Hedecidedthathewouldhavetocuttheherdsoitsweakestmemberswouldnotdeprivethestrongestoffood._____________

3.Theclassagreedthattheirteachershouldbeencouragedtopermitearlyadjournment._____________

4.Heaskedthegrouptotaketheirtimeinreachingadecision._____________

5.Aministermayfindthathiscongregationspeakswithasinglevoiceinparishmatters._____________

6.Theteamhasdecidedtoappointanewcaptain._____________7.Theoppositionaremeetingquietlytodevelopaneffectivestrategy.

_____________8.Wewonderwhethertheremainderissufficienttopayherwayforthe

restofherlife._____________9.Themajoritymustsoondecidehowtoproceed._____________10.Hisoffspringarenowgoingtheirseparateways._____________

NOUNCLAUSESAnounclausehasasubjectandverbandfunctionsasanoun.Nounclauses

areusuallyintroducedbythat,what,who,whoever,whatever,why,when,where,how,orwhich.

AsSubjects

Thatapoliticiancanactthatwayafteryearsinofficeneveroccurredtome.(subjectofoccurred)Whyheactsthewayhedoesmystifiesme.(subjectofmystifies)

AsObjects

Sheinsistedthatshewouldchangeherways.(objectofinsisted)Sheinsistedshewouldchangeherways.(objectofinsisted)

AsPredicateComplements

Lifeiswhateveryoumakeit.(complementofis)YounowarewhereIwouldlovetobe.(complementofare)

AsObjectsofPrepositions

Heistakingactiononalltheproblemsofwhichyoucomplained.(objectofof)Ipurchasedthebookforwhichyoubid.(objectoffor)

7.Inthefollowingsentences,underscorethenounclausesasshownintheseexamples:

Hispositionisthathewasnottoblame.

Howhecanachievehisambitionbewildersme.

1.Whetherwegotomorroworstaydependsonmywife’shealth.

2.Walterinsistedthatwepoolourremainingcapital.

3.Hisanswersusuallywerewhatevercameintohisheadfirst.

4.Hefeelsunhappyaboutwhathappenedduringhisjobinteview.

5.Dickcannotbeheldresponsibleforeverythinghischildrendo.

6.Thisbuildinglackswhatmodernarchitecturecanusuallysupply.

7.Thelibrariantoldmethatthebookwasonreserve.

8.Whenthepicnicisheldisnoconcernofyours.

9.Whateveryoudowillsurelyaffecttheremainderofyouracademiccareer.

10.Whoeverattendsthemeetingwillhaveavoteintheelection.

ARTICLESTherearetwotypesofarticles:definiteandindefinite.Articlesareconsidered

modifiersofnounsandpronouns.

DefiniteArticle

Thedefinitearticleisthe.Itisusedtoindicateaspecificclassofnounsorpronounsoraspecificmemberofaclassofnounsorpronouns:

Thewhaleisstillanendangeredspecies.(Thewhaleasdistinctfromotherspecies.)HegavemetheassignmentIrequested.(Hegavemeaspecificassignment.)Theteachergavetheclassenoughhomeworkfortheweek.(Aspecificteacher,aspecificclass,aspecificweek.)GeorgeBushisthepresidentIrememberbest.

Theyaretheoneswhoowntheproperty.

OmissionoftheDefiniteArticle

Thedefinitearticleisomittedwhenthewriterdoesnotspecifyaparticularamountorquantityofthenoun.

Teachersassignhomework.(Anindefinitenumberofteachersassignanindefiniteamountofhomework.)Saltisanimportantcommodity.(Thewriterhasnotspecifiedanamountofsalt.)Thesaltonourtableisrarelyused.(Inspecifyingaparticularamountofsalt,thewriterusesthedefinitearticle.)

IndefiniteArticle

Theindefinitearticlesareaandan.Theyareusedasmodifierstoindicateanunspecifiedclassormemberofaclassofnouns:

Ms.Smithgaveherfatherenoughmoneyforaweek.(Theweekisunspecified.)Asteakcosts$25insomerestaurants.(Thismeansanyunspecifiedsteak.)Carpentersmayneveragainbepaid$20anhourinNewYorkCity.(Thismeansanyunspecifiedhourregardlessofwhentheworkisperformed.)

ChoosingBetweenaandan

Aisusedbeforeawordbeginningwithaconsonantsound:

Astereoplayedallnight.(Consonantsounds.)Heusedahammertonailtheboard.(Consonantsoundh.)Aone-hourlectureismorethanIcantake.(Onebeginswiththeconsonantsoundw,asinwon.)Hewasausefulperson.(Usefulbeginswiththeconsonantsoundyasinyet.)

Anisusedbeforeawordbeginningwithavowelsound:

Shewasanableperson.(Vowelsounda.)Hetalkedforanhour.(Hourbeginswithavowelsoundou,asinour.)

8.Inthefollowingsentences,inserta,an,orthewhereneededasshownintheseexamples:

Shegave correctamounttome,butIdroppedallofit.Theconductorfound discardedwalletonthefloor.Hisfirstjobpaidlessthan$6 hour.Ellenintendedtodo bestshecould.Acidrockisnot bestmusictoplayin emergencyroom.Ballpointpenshaverevolutionized_____________penmanship.(articleunnecessary)

1.Mybrotheraskedherwhethershecouldspare_____________fewdollars.

2.Nooneknows_____________troubleIhavemade.

3.Thedefendantdecidedtopleadguiltyto_____________charge.

4.Povertydoesnotalwaysleadto_____________unrest.

5.Onecannotliveontendollars_____________dayinEuropeanymore.

6.Thelawyershowedthat_____________shootingwasaccidental.

7._____________hourinhercompanygoesbyinnotimeatall.

8.Frederickconsideredit_____________honortoreceive_____________AlumniAwardforService.

9.Oneof_____________cabdriverswarnedmenottostayat_____________GideonHotel.

10._____________ambitiousyoungmanshouldnotworksohardthathedamageshishealth.

11.Writingaletterto_____________editorisnoteasyformostofus.12.Oneofmydreamsistohave_____________seaworthysailboat,

_____________abilitytooperateit,and_____________timetoenjoyit.

13.Manypotentialinvestorsarefrightenedby_____________prospectofamajoreconomicdepression.

14.Thedoctorcuredherof_____________tuberculosis.15.Nowhereelseinourtowncanonefind_____________foodasgoodas

hiswife’s.

CHAPTER3VerbsandVerbals

VERBSAverbisthewordorwordsthatdescribetheactionorstateofbeingofthe

subjectofasentenceorclause.Theverbmakesastatementaboutitssubject.Considerthefollowingsentences:

Mrs.Carterlovesherson.(Theverblovesmakesastatementaboutthesubjectofthesentence,Mrs.Carter.)Politicianscampaignactivelyforelection.(Verbcampaign,subjectPoliticians.)Thingsarenotjustwhattheyseem.(MainverbaremakesastatementaboutitssubjectThings.Theverbseeminthesubordinateclausewhattheyseemmakesastatementaboutwhat,thesubjectofthesubordinateclause.)Theyfeelwellthismorning.(Verbfeel,subjectThey.)TheshipsailedlastWednesdayforFrance.(Verbsailed,subjectship.)Alltheartistshavefinishedtheirpaintingsfortheshow.(Verbhavefinished,subjectAll.)

Eachverb—loves,campaign,are,seem,feel,sailed,havefinished—describesanactionperformedbythesubjectordescribesthestateofbeingofthesubject.

1.Inthefollowingsentences,identifytheverbsandtheirsubjectsasshownintheseexamples:

Wedugformanyhoursandfoundnothing.

Effortsinhisbehalfhaveprovenfruitful

Bothgladiatorsremainedontheirfeetformorethananhour.

Thepainthadbeenscrapedfromthebuilding.

1.Richardboardedtheplaneaminutebeforeitleftthegate.

2.Despitetheattorney’seloquentarguments,thedefendantinevitablyfoundhimselfaloneinhiscell,unhappyandwithouthope.

3.Thedoorclosedsilentlybehindherassheleftthehouse.

4.Asthebellinthetowertolled,thepeoplegatheredforprayer.

5.Eileenagreedthatatriptothecollegecampuswasworthhertime.

6.Theunsoldbooksremainedintheshopyearafteryear.

7.Philosophywashisfirstlove,butknowledgeofaccountancyearnedbreadandshelterforhim.

8.Eatyourbreakfastnow,oryouwillhavenolunchmoney.

9.Ourtrainneverleavesontime.

10.Thechildrenplayedattheirgamesuntiltheywerecalledhome.

PREDICATEApredicateistheverbinaclauseorsentenceplusallthemodifiersand

objectsorcomplementsofthatverb.Averbthathasnomodifiers,objects,orcomplementsisreferredtoasa

simplepredicate.Twoverbsthathavethesamesubjectarereferredtoasacompoundpredicate.

Thesunshone.(Simplepredicate.)Thesunshonebrightly.(Predicateconsistingofverbanditsmodifier.)Hehittheball.(Predicateconsistingofverbanditsobject.)Heisagreatman.(Predicateconsistingofcopulativeverbanditscomplement.)Amandacooksandbakesbreadeveryday.(Compoundpredicate.)

2.Inthefollowingsentences,underlinethecompletepredicateasshownintheseexamples:

Danielhaswrittenmanyletterstous.Veroniquemustleaveforhome.

1.Thelawnmowerisnolongersharpenoughtocutgrass.

2.Citylifehasnotimprovedheroutlook.

3.Freshvegetablesarehardtofindinwinter.

4.Ihavenotyetreadthecompletetrialtestimony.

5.Professionalsportshasbecomebigbusinessallovertheworld.

6.Canyouimagineaworldwithoutwar?

7.Noisydogsinterruptedmysleep.

8.TelevisionappearstobethemaininterestofAmerica’syoung.

9.Thefarmerranhistractorrightintothehaystackandruinedaweek’swork.

10.Men’shatswillonedayreappearasastylishfashion.

TRANSITIVEANDINTRANSITIVEVERBSAtransitiveverbmusthaveadirectobject.Anintransitiveverbdoesnot

haveadirectobject.Someverbsfunctiontransitivelyandintransitively.Considerthefollowingsentences:

Sheatethecereal.(Inthissentence,ateistransitive,sinceithasthedirectobjectcereal.)Sheateforhoursonend.(Inthissentence,ateisintransitive,sinceithasnodirectobject.)Thetreegrewformanyyearseventhoughconcretecoveredallitsroots.(Grewisintransitive,sinceithasnodirectobject.Thesecondverbcoveredistransitive,sinceithasthedirectobjectroots.)Hergardenergrewthefinesttomatoes.(Heregrewistransitive,sinceithasthedirectobjecttomatoes.)

3.Inthefollowingsentences,underlinetheverbsandidentifythemastransitiveorintransitiveasshownintheseexamples:

Straydogsoftenmenaceyoungcitychildren.Televisionandradiohavehelpedhimthroughlonelyhours.

Hesataloneallafternoon.

1.Cigarettesmokeinevitablyblackenedhislungs.___________2.Theautomobilestruckthewallhead-onandburned.___________3.Shesmiledweaklyatlast.___________4.Divorcehurtsentirefamilies.___________5.Thecrowdindicateditsapproval.___________6.Theoutgoinggovernorgaveamemorablespeech.___________7.Thestreamranthroughthevalley.___________8.Warsgoonandonallovertheworld.___________9.Theirobstinacyincensedme.___________10.ThechurchesofRomealwaysattractmanyvisitors.___________

COPULATIVE(LINKING)VERBSAcopulative,orlinking,verblinksasubjectwithitscomplement.The

complementiseitherapredicatenounorpredicateadjective.Acopulativeverbdoesnottakeanobject.

Themostcommoncopulativeverbsarebe,seem,appear,become,taste,feel,act,sound,andgrow.(Notethatsomeofthesecopulativeverbsmayalsobeusedtransitively,forexample,tasteandfeel:Thiseggtastesgood;Itastedtheegg.Thedog’scoatfeelssmooth;shefeltthedog’scoat.)

Considerthefollowingsentences:

Nowyouareaman.(Theverbareisacopulativeverb,doingnothingmorethanlinkingyouwithman,apredicatenoun.Theverbbe,inallitsforms,iscopulativeexceptwhenitisusedasanauxiliaryverb.)Shefeltillduringtheplay.(Theverbfeltisacopulativeverblinkingshewithill,apredicateadjective.)(Seepage104.)Shefeltthefabric.(Theverbfeltisatransitiveverbhavingfabricasitsdirectobject.)Heactedmorose.(Theverbactedisacopulativeverb,withmoroseaspredicateadjective.)Heactedthepartwell.(Theverbactedistransitive,havingpartasdirectobject.)

Thus,themannerinwhichcertainverbsareuseddetermineswhethertheyarecopulative.

4.Inthefollowingsentences,underlinecopulativeverbsandidentifytheircomplementsasshownintheseexamples:

Theyareculprits.

Acupofcoffeetastesbitterwhenitstandstoolong.

1.Thattonesoundscorrecttome.

2.Booksseemedhisonlytrustworthycompanions.

3.ThedictionarybecamemoreimportanttohimasheprogressedinEnglish.

4.Someadultsactchildishwhentheyarebusy.

5.Thechild’sabilitytograspalgebraappeareduncanny.

6.Leonardwastheonlyphysicianwhowasavailableatthetime.

7.Sheseemedeagertotakethejob.

8.Anne’sexpressiongrewlivelyassheplayedthesonata.

9.Thedogactedsickaftertheveterinariancheckeditover.

10.Jonwastheonlymiddle-agedmanintheroom.

AUXILIARYVERBSAuxiliaryverbsareusedwithotherverbstoformthetenses,voices,and

moodsofthoseverbs.Themostcommonauxiliaryverbsarebe,do,andhave.Lesscommonauxiliaryverbsarecan,may,will,shall,must,ought,might,could,should,andwould.

Considerthefollowingsentences:

Imaygotothemovies.(Theauxiliaryverbmayindicatesapossibilityoffutureaction.)

Ishallgotothemovies.(Theauxiliaryverbshallindicatesanintentiontoundertakefutureaction.)Iwillgotothemovies.(Theauxiliaryverbwillindicatesfirmintentiontoundertakeafutureaction.)

Auxiliariesalterthemeaningortimeoftheactionoftheverb:Iamgoing,Idogo,Ihavegone,Ioughttogo,Imightgo,Icouldgo,Ishouldgo.

5.Inthefollowingsentences,underlinetheauxiliaryverbsasshownintheseexamples:

Hedoeswantthecarafterall.

Hazelcanhavethejobifshewantsit.

EdisstudyingFrenchthissummer.

1.Whereshallweplanttherosebushes?2.Cananyoneinhisrightmindthinkthatpricesarecomingdown?3.Whereisshelivingnow?4.Learningtoplaytheviolinismoreeasilysaidthandone.5.Grammaristaughtbadlyinmostschools.6.Manyfamilieshavefoundtheirincomesfallinginrecentyears.7.MightIhavealittlemoresoup,please?8.Doyouexerciseasmuchasyoushould?9.Mostteachersaremadetoteachlargeclasses.10.Wouldyouaccompanymetothemovies?11.Sheshouldfindherselfoutoffundsbynow.12.Corporatemergershaveacceleratedrapidly.13.Theywillsurelyslaveuntiltheyarerich.14.Thebestofhisfictionisignored.15.Musicdoesnoteasilyfinditsproperaudience.

ShallandWill

Shallisusedinthefirstperson(I,we)inaskingquestions:

ShallIleavemoneyforyou?

Shallwedepartnow?

Willisusedinthesecondandthirdpersons(you,he,she,it,they)inaskingquestions:

Willyoubeabletofindyourway?Willshehaveenoughtimetofinishherthesis?Willitbetheonlycatinthehouse?Willtheybuyallthefoodneededforaweek?

Shallisusedinallpersonsforemphaticstatements:

Ishalldonosuchthing.Youshallnotbepermittedtoreturn.Theyshallnotpass!

Shallisusedinthefirstpersontoexpressfutureactionorexpectation:

Ishallbeseeinghimtomorrow.Weshallprobablymeetyouatthemuseum.

Willisusedinthesecondandthirdpersonstoexpressfutureactionsorexpectations:

Youwillbewithusthiseveningasusual,Iexpect.Theywillcertainlyfindtheirwayeasily.

ShouldandWould

Shouldisusedtoexpressanobligationorcondition:

IshouldrepairtheholeImadeinthefabricwithoutcharge.(obligation)Youshouldpaymoreattentiontoallyourstudies.(obligation)Theyshouldcleantheentireapartmentthoroughlybeforemoving.(obligation)Ifweshouldleavethempenniless,theymayactuallystarve.

(condition)Ifyoushoulddisregardalltheirrequests,theywillnolongertrustyou.(condition)Iftheyshouldfindnomeritintheapplication,hisfellowshipwillbedenied.(condition)

Wouldisusedtoexpressawishorcustomaryaction:

WouldthatIhadspentmoretimewithmymother.(wish)Wouldthatyoumadedecisionsmorecarefully.(wish)Wouldthathewerestillwithusnow.(wish)WewouldwalktogethereverydayafterIcamehomefromwork.(customaryaction)Youwouldalwaysremembertocallonmybirthday.(customaryaction)Theywoulddeclineeveryinvitationthatdidnotincludeatleastonemeal.(customaryaction)

6.Inthefollowingsentences,underlinethecorrectformoftheverbasshownintheseexamples:

IfJane(should,would)findherpurse,shewillneverbecarelessaboutherpossessionsagain.Allthroughthosewinters,they(should,would)prepareheartybreakfastsandampledinners.(Shall,Will)Ieverhearfromhimagain?

1.You(should,would)useyourcarsparinglyifyouexpecttogetthroughtheyearwithoutgettingdeeperintodebt.

2.Whenthehorse(should,would)leavethestartinggate,it(should,would)alwaysheadstraightfortherail.

3.Ifhe(should,would)forgethistickets,Igivehimlittlechanceofmakinghisflight.

4.Who(shall,will)enterthecathedralfirst,thebrideorthegroom?

5.Who(should,would)enterthecathedralfirst,thebrideorthegroom?

6.JoanandSara(shall,will)competeequallyfortheprize.

7.AnnetteandWarren(shall,will)beontimeorruntheriskoflosingtheirprivileges.

8.(Should,Would)thatshefinallylearnstokeepherroominsomesemblanceoforder.

9.Theyoungestchildinanidealfamily(should,would)alwaysbetreatedwithrespect.

10.Theyoungestchild(should,would)alwaysleavehispossessionslyingabout,apparentlyinordertoannoyhisolderbrothersandsisters.

11.(Shall,Will)theclubbeabletoreachaconsensusonthismatter?12.(Shall,Will)bothofussellourapartmentsatthesametime?13.Thefaculty(shall,will)meetatitsregulartime.14.Ihopeyou(shall,will)joinusforteatomorrowafternoon.15.They(should,would)sharethebill,Isuppose,sincetheyindicatedthey

expectedtodoso.

MOODVerbsmakestatementsoffactandwhatisbelievedtobefact.Theyalso

expresswishes,suppositions,doubts,commands,andconditionscontrarytofact.Moodisthecharacteristicofaverbthattellsthereaderwhichofthesefunctionsawriterintends.

ThethreemoodsinEnglishareindicative,subjunctive,andimperative.Theindicativemoodmakesstatementsoffactorwhatisbelievedtobefact.Theindicativealsoasksquestions.

JohnDonnewasborninLondon.(Thereisampleevidencetosupportthisstatement,sothewriterusestheindicativemoodtostateitasfact.)WasJohnDonneborninLondon?(Thisverbasksaquestionandsoisintheindicativemood.)Shebelievesherphysicianiswellqualified.(Whethersheiscorrectornot,theverbisindicatesthatshebelievesherstatementtobetrue.Theverbbelievesisintheindicativemood,because

thewriterofthesentenceisreportingwhatshetakestobefact.)Isherphysicianatherbedside?(Theverbisisintheindicativemoodbecauseitasksaquestion.)

Thesubjunctivemoodappearsinrelativelyfewconstructions.Itisusedmostoftentoexpressconditionscontrarytofactandtoexpresswishes,suppositions,anddoubts.(Theusesofthesubjunctivearediscussedfullyinthenextsection.)Thesubjunctiveappearsmostofteninformalwritingandinthespeechofeducatedpersons.Theindicativemoodalmostalwaysreplacesthesubjectivemoodininformalwritingandeverydayspeech.

!wishmyfatherwerestillalive.(Thisisawish,sowereisinthesubjunctivemood.)Supposehewerestillalive,wouldhefavorthataction?(Theverbwereisinthesubjunctivemoodbecausesupposehewerestillaliveisasupposition.)Ifthisbetreason,makethemostofit!(Thespeakerfirmlybelievesheorsheisnotguiltyoftreason,buttheremaybedoubtinthemindsofothers.Thesubjunctivebeexpressesthisdoubt.)IfHelenWillsMoodywererepresentingusatWimbledontoday,victorywouldbeours.(TheconjunctionIfintroducesaconditionalstatement.SinceHelenWillsMoodyisnotalivetorepresentusatWimbledon,theconditioniscontrarytofact.Theverbwererepresentingindicatesthatthisconditioniscontrarytofact.)

Thesubjunctivemoodisdistinguishedfromtheindicativeinthethirdpersonsingularofallverbsandincertainformsoftheverbbe.Thefollowingtableshowsthetypicalverbwantinthepresenttenseandtheverbbeinthepresentandpasttenses.

Theimperativemoodexpressesacommandormakesanurgentdemand:

Leavetheroom!Callanambulance!Letthemdie!

Theimperativemoodisusedonlyinthesecondandthirdpersons,singularandplural.

7.Inthefollowingsentencesindicatethemoodofeachoftheitalicizedverbsasshownintheseexamples:

Aretheyreallyathomeeveryevening?Sendthemtobedatonce!

IwishIwereseventyyearsoldagain.

1.TheywillremaintogetherprovidedthatFatherconsents.___________2.IfIwerethebosshere,Iwoulddothingsdifferently.___________3.Corporationsfindthattheinterestratestheymustpayfluctuatewidely.

___________4.Areyoureallysupportingyourselfcomfortablybypainting?

___________5.Wereyoutheoldestpersonontheteam?___________6Stayawayfromtelevisionandcigarettes.___________7.Somedictionariesprovideguidanceincorrectusage.___________8.Aslongasyouremainalert,youwillfindtheaccessroad.___________9.Wildflowersgiveusmuchpleasure.___________10.Hewillbehonoredwithadoctorateprovidedhemakesasubstantial

donation.___________11.Nevergiveupthefight!___________12.Swimmingagainstthetidefatiguedhimgreatly.___________13.Americanhistoryhasbeenhisspecialty.___________14Ifhewantstosucceed,hemustwork.___________15.Ifyouwanttosucceed,workhard.___________

UsesoftheSubjunctiveMood

Thesubjunctivemoodisusedfor(1)conditionscontrarytofact;(2)wishes,recommendations,anddemandsinclausesintrodudedbythatorinclausesin

whichthatisimplied;and(3)certainidiomaticexpressions.ThesubjunctivehasfewusesinmodernEnglish.Moreandmore,the

subjunctivemoodisbeingreplacedbytheindicativemoodorbysimplifiedconstructionsthatavoidverbsentirely.Nevertheless,goodwritingandspeechstillemploythesubjunctive.

ConditionsContrarytoFactAconditionthatcannotbetrueisknownasaconditioncontrarytofact.

IfIweretenyearsyounger,Iwouldremarry.(ThepresenceofaconditionissignaledbytheconjunctionIf.Becausetheconditioniscontrarytofact,thesubjunctivewereisused.)IfPresidentLyndonB.Johnsonwerestillalive,hewouldfindthatmanyofthepolicieshefollowedarestillinforcetoday.(Conditioncontrarytofactrequiresthesubjunctivewere.)

ThatClausesClausesintroducedbythatorclausesinwhichthatisimpliedfrequently

expresswishes,recommendations,demands,orders,formalmotions,orparliamentaryresolutions.Thesubjunctiveisusedintheseclauses.Considerthefollowingsentences:

IwishthatIwereprimeminister.(Thesubjunctivewere,notindicativewas.)Irecommendthathetakeatripabroad.(Subjunctivetake,notindicativetakes.)Wedemandthattheybesilenced.(Subjunctivebesilenced,notindicativearesilenced.)Weaskonlythatthemostguiltybepunished.(Subjunctivebepunished,notindicativearepunished.)Shemovedthatparliamentaryprocedurebelaidaside.(Subjunctivebelaid,notindicativeislaid.)Resolved,thatafifty-firststatebeadmittedtotheunion.(Subjunctivebeadmitted,notindicativeisadmitted.)

Therelativepronounthatcanbeomittedfromthefirstthreeoftheprecedingsentenceswithoutchangingmeaningandwithoutalteringtherequirementforemployingthesubjunctivemood:

IwishIwereprimeminister.Irecommendhetakeatripabroad.Wedemandtheybesilenced.

IdiomaticExpressionsTheEnglishlanguagehascertainconstructionsthatremainfixedinthe

subjunctivemood.Theseidiomaticconstructionsinclude:bethatasitmay,beitsaid,comewhatmay,Godblessyou,farbeitfromme,andsufficeittosay.

8.Inthefollowingsentences,underlinethecorrectformoftheverbasshownintheseexamples:

Iwishthathe(was,were)nothere.Idemandthatshe(leave,leaves).IfI(was,were)King,Iwouldbethehappiestmanonearth.

1.Heaven(forbid,forbids)thatsheshouldmarryacloneofherfirsthusband.

2.IrequestthattheBoardofElections(pay,pays)particularattentiontovotescastintheTwelfthDistrict,whereallthetowncemeteriesarelocated.

3.Iwishshe(was,were)goingtomedicalschoolinmyplace.

4.Ifshe(insist,insists)onpayingthebill,itwillbeallrightwithme.

5.Ifthetheater(was,were)nearermyhouse,Iwouldbeabletowalkthere.

6.Thejudgeorderedthatwidowsandorphans(are,be)protected.

7.(Come,Comes)whatmay,IshallforeverbelieveImistreatedhim.

8.Amemberoftheoppositionmovedthatthemeeting(be,is)adjourned.

9.Werequestthatthey(are,be)barredfromthemeeting.10.Iwouldmakethesituationcleartohimifhe(was,were)here.11.IthinkJames(was,were)soundasleeponthebeachwhenthepoorboy

died.12.IaskonlythatI(am,be)treatedwithrespect.13.Webelievethatthebill(was,were)counterfeit.14.Ifhe(was,were)here,hewouldmakeeverythingclear.15.Irecommendthathe(apologize,apologizes)atonce.

VOICEVoiceisthecharacteristicofaverbthattellsthereaderwhetherthesubjectof

theverbisperformingtheactionoftheverb(activevoice)orwhetherthesubjectoftheverbisactedupon(passivevoice).Thepassivevoiceisidentifiedbysomeformoftheverbbeplusapastparticiple.

(ThereareothertensesinEnglish,ofcourse,andtheyarediscussedelsewhere.)

9.Inthefollowingsentences,indicatethevoiceofeachoftheitalicizedverbsasshownintheseexamples:Theyhavegonehome.Hehasclimbedthatmountainmanytimes.Thatmountainhasbeenclimbedbefore.

1.Politiciansareperceivedbythevotersinvariousways.___________2.Thevotersperceivepoliticiansinvariousways.___________3.Novelsofqualityentrancetheirreaders.___________4.Whenwillyoupainttheexteriorofyourhouse?___________5.Isyourhousebeingpainted?___________6.Thebarndoor,ofcourse,mustberehung.___________7.Fliescarrydisease.___________8.Themealswillbedeliveredtothehomelesswhentheyareready.

___________9.Manycountriesareexperiencingseveredrought.___________10.Manycountrieshaveexperienceddrought.___________

NUMBERLikenounsandpronouns,verbshavesingularandpluralforms.Thenumber

ofthesubject—anounorpronoun—determinesthenumberoftheverb.Considerthefollowingsentences:

Iworkhard.(SincethesubjectIissingular,theverbworkissingular.)Weworkhard.(SincethesubjectWeisplural,theverbworkisplural.)

10.Inthefollowingsentences,underlineeachverb,andindicateitsnumber,asshownintheseexamples:

Thecatraiseditsbackhigh.Thehouseisupforsale.OurneighborshaveleftforFlorida.

1.Theywillbegoinghomeearlytonight.___________2.Nothingisbetterthanblueberrypieandchocolateicecream.

___________3.TheHudsonisoneofthemostbeautifulriversintheUnitedStates.

___________4.VermontandNewHampshirehardlyevercooperate.___________5.Hasyourdaughterbeensittingthereallalone?___________6.HaveyouandSuebeensittingtheretogether?___________7.Hewillbeleavingrightafterdinner.___________8.Theyfindthemselvesatatotallossforwords.___________9.Insteadofareallunch,wewillbehavingpizzaandbeer.___________10.Thismachinehasseenbetterdays.___________

AgreementofSubjectandVerb

Asingularsubjectmusthaveasingularverb.Apluralsubjectmusthaveapluralverb.Thisruleforagreementinnumberofsubjectanditsverbiseasytolearn.Twosentencesaresufficienttoillustrateitsproperapplication.

Theskaterhasfallenthroughtheice.(Singularsubjectskater,

singularverbhasfallen.)Theskatershavefallenthroughtheice.(Pluralsubjectskaters,pluralverbhavefallen.)

11.Inthefollowingsentences,supplythecorrectformoftheverbasshownintheseexamples:

I(be)incompleteagreementwitheverythingyousay.

Todaywe(be)completelyopposedtoallyourideas.

1.Cats(have)anextraordinaryabilitytogettheirownway.___________2.Acat(have)completefreedomtoroaminourneighborhood.

___________3.England(be)nolongeraworldpowerinthemindsofmany.

___________4.ThecountriesofEuropefinally(achieve)economicunityinthecoming

years.___________5.Economicstrengthandpoliticalvitality(go)handinhand.___________6.Snowandice(collect)inourdrivewayeverywinter.___________7.Unpaidparkingtickets(be)mygreatestproblemrightnow.

___________8.Ian(have)alwaysbeenagoodlawyer,thejudgesaid.___________9.MarkTwainstill(find)alargereadershipamongRussians.

___________10.ManycountriesofAfrica(be)beginningtoexploitvaluablenatural

resources.___________

Inmanysentencescontainingasingularsubject,pluralwordsmayintervenebetweensubjectandverb.Insuchcases,thewritermustrememberthatthesubjectissingularandmusthaveasingularverb.

Considerthefollowingsentences:

Theimportanceofmen,ammunition,andfoodsupplieswasnotoverlookedbythegeneral.(Becausethesubjectimportanceissingular,theverbwasoverlookedissingular.Thephraseofmen,ammunition,andfoodsuppliesmodifies

importanceandhasnothingtodowiththenumberofthesubjectandverb.)Thesafetyofhermanychildrenwasherfirstconcern.(Thesubjectsafetyissingular,sotheverbwasissingular.)

Anotherprobleminagreementmayoccurwhenthesubjectofaverbfollowstheverbinsteadofprecedingit.

Considerthefollowingsentences:

Therewerethreemenbehindherinthecheckoutline.(Thesubjectofwereismen.Sincemenisplural,thepluralverbwereisused.)Therewaslittleapplauseforthesopranos.(Thesubjectofwasisapplause.Sinceapplauseissingular,thesingularverbwasisused.)Concerningtheacrobatstherewaslittledisagreement.(Thesubjectdisagreementissingular,sothesingularverbwasisused.)Beyondthehighwaystandstheuglyslum.(Thesingularsubjectslumrequiresthesingularverbstands.)Acrosstheplainsliemilesofuntrackedwilderness.(Thepluralsubjectmilesrequiresthepluralverblie.)

12.Inthefollowingsentences,supplythecorrectformoftheverbasshownintheseexamples:Atthetimeofherdeath,Rose’sprincipalhobby(be)alltypesofstitchery.Onmostsubjects,JaneandJohnnow(be)inagreement.Hefoundthatthere(be)littleuseincontinuingworkonhisnovelsandplays.Theaggressionheobservedinapes,largecats,andothermammals(be)alsoreportedbyotherinvestigators.

1.Thefirstviolinist,unlikeothermembersofthestringsection,(be)notreadytoplaywhentheconductorraisedhisbaton.___________

2.Thefirstviolinistandtheentirestringsection(be)unwillingtorehearse,becausetheconductorissodifficulttoworkwith.___________

3.Beyondtheknoll(lie)depositsofrockoftherighttypeforthebeautifulhousehewantstobuild.___________

4.Thenecessityofassuringadequatestoresoffoodanddrink(be)notrecognizedbymanyoftheinexperiencedhikerswhoundertooktheclimb.___________

5.Ofprimaryimportance(be)asupplyofcleardrinkingwater,ifoneisselectingahomesite.___________

6.Afterthedinner,there(be)goingtobetwolongspeechesbythecandidates.___________

7.Oncethesapbeginstoflownextspring,there(be)goingtobeworkforallofus.___________

8.Aftertheprincipaladdresswasgiven,there(be)fewofusstillawakeintheroom.___________

9.Peopleareourmainconcern,eventhoughthere(be)manyotherproblemsfacingus.___________

10.Inflationandrecessionnolonger(be)themostseriouspublicconcernsinourcountry.___________

CompoundSubjectsandTheirVerbsAcompoundsubjectistwoormorenouns,pronouns,ornounphrasesacting

togetherasthesubjectofaverb:JackandBill,heandI,heartsandflowers,healthorsickness,apoundofpotatoesoronions.Compoundsubjectsconnectedbyandusuallytakeapluralverb.Compoundsubjectsconnectedbyorornorusuallytakeasingularverb.

Whencompoundsubjectsareconnectedbyand,theyareusuallyintendedasplurals.Sometimes,however,theyareintendedassingularconstructions.Thefollowingsentencesillustratebothtypes:

Plural

JackandBillaregoingupthemountain.(Thesubjectofthissentence,JackandBill,canbereplacedbytwoboysortwomen,whichwouldbeplural.ThecompoundsubjectJackandBill,therefore,isplural.Forthisreason,apluralverbisused:aregoing.)

Singular

AhotdogandsauerkrautisallIwantforlunch.(Thesubjectofthissentenceisasingledish:hotdogandsauerkraut.Thesubject,therefore,issingularandtheverbmustbesingular:is.)

Whencompoundsubjectsareconnectedbyor,theyaresingularunlessthepartsofthecompoundsubjectarethemselvesplural.

Considerthefollowingsentences:

Singular

Aboxofcandyorabasketoffruitisalwayswelcome.(Bothpartsofthecompoundsubjectboxorbasketaresingular,soasingularverbisneeded:is.)

Plural

Candiesorfruitsareequallyacceptable.(Bothpartsofthecompoundsubjectcandiesorfruitsareplural,soapluralverbisneeded:are.)

Whenorconnectsthepartsofacompoundsubject,theverbtakesitsnumberfromthepartofthecompoundsubjectclosertoit.

Plural

Eitheroneleekorseveralonionsprovidethenecessaryflavorinmostofherrecipes.(Becauseonions,aplural,isclosertotheverbthanleek,asingular,theverbmustbeplural:provide.)

Whenthesingularpartofthecompoundsubjectisclosertotheverb,theverbmustbesingular,asinthefollowingsentence:

Singular

Neitheronionsnorgarlicisusedinthisdish.(Thesingulargarlicisclosertotheverb,sotheverbissingular:isused.)

Whencompoundsubjectsaremodifiedbyeachorevery,theyarealwayssingular.Thisistruewhetherandororisusedtoconnectthepartsofthecompoundsubject.

Considerthefollowingsentences:

SingularEachboyandgirlisbringingafriend.Everyboyandgirlisbringingafriend.Eachboyorgirlisbringingafriend.Everyboyorgirlisbringingafriend.

Whenonlyonepartofacompoundsubjectismodifiedbyeachorevery,thecompoundisaplural.

PluralEachboyandhisdatearebringingpresents.Everyboyandhisdatearebringingpresents.

13.Inthefollowingsentences,supplythecorrectformoftheverbasshownintheseexamples:

Anappleandanorange(be)ineverylunchbox.Pieorcake(be)theperfectdessertaftersuchameal.NeitherKatenorherfriends(play)thepiano.Everyboyandgirlalive(be)eitheralittleLiberalorelsealittleConservative.

1.Salamiandeggs(be)myfavoritedish.___________2.SpokaneandTakoma(be)intheStateofWashington.___________3.NeitherAlfrednorFred(want)tobepresentwhenthebillarrives.

___________4.EitherLucyorherfather(carve)theturkeyatourhouse.___________5.Neithergoatsnorsheep(allow)tograzenowintheupperpasture.

___________6.EitherAnneorherbrothers(be)welcomehere.___________7.Allgoodsonsanddaughters(take)theirturnsatdoingthedishes.

___________8.Apoundofpotatoes(go)farwhenallthechildrenhavelefthome.

___________

9.Threecarrotsandoneparsnip(be)allyouneedtocompletethestew.___________

10.Twothicklambchopsoronesmallsteak(feed)ourlittlefamily.___________

11.Oneduckandthreegeese(swim)inourpondeverymorning.___________

12.Twelvevotesfororonevoteagainst(be)allweneedforanacceptabledecision.___________

13.Onebusandthreetaxicabs(stand)readytotakethedelegatestothemeeting.___________

14.Theemployeesandtheirelectedleader(agree)onthetermsofthecontract.___________

15.Strawberriesandcream(be)allIwanttoeattoday.___________16.Everymanandwoman(have)asinglevote.___________17.EveryeditionoftheNewTestament(have)admirersandattackers.18Hepraisedmostofthetelevisionplaysandmoviesthat(produced)last

year.___________19.Flowersorcards(comfort)thebereaved.___________20.Eachmemberofthegroupandtheirfriends(carry)partoftheload.

___________

CollectiveNounsandTheirVerbs

Acollectivenountakesasingularverbwhenthenounreferstoagroupasaunit.Acollectivenountakesapluralverbwhenthenounrefersindividuallytothemembersofagroup.

Considerthefollowingsentences:

Amarriedcoupleistreateddifferentlyfromthewayinwhichahusbandorwifeistreatedalone.(Thecollectivenouncoupleismadeupoftwopeople,buttheyareconsideredasingleunitinthissentence.Sincecoupleissingular,thecorrectverbformissingular:istreated.)Thecouplewerelivinginourneighborhoodatthattime,sowesawmuchofthem.(Thecollectivenouncoupleisconsideredtobetwoseparateindividualsinthissentence.Thepluralpronounthememphasizesthepluralityofcouple.)

Theclasswasgivenitsassignment.(Thecollectivenounclassistreatedasasingleunit,sotheverbissingular:wasgiven.Thepronounitsemphasizesthesingularityofclass.)

Asisapparent,then,thewritermustdecidethemeaningheorsheintendsinacollectivenounandmustthenbeconsistentintheuseofverbsandpronounsthatrelatetothatcollectivenoun.

Thewritermustresistthetemptationtotreatassingularallcollectivenounsthathavetheappearanceofsingulars—audience,class,group.Thewritermustalsoresistthetemptationtotreataspluralsallcollectivenounsthathavetheappearanceofplurals—athletics,politics,statistics.

Finally,thewritermustrememberthatcollectivenounsthataresingularinappearancecanalsobemadeplural—audience,audiences;class,classes;group,groups.Whentheyaremadepluralinthisway,theyhavedifferentmeaningsandaretreatedasplurals.

14.Inthefollowingsentences,supplythecorrectformoftheverbasshownintheseexamples:

Theboardalways(vote)thewayitsleaderstellsittovote.

Athletics(be)oneofhergreatinterestswhenshewasanundergraduate.Themajority(realize)thatinmanywaystheyhavenomorepowerthanthesmallestminorities.

1.Hesaysthathiscommittee(expect)tovotetomorrow.___________2.Theminorityalways(vote)withasinglevoice.___________3.Politics(make)strangebedfellows,butsodomanyotherhuman

enterprises.___________4.Whileanumber(be)defecting,manyotherswillstaybehind.

___________5.Theteam(work)wellasaunitandwillprobablywinmostofits

matches.___________6.AnAmericancrowd(leave)mostofitsgarbagebehindonceithas

dispersed.___________7.Committeesoften(have)nootherfunctionthantomeetandissue

uselessreports.___________

8.Thecontentsofmywife’spursealways(amaze)me.___________9.Thetableofcontents(be)neveromittedfromourcompanyreports.

___________10.Adozen(be)muchtooexpensiveformypoorpocketbook.

___________

PERSONPersonisthecharacteristicofverbsthatindicatesthespeaker(firstperson),

thepersonspokento(secondperson),andthepersonspokenof(thirdperson).Personalpronounsalsohavethecharacteristicofperson.

15.Inthefollowingsentences,indicatethepersonandnumberofeachoftheitalicizedverbsasshownintheseexamples:

Thoreauisafavoriteofintelligentyoungpeople.

Evenstrangerssmileatthechild.Wecannotcondonesuchoutrageousbehavior.

1.DickandLucyweregoodfriends.___________2.Yourmotherandfatherwillbewelcomefordinner.___________3.Canyoufindyourwayalone?___________4.MichaelandIwillbelookingforrooms.___________5.WereturnonthedayafterLaborDay.___________6.Theydecidedagainstsupportingus.___________7.Youneverachieveallthegoalsyouset.___________8.IshallbecallingyouonedaysoonafterIreturn.___________9.Cowsprovidemilkandcream.___________10.Bookshavebeenhisbestfriends.___________

TENSE

Tenseisthecharacteristicofverbsthatindicatesthetimeoftheactionorofthestateofbeingthatisdescribed.TherearesixtensesinEnglish:present,pastperfect,past,presentperfect,future,andfutureperfect.Theprogressiveformsofthesetensesindicateongoingaction.

16.Inthefollowingsentences,indicatethetenseandvoiceofeachoftheitalicizedverbsasshownintheseexamples:

Shakespearecontinuestointerestscholars.

TheplaysofShakespearehavecontinuedtointerestscholars.

ManyplaysofShakespeareareproducedeachyear.

1.Researchandteachingsupplementandreinforceoneanother.___________

2.Complimentshavebeenexchangedregularlybypoliticalfriendsandenemiesalike.___________

3.Theyfindprivateenterpriseinitsunregulatedformstillpossibletoday.___________

4.Theyhavebeencallingforjusticeforallmenandwomen.___________5.Ianwillbefortyyearsoldnextyear.___________6.Theministersurelywillbecallingonyousoon.___________7.Manyarecalled,butfewarechosen.___________

8.ManyNationalGuardsmenarebeingcalledtoactiveduty.___________

9.Youwillsoonfindyourselfinevengreaterperil.___________10.Bythetimehewaspromoted,hewasoldandtired.___________11.Shehaddecidedtoforgoanyfurthereffortonmybehalf.___________12.Architectsarefoundonlyinmetropolitanareas.___________13.Manyofthebookstheytreasuredhadbeenmutilated.___________14.Yousoonwillreceiveyourfinalgrades.___________15.Alicehasfailedtocomprehendthetruesituation.___________

PrincipalPartsoftheVerb

Verbsformtheirvarioustensesfromtheirfourprincipalparts:theinfinitive(call),presentparticiple(calling),pasttense(called),andpastparticiple(called).Theverbcallusedintheseexamplesisclassifiedasregular,becauseitformsitsprincipalpartsbyaddingingoredtotheinfinitive.Regularverbsarealsoknownasweakverbs.Verbsthatformtheirpasttenseandpastparticiplebyachangeofvowelintheinfinitiveareclassifiedasirregular,orstrong,verbs.Anexampleofanirregularverbisdraw.Theprincipalpartsofdrawaredraw,drawing,drew,anddrawn.

Thefollowingisalistofthemostcommonirregular,orstrong,verbs:

17.Inthefollowingsentences,supplytherequiredverbforms,asshownintheseexamples:

Shehas(write)alettertoherfathereveryweek.

I(see)anexcitingmovielastweek.

1.Wespenttheafternoon(dive)forshellsoffthereef.___________2.Thehorse(run)astrongrace,eventhoughitcameinsecond.

___________3.Whydidtheunripeapple(fall)totheground?___________4.Thebelltolledmournfully,andtheoldmenandwomen(wring)their

hands.___________5.Ihave(show)youalltheshoesofyoursizeinthestore.___________6.Byevening,thehangman(lead)thepatriottothegallows.___________7.Wehave(lay)inagoodsupplyofpotatoes.___________8.Codfishis(eat)allwinter.___________9.Youcanbesurethatthey(get)allthatwascomingtothem.

___________10.He(dive)threetimestryingtoreachtheautomobile.___________11.Helen(lie)inherbeduntilnoonthatday.___________12.Dorothy(shrink)thedressuntilitfittedher.___________

13.SavingsandLoanshave(lend)moneyunwisely.___________14.Thebellsinthetower(ring)forfifteenminutesyesterday.___________15.Wesometimesregretwordswehave(speak).___________

SelectionofTenseThetenseoftheverbmustindicatetheappropriatetimeofactionorstateof

beingdescribedbytheverb.ItisworthwhiletoreviewherethesixEnglishtenses:

(1)Presenttense:Ilikeyou.(presentaction)The747alwaysfliessmoothly.(habitualaction)The8:10commutertrainleavesinfiveminutes.(simplefuture)Thesunrisesintheeast.(actiontrueforalltime)

(2)Pastperfecttense—actioncompletedbeforeapreviouspastaction:ShehadleftbythetimeIarrived.(arrivedispasttense;hadleftispastperfecttense.)Thedoghadeatenallthecat’sfoodbeforeIwalkedintothekitchen.(walkedispasttense;hadeatenispastperfecttense.)

(3)Pasttense—actioncompletedinthepast:Themovieendedat9:45.Tamaraateeverythingonherplate.

(4)Presentperfecttense—actionbeguninthepastthatcontinuesinthepresent:

Thetreehasgrownrapidlysincelastspring.Ihavefoundmyselftroubledbysomeofhisactions.

(5)Futuretense—simplefutureaction:Inowwilleatmydinner.Thebookwillbereturned.

(6)Futureperfecttense—actioncompletedbeforeafutureaction:Emilywillhaveeatenbythetimeweleave.(leaveindicatesfutureaction;willhaveeatenisfutureperfect.)Thelibrarywillhaveclosedbeforewegetthere.(getindicatesfutureaction;willhaveclosedisfutureperfect.)

18.Inthefollowingsentences,supplytheappropriateformsoftheverbsasshownintheseexamples:

I(eat)manygreatmealssincearrivinginParis.

Twohours(pass)sinceyoucalled.

Thevolcanonolonger(erupt)regularly.

1.Dick(be)forty-sevenyearsoldnextDecember.___________2.Pomegranates(eat)bymanypeopleinrecentyears.___________3.Thelanguageyouspeak(hurt)myears.___________4.Nursinghomes(become)apermanentpartofourlivesoncefamilies

stoppedcaringfortheiroldermembers.___________5.Thestores(raise)theirpricesagainandagain.___________6.Asdifficultasitistobelieve,she(be)eightyyearsold.___________7.Shenever(call)herbrokerduringthebusinessday.___________8.(Be)thereanywayoutoftheeconomicmesswe’rein?___________9.Cigarettesareharmfultohealthespeciallywhensmokers(inhale).

___________10.Hurry,children,theschoolbus(leave)ontimethismorning.

___________11.Bythetimethepolicearrived,thecriminal(escape).___________12.Bythetimethepassengersarrive,theship(leave).___________13.Margaret(learn)toswimwhenshewasthreeyearsold.___________14.Theearth(turn)continuouslyonitsaxis.___________15.Everydogmust(have)itsday.___________

AgreementofTensesThetenseoftheverbinthemainclauseofasentencedeterminesthetense

neededinasubordinateclause.

Thetimeoftheprincipalactionorstateofbeingdescribedinasentenceisestablishedbythetenseoftheverbinthemainclause.Sincesubordinateclausesdependonthemainclause,theverbtensesinsubordinateclausesmustagreelogicallywiththetenseofthemainverb.

Considerthefollowingsentences:

Considerthefollowingsentences:

Mydogcrieswheneversheishungry.(ThemainclauseisMydogcries.Thesubordinateclauseiswheneversheishungry.Sincecriesispresenttense,indicatinghabitualaction,ishungrymustalsobepresenttense.)Hecoughedbecausehesmokedsomuch.(Pasttensecoughedinmainclause,pasttensesmokedinsubordinateclause.)Hecoughsbecausehesmokessomuch.(Presenttensecoughsinmainclause,presenttensesmokesinsubordinateclause.)Theywillhavefinishedtheirdinnerbeforewebegintoeatourown.(Futureperfectwillhavefinishedinmainclause,presenttensebegininsubordinateclause.Thepresenttensehereindicatessimplefutureaction.Obviously,theactionsofbothclauseswillbegininthefuture,butthefutureactionofthemainverbwillhavefinishedwillhavebeencompletedbeforebegintoeat,thesecondfutureaction,occurs.Theverbinthesubordinateclausecanalsobefuture,willbegin.)

Thus,inestablishingthepropertenseofaverbinasubordinateclause,thetenseofthemainverbmustgovern,andlogicmustbeused.

19.Inthefollowingsentences,supplytheappropriateformsoftheverbsasshownintheseexamples:

Shehaddecidedtogotothecountrybythetimehermother(return).Onceshe(make)uphermind,sheneverchangesit.

1.Acourtesycarwasnolongersupplied,eventhoughcustomers(like)it.___________

2.Largeautomobilesdidnotdisappeareventhoughthemanufacturers(learn)gasolineeconomy.___________

3.Janefoundtheletterthat(deliver)tohersecretary.___________4.Thebookwassentinawrapperthat(give)noindicationofitscontents.

___________5.IhavealwayseatenspinachbecauseI(like)it.___________

6.Eventhoughmanypassengers(miss)theplane,itleftthegateontime.___________

7.Ashe(watch),mostofthechildrenleftthebus.___________8.Whilewe(wait),manyoftheguestssatdowntoeat.___________9.Studentsfindtheirworkpilingupwhentheterm(come)toaclose.

___________10.TheywillhavecompletedtheirjobsbyTuesday,which(be)the

scheduledfinaldatefortheproject.___________11.ThelectureremphasizedthattheRomanticPeriod(be)richinpoetry.

___________12.Deirdresaidthatimagination(be)thekeytosuccessfulfiction.

___________13.Oakleavesstayedonthetreeslongafterwinter(arrive).___________14.Whenmostcurrentplays(act)nomore,theworksofIbsenwillcontinue

tobepopular.___________15.SnowremainsonthegroundinVermontuntilspring(be)wellunder

way.___________

PresentTenseforIdeasTrueforAllTimeThepresenttenseisalwaysusedwhenwewishtoexpressideasthataretaken

tobetrueforalltime.Thisholdseveninsubordinateclauses,regardlessofthetenseofthemainverb.

Considerthefollowingsentences:

Hedemonstratedoncemorethattruthisstrangerthanfiction.Freudidentifiedfundamentaldrivesthatarefoundinallofus.

Thepresenttenseisusedinthesubordinateclausesofboththesesentences:isandarefound.Yetthemainclauseshaveverbsinthepasttense:demonstratedandidentified.Werethestatementsofthesubordinateclausesnottakentobetrueforalltime,thenthepasttensewouldhavebeenusedinsteadofthepresent.

Considerthefollowingsentences,inwhichthestatementsofthesubordinateclausesarenottakentobetrueforalltime:

Hedemonstratedoncemorethathewasuntrustworthy.(Theverbwasinthepasttenseiscorrect,becausedemonstratedispast,andhemayonedayreformandbecometrustworthy.)

Freudidentifiedtheconditionthatwastroublinghispatient.(Theverbwastroublingiscorrectlyformedinthepasttense,sincepropermedicaltreatmentcanbeexpectedtocuretheconditionandtheconditionthereforeisnottrueforalltime.)

20.Inthefollowingsentences,supplythecorrectformoftheverbasshownintheseexamples:

Pearyestablishedthatman(be)themasteroftheArcticice.

MydaughtertoldmethatGulliver’sTravels(be)herfavoritebookinchildhood.

1.Hefoundthattheendlesssandofthedesert(be)toomuchforhim.___________

2.Jasonfoundthroughexperiencethatthere(be)moretoskiingthanhavingexpensiveequipment.___________

3.Gloria’sspeechwillemphasizethatfreedom(entail)responsibility.___________

4.Theweatherreportdidnotsaythatwe(have)snowtomorrow.___________

5.Heintendstotaketheearlyflight,which(depart)tomorrowat9o’clock.___________

6.Dictionariesusuallysupplythemeaningsofallwordsthatstudents(use).___________

7.Engineersandscientistsalwaysagreedthattheaccuracyofthesliderule(be)sufficientformostoftheirwork.___________

8.Theargumentthatthedefendant(be)theslaveofhishabitsdidnotswaythejuryinthiscase.___________

9.ThelecturerwentonatgreatlengthtoprovethatHardyandConrad(know)thelivesofordinarypeopleand(portray)thoselivesaccurately.___________

10.Thegrowingcostofeducationmeansthattaxes(continue)toincreaseinthenextdecade.___________

CONSISTENCYOFVERBSShiftsofvoice,person,tense,andmoodshouldbeavoidedwithinasentence.

ConsistencyofVoice

Acceptable

OnceIhadcompletedthetreatment,Iwastroubledwithpainnolonger.(Oneverbisactive,theotherpassive.)

Improved

OnceIhadcompletedthetreatment,Iexperiencednomorepain.

ConsistencyofPerson

Incorrect

Weshouldalwaysstudywhenyouarefresh.(Themainverbshouldstudyisthirdperson,butthesubordinateverbareissecondperson.)

Correct

Studentsshouldstudywhentheyarefresh.(Bothverbsthirdperson.)

Correct

Studywheneveryouarefresh.(Bothverbssecondperson.)

ConsistencyofTense

Incorrect

Anactressusuallysstudiesnewrolesduringtherunofaplay,eventhoughshewasgainfullyemployed.(Incorrectshiftfrompresenttensestudiestopasttensewasemployed.Notetoothatstudiesisactivevoice,butwasemployedispassive.)

Correct

Anactressusuallystudiesnewrolesduringtherunofaplay,eventhoughsheisworking.(Bothverbsinpresenttense,activevoice.)

ConsistencyofMood

Incorrect

Hisadvicewasintwoparts:discoverwhatyouwanttodoandthenyouwillfindyourwaytowardthatgoal.(Theverbdiscoverisintheimperativemood;theverbwillfindisintheindicativemood.)

Correct

Hisadvicewasintwoparts:discoverwhatyouwanttodoandthenfindyourwaytowardthatgoal.(Bothverbsinimperativemood.)

21.Restructurethefollowingsentencesasnecessarytoachieveconsistencyofvoice,person,tense,andmood,asshownintheseexamples:

AfterIsucceededinovercomingthevirus,progresstowardgeneralrecoverybegan.

Investorsoftenwillreinvestindecliningstocks,becausetheywerewillingtothrowgoodmoneyafterbad.

1.Thefirstthingtodoisremovethewheel,andthenyoushouldexaminethebrakes.

2.Somewritersworkonlyfourhoursaday,becauseyoucannotdocreativeworkforlongerperiods.

3.Theyfoundthattheycouldnotsewtheseamswell,sinceyoualwaysmakemistakeswhenyoufirsttrytolearnanewskill.

4.Whenonehaslittlemoneytospend,youarecarefulabouteverypurchase.

5.Ifyougotothedance,onewillfindunescortedwomenwelcome.

6.Becauseheconsideredthedesignperfect,thejudgeshadruledagainsthim.

7.Beseated,andthelecturerwilltellyouallyouneedtoknow.

8.Heselectedthematerialforthecoat,andthetailoristhentoldtobeginwork.

9.Thewomenhadinsistedonadmittingmentotheirgroup,butmostofthemenfindthemeetingsdull.

10.Nightmaresdisturbhissleepnightafternight,andhewillfindnoreliefinsedatives.

VERBALSVerbals—infinitives,participles,andgerunds—areverbformsthatcan

functionasnouns,adjectives,andadverbs.

INFINITIVETheinfinitiveistheformoftheverbthatappearsinthedictionary.Outside

dictionaries,theinfinitiveisusuallyprecededbyto:toswim,toplay,toask.Theinfinitivemayoftenappearwithoutto,especiallyaftercan,do,may,must,shall,andwill:canswing,mayplay,mustask.Theinfinitivehasbothtenseandvoice.

Theinfinitivemayfunctionasanoun,asanadjective,asanadverb,orasacomplement.

InfinitiveasNounToswimismygreatestpleasure.(Toswimisthesubjectoftheverbis.)

Theyaskedtoseethepatient.(Toseeistheobjectoftheverbasked.)

InfinitiveasAdjectiveJulietgavemesomethingtoread.(Toreadmodifiesthenounsomething.)Theyhaveadesiretobesaved.(Tobesavedmodifiesthenoundesire.)

InfinitiveasAdverbIamhappytowait.(Towaitmodifiestheadjectivehappy.)Thebabyisheavyenoughtogohome.(Togomodifiestheadverbenough.)

InfinitiveasComplementHenry’sambitionwastobeaplaywright.(Tobeisthecomplementofwas.)Ambitionistobeexpectedinyoungexecutives.(Tobeexpectedisthecomplementofis.)

22.Inthefollowingsentences,identifythefunctionsoftheitalicizedinfinitivesasnoun,adjective,adverb,orcomplementasshownintheseexamples:

Toteachwellisanart.Shehasacrosstobear.Shewascontenttotakehalfthemoney.Heistobecongratulated.

1.CopiesoftheOxfordAmericanDictionaryaretobepurchased.___________

2.Thatbookissmallenoughtobecarriedinavestpocket.___________3.Shehelpedhimworkthecalculusproblem.___________4.Tolearngrammarisnoteasy.___________5.Theywatcheduspourthewine.___________6.Theseedsaretobeplantedinshallowbeds.___________7.Tohaveunderstoodherwasmyearnestdesire.___________8.Theinstructormayhavetodelaythefinalexamination.___________

9.Canweexpecttofindhappiness?___________10.Hewantstospeakbeforetheothershaveachance.___________

InfinitivePhrasesInsomesentences,theinfinitiveitselfhasasubject,objectorcomplement,

andmodifiers.Suchaconstructioniscalledaninfinitivephrase,anditmayfunctionas

subject,object,complement,ormodifierofanothersentenceelement.Considerthefollowingsentences:

Tomowtheentirelawnrequiredthreestrongboys.(TheinfinitivephraseTomowtheentirelawnisthesubjectoftheverbrequired.Withintheinfinitivephrase,lawnistheobjectoftomow.Theentiremodifieslawn.)Catherinehopedtorowthechoppylake.(Theinfinitivephrasetorowthechoppylakeistheobjectofhoped.Withintheinfinitivephrase,lakeistheobjectoftorow,thechoppymodifieslake.)Deirdreistomarrynextyear.(Theinfinitivephrasetomarrynextyearisthecomplementofthecopulativeverbis.Withintheinfinitivephrase,nextyearmodifiestomarry,andnextmodifiesyear.)Theyhaveenoughfirewoodtolastthewinter.(Theinfinitivephrasetolastthewintermodifiesenough.Withintheinfinitivephrase,winteristheobjectoftolast.Themodifieswinter.)Theywantedtheinstructortosubmithisgradespromptly.(Theinfinitivephrasetheinstructortosubmithisgradespromptlyistheobjectofwanted.Withintheinfinitivephrase,instructoristhesubjectoftosubmit,gradesistheobjectoftosubmit,hismodifiesgrades,andpromptlymodifiestosubmit.)

23.Inthefollowingsentences,underlineeachinfinitivephrase,identifyitsfunction,andidentifythefunctionofeachwordwithinthephraseasshownintheseexamples:Fredwantedmetobuysnowshoesimmediately.

Tojudgebyherskepticalnature,shemusthavehadsomeunfaithfulfriends.

1.Thecompanyexecutiveorderedtheemployeestocompletethejobonschedule.

2.Toidentifyenemies,thePresidentmetwiththeNationalSecurityCouncil.

3.Alextoldhertoforgetherachievementscompletely.

4.Sheaskedmetoanswerthephoneinherabsence.

5.Toachievehisambitionrequiredhardwork.

TensesoftheInfinitive

Thepresentinfinitiveisusedifitsactionoccursatthesametimeastheactionofthemainverboraftertheactionofthemainverb.Theperfectinfinitiveisusedifitsactionprecedesthatofthemainverb.

Considerthefollowingsentences:

Shedoesnotwanttocontinuetheconversation.Shedidnotwanttocontinuetheconversation.

Ineachofthesesentences,thepresentinfinitivetocontinueisused,becauseitsactionoccurseither,inthefirstexample,atthesametimeasor,inthesecondexample,aftertheactionofthemainverb.

Itissenselesstohavetoldsuchastory.

Inthissentence,themainverbisisinthepresenttense.Thewriterofthesentenceisstatingsomethingheorshebelievestobetruenowandforever.Yettheactionthatwasconsideredsenselessoccurredbeforethisstatementwasmade.Forthisreason,theperfectinfinitivetohavetoldisused.

Itwassenselesstotellsuchastory.

Themeaningintendedhereisthattellingthestorywassenselessatthetimethestorywastold.Becausetheactiondescribedbytheinfinitiveoccurredatthesametimeastheactionofthemainverb,thepresentinfinitivetotellisused.

24.Inthefollowingsentences,supplythecorrectformoftheinfinitiveasshownintheseexamples:

Therewasnowaypossible(consume)allthatfoodinonesitting.

Hedecided(reveal)thewholetruth.

1.Howcouldhehavebeenstupidenough(take)suchapositiononanissuesograve?___________

2.Therewillbetimeenough(forgive)thosewhoboltedtheparty.___________

3.Heisinclined(delay)paymentatleastforonemoremonth.___________

4.Theelephantsought(feed)nowbythekeepers.___________

5.Therhinocerosesought(feed)hoursago.___________6.Canyouthinkofanygentlewayforus(tell)themthedetailsoftheugly

incident?___________7.Iwasunable(tell)themallthefactsofthecase.___________8.Theyintend(play)fairwiththeiropponents.___________9.Heisreluctant(admit)thatheintentionallyruinedtheirchances.

___________10.Everyoneagreeditwasdifficult(prepare)forsuchanexamination.

___________

SplitInfinitivesAninfinitiveshouldnotbesplitwhentheresultisawkward.Englishteachersandgrammariansmayhaveoverstressedtheideaofkeeping

thepartsofaninfinitivetogether.SuchanapproachtostyleprobablystemsfromLatingrammar.InLatin,theinfinitiveneveremploystheprepositionto,sothereisnopossibilityofsplittinganinfinitive.InEnglish,however,toostrictcompliancewiththeadvicenevertosplitaninfinitivemayresultinawkwardconstructions.Atthesametime,splittinganinfinitivewithlengthyphrasesorclausesmayalsoresultinawkwardness.

Yourecallthattheinfinitivehasthefollowingforms:

Considerthefollowingexamplesofgoodinfinitiveconstructions,awkwardinfinitiveconstructions,andimpossibleinfinitiveconstructions:

GoodTothinkclearlyonherfeetwashergoal.(Clearlymodifiestothink.)

AwkwardToclearlythinkatalltimeswashergoal.(Thisconstructionisawkwardbecauseclearlyappearstomodifythinkratherthantothink.)

Impossible

Toclearlyatalltimesthinkwashergoal.

Good

Theyhopedtofindthechildquickly.

Awkward

Theyhopedtoquicklyfindthechild.

Good

Theyseenoneedtobethinkingdayafterdayabouttheproblemstheyface.

Impossible

Theyseenoneedtobe,dayafterdaythinkingabouttheproblemstheyface.

Insomecases,aconstructionmaybeawkwardbecausecarehasbeentakennottosplitaninfinitive.Considerthefollowingsentences:

Awkward

Theiradvicewastodoublemorethanourenergies.(Thissentencemakesnosenseatall.Whatelsebesidesenergieswerewesupposedtodouble?)

Good

Theiradvicewastomorethandoubleourenergies.(Byplacingthemodifiermorethaninthemidstoftheinfinitive,thesentencehassomemeaning.)

Modifierscangenerallybeplacedinmorethanonepositioninasentence.Thewritermustseekthebestpositionformodifiers,rememberingthatlongmodifiersthatsplitinfinitivesalmostalwaysresultinawkwardconstructions.

25.Inthefollowingsentences,underscoreandcorrectanyawkwardinfinitiveconstructionsasshownintheseexamples:

Theadviceofthedoctorswastomoderatelyeat.

Shemadeitaruletoneverhurriedlyeathermeals.

1.Theyexpecttomorethanloseamilliondollars.

2.Torelaxandthinkquietlywasherhabitmostafternoons.

3.Tomorethantwohoursworkovertimeinadayisagainstcompanypolicy.

4.Afterthegame,theteamwasinstructedtonotboardthebusforthetriphome.

5.Thehopeofthesearchpartywastosafeandsoundfindthechildbeforedarknesssetin.

6.Shehasdecidedtofirmlybutrespectfullydemandthatherhusbandbehired.

7.Tohavewithinanhourwalkedaroundtheparkwasimpossible.

8.Therewasnothingworthwhilelefttodounderthecircumstances.

9.Hedecidedtowithouthesitationtelltheentirestory.

10.TheSmithswereimpatienttowithoutdelayselltheircar.

PARTICIPLEParticiplesareverbaladjectivesthathavepresentandpasttenses:calling,

called.Whenparticiplesarecombinedwithauxiliaryverbs—Iamcalling,shehascalled,etc.—theyindicatetense(seepage70)anddonotfunctionasadjectives.Considerthefollowing:

Laughingatus,hethrewusaquarter.(Laughingmodifieshe.Itistheconditionheisinwhenheperformstheactionofthrowing.Laughingismodifiedbytheprepositionalphraseatus.)Theactorlefttheroom,cryinghappilyandthrowingkissesatus

all.(Cryingandthrowingmodifyactor.Theydescribetheconditiontheactorwasinwhenleavingtheroom.Cryingismodifiedbyhappily.Kissesisthedirectobjectofthrowing.Atusallmodifiesthrowing.)Theannoyingchildfinallyleftthediningroom.(Annoyingmodifieschild.)Havingreceivedmyterminationnotice,Ipackedupallmybelongingsandlefttheoffice.(HavingreceivedmodifiesI.)Sustainedformorethananhourbyherlifebelt,shemadeherwaytoshore.(Sustainedmodifiesshe.)

26.Inthefollowingsentences,underlinetheparticiplesandidentifythewordorwordstheymodifyasshownintheseexamples:

Thebookreliedonmostbywritersisthedictionary.

Havingwrittenanotherbest-sellingnovel,shewasabletotakeanextendedvacation.

1.Rushingthroughbothrooms,Christopherslammedthedoor.___________

2.Havingbeentoldthenews,Hillaryquietlylefttheroom.___________3.Foundmoneymostoftenisspentfoolishly.___________4.Sustainedbymyfaith,Ishallgoonasthoughnothinghappened.

___________5.Achildlockedinaroomwillfindmischief.___________6.Swallowinghurriedly,theolderboyreachedfortherifle.___________7.Leftonherown,Felicebegantomature.___________8.Havingrefusedthesecondoffer,Williamhadlittlechanceofkeeping

negotiationsopen.___________9.Tiredbythelongargument,theattorneyfoundherselfunableto

continue.___________10.Congratulatingheropponent,Hingisleftthecourt.___________

TensesoftheParticipleThepresentparticipleisusedtoindicateactionoccurringatthesametimeas

theactionofthemainverb.Thepastparticipleisusedtoindicateactionpriortotheactionofthemainverb.

theactionofthemainverb.

Considerthefollowingsentences:

Tellingthestoryaswellashecould,heknewitwouldnotbebelieved.Havingtoldthestoryaswellashecould,hesatdown.

Inthefirstsentence,thesubjectofthesentenceknowsasheistellingthestorythatitwouldnotbebelieved.Thepresentparticipletellingisused,becausetheactionoftheparticipleisoccurringatthesametimeastheactionoftheverbknew.Inthesecondsentence,theactionoftheparticiplehavingtoldprecedesthepastactionofthemainverbsat.Forthisreason,thepastparticipleisused.

27.Inthefollowingsentences,supplythecorrectformoftheparticipleasshownintheseexamples:

(stare)atmeseverely,thechildrefusedtoanswer.

(conclude)hersummationoftheevidence,thedefenseattorneyrestedherclient’scase.

1.(tell)hewasnolongerneeded,hedecidedtoaskforatransfer.

2.(find)thedoorclosedbehindher,shelooksaboutforanemergencyexit.

3.(leave)theArmywithanhonorabledischarge,shewassurprisedthatittookthreemonthstofindajobthatwouldpayalivingwage.

4.(refuse)thehonorarydegree,thephysicistdidhisbesttojustifyhisbehavior.

5.(offer)thehousefor$5000lessthanitsmarketvalue,thecoupleexpectedtosellitquickly.

6.Customers(arrive)aftersixo’clockwillfindthestoreclosed.

7.Theauditorswillbeconcernedwithentries(omit)fromthebooks.

8.Ournewdeanwillfindthenewposition(challenge).

9.Not(realize)yourproblemwasthatdifficult,Iwonderwhyyouweresolonginarrivingatareasonablesolution.

10.(retire)fromthestage,mywifeisoftencalledontoperformwithoutpay.

GERUNDAgerundisthe-ingformofaverbusedasanoun.Agerundmayfunctionasthesubjectorobjectofaverborastheobjectofa

preposition:

Dialingisnolongernecessary.(Thegerunddialingisthesubjectoftheverbis.)Shestilllikesboxing.(Thegerundboxingistheobjectoftheverblikes.)Heisgiventoequivocating.(Equivocatingistheobjectoftheprepositionto.)Thisporchisusedonlyforsunning.(Sunningistheobjectoftheprepositionfor.)

Agerundmayalsofunctionasacomplement,maybemodified,andmaytakeanobject:

Myfavoritehobbyisgardening.(Gardeningisthecomplementofis.)Mynewinterestisorganicgardening.(Gardeningismodifiedbytheadjectiveorganic.)Yourfuturedependsonworkingvigorouslytowardarealisticgoal.(Workingismodifiedbytheadverbvigorously.)Hoardinggroceriesintimesofshortagesleadstogreatershortages.(Hoardinghasasitsobjectthenoungroceries.)

28.Inthefollowingsentences,identifythefunctions,modifiers,andobjects,ifany,oftheitalicizedgerunds.Rememberthatagerundmayfunctionasthesubjectofaverb,objectofaverb,objectofapreposition,orcomplement.Ifagerundismodified,themodifieriseitheranadjectiveoradverb.Usethefollowingexamplesasguides:

Hoursofdulleditingprovedtoomuchtotake.

Economicforecastingisfarfromprecise.

Swallowingfoodhastilycanleadtodisaster.

1.Plowingwashardworkwhenamanhadtodependonananimalinsteadofatractor.

2.Hefoundcookinginterestingforawhile.

3.Forrelaxing,Mr.Churchilloftenturnedtopainting.

4.Healsoenjoyedbricklayingfromtimetotime.

5.Herprincipaloccupationwasfindingenoughtoeat.

6.Preparingspecimensfordissectionisnotenjoyablebeforelunch.

7.Cuttingquicklytothebonehelpedthesurgeonfindthesourceoftheinfectionthatthreatenedthepatient’slife.

8.Writingscholarlypapersrapidlyisnotasimportantaswritingthemwell.

9.Goodwritingisnoteasytofind.

10.Ifoundhiswritingtedious.

VERBALSUSEDASMODIFIERS

Participlesandinfinitivesareverbalsthatareusedasmodifiers.Likeallmodifiers,theymustbeclearlyidentifiedwiththewordstheymodify.

Considerthefollowingsentences:

Considerthefollowingsentences:

Drivingfromthetee,thegolferscoredhisfirstbirdie.(Theparticipledrivingmodifiesthenoungolfer.)Havingservedthesamegeneralforsixyears,thesoldierknewallhishabits.(Theparticiplehavingservedmodifiesthenounsoldier.)Theteemingrainfloodedsuburbanstreets.(Theparticipleteemingmodifiesrain.)Thegrocertelephonedthewholesalertoorderadditionalsupplies.(Theinfinitivetoordermodifiestheverbtelephoned,sotoorderfunctionsasanadverb.)Maryhadanassignmenttocomplete.(Theinfinitivetocompletemodifiesthenounassignment,sotocompletefunctionsasanadjective.)

DANGLINGANDMISPLACEDMODIFIERSModifiersnotclearlyidentifiedwithwordstheymodifyarecalleddangling

modifiersormisplacedmodifiers.

DanglingParticiples

HavingeatenChinesefoodmanytimesbefore,therewasnoreasontobecomeill.(HavingeatenisaparticiplethatispartoftheparticipialphraseHavingeatenChinesefoodmanytimesbefore.Theentirephraseactsasamodifier,buthasnothingtomodifyintheprincipalclausetherewasnoreasontobecomeill.Thephrase,therefore,isconsideredadanglingmodifier.)

Thesentenceisrepairedbysupplyinganoun,pronoun,ornounphrasefortheparticipletomodify:

Correct

HavingeatenChinesefoodmanytimesbefore,Ihadnoreasontobecomeill.

Anotherwaytorepairthesentenceistoconverttheparticipialphraseintoadependentclause:

CorrectSinceIhadeatenChinesefoodmanytimesbefore,Ihadnoreasontobecomeill.

CorrectSinceIhadeatenChinesefoodmanytimesbefore,therewasnoreasonformetobecomeill.

MisplacedParticiples

Evenwhenmodifiershaveanoun,pronoun,ornounphrasetomodify,awritermaymisleadreadersifamodifiedelementisnotclearlyidentifiable.Suchamodifierisclassifiedasamisplacedmodifier.Theconstructionisfaultyandmustbecorrected.

Considerthefollowingsentence:

Swimmingasfastaspossible,Isawtheboyaheadofme.(Whowasswimmingasfastaspossible—theboyorI?)

CorrectIsawtheboyaheadofme,swimmingasfastaspossible.(Itwastheboy.)

Correct

Iswamasfastaspossibleandfinallysawtheboyaheadofme.(ItwasI.)

DanglingInfinitives

Thusfarthediscussionhascenteredondanglingandmisplacedparticiples.Butwhatistrueforparticiplesisalsotrueforinfinitives.

Considerthefollowingsentence:

Toconveyinformation,thereadermustbeconsidered.(Toconveyinformationdoesnotmodifyanythinginthesentence.)

Correct

Toconveyinformation,thewritermustconsiderthereader.

Correct

Awriterwhowishestoconveyinformationmustconsiderthe

Awriterwhowishestoconveyinformationmustconsiderthereader.

29.Inthefollowingsentences,correctthedanglingandmisplacedmodifiersasshownintheseexamples:

Stretchingacrosstheyard,Isawaclothesline.

Aftershowingmypass,thegateimmediatelyopened.

Toreachmyofficeby8:15,thetrainmustbeontime.

1.Tosellthatmanyautomobiles,agreatmanypeoplemustlikethedesign.

2.Standingintherunway,aplanewillhitsomebody.

3.Havingrunformanyweeks,Iconsideredtheplayasuccess.

4.Beforegainingadmittancetohisapartment,abellmustberung.

5.Havinghelpedtheoldmancrossthestreet,therestofthewalkwasuneventful.

6.Toachieveevenmodestacceptance,allaspectsofthepaintingmustbeconsideredcarefully.

7.Towinoverahostileaudience,theperformersmustbeattheirbest.

8.Stumblingblindlyinthefog,Isawamanappear.

9.Havingassembledallthenecessaryingredients,afinedinneriscertain.

10.Toprepareafinedinner,allingredientsmustbefresh.

AUXILIARYVERBSANDINFINITIVESINCOMPOUNDCONSTRUCTIONS

AuxiliaryVerbs

Whendifferenttensesareusedwithinacompoundconstruction,theauxiliaryverbsmustusuallybesuppliedinfull.Whenthesametenseisusedthroughoutacompoundconstruction,repetitionoftheauxiliaryverbsisnotusuallynecessary.

Considerthefollowingsentences:

BasketballhasbecomeandalwayswillbethefavoritesportofAmericans.(Thefirstpartofthecompoundverbisintheperfecthasbecome.Thesecondpartisinthefuturewillbe.Becausethetwotensesaredifferent,theauxiliaryverbshasandwillmustbesupplied.)Alltheplayerswillbegivenuniformsiftheyhavestudiedhardandpracticedregularly.(Notethathaveisnotneededbeforepracticed,becausehavestudiedand[have]practicedarebothintheperfecttense.)

InfinitivesIncompoundconstructionsemployinginfinitives,tocanbeusedbeforeeach

infinitivetoemphasizetheparallelstructure.

Shewastoldtosubmitherapplicationpromptlyandtoreportforafullphysicalexamination.

Thesecondtocanbeomittedifemphasisisnotdesirable:

Shewastoldtosubmitherapplicationpromptlyandreportforafullphysicalexamination.

Inaseriesemployinginfinitives,thefirstinfinitiveisalwaysprecededbyto.Ifthesecondinfinitiveisalsoprecededbyto,thenalltherestmustbeprecededbyto.Inmostseries,however,theinitialtoisusuallysufficient.

Considerthefollowingsentences:

Correct

Shewastoldtosubmitherapplication,reportforaphysicalexamination,andpresentsuitablereferencesfromrecentemployers.

Correct

Shewastoldtosubmitherapplication,toreportforaphysicalexamination,andtopresentreferencesfromherrecentemployers.

Incorrect

Shewastoldtosubmitherapplication,toreportforaphysicalexamination,andpresentsuitablereferencesfromrecentemployers.(Thesentencecanbecorrectedbydeletingthetobeforereportorbyinsertingtobeforepresent.)

30.Whereappropriateinthefollowingsentences,supplyallnecessarypartsoftheverbsandinfinitivesasshownintheseexamples:

Shelovestoswim,toskate,andfish.

ManyofthenewnationsofAfricahavebeenstrugglingtoensurethattheirpopulationswillhaveemploymentandthattheireconomicgoalsbeenmetbytheendofthenextdecade.

Thevariouscommunitygroupsarejoiningforcestodemandequaltreatmentofmenandwomen,toincreasewelfarepaymentsfortheneedy,andestablishdaycarecentersforthechildrenofworkingparents.

1.Thefirefightersmustbegivensufficientfreetimetoregaintheirstrengthandrepairtheirequipment.

2.Teachersreportthatallthechildrentheyteachhavebeenunderstrainandgoingtodobadlyoncitywideachievementtests.

3.Booksaresaidtocomfortthebereaved,inspiretheyoung,andguidetheperplexed.

4.ReadingScriptureissaidtocomforttheinvalidandguidethestudent.

5.TheyhavebeentrainingfortheexpeditionallyearandleavingbyJanuary.

6.Jobapplicationsareavailablefordistributiontothosewhohavepassedthequalifyingexaminationandnowdesireemployment.

7.Applicationswillbegivenonlytothosewhohavepassedtheexaminationandwillingtotakejobsimmediately.

8.Thecoupledecidedtoabandontheirlifeinthecountry,toselltheirpossessions,andtakeanapartmentinthecity.

9.Largehouseshavebeenandcontinuetobedifficulttosellthesedays.

10.Sealhuntinghasalwaysbeenconsideredinhumane,butmencontinuetohuntthesebeautifulanimals,skinningthemaliveandtoleavetheirdyingbodiesbehindtobeeatenbyscavengingbirds.

PARALLELSTRUCTUREANDVERBFORMSParallelstructuremustbepreservedinsentencesusingtwoormoreverbsor

verbals.

Parallelgrammaticalconstructionsareusedtoexpressparallelideas.Thismeansthatcompoundconstructionsmustcontaingrammaticallyidenticalforms.Thisrequirementisespeciallyimportantforverbsandverbals.(Itiseasytorecognizeacompoundconstructionbythepresenceofacoordinatingconjunction:and,bit,or,nor.)

Considerthefollowingsentences:

CorrectIoftenswim,fish,andhunt.(Thethreeverbsareinidenticalform,thepresentindicative.)

IncorrectIlikeswimming,fishing,andtohunt.(Intheseries,swimmingandfishingaregerunds;tohuntisaninfinitive.Thestructureisnotparallel.)

CorrectIlikeswimming,fishing,andhunting.(Threegerunds.)Iliketoswim,fish,andhunt.(Threeinfinitives.)

CorrectParadoxically,thehelicopterhasbeenusedtosavelivesandtotakelives.(Twoinfinitives.)Thecoachstressedtwoideas:playhardandwin.(Playandwinbothimperative,secondperson.)Thecoachstressedtwoideas:playinghardandwinning.(Twoparticiplesmodifyingideas.)

IncorrectThecoachstressedtwoideas:playhardandwinning.(Theimperativeplayisincorrectlycombinedwiththeparticiplewinning.)

31.Inthefollowingsentences,underlinethemistakesinparallelconstructionandcorrectthem,asshownintheseexamples:MarianneMoorewasanoutstandingAmericanpoet,lovedbaseball,andaDodgerfan.

Whenjobsarehardtofind,peoplewhowantajobmustlookforworkconstantly,keeptheirspiritsup,andbealerttoeveryopportunity.

1.Poordirectionbymanagementcancauseemployeestomakemanymistakesandcreatingpoormorale.

2.Rhododendronsshouldnotbeplantedinnorthernclimatesorbecultivatedclosely.

3.Headmiresgoodbooks,lovesclassicalmusic,andadoresbeautifulwomen.

4.Neitherborrowingnortolendwillleadtohappiness.

5.Shespentherdayspeacefully,butshewasfindingthattheeveningsdragged.

6.ThePresident’sgoalistohelpothernationsandpreservingthe

independenceofherownpeople.

7.Blendinganacceptablespaghettisauceandcookingitproperlyareeasytasksevenforanovicecook.

8.Ketchupisanall-purposefooddisguise,capableofmaskingtheworstinameatloafandtoruinthebestscrambledeggs.

9.Harryshatteredthewindowandthenwentrighttohisfathertoaskforgiveness.

10.CommencementexercisesseemedtoJackbothaboreandannoying.

CHAPTER4Pronouns

Apronounisawordorwordsusedinplaceofanoun,anounanditsmodifiers,oranotherpronoun.Theelementreplacediscalledtheantecedentofthepronoun.

Considerthefollowingsentences:

Secrecycharacterizeseveryactionoftheleadingpoliticalparties.Itisacceptedunquestioninglybythevoters.(ThewordItsubstitutesforSecrecy.ThenounSecrecyinthefirstsentenceistheantecedentofthepronounIt.)Thevotersinourtownvotedagainstthebondissue.Theyvowedtovotenoadditionalfunds.(Theysubstitutesforthenounvotersanditsmodifierinourtown.ThevotersinourtowninthefirstsentenceistheantecedentofThey.)Shebakedbreadsowellthathercustomersboughtexclusivelyfromher.(herandherarepronounswiththecommonantecedentShe.)Larryworkedsowellthathisbosspromotedhim.(himisapronounwiththeantecedentLarry.)

1.Inthefollowingsentences,identifythepronounsandtheirantecedentsasshownintheseexamples:

JohngavethemoneytoJane.Hegavethemoneytoher.

Deirdrebalancedhercheckbook.Shethendepositedadditionalfunds.

1.KateandLeonardsavedregularlyforthehousetheyknewtheywouldpurchaseoneday.

2.Thedogchasedthemouseandfinallykilledit.

3.Thepainterpreparedfivebrushes,andhefinallygottousethem.

4.HeinrichBöllwasawardedtheNobelPrizeforLiteratureafterhehadachievedworldwiderecognitionforhiswork.

5.Longafterhehadreturnedtocivilianlife,thewarveteranfoundhewasstillanxiousfromtimetotime.

6.JohnandSallyworkedhardtogether.Hedidthephysicallabor,andshedidtheclericalwork.

7.JohnandSallyworkedhardtogether.Theysharedtheworkfairly.Shedidthephysicallabor,andheattendedtotherecords.

8.Thechildrenfoundtheirgametiresome.Itconsistedofnothingmorethanrepeatingafewwordsoverandoveruntiltheywerememorized.

9.JoanandAudreyfoundtheywereworkingmoreharmoniouslythantheyhadexpected.

10.Teachersandparentsagreedthattheyhadthesameinterests.

11.Extractionofawisdomtoothcancausegreatpainifitisimpacted.

12.Thegovernorsignedtheproclamationeventhoughshedidnotunderstandthereasonswhyitwasdrafted.

13.Zebrasareprizedforthebeautytheydisplay.

14.Mr.Cunninghamisknownformusiclessonsofquality.Theyhavealivelinessoftheirownthatheneverfailstocommunicate.

15.Dantoldhissonthathewouldbegivenawatchthatwouldhelphimgethomeontime.

16.Textbookscostmoney,buttheyareworthit.

17.Maryleftallthedishesinthesink,eventhoughsheknewshewouldhavetodothemwhenshereturnedfromthemovies.

18.Marjorie’smothergaveherabracelettowearwhensheattendedtheparty.

19.ThedoctorwilltestJonagainwhenheisfiveyearsold.

20.Ruthisboundtosellsomeantiquesifshetrieslongenough.

21.SanFranciscohasitsadvantages,buttheycosttouristsdearlywhentheyarenotcareful.

22.TwoatomicbombsendedWorldWarII,andtheyarestillrememberedtoday.

23.Vermontimposesheavyincometaxeswhenitneedsfunds.

24.Inademocracy,citizenshaveequalrights,butnotallofthemexercisetheirrights.

25.Chicagoisabeautifulcity,butitlacksproximitytoNewYork.

TYPESOFPRONOUNSTherearemanytypesofpronouns.Themostimportantarepersonal,

impersonal,relative,demonstrative,interrogative,reflexive,intensive,reciprocal,andindefinite.Asafirststepinlearningtheseterms,examinethefollowingexamplesofeachtype:

Personalpronouns:I,you,he,she,we,they,oneImpersonalpronouns:it,they

Relativepronouns:who,which,that,whoever,whicheverDemonstrativepronouns:this,that,these,thoseInterrogativepronouns:who,which,what,whoever,whateverReflexivepronouns:myself,yourself,himself,herself,ourselves,yourselves,

themselves,itselfIntensivepronouns:myself,yourself,himself,herself,ourselves,yourselves,

themselves,itselfReciprocalpronouns:eachother,oneanotherIndefinitepronouns:each,either,any,anyone,some,someone,all

PersonalandImpersonalPronouns

Personalpronounsrefertopeople.Impersonalpronounsrefertoeverythingbutpeople.

Personalandimpersonalpronounscanbesingularorplural.Theycanalsobeinthesubjective,possessive,orobjectivecase.Personalpronounsmayalsoindicategender.

Thefollowingtablesummarizespersonalandimpersonalpronounsinnumber,case,andgender:

Thefollowingsentencesillustratetheusesofpersonalandimpersonalpronounsineachofthethreecases:

pronounsineachofthethreecases:

SubjectiveCaseI(We,You,They)seetheentirescene.He(She,It,One)seestheentirescene.

PossessiveCase(Seepages103–104foradiscussionofpossessiveadjectives.)Themistakewasmine(ours,yours,hers,his,theirs).Mine(Ours,Yours,His,Hers,Theirs)wastheonlypartthatrequiredrevision.

ObjectiveCaseTheeditorcriticizesme(us,him,her,one,them,it).

2.Inthefollowingsentences,supplythemissingpersonalandimpersonalpronounsasshownintheexamples:

Theinstructorgradedthestudent’spaper.gradedthestudent’spaper.

Theinstructorgraded .Thegovernorsignedtheproclamation.

signed .

1.Forveryyoungchildren,MissGrantdidnotstressattentiontodetail.Forveryyoungchildren,___________didnotstressattentiontodetail.

2.Inwritingbiographyandcriticism,anauthormustobserveallscholarlytraditions.Inwritingbiographyandcriticism,___________(or___________)mustobserveallscholarlytraditions.

3.FewvalidstudiesofQueenElizabethIIareconcernedwiththeconditionsunderwhichBritishroyaltylive.FewvalidstudiesofQueenElizabethIIareconcernedwiththeconditionsunderwhich___________live.

4.Mrs.Kayeisresponsibleforoverseeingbothsalesandmarketing.___________isresponsibleforoverseeingbothsalesandmarketing.

5.IdecidedtogiveAliceandBobtheportraittheyadmiredsomuch.Idecidedtogive___________theportraittheyadmiredsomuch.

6.TheagentsagreedthatJohn’sgiftwasworthmorethanexpected.___________agreedthat___________wasworthmorethanexpected.

7.YourviewofLondonandmyviewdifferwidely.YourviewofLondonand___________differwidely.

8.Americanballetisparticularlyinterestingsince___________isnotconfinedbytradition.

9.John’sviewofLondonandminedifferwidely.___________differwidely.

10.FranklinandEleanorRoosevelthadseveralchildren.___________hadseveralchildren.

11.Whensubmittingmanuscriptsforpublication,thewritermustsupplytwoclearcopies.Whensubmittingmanuscriptsforpublication,___________(or___________)mustsupplytwoclearcopies.

12.Whateverpreferenceyoumayhave,therestauranthasasuitablewine.Whateveryourpreference,therestauranthasawinesuitablefor___________.

13.Istherenowayofforcingthehandsoftheopposingattorneys?Istherenowayofforcing___________hands?

14.DoyouknowwhenDublinerswasfirstpublished?Doyouknowwhen___________wasfirstpublished?

15.ItischaracteristicofNormathatsheagreedtogotothedinnerpartyeventhoughtheinvitationarrivedlate.Itischaracteristicof___________thatsheagreedtogotothedinnerpartyeventhoughtheinvitationarrivedlate.

16.DoesthisbookbelongtoStanandEthel?Doesthisbookbelongto___________?Isthisbook___________?

17.IcannotrecallwhetherthepoemyourefertoisbyeitherRobertorElizabethBrowning.Iamcertainthepoemyourefertoisbyoneof___________.

18.Bill’sinformationwaslesscompletethantheinformationsuppliedtoLouise.Bill’sinformationwaslesscompletethantheinformationsuppliedto___________.

19.NoonebutPhylliscandothatjobproperly.Noonebut___________candothatjobproperly.

20.JanewasinstructedtogivethepapertonoonebutJoe.Janewasinstructedtogivethepapertonoonebut___________.

21.TheLopezfamilyisgoingtohaveitsannualreunion.___________aregoingtohaveanannualreunion.

22.ItistimetogivePoochthemedicinetheveterinarianprescribed.ItistimetogivePoochthemedicine___________(or___________)prescribed.

23.Hasthecatmadeamessagain?Has___________madeamessagain?

24.Doesthepaintingbelongintheneighbors’collection?Isthepaintingoneof___________?

25.Wastheportraitofhisfirstwife?Wastheportrait___________?

RelativePronouns

Relativepronounsrefertopeopleandobjects.Theyareusedinthethreecases:

Whoreferstopeople;thattopeopleorobjects;whichtoanimals,objects,orcollectivenouns.

Thefollowingsentencesillustratetheusesofwho,that,andwhichinalltheircases:

SubjectiveCase

Awomanwhowantstosucceedinbusinessmustdedicateherselftothatend.Theboatthatwontheracehadanoutstandingcrew.Whichofthecontractswaswitnessedbyanotarypublic?

PossessiveCaseWhoseautomobilegaveoutfirst?Ihavehadenoughofthat.Theproblemofwhichyouspokehasasimplesolution.

Theboardoftrustees,whoseunanimousapprovalisneeded,failedtoactintime.

ObjectiveCaseTheminorliteraryfigurestowhomyourefersurelymeritnofurtherstudy.Youcannotobjecttothat!Thejournalstowhichhecontributesmakenoclaimsabouthisprofessionalintegrity.AmericanauthorstowhomrespectisdueincludeHemingway,Fitzgerald,andFaulkner.

Whoever,whomever,whichever,andwhateverarealsoclassifiedasrelativepronouns:

WhoeversaidAmywouldbecomeanoutstandingcomputerprogrammermusthavehadacrystalball.Giveittowhomeveryoudecideneedsmosthelp.Youhavethreechoices:whicheveryouoverlookwillbringyounothingbuttrouble.Whateversoldiersdo,theymustbepreparedtostandbytheiractions.

3.Inthefollowingsentences,supplythemissingrelativepronounsasshownintheseexamples:

turnsinthebestessaywillreceivetheaward.Thetable yourefinishedisstandinginthestudy.

1.Thisessay,___________istheworstshehaseverwritten,willsurelybejudgedunworthyofpublication.

2.Thestory___________Itoldyoumustnotberepeated.3.Actresses___________aregoodenoughfortheBroadwaystagemust

surelybegoodenoughforregionaltheaters.4.Theantiquesof___________youboastmaywellturnouttobe

worthless.5.Plays___________plotsarethatobviouscannotholdtheinterestofany

matureaudience.

6.Of___________Ihavenoopinionworthdeclaring.7.Peoplein___________youplacegreattrustaresurelyspecialpeople.8.Theparagraphsto___________youalludehavebeenlostinthe

computerprintout.9.Theanswerto___________isclearlybeyondmylimitedknowledge.10.___________findsthedogwilldemandarewardforitsreturn.11.Coatsandhats___________areleftinthecloakroommustbeclaimed

bytheirownerswithinanhouraftertheperformance.12.___________youcite,becertainthatyourfootnotefullycreditsthe

source.13.Horses___________findtheirwayagreatdistancefromhomecannot

bethoughtofasdumbanimals.14.___________ofthetwopaintingsyoubuyiscertainlygoingtoplease

her.15.Blueflowers,for___________Ihaveaspecialfondness,arenotoften

foundinamoderngarden.16.Idecidedtolike___________shechoosestomarry.17.Thehouse___________Iliveinisforsaleatanyreasonableprice.18.Myhouse,___________isforsale,sitsonacrampedbutattractiveplot.19.Houses___________designsareunconventionalmaynotbereadily

marketable.20.Despiteherprotests,Iproceededtobuythechair___________shedid

notwant.21.Thepartners___________signedtheagreementhappilylivedtoregret

doingso.22.Youngmen___________youseeinbarsarespendingtheirtime

unwisely.23.___________agreestoundertakethisprojectwillfindthatheorshehas

contractedforagreatdealofwork.24.___________oftheseminormasterpiecesdoyouprefer?25.To___________shallIaddresstheletterofapplication?

DemonstrativePronouns

Demonstrativepronounsreplacenounsandfunctioninthesamemannerasnounsinasentence.

Theprincipaldemonstrativepronounsare:this,that,these,andthose.(Seedemonstrativeadjectives,page103.)Thisandthataresingular.Theseandthoseareplural.

Demonstrativepronounshavenogender,buttheydohavecase.

Thefollowingsentencesillustratetheusesofthedemonstrativepronounsinalltheircases:

SubjectiveCaseThisismorethanIcanpossiblyeatinonesitting.Thatremainsmylastobstacletosuccessincollege.Thesearemyonlyobjectionstotheentireplan.Thosewerethebequeststhatcausedsomuchfamilywrangling.

PossessiveCaseTheprincipaladvantagesofthisareeconomy,beauty,andstrength.Ofthese,onlyafewareworthyoffullconsideration.Ofthose,noneisworthyofseriouscomment.

ObjectiveCaseWeagreedtogivethisourfullattention.Theydecidedagainstthatatleasttenyearsago.Theharshweatherkilledtheselastmonth.Chooseamongthoseandletmeknowyourdecisionsassoonaspossible.

Otherdemonstrativepronounscommonlyencounteredareformer,latter,other,such,so,same,andtheordinalnumbers:first,second,third,etc.

Thefollowingsentencesillustratetheuseofthesedemonstrativepronouns:

Theformer,notthelatter,wastheoneIintendedtobidon.Suchisnotthecase,despitewhatyouthinkshesaid.Hetoldherso.Nowgivemetheother.Enclosedfindpaymentforsame.(Old-fashionedbusinesscorrespondenceusage.)Thefirstwasmychoice,eventhoughthefourthandsixthalsocaughtmyeye.

4.Inthefollowingsentences,supplythemissingdemonstrativepronounsasshownintheseexamples:

suitsmebetterthanthepreviouschoice.Thelattersuitsmebetterthanthe .

1.Indeed,ifitwerenot___________,Isurelywouldhavetoldyoubynow.

2.Isewedafewof___________beforeIwentontoasecondbatch.3.Let___________standasmybesteffort.4.Hedecidedtosellme___________insteadofthese.5.Picture___________hanginginyourlivingroom.6.Whenyouconsiderfamousthoroughbredsofalltime,itisdoubtfulthat

Secretariatwouldbethe___________thatcomestomind.7.Weatealittleof___________andalittleof___________.8.Weateafewof___________andafewof___________.9.Whenconditionsare___________thatairlinesclosedownflightstoour

city,wenolongercanexpecttohavefullemployment.10.___________whoarewillingtostandforofficemustbewillingto

debatecampaignissuesontelevision.

InterrogativePronouns

Interrogativepronounsareusedinaskingquestions.Theprincipalinterrogativepronounsarewho,which,andwhat.Whoeverandwhateveroccurlessfrequently.Whoisusedforpeople.Whichandwhatareusedforthings.Thesepronouns

donothavegender.

Thefollowingsentencesillustratetheusesofinterrogativepronounsinalltheircases:

SubjectiveCase

Whostolehercollectionofcompactdisks?Whichperformsbestwhenthestockmarketisgoingdown?Whatisgoingtohappentousaftersheleavesthecompany?

PossessiveCase

Whosedidyoutake?Ofwhichdidyoudespairfirst?Whatdoyouthinkofalldaylong?

ObjectiveCase

Whomdidyoutaketotheseniorprom?Whichdidyouselect?Whathaveyoudecidedtodoabouttheproblemweallface?

5.Inthefollowingsentences,supplythemissinginterrogativepronounsasshownintheseexamples:

hascompletedtheentireEnglishassignment?canItellyouabouthersituation?

1.___________isyourfavoriteclassicalcomposer?2.___________shouldwedoaboutallthebrokenwindows?3.___________ofthosebirdsdidmybrotherAlshoot?4.___________wereyoutalkingwithwhenIhappenedtowalkby?5.___________canyouseethroughthetelescope?6.___________wasplayingnineinningsofbaseballintherain?

7.___________doyouwantmetodoforyou?8.___________isthemanEdithpraisessomuch?9.___________wereyouabouttodowhenIinterruptedyou?10.___________doyouthinkofherasacandidateforchiefexecutive?

ReflexivePronouns

Reflexivepronounsareusedinsentencescontainingverbswhoseactionsaredirectedtowardthesubjectsoftheverbs.Thesepronounsareformedbyadding-selfor-selves,asappropriate,tothepersonalpronounsorpossessiveadjectivesmy,your,him,her,our,them,oneandtheimpersonalpronounit.

Thefollowingsentencesillustratetheusesofreflexivepronouns:

Healmostalwayscuthimselfwhileshaving.Youarelosingyourselfinyourwork.Shediscoveredherselfafteraperiodofintenseintrospection.Janusuallysupportedhimselfbyteachingkarate.Wefailourselveswhenwefailothers.Askyourselveswhetheryouhavedonerightbyyourfamilies.Theytoldthemselvesonlywhattheywantedtohear.Ifoneonlydidwhatwasrightforoneself!Thegiraffefounditselfintroubleafteritshabitatwasthoroughlysprayedwithherbicide.

6.Inthefollowingsentences,supplythemissingreflexivepronounsasshownintheseexamples:

Unfortunatelyheexcused early,leavinguswithoutguidance.Nomatterhowbadlythemerchandisewasdisplayed,itseemedtosell .

1.Garyhelped___________toasecondlargepieceofcake.2.Youowe___________alongvacationfarfromhome.3.Ourwishes___________aretoblameforourmostseriousfaults.4.Nancywashed___________intheicystream.

5.Iusuallygive___________thebenefitofthedoubt;doesn’tonealwaysgive___________thesameadvantage?

6.Godissaidtohelpthosewhohelp___________.7.Aftereverymealsheate,thecatwashed___________thoroughly.8.Youshouldstopfooling___________aboutyourhealth.9.Mr.Saundersmade___________successfulthroughhardworkover

longyears.10.Pamtaught___________SpanishandFrench.11.Youmenshouldnotblame___________forwhatwentwrong.12.Iamforcing___________toloseatleastthirtypounds.13.Shewillenduphurting___________ifsheisnotcareful.14.Manyawriterhasfound___________atlooseendsaftercompleting

herfirstnovel.15.Thetownwasruining___________bypermittingneighboringtownsto

dischargewasteintoitssewagesystem.

IntensivePronouns

Intensivepronounsareusedasappositives(seepages100–101)tostrengthenthesubjectofaverb.

Intensivepronounshavethesameformsasreflexivepronouns:myself,yourself,himself,herself,ourselves,yourselves,themselves,oneself,anditself.

Thefollowingsentencesillustratetheusesoftheintensivepronouns:

Imyselfcanseelittleuseinfollowingapoorlyconceivedplan.Icanseelittleuseinthatactionmyself.Youyourselfwillhavetotakefullresponsibilityforyourbudget.Youwillhavetotakefullresponsibilityyourself.Henryhimselfwasnotatfaultinthatmatter,wehavebeentold.Henrywasnotatfaulthimself.Ericaherselffoundlittleofinterestinthenewsymphony.Ericafoundlittleofinterestinthesymphonyherself.Weourselvesarecontenttoletthematterdropeventhoughwehavebeenhurt.Wearecontentourselvestoletthematterdrop.

Youyourselvescanfindtheanswersifyoutryhardenough.Youcanfindtheanswersyourselves.TheFrenchthemselvesareabusingtheirlanguage.TheFrenchareabusingtheirlanguagethemselves.Themagazineitselfisoflittlevalue.Themagazineisoflittlevalueitself.

7.Inthefollowingsentences,supplythemissingintensivepronounsasshownintheseexamples:

Hecoulddolittle toeasetherecurrentpain.Mary foundthesituationhopelesslyludicrous.

1.We___________areresponsibleformostofourownactions.2.TheJonesfamily___________wasnotinvited.3.Ifhe___________understoodtheproblem,hewouldfindanacceptable

answer.4.Onemust___________bealerttopeople’sneeds.5.WhenI___________amtoblame,IdonothesitatetodowhatIcanto

helpout.6.Youcannotconsiderthatthetwoofyouhavecompletedtheexercise

___________.7.Oscar___________wasagoodhorsemaninmostrespects.8.You___________mustfindanacceptablesolution.9.Alicewasdeterminedtocompletethemeal___________.10.Hugh___________designedandbuiltthehouse.11.Weconcludedthatwe___________wereentirelyfreeofguilt.12.Television___________doeslittletoraisetheliteracylevelinthis

country.13.You___________willhavetoactasstrongleadersorrisklosingthe

election.14.Youwillhavetoshowhimtheway___________.15.Doyoumeanthatyou___________willdothisworkwithoutanyhelp?

ReciprocalPronouns

Thereciprocalpronounsareoneanotherandeachother.Oneanotherisgenerallyusedwhenwritingofmorethantwopeople.Bothreciprocalpronounshavepossessiveandobjectivecases.

Thefollowingsentencesillustrateusesofthesepronouns:

JohnandJerryfoundeachother’scompanysatisfying.Allthirtystudentssoughtoneanother’sassistance.Heandhiswifecaughtthemselvesshoutingateachother.He,hiswife,andtheirdaughtercaughtthemselvesshoutingatoneanother.Neighborsupanddowntheroadstoppedspeakingtooneanother.

8.Inthefollowingsentences,supplythemissingreciprocalpronounsasshownintheseexamples:

Thecouplehasonly toblameformismanagingtheirbudget.Ifthetriplets oneanotherlessfrequently,theywouldbehappier.

1.Theentirekitchenstaffoftwelvecookshelpedinslicingandbuttering___________bread.

2.Theyoungestchildandhisolderbrothersandsistersallmadethingsasdifficultaspossiblefor___________.

3.GilbertandSullivanhadanintensedislikefor___________duringmuchoftheircollaboration.

4.HeandMaryfound___________companyalmostunbearablebythetimetwoweeksofsummerhadpassed.

5.Wemustdofor___________whatwewouldliketohaveothersdoforus.

6.Theyfind___________housesmoreinterestingthantheirown.7.Childrentendtoprefer___________companytothatofmostadults.8.Thethreewivesdiscoveredthattherewasmuchtheylikedabout

___________.9.Musicandartcomplement___________inthelivesofmanypeople.

10.Alltheseniorfacultymembersagreedthattherewasnopracticalwaytheycouldconsult___________onallproblemsthathadtoberesolved.

IndefinitePronouns

Indefinitepronounsconstitutealargenumberofimprecisewordsthatcanfunctionaspronouns.Themostfrequentlyusedare:all,another,any,anybody,anyone,anything,both,eachone,either,everybody,everyone,everything,few,little,many,more,much,neither,nobody,none,noone,nothing,oneself,other,others,several,some,somebody,someone,something,andsuch.

Thefollowingsentencesillustratesomeusesofindefinitepronouns:

Allwecandoistryourbestandhopethingsturnoutallright.Thissweaterfitsanybodysixormorefeettall.Eachoneisreviewedinturnandgivenaproficiencyrating.Igavehimnothingforhislabors.Ifotherswereasconcernedashe,therewouldbenoproblem.Someonemustbeheldresponsibleforthisheinousdeed.Thecrowdwassuchthatthepolicefearedabreak-inatthegate.

9.Inthefollowingsentences,supplythemissingindefinitepronounsasshownintheseexamples:

portrayedinthismannerusuallycansueforlibel.Wespoketo inturn.Thepolicesuspectedthat hadbeentakenbytheintruders.

1.When___________hadleft,Ibegancleaningtheauditorium.2.___________wasabletocompletethecrosswordpuzzle,becauseitwas

exceptionallydifficult.3.Thoughmanywantedtogoaboard,___________waspermittedtodo

so.4.Samsaidhewouldbuyher___________sheaskedforaslongasthe

presentwouldcostlessthanahundreddollars.5.___________wereindictedforperjury,butonlytwowereconvicted.

6.Thepartyisopento___________whowantstocontributetothecharity.

7.IgavehermostofwhatIhad,butsheinsistedonhaving___________.8.Unfortunately,thereis___________thatcanbedone.9.Investigatorsfinallydecidedthat___________hadbeentaken.10.WhenIgotthroughwithit,therewas___________left.11.___________whoworkslongenoughandhardenoughisboundto

succeed.12.Youcantellme___________youwant,butIprobablywillnotbelieve

you.13.___________wasdiscussed,butwasdone.14.Ihavedone___________Ican,andnow___________willhaveto

waitandhope.15.___________whoiscompletelysanecouldhavecommittedsucha

crime.16.Peterasked___________heknew,but___________gavehima

straightanswer.17.Theweatherwas___________thataturbulentflightwasinevitable.18.Onlya___________wereabletoqualifyfortheOlympicstrackevents

onthefirstday.19.Peoplealwaysneed___________toblametheirtroubleson.20.___________wasthrownintothewaterinturn.21.Thesmokebotheredalmost___________whowasthere.22.___________wereabletopasstheexamination,but___________did

exceptionallywell.23.Richardtold___________,notevenhiswife,abouttherobbery.24.Thebooksaresittingthere,waitingfor___________toreadthem.25.TamarawantedtobuythebrownshoesforSam,buthepreferredthe

___________.

PRONOUNAGREEMENT

PluralandSingularAntecedents

Apronounissingularwhenitsantecedentissingular,pluralwhenitsantecedentisplural.

antecedentisplural.

SingularandPluralAnywomanwhoisfriendlywithherneighborswillbewellregarded.(Thepronounwhoissingular,becauseitsantecedent,woman,issingular.)TheinterestingthingaboutJohnisthathealwayscompleteshisjokeswhetherornothehasanattentiveaudience.(Thepronounsheandhearesingular,becausetheircommonantecedent,John,issingular.)Allthreejudgesstatedthattheybelievedtheconvicthadbeenaccusedunjustly.(Thepronountheyisplural,becauseitsantecedent,judges,isplural.)Mentalhealthinstitutionscareforpatientsaswellastheycan.(Thepronountheyisplural,becauseitsantecedent,institutions,isplural.)

10.Inthefollowingsentences,supplythemissingpronounsasshownintheseexamples:

Afilefoldermustbeputbackintheplacewherebelongs.Books arewidelyreadarefrequentlystolen.

1.TheMexicangovernmentreliesheavilyonthetourists___________canattractfromtherestofNorthAmerica.

2.Collegeprofessorsusuallysaythat___________believethequalityoftheirstudentsisimprovingyearbyyear.

3.Radioactivewastescanbeathreattothelivesoftheresidentsofatownif___________donottakestepstosafeguardtheirwatersupply.

4.AfterHazelandHarryhadfinishedtheirwork,___________wenttothemovies.

5.TheNewYorkYankees,___________flourishedduringtheeraofBabeRuth,havefound___________frequentlylongingforhisreturn.

6.___________ofthethreevirtuosoviolinistsisbestknownbyconcertgoers?

7.Afteranelectricalstormleavesanarea,___________eitherdissipatesorgoesontodoitsmischiefinanotherarea.

8.Englishteacherscontinuetomakethesamemistakesintheclassroom___________havealwaysmade.

9.GeneralMotors,___________ofthelargestenterprisesintheworld,isalwaysconsciousofthepublicimageitprojects.

10.Thepolicemansaidthat___________hadcaughtallthreeburglarsas___________wereleavingthestore.

11.ManyexpertsdenytheauthenticityofthatVermeer,claimingthat___________lacksthequalityoflight___________associatewiththemaster.

12.Although___________donotoftenadmittheirdebt,manyAmericanswouldbelostif___________couldnotturntotheirfreezersandmicrowaveovensahalfhourbeforestartingdinner.

13.Aman___________istruetohisownconsciencemayfind___________introublewiththeauthorities.

14.HowardCarter,___________studiedinEgyptin1922,discoveredthetombofTutankhamen,thefamousEgyptianking___________diedwhen___________wasonlyeighteen.

15.Myneighborisgoodattrainingherowntwohorses,butnot___________that___________boards.

16.Inthemiddleoftheexamination,Ibrokemypencilandwasnotallowedtosharpen___________.

17.RogerleftonatriptoPeruwithoutrememberingtocarrytheSpanishdictionary___________neededsobadly.

18.OfalltheplaysofShakespeare,KingLearistheoneIlikebest,althoughtheothertragediessurpass___________asfarasmywifeisconcerned.

19.___________ofDora’scatsisgentler,thebrownorthegray?20.Thisbook,___________Ifoundinasecondhandbookstore,isproving

valuable.21.GrahamGreeneismuchadmiredforhisearlynovels,butmanysaythat

___________likeallthework___________published.22.Fujiyamaisafamoustouristattraction,butmanytouristscomplainthat

onmostdays___________arenotabletosee___________.23.AnneFrankrecordedherdeepestfearsandhopesinadiary

___________keptduringthetragiceventsofWorldWarII,butneversaw___________published.

24.Afterfightingthefishforhours,thefishermanfoundthat___________couldnotbring___________in.

25.WhenJoeDiMaggiowasinhisprime,___________wastheheroofallyoungboys,___________dreamedofseeing___________playoneday.

AntecedentsJoinedbyAnd,Or,orNor

PluralApronounispluralwhenitsantecedentistwoormorewordsjoinedbyand.

RichardandJeffreyarecompletingundergraduatedegreestheyhopetoputtouse.Boysandgirlsarefindingthemselvesincreasinglydisenchantedwithschool.

SingularApronounissingularwhenitsantecedentistwoormoresingularwords

joinedbyorornor.

Idon’tknowwhetherJoanorEdnamadeherselfclearintheargument.NeitherSinclairLewisnorThomasWolfehasyetreceivedthefinalcriticaljudgmenthedeserves.

Whenasingularantecedentandapluralantecedentarejoinedbyorornor,thepronounagreesinnumberwiththeantecedentthatiscloser.

EitherBarbaraorthetwinswillhavetodowhattheycan.Neitherthesalesmennorthemanagerlearnedthathewasatfault.Neitherthemanagernorthesalesmenlearnedthattheywereatfault.

Ifuseofthisrulerisksambiguity,thesentencemustberecast.

11.Inthefollowingsentencessupplythemissingpronounsasshownintheseexamples:

Amalesiblingandhissisterssometimesgothroughlifewithout

knowingwhat reallybelieve.Icannotunderstandwhythebrothersbelieve willworktogetherharmoniously.Ifahotelormotelopensitsdoorsnextyear, willbeoperatingprofitablywithintwoyears.

1.NeitherIdahonorMontanacanboastoftheseverewinterweather___________receives.

2.Themountainsandbeachesarecrowdedbytouristseveryyeareventhough___________arebecomingincreasinglyinaccessible.

3.Myparentsraisecowsandsheepeventhough___________arenotprofitable.

4.Wehavebeengivenourpaychecks,butneitherCarolenorSusanhasreceived___________yet.

5.Eitherthebrothersorthesisterwillhavetopayherdebtbeforethecreditmanagerwillgive___________additionalcredit.

6.Eitherthesisterorthebrotherswillhavetopaytheirdebtbeforethecreditmanagerwillgive___________additionalcredit.

7.Neithertheunionmembersnortheirleadersshowedanyinterestinaquicksettlementofthedisputebetween___________.

8.Eithertheunionpresidentorthememberswillhavetoshowinterestinaquicksettlementif___________aretohavelaborpeace.

9.Thelibrariansandthelibraryboardaremeetingtonighttoadoptthebudgetweoffered___________fornextyear.

10.NeitherTednorhisbrothersfound___________wereentirelyhappywhenthefamilyattorneyreadtheirfather’swillaloud.

CollectiveNouns

Ifanantecedentisacollectivenountreatedassingular,thepronounaffectedbyitissingular.

Thecommitteeismeetingnextweektoreachthedecisionitwants.Theboardoftrusteeshasdecidedtonameaschairpersonthecandidateitfirstmet.

Ifanantecedentisacollectivenountreatedasplural,thepronounisplural.

Ifanantecedentisacollectivenountreatedasplural,thepronounisplural.

Thecommitteearemeetingnextweektoreachthedecisiontheywant.Theboardoftrusteeshavedecidedtoreversethedecisiontheymade.

Collectivenounsmustbetreatedconsistentlywithinagivenunitofwriting.Theymustneverbetreatedasbothsingularandplural.

12.Inthefollowingsentences,supplythemissingpronounsasshownintheseexamples:

Theboardofdirectorshasnotmetsince recessedinJanuary.

Theboardofdirectorshavebeeninconstantconsultation,because anticipateagrowingfiscalproblem.

1.Thedebatingteamishavingitsbestseasonsince___________wasorganized.

2.Thesteeringcommitteearemeetingtodeclarethat___________intendtostrike.

3.Noorganizationhasafutureifitsmembersarenotwillingtosupport___________.

4.Iwouldbewillingtobeamemberofagroupthatstandsupforthepositions___________believesin.

5.Thecontentsoftheboxarestampedonthetop,but___________canscarcelybereadwithoutamagnifyingglass.

6.Acrossthestreetliveacouplewhosoonwillannouncethat___________aregrandparents.

7.Adozenistoomuchforasmallmealandtoolittleforalargeone,but___________mightbejustrightforabedtimesnack.

8.Myoffspringaregoingtobepermittedtogotothetheaterby___________.

9.Thecompanyhassponsoredapicniceverysummersince___________startedinbusiness.

10.Ajuryusuallyisnotunanimousinitsjudgmentunlessoneattorneyor

theotherisextremelyskillfulinarguingbefore___________.

SingularPronounsasAntecedents

Asingularpronounisusedwithanyofthefollowingpronounsasantecedent:one,anyone,anybody,someone,somebody,everyone,everybody,each,kind,sort,either,neither,noone,nobody.

Everyonewhothinksrealisticallythatheorshecanwriteprofessionallyneedsanagent.(Everyoneistheantecedentofheorshe.)Eachoftheactorsintheauditionrecitedthelinesheknewbest.Therightsortofbookwillinevitablyfindamarketforitself.

13.Inthefollowingsentences,supplythemissingpronounsasshownintheexamples:

NeitherManuelnorJuanwaswillingtosaythatknewtheanswers.Anyonewhoworkshardwillreceivetherewarddeserves.

1.Iwouldliketolocatesomebody___________doeshousepainting.2.Somebodyhastodohis(her)workbetterthan___________hasbeen

doingit,orsomebodywillfind___________outofajob.3.Noonecandomorethan___________hasdonetohelppeopleless

fortunate.4.Herecommendedthesortofprogramthatusuallycommends

___________totheuninformedviewer.5.Anybodywhofinds___________inconflictwiththelawiswell

advisedtofind___________alawyer.6.MaryfoundForWhomtheBellTollsthesortofbookthatworksitsway

deepintotheconscienceofanysensitivepersonwhoreads___________.

7.Oneoftheeggswasstillstickingtothepan,asssertingthat___________hadarighttoremainuneaten.

8.Eitherofthegirlsconsiders___________fortunatewhenshehas

enoughtoeat.9.Studentswereaskedtosharetheirdormrooms,butnobodywantedtobe

thefirsttooffer___________.10.Awomanwhoasserts___________isthekindofwomanneededforan

executiveposition.11.Hefoundthateachofthedefectsbecameimmediatelyapparentonce

___________waspointedout.12.TheDeanofWomenclaimedthatnooneinthewomen’sdormitorywas

interestedinsteppingforwardtodeclare___________availableforaleadershipjob.

13.Neitheroftheorganizationsdesiredtoreviewtheentirespectrumofpolicies___________stoodfor.

14.Everybodyintheextendedcommunitywasgoingtoassert___________.

15.Oneofthefellowswasdeniedpermissiontocompletetheprojectby___________.

16.Anysortoffoodisacceptableaslongas___________ispalatable.17.Anyonewhowantstousemyrazorcandosoif___________iswilling

tocleanitafterwards.18.Eitherwasacceptable,providedthat___________metthefulltestof

credibility.19.Everybodywillbeallowedtojoinaslongas___________hasthe

initiationfee.20.Shedeclaredthatnoonehadestablishedfullclaimtoownership,

becausenoonehadfiledthepapers___________wasobligedtosupply.

PRONOUNSINTHESUBJECTIVECASEApronounusedasthesubjectofaverbisinthesubjectivecase.

Shewasoneofthebrightestpupilsintheschool.Iknowthatmostpeoplewanttomarry.Thepeoplewhowerewillingtowaitinlinefoundthattheywereabletopurchaseticketsatareducedrate.Theconcertthatheattendedwasrewarding.

14.Inthefollowingsentencessupplythemissingpronounsasshownintheseexamples:

Bythetimetheirdinnerwasover, wereexhausted.

Ruthfoundthat shewasunabletocompleteherwork.

1.___________isthemostbeautifulflowerintheentiregreenhouse.2.___________amongyouiswillingtotakeoverthejobIamleaving?3.Itoldherthat___________wasthemosttalentedartistintheclass.4.Theroles___________playedmadeJohnBarrymoresoughtafterbyall

theatricalproducers.5.PabloCasalswasabletoperforminconcertevenwhen___________

wasinhisnineties.6.Ownersoflittledogsmustseetoitthat___________alwayshave

enoughtoeatanddrink.7.Persianmelonsarenotalwaysassucculentas___________appearto

be.8.TheTempestappealstomemoreandmoreeachtime___________see

it.9.Atelephonecompanyemployee___________helpscustomersintimes

ofemergencyiseligibleforaspecialaward.10.AUnitedStatesSenator___________ispresentonthefloorofthe

Senateduringdebateisasrareas___________isvaluabletothecommunity___________serves.

PRONOUNSINTHEOBJECTIVECASEApronounusedastheobjectorindirectobjectofaverbisintheobjective

case.

Veterinariansinspectthemeachyear.Lawyerscanbecountedontogiveuscompetentinterpretationsofthepenalcode.

15.Inthefollowingsentences,supplythemissingpronounsasshowninthese

examples:

Thefirmdismissed fornoapparentreason.Theoutfieldertossed theball,becausesheaskedforit.

1.AlthoughMrs.GilberttestifiedthatIhadmisledher,IinsistthatItold___________theentiretruthbeforeasking___________tosignmypetition.

2.Theboyto___________Igavethebookisnolongeramemberofthegroup.

3.___________shallweinvitetotheofficeparty?4.Theydecidedtogive___________trouble,becauseIwouldnotbea

partytotheirconniving.5.Televisioncandistract___________fromourlegitimatework.6.Goingtochambermusicrecitalsgave___________muchpleasurein

theiroldage.7.Wouldyoufinditwrongof___________tooffer___________my

handwhenyouareleavingabus?8.Hismotherslapped___________ashardasshecouldwhensherealized

thathehadtoldlies.9.___________mustwesendthelastfivecopiesto?10.Isthereanywaywecanfindofhelping___________anonymously

whensheneedshelp?

PronounsasObjectsofVerbalsApronounusedastheobjectorindirectobjectofaverbalisintheobjective

case.

Havingsurveyedit,thegeneraldecidedthattherivercouldnotbeforded.(itdirectobjectofpastparticiplehavingsurveyed.)Whilequestioningme,theaccountantfoundmanymorelegitimatetaxdeductions.(medirectobjectofpresentparticiplequestioning.)Togivehimallthecredithedeserves,Iwillgrantthathetriedhard.(himindirectobjectofinfinitivetogive.)

FightingherprovedmoredifficultthanIexpected.(herdirectobjectofgerundfighting.)

16.Inthefollowingsentences,supplythemissingpronounsasshownintheexamples:

Constantlyquizzing isnotgoingtomakeyourstudentshappier.Wewantedtodistract asmuchaspossible,soshewouldspendherlastdayscontentedly.

1.Thestaffinsiststhateverythingpossiblebedoneforstudentstogive___________theopportunitytheyneed.

2.Troublemakersarenotgoingtobechangedbyrestricting___________toafewareas.

3.Havinginvited___________,wemustdoallwecantotreatourguestswell.

4.Memorizingaroleisnotasdifficultasperforming___________.5.Aftercapturingenemysoldiers,wemusttreat___________humanely.6.Togive___________hisdue,Juanhasalwaysbeenfaithfultothe

people.7.Whilewehavebeenabletoidentifychildabuse,wearehaving

difficultyineradicating___________.8.Toprepareforexaminationsisonlyhalfthejob;wealsohavethe

responsibilitytopass___________.9.Elizabethfoundherselffacingallherproblemshonestly,butfailingin

hereffortstosolve___________.10.Herguesthadstayedsolatethatmysisterdecidedtoinvite

___________tohavesomebreakfast.

PronounsasObjectsofPrepositions

Apronounusedastheobjectofaprepositionisintheobjectivecase.

Wespoketoherasforcefullyaspossible.Thelibrarianpromptlygavethemanuscripttohim.Towhomdidyoudeliverthebouquet?

17.Inthefollowingsentencessupplythemissingpronounsasshownintheseexamples:

Susan’smotheroftenaskedfor.

Thecattrailedafter alldaylong,eventhoughItriedtogetawayfrom .

1.Anniedoesnotcareforamomentthatpeoplearetalkingabout___________.

2.Tryashardaswecan,wecannotchooseamong___________.3.Thesubjectwasclearlybeyond___________,soIdecidedtoendmy

presentation.4.AsDicklookedoutuponthecity,hefeltthatallhehadtodowasreach

outandgraspwhatlaybefore___________.5.Within___________wasbeautifulmusicwaitingtobereleasedbythe

youngcomposer.6.Hismotherprovedobdurate:hehadreceivedthelastdollarhewould

evergetfrom___________.7.By___________wasthisobsceneletterwritten?8.Inside___________stillwasthefearhehadknownforsolong.9.Among___________aretwoorthreeluckyindividualswhowillwin

substantialamounts;therestwillinsisttheirfeeshadbeentakenfrom___________withoutachanceofwinning.

10.AfterlearningthatRebeccahadpaidforthebook,wereturnedthemoneyto___________.

PRONOUNSINTHEPOSSESSIVECASEApronounindicatingpossessionisinthepossessivecase.

YoursisthelastoneIwillaccept.Jonmadefullrestitutionbecausethebookhedestroyedprovedtobemine.Whosewillyoubecarrying?

18.Inthefollowingsentencessupplythemissingpronounsasshownintheexamples:

Wefound thebestoftheentries.hadbeendamaged,butnot .

1.Ourbookhadbeenleftunopenedallthoseyears,so___________wasused.

2.Wetookeverythingtheymade,because___________weretheleastexpensiveandmostreliabletablesavailable.

3.Severalartistsenteredpaintingsinthecompetition.___________didyouchoose?

4.Harrytoldus___________wasbestbecausewehadcompletelythoughtthroughtheproblem.

5.Ellenphrased___________socarefullyandappropriatelythatminewastotallyignoredbyallthejudgesonthecommittee.

6.Allthingsconsidered,Amypreferstomarket___________becausesheadmirestheworkwedo.

7.JonandRoryenjoytheirnewhomemorethanwecanpossiblyenjoy___________.

8.Readingisvaluablefortheirchildrenaswellasfor___________.9.Ifyouwilldowithoutyours,Iwilldowithout___________.10.Whenthebigcontributorannounceshergenerousgift,wewillannounce

___________.

PRONOUNSASAPPOSITIVESApronounusedasanappositive—awordorphrasethatexplainsoridentifies

awordorphrasenearby—isinthesamecaseasthewordwithwhichitisinapposition.

Subjective

We,LindaandI,willunderwritethecostofSam’seducation.(IisinthesubjectivecasebecauseitisinappositionwithWe,thesubjectoftheverbwillunderwrite.)

Objective

Allthedamageincurredintheaccidentwascausedbyus,Mickeyandme.(Meisintheobjectivecasebecauseitisinappositionwithus,theobjectofapreposition.)

Possessive

Sheaskedwhosebicyclehadbeenbroken,Margaret’sormine.(Mineisinthepossessivecasebecauseitisinappositionwithwhose,whichisapossessiveadjective.)

19.Inthefollowingsentences,supplythemissingpronounsasshownintheseexamples:

We,Johnand ,candoallthework.Shefoundus,Caroleand ,inthemidstofpreparingdinnerforeightpeople.Iaskedhimwhoseclassmetfirst, ormine?

1.Thejudgewassterntobothofus,theclaimant’sattorneyand___________.

2.Bothofus,thedistrictattorneyand___________,werecalledbeforethejudge.

3.Idonotknowwhoseinterestsarebeingconsidered,butIbelieveweshouldtakecareofourown,yoursand___________,beforeweworryaboutastranger’s.

4.Theoldman’swillreferredtothetwoofthem,Robertand___________,as“goodsons___________andworthy.”

5.Thetwoofus,Jennyand___________,wereinvitedtothesameinauguralball.

6.Walshlikelywillinviteneitherofus,Emmanor___________.7.Webothhaveaninterestinthematter,andIwonderwhose

understandingisclosertothetruth,yoursor___________.8.Bothourfamilies,hisand___________,areuncomfortableatthe

thoughtofanotherdismalreunion.9.Lastyear’selectionfoundus,mywifeand___________,illpreparedto

votewithanydegreeofenthusiasm.10.Wecouldfindnovalidsolutionsforourjointproblems,sheinregardto

financialmattersand___________inregardtosocialrelationships.

CHAPTER5Adjectives

Adjectivesmodifynounsandpronouns:

Ahappymanfaceseachdayoptimistically.(Theadjectivehappymodifiesman,anoun.)Thefirstonetofinishreceivesaprize.(Theadjectivefirstmodifiesone,apronoun.)

Adjectivesmayalsobeusedtocompleteacopulativeverb:

Aliceissad,becausehersonpaysherlittleattention.(Theadjectivesadcompletesthecopulativeverbis.Suchanadjectiveiscalledapredicateadjective.)

1.Underlinetheadjectivesinthefollowingsentencesasshownintheseexamples:

leavesare signofspring.menfeel whentheyachievesuccess.

1.Tenapplesareenoughfortwolargepies.

2.Oakenbucketswereusedbyearlysettlers.

3.TheonlyoneIsawwasalittlechild.

4.Hardcheesecanbeeatenwithgreatdelight.

5.Anorangejacketisadvisableonaskislope.

TYPESOFADJECTIVESTherearethreetypesofadjectives:descriptive,limiting,andproper.Descriptiveadjectivesnameaqualityorconditionoftheelementmodified:a

perfectmarriage,areddress,anhonestattorney,runningwater,abrokenaxle.Limitingadjectivesidentifyorenumeratetheelementmodified:thattable,

presentcompany,manyillnesses,hislove,sevendays,fifthstanza.Properadjectivesaredescriptiveadjectivesthatarederivedfromproper

names:Indiancustoms,Frenchperfume,Austriancuisine,Chinesecheckers,Africanviolets.

2.Inthefollowingsentences,classifytheadjectivesasdescriptive,limiting,orproperasshownintheseexamples:

ThelecturerspenthistimeonFrenchculture,nothistory.

Beautifulvolumeshaveappearedinthatseries.

1.Improperaccountingalmostruinedhercateringbusiness.

2.Carefulanalysisuncoveredseveralflawsinhisexperimentaldata.

3.Mexicanfoodisnotfavoredbyhisparents.

4.PoorWillylosthisIrishsetter.

5.Onedishdoesnotaperfectmealmake.

LimitingAdjectives

Limitingadjectivesareclassifiedaccordingtotheirfunctionsasdemonstrative,indefinite,interrogative,numerical,possessive,orrelative.

Ademonstrativeadjectiveindicatesorspecifiesthenounorpronounitmodifies:thisone,thatone,thesemen,thosewomen.

Anindefiniteadjectiveindicatesmorebroadlythenounorpronounitmodifies:allpeople,anyperson,eachone,mostpeople,manypennies,nobook,somesupport,severalothers.Therearemanyotherindefiniteadjectives.

Aninterrogativeadjectiveasksaquestionasitmodifiesanounorpronoun:Whosehatismissing?Whattimeisit?Whichonewillyoutake?

Anumericaladjectivespecifiesanumberasitmodifiesanounorpronoun.

Numericaladjectivesmaybeeithercardinalorordinal.Cardinal:sixrobins,twenty-fourounces.Ordinal:thirdhorse,firstviolin,thirty-sixthPresidentoftheUnitedStates.

Apossessiveadjectivedenotesownershipasitmodifiesanounorpronoun:mymistake,one’stennisserve,hiselbow,herprerogative,itsaroma,ourcompany,theirpride.

Arelativeadjectiveintroducesasubordinateclausethatmodifiesanounorpronoun.Whoseistheonlyrelativeadjective.Itsfunctionisillustratedinthefollowingsentence:

Theladwhosemotherdiedhasleftschool.(Thesubordinataeclausewhosemotherdiedmodifieslad.Theclauseisintroducedbytherelativeadjectivewhose,whichispartofthemodifier.)

3.Inthefollowingsentences,identifytheitalicizedlimitingadjectivesasdemonstrative,indefinite,interrogative,numerical,possessive,orrelativeasshownintheseexamples:

Whichsideareyouon?

Myfirstbadmistakewasfollowedbymanyothers.

1.Hisignorancewasmatchedbyhisstupidity.

2.Elevenplayersareneededifwearetohaveagoodgame.

3.Sheaskedadviceofhermotherbeforecookingbreakfastforhersisters.

4.Thatshirtgoeswellwithbothmysuits.

5.Whatnonsenseareyoutellingme?

6.Policeofficerswhoseonlydutiesareclericalreceivethesamepaythatallpatrolofficersreceive.

7.Eachsentencehespokerevealedhisdisappointment.

8.Nodecentpersonwouldeverholdsuchopinions.

9.Parentswhosechildrenplaybaseballhavebeenknowntocarryonlikemaniacs.

10.Theirturnisnextintheexaminingroom.

11.Hisshoelaceswereuntiedonceagain.

12.Whichchanneldidshewastehertimeonlastnight?

13.Thefirstpointtorememberisthatherroleisworthyofrecognition.

14.Thatboywillbetheonlyoneinyourclass.

15.Anystudentwhousesmaterialwithoutproperattributionisguiltyofplagiarism.

PredicateAdjectives

Predicateadjectivescompletecopulative,orlinking,verbs:act,be,become,feel,prove,seem,etc.

Copulativeverbsarealsocompletedbypredicatenouns.Together,predicateadjectivesandpredicatenounsarereferredtoaspredicatecomplements.(Seepage22.)

Thefollowingsentencesillustratebothtypesofpredicatecomplements:

SheactssickwheneverMondayarrives.(Thecopulativeverbactshasasitscomplementsick;sickisanadjective,sosickisapredicateadjective.)Anneisaradiologist.(Becauseradiologistisanoun,radiologistisapredicatenoun.)Harryishappy.(Becausehappyisanadjective,happyisapredicateadjective.)

4.Inthefollowingsentences,underlinethepredicateadjectivesasshownintheseexamples:

Hewillacthappierastimegoesby.Dickbecameaneditor.(none)

Dickbecameaneditor.(none)

1.Thisprintlooksfinetome.

2.Jane’sstorywasexcellent.

3.Henry’sfirstnovelwasexciting.

4.Shefeltbad.

5.Ifeelbetterthismorning.

6.Herhairappearedradiant.

7.Bob’snosehasbecomelarger.

8.ThisisthebestnovelIown.

9.Jennyappearsdisconsolate.10.PogoactssadwhenRayleavesforwork.

POSITIONOFADJECTIVESExceptforpredicateadjectives,adjectivesareusuallyplacednexttothe

nounsorpronounstheymodify,andthemostcommonpositionofallisimmediatelybeforetheelementmodified:

beautifulshoes,happychild,oldwoman(descriptiveadjectives)thisbook,manypoems,sixmonths(limitingadjectives)Greekgrammar,Italiancooking,Russianmusic(properadjectives)

Insomeconstructions,adjectivescanalsobeplacedimmediatelyaftertheelementmodified:

apoemshortandbeautiful(Thewriterhaschosenthisconstructionforitspleasingrhythm.)attorneygeneral,court-martial(ThesetermswereexpressedthiswayinFrenchandareacceptedasEnglishexpressions.)atalesosadthatallwhohearditcried(Becausetheadjectivesad

isitselfmodifiedbytheclausethatfollows,itsnormalpositionischanged.)

Exceptinrareconstructions,predicateadjectivesfollowtheverbstheycomplete:

Jacklookeddoubtful.Barbaraseemedangry.Johnfelthopeless.InnocentwastheChild.(Thistypeofconstructionisreservedforspecialstylisticeffect.)

5.Insertadjectivesinappropriatepositionsinthefollowingsentencesasshownintheseexamples:

COMPARISONOFADJECTIVESAdjectiveshavethreecomparativeforms:absolute,comparative,and

superlativetoindicategreaterorlesserdegreesofthequalitydescribed:

Thecomparativeformofthegreatmajorityofadjectivescanbeachievedintwoways:byadding-ertotheabsoluteorbyaddingtheadverbmore.Similarly,thesuperlativecanbeachievedintwoways:byadding-esttotheabsoluteorbyaddingtheadverbmost.Someadjectiveschangeformsradicallytoexpresscomparison:good,better,best;bad,worse,worst.

Thecomparativeformisusedwhendiscussingtwoitemsorindividuals,thesuperlativeformwhendiscussingthreeormore:

Ofthetwosisters,Nolaisthemoreintelligent.Ofthefiftystates,Vermontisthemostbeautiful.Sheisabetterstudentthanherbrother.ShewasthebeststudentIhadeverknown.

Thecomparativeisalsousedwhencomparingasingleitemorindividualwithaclassofitemsorindividuals:

Shewasabetterswimmerthananyofthemeninherschool.Thatmountainistallerbyfarthananyofthemountainsinourstate.

6.Supplythepropercomparativeorsuperlativeformsoftheadjectivesinthefollowingsentences,asshownintheseexamples:

Dorothywasa(good)cookthanhersister.Julianwasthe(good)copywriterinNewYorkCity.

1.Broccoliusuallytastes(good)whencookedinoilthaninbutter.___________

2.Ibelievemysocialsecuritycheckswillbe(small)thanyours.___________

3.The(young)studentintheclassmaynotalwaysbethemostprecocious.___________

4.Ifoundhisstyle(suitable)tofictionthantojournalism.___________

5.Hawaiiformerlyhadthe(broad)ethnicmixtureofanystate.___________

6.Richardfindshisnewassistant(competent)thanheexpected.___________

7.Afinepaintingisworthmoreaestheticallythanthe(good)photographmoneycanbuy.___________

8.OfallthepaintingsbyRenoirintheMetropolitanMuseumofArt,the(good)oneispracticallyignoredbythepublic.___________

9.IbelievethecoastlineofCaliforniais(long)thanthatofanyotherstateinthecountry.___________

10.IbelieveCaliforniahasthe(long)coastlineinthecountry.___________

ADJECTIVEPHRASES

Anadjectivephraseisaphraseusedtomodifynounsorpronouns.Adjectivephrasesareformedbycombiningaprepositionwithanounorpronounanditsmodifiers:

Thechairinthelivingroomneedstoberepaired.(Thephraseinthelivingroommodifiesthenounchair.Theprepositioninhasroomasitsobject.Roomismodifiedbytheliving.)Theoneintherearismychoice.(intherearmodifiesthepronounone.)

Themostcommonprepositionsareat,between,by,for,from,in,of,on,through,to,andwith.

Adjectivephrasesmustbekeptnearthewordorwordstheymodifyinordertoachieveclarity.Theyusuallyareplacedimmediatelyafterthewordstheymodify.

7.Inthefollowingsentences,underlinetheadjectivephrasesasshownintheseexamples:

Thegirl ismydaughter.Thelight isdim.

1.Communicationbetweenyouandmeisnolongersatisfactory.

2.Assistanceforindigentpersonsisasocialobligation.

3.Hatsarenotwornasoftenasmillinerswithfailingbusinesseswouldlike.

4.Theapplicantswithlittlehopearecomplainingloudly.

5.Thosewithsubstantialfortunesarehappiestaboutthestockmarket.

6.Gardensbetweenhousesarewelltendedinmytown.

7.ThebestoftheImpressionistpaintingshaveneverbeenshownintheUnitedStates.

8.Theviewthroughmywindowisaslivelyasever.

9.ThetelephonelinestoEuropeareseldomout.10.Hefoundthatthelesiononhisrightlungwashealingrapidly.

ADJECTIVECLAUSESAnadjectiveclauseisaclauseusedtomodifynounsorpronouns.Likeall

clauses,adjectiveclausesusuallyconsistofsubject,verb,modifiers,andobjectifappropriate.

Considerthefollowingsentences:

Everychangethatismadebetweennowandopeningnightwillcausedifficultyfortheactors.(Theadjectiveclausethatismadebetweennowandopeningnightmodifiesthenounchange.)Anyonewhoinsistsongettinghisduemustbepersistent.(Theadjectiveclausewhoinsistsongettinghisduemodifiesthepronounanyone.)

Adjectiveclausesareoftenintroducedbyrelativepronouns—that,which,who,etc.—asshownintheprecedingexamples.Manytimestherelativepronounsareomitted:

ThewomanIhavesharedmylifewithalltheseyearsisstandingbesidemenow.Gardenshehastendedhaveneverwonhorticulturalprizes.

Adjectiveclausesmustbekeptclosetothewordorwordstheymodifyinordertoachieveclarity.Theyusuallyareplacedimmediatelyafterthewordstheymodify.

8.Inthefollowingsentences,underlinetheadjectiveclausesasshownintheseexamples:

Theevidence wasenoughtoincriminatethem.Instructors mustpreparetheirlecturescarefully.

1.Theyfoundthepapersthathadbeenmissingformanyyears.

2.Theseanimals,whichareindigenoustoAfrica,willnotsurviveincoldclimates.

3.Engineers,whoareskillfulininterpretingscientificdata,arenotusuallycapableofconductingoriginalresearch.

4.Childrenwhofindtheirimmediatedesiresblockedmayreactbythrowingtempertantrums.

5.Winesofqualitythathavebeenstoredproperlywillretaintheirbouquetforyears.

6.BooksIhavetreasuredsincechildhoodstillintriguemetoday.

7.Hefoundawoundedanimalthathadmanagedtosurvivewithoutcare.

8.Themealheplanstocooktodaywillberichinflavor.

9.Thetreeshefelledwithherlittlehatchetissurprisinglylarge.10.Anyonewhohasfoundhimselfunabletofindajobwillsympathize

withthosewhoarehabituallyunemployed.

RestrictiveandNonrestrictiveAdjectiveClauses

Arestrictiveadjectiveclauseisonethatisessentialindefiningorlimitinganounorpronoun:

ThegirlIadmiremostisonewhostandsupforherrights.(Iadmiremostidentifiesgirl,limitingthegeneralnoungirltooneparticulargirl.)

Anonrestrictiveadjectiveclauseisonethatisnotessentialindefiningorlimitinganounorpronoun:

Thisone,whichIhavenurturedformanyyears,isnotaparticularlyattractiveshrub.(ThepronounoneismodifiedbywhichIhavenurturedformanyyears,butthemodifierdoesnotidentifyoneinawaythatmakesonedistinctive.ThemodifierthatdoesmakeonedistinctiveisThis.ThenonrestrictivemodifierwhichIhavenurturedformanyyearsgivesususeful,butnotessential,information.)

Nonrestrictivemodifiersaresetoffbypunctuation,whilerestrictivemodifiersarenot.Considerthefollowingsentences:

ThewordprocessorIboughtoftenbreaksdown.(TherestrictivemodifierIboughtisnotsetoffbycommasandcannotbeomittedfromthesentencewithoutchangingitsmeaninginacriticalway.Iboughtisneededtoidentifythewordprocessor.)Mywordprocessor,whichIpaid$1500foryearsago,isstillworkingwell.(ThemodifyingclausewhichIpaid$1500foryearsagoisnonrestrictive.Itcanbeomittedwithoutchangingmeaning.)

9.Inthefollowingsentences,underscoretheadjectiveclauses,identifythemasrestrictiveornonrestrictive,andsupplyanypunctuationneeded,asshownintheseexamples:

Igavethemoneytotheonewhoneededitmost.Appletrees,whicharebothbeautifulandproductive,donotliveforever.

1.HelearnedlittlefromtheresearchpapershewroteinhisEnglishcourses.___________

2.ShipsofPanamanianregistrythatwereactiveintheperiodbetweenthe

twoworldwarsarestillseentoday.___________

3.Curriesthathavebeenleftunrefrigeratedlosetheirattractivetasterapidly.___________

4.Petsthathaveservedtheirmasterswellareoftenallowedtodieinpain.___________

5.Shehasasmilethatconveysgratitudebutlittlewarmth.___________

6.ThebookIconsultmostoftenisthedictionary.___________

7.African-Americanswhohavemademanyimportantculturalcontributionstoourcountryareoftenreviledbytheignorant.___________

8.Swisscheesewhichhasadistinctivetextureandappearanceissoldthroughouttheworld.___________

9.MoremaplesyrupisprocessedinNewYorkStatethaninVermontwhichcallsitselftheworldleaderinmaplesyrupproduction.___________

10.Themultinationalcorporationwhichisarelativelynewphenomenonhasbecomeapowerfulforceininternationalpoliticsaswellaseconomics.___________

ThatandWhichwithAdjectiveClauses

Itiscustomarytousethattointroducerestrictiveadjectiveclauses;whichtointroducenonrestrictiveadjectiveclauses.Whentherelativepronouncanbeomittedbeforeanadjectiveclause,theclauseisrestrictive.Considerthefollowingsentences:

ThebookthatIboughtyesterdayhasbeenstolen.(TheadjectiveclausethatIboughtyesterdayisrestrictive,sinceitcannotbeomittedwithoutmakingbookunidentifiable.Asarestrictiveclause,itisintroducedbythat.Nocommasareusedtosetofftheclause.Becausetheclauseisrestrictive,therelativepronounthatcanbeomitted:ThebookIboughtyesterdayhasbeenstolen.)Cabell’sfirstbook,whichwasoneofmyfavorites,isnolongerin

print.(Theadjectiveclausewhichwasoneofmyfavoritesisnonrestrictive.Forthisreasonitisintroducedbywhichandissetoffbycommas.Therelativepronounwhichcannotbeomitted.)

10.Insertthatorwhichinthefollowingsentencesandsupplyneededpunctuation,asshownintheseexamples:

Clothingthatwebuywithourownmoneyfitswell.Thiscoat,whichIboughtinapawnshop,fitsbetterthanIexpected.

1.ThepipeIleftbehindwasoneofthebestIeverowned.

2.MylastdollarIwantedtospendonfoodwassupposedtokeepmealiveuntilpayday.

3.TwoquartsofmilkcostmuchlessthanapoundofmeathavemorefoodvalueasfarasIamconcerned.

4.Yesterday’snewspaperwasleftonmydoorstepbelongstomyneighbor.

5.Themessagethefieryministerconveysisnottobeignored.

NOUNSUSEDASADJECTIVESNounsoftenfunctionasadjectives:theCarteryears,theNixonWhiteHouse,

theClintonadministration,thebarbershop,thetailorshop,thetoystore,thestationerystore,collegelife,organizationman,streetsmarts.

11.Inthefollowingsentences,underlinethenounsusedasadjectivesasshownintheseexamples:

Suchawomanwasonceknownasagrasswidow.Givemethebachelorlife.

1.Thesenatorcoulddowithalittlebooklearning.

2.Farmercheeseishardtofindinsupermarkets.

3.Afterheleftthepoliceforce,hebecameastoredetective.

4.Phonographrecordsarenolongersoldinmostmusicstores.

5.Progressivefurnituremanufacturersemployindustrialdesigners.

AdjectivesUsedasNouns

Justasnounscanbeusedasadjectives,manyadjectivescanbeusedasnouns:thehighandmighty,TheBestandtheBrightest,TheNakedandtheDead,TheJustandtheUnjust,therich,thepoor,thedestitute.

12.Inthefollowingsentences,underlinetheadjectivesusedasnouns,asshownintheseexamples:

Thelameandthehaltgatheredbeforeher.Hewasexpertintreatingtheoldaswellastheyoung.

1.Theproudwillonedayhavetolearnhumility.

2.Ourcountryhasalwaysbeenknownforitssympathyforthepoor.

3.Theraceisnotalwaystotheswift.

4.Thewealthyareturnedawayalongwiththeindigent.

5.Whoisthereamonguswhodoesnotrespectthelearned?

PARTICIPLESASADJECTIVESPresentandpastparticiplesareoftenusedasadjectives:usedcars,growing

pains,worntires,leaningtower.Likeotheradjectives,presentandpastparticiplesmaythemselvesbemodifiedbyadverbsandprepositionalphrases.

Considerthefollowingsentences:

Watchingcarefully,hesaweverythingthemendid.(Thepresentparticiplewatchingmodifiesthepronounheandisitselfmodifiedbytheadverbcarefully.)Thebrisket,barbecuingslowly,gaveofftantalizingaromas.(Thepresentparticiplebarbecuingmodifiesthenounbrisketandisitselfmodifiedbytheadverbslowly.)MarilynMonroe,adoredbymany,diedprematurely.(Thepast

participleadoredmodifiesMarilynMonroeandisitselfmodifiedbytheprepositonalphrasebymany.)

Participlesusedasadjectivesmayalsotakeanobject.

Watchinghercarefully,hequicklylearnedthesecretofthetennisbackhand.(Theparticiplewatchingmodifiesheandhasasitsobjecther.Itisalsomodified,ofcourse,bycarefully.)Thedetective,alertlypursuingeveryclue,finallydecidedthatthebutlerhadnotcommittedthecrime.(Theparticiplepursuingmodifiesdetectiveandhasasitsobjectclue.Theparticiplepursuingismodifiedbytheadverbalertly.)

13.Inthefollowingsentences,underlinetheparticiplesusedasadjectives,asshownintheseexamples:

Runningwaterisoftenfitfordrinkingbyanimals,butnotbyhumanbeings.Changingquicklytohisofficialuniform,thepoliceofficerbegantopursuethesuspect.

1.Somecitiesactuallydefaultedontheirbonds,soldassafeinvestments.

2.Undeterredbytheteacher’swarnings,theclasscontinuedtodelayworkonthefinalproject.

3.Strugglingagainsttheundertow,Alicemanagedtoreachshore.

4.Sprinkledlightlyonasalad,rosemarycanbringouttheflavorofthemostcommongardenlettuce.

5.Policeofficers,victimizedbycrimethemselves,oftenharborfearandhostilitytowardordinarycitizens.

6.Manyofmybooks,unopenedonmylibraryshelves,oughttobegiventohospitalsortotheSalvationArmy.

7.Shefinallyabandonedtheproject,findingitdullandunrewarding.

8.Harassedanddispirited,Lucydecidedtogiveuptheoboe.

9.Gaspingforbreath,themarathonrunnerscompletedthelongrace.10.Onceachieved,acollegeeducationcanberegardedwithsomeaffection.

DanglingParticiples

Whenaparticiplefunctionsasanadjective,caremustbetakentomakesurethereadercaneasilyidentifythenounorpronountheparticiplemodifies.Whenthereaderisleftuncertainofwhatisbeingmodified,thewriter’smistakeisreferredtoasadanglingparticiple.

Considerthefollowingsentences:

Dangling

Cookedrare,Icouldnotchewthesteak.(ObviouslyIwasnotcookedrare.Thesteakwas.ButrareistooclosetoI.)

CorrectIcouldnotchewthesteakbecauseitwascookedrare.

DanglingWhilewatchingclosely,myleatherhandbagwasstolen.(Obviouslymyhandbagwasnotwatchinganything.Whowaswatching?Iwaswatching.ButIisnotinthesentence.)

CorrectWhileIwaswatchingclosely,myleatherhandbagwasstolen.

DanglingStrollingblissfullydownthegardenpath,Isawascorpion.(Whowasstrolling?AssumingthatIwas,thesentencecanberecastoneway.Assumingthatthescorpionwas,thesentencecanberecastanotherway.)

CorrectWhileIwasstrollingblissfullydownthegardenpath,Isawascorpion.Whilewalkingtoday,Isawascorpionblissfullystrollingdownthegardenpath.

Danglingparticiplesarecorrected,therefore,by(1)rearrangingthesentence

Danglingparticiplesarecorrected,therefore,by(1)rearrangingthesentencetobringtheparticipleclosertothenounsorpronounsbeingmodified,(2)insertingthemissingwordstobemodified,or(3)rewritingthesentencecompletely.

14.Wherenecessary,correctthefollowingsentencesasshownintheseexamples:

Whilethinkingoftheapproachingexaminations,myclasscametoanabruptend.

Completelytakenbysurprise,sheofferednoresistancetothemugger.

1.Runningashardaspossible,mybreathwashardtocatch.

2.Consideringhertheleastlikelycandidatefortheoffice,Iignoredhercompletely.

3.Afterhavingwalkedincirclesforthreehours,thewaywaslost.

4.Beingstudiousatthatcollege,thelibrarywasheavilyused.

5.Oncecooked,Icanenjoyafineroast.

6.AfterIhavedinedwell,Iamquitecontenttositdreamingattheopera.

7.Consideringeverythinghehasdonefortheparty,hisdefeatwasacompletesurprise.

8.Stuckintrafficforhours,afeelingofdespairisnosurprise.

9.Whilesittingquietlybeforeawoodfire,thenoisychildrenareanuisancetoyoungandold.

10.Uponmeetingoldfriends,one’snaturalresponseispleasure.

INFINITIVESASADJECTIVES

Infinitivesoftenfunctionasadjectives.

Infinitivesoftenfunctionasadjectives.Considerthefollowingsentences:

Shehasthemosttogainofanyoneonthestaff.(Theinfinitivetogainmodifiesmost.)Thewaytoproceedhasnotbeendetermined.(Theinfinitivetoproceedmodifiesway.)Herurgetopraywasoverwhelming.(Theinfinitivetopraymodifiesurge.)

Infinitivephrases—infinitivestogetherwiththeirmodifiersandobjectsorcomplements—mayalsofunctionasadjectives:

Thegeneralorderedhisarmyintoactiontodefeattherebelforce.(Theinfinitivephrasetodefeattherebelforcemodifiesaction.)SamuelBridgehadcutlerytocarveeverytypeofroast.(Theinfinitivephrasetocarveeverytypeofroastmodifiescutlery.)Forhisbirthday,hewasgivenadevicetouseinopeningclams.(Theinfinitivephrasetouseinopeningclamsmodifiesdevice.)

15.Inthefollowingsentences,underscoretheinfinitivesandtheinfinitivephrasesusedasadjectivesandidentifytheelementstheymodify,asshownintheseexamples:

Weallhaveourownlivestolead.Shewantedpermissiontoarresttheoffendingmotorist.

1.Thefulljurywillsurelyreconsideritsvotetoacquit.___________2.Wellpreparedfoodtosuitthehappyoccasionwasservedalldaylong.

___________3.Fortunatecatshaveownerstofeedthem.___________4.Hisworkconsistedsolelyofmusictodanceto.___________5.Judyhopedtofindagoodbiographytoread.___________6.Shealwayshadasmartjoketomeeteverysituation.___________7.Thecorrecttooltouseforthisjobisarubbermallet.___________8.TheministergaveherparishionerspermissiontomissSundayservices.

___________

9.Eileenpredictablysaidshehadnoclothestowear.___________10.Thefirstreportertocoverthestorywillgetabyline.___________

CHAPTER6Adverbs

Adverbsmodifyverbs,adjectives,andotheradverbs.

Shewalkedquickly.(Theadverbquicklymodifiestheverbwalked.)Theysnoredmelodically.(Theadverbmelodicallymodifiestheverbsnored.)Theywerereallyunhappy.(Theadverbreallymodifiestheadjectiveunhappy.)Mydaughtersarecompletelyfearless.(Theadverbcompletelymodifiestheadjectivefearless.)Heplaystennisverywell.(Theadverbverymodifiestheadverbwell.)Childrenarealmostalwayshungry.(Theadverbalmostmodifiesalways,whichisanadverbthatmodifiestheadjectivehungry.)

Adverbsalsocanmodifyentireclauses:Perhapsyouarewrong,butIwilllistentoyourclaims.(TheadverbPerhapsmodifiestheclauseyouarewrong.)Surelythetrainwillbeontime,butIhopenot.(Surelymodifiesthetrainwillbeontime.)

Adverbsalsocanmodifyalltherestofasentence:

Perhapsyoupickedupthewronghat.Surelythetrainwillsoonbereadyforservice.

1.Inthefollowingsentences,underscoretheadverbsandidentifytheelementsofthesentencestheymodifyasshownintheseexamples.Notethattherecanbemorethanoneadverbinasentence.

Theyplaytheirinstrumentslovingly.

Certainlywewillcometodinner.Ithoughtshewasextremelycareful.Shewascompletelyexhaustedandthoroughlywet.

1.Shebegantoweepquietlywhenthepoliceofficercametothedoor.______________

2.Shewascompletelyhonestinherworkandinherdealingswitheveryone.______________

3.Ideally,thedoctorwillhavecompletedherexamination.______________

4.Partiallyclosedearsareusuallyineffectiveagainstquietlyspokengossip.______________

5.Althoughtheypracticediligently,theyneversatisfytheirteacher.______________

6.Hesatpatientlythroughthespectaclebutfinallywithdrew.______________

7.Hazelworksquitecarefullyonherhomework.______________8.Subsequently,wediscussedthebillwiththemanager.______________9.Thedistrictattorneyopenlyrebukedthewitnessforwhatwasafairly

obviousexaggeration.______________10.Younevercanworktoocarefully.__________________

RECOGNIZINGADVERBS

AdverbsEndingin-ly

Theeasiestadverbstorecognizearethosethatendin-ly.Theonlypitfalltoavoidisconfusing-lyadverbswith-lyadjectives.Rememberthatadjectivesmodifyonlynounsandpronouns.Adverbsmodifyeverythingelse.

Thefollowingwordsaresomeoftheadjectivesthatendin-ly:comely,costly,early,lively,lovely,surly.Seehowtheyareusedinthesesentences:

Acomelyappearanceisalwaysadmired.Costlyjewelryisbeyondthereachofmoststudents.Theearlybirdcatchestheworm.

Thefiddlerplayedalivelytune.Thelovelysunsetprovidedafittingclimaxtoourday.Thetrainerwasasurlyone,allright.

Inthefirstfivesentences,theitalicizedadjectivesmodifynouns:appearance,jewelry,bird,tune,sunset.Thelastitalicizedadjective,surly,modifiesone,apronoun.

Adverbsthatendin-lyareformedbyadding-lytoanadjective,apresentparticiple,orapastparticiple.

Whenanadjectiveendsin-ableor-ible,theadverbisformedbychangingthefinaletoy:peaceable,peaceably;horrible,horribly;terrible,terribly.

Considerthefollowingsentences:

Heregardedherhatefully.Surelytheywillreconciletheirdifferences.Rosewillfinallyreceiveherpermanentappointment.Theywereterriblymangledintheaccident.

Alltheitalicizedwordsinthesesentencesperformadverbialfunctions.Surely

modifiestheentiresentenceitappearsin.Theothersmodifytheverbsintheirsentences.Theymustnotbeconfusedwithadjectives.

2.Inthefollowingsentences,classifytheitalicizedwordsendingin-lyasadjectivesoradverbsasshownintheseexamples:

ThelivelymelodywastypicalofSchubert.Afriendlygestureisalwayswelcome.Heregardedtheworldhostilely.Sheclosedherprogramfittinglybysingingthenationalanthem.

1.Disorderlyconductisavaguechargethatcoversmanytypesofactions._____________

2.Themanagerclosedhisfirstyearsuccessfully.______________3.Theywentalongunwillinglytoschool.______________4.Hewasslightlyupsetbytheincident.______________5.Mostmotherslooklovinglyattheirnewinfants.______________6.Alovelydessertisafittingendtoagoodmeal.______________7.Mysisterinferredcorrectlythatshewasnolongerwanted.

______________8.Helookedabouthimcalmlyandproclaimedhisinnocence.

______________9.Toeveryone’ssurprise,theexpertcopyeditormadeacostlyerror.

______________10.Hewillassuredlyfindsomethingtopraiseinmywork.

______________11.Thecatwillfinditsfoodeventually.______________12.Homelyvirtuesaredisappearingfromcitylife.______________13.Headdedparentheticallythathewaspleasedwiththeoveralloutcome.

______________14.Thedeclineinqualitywasconsiderablygreaterthanwewouldhave

liked.______________15.Onecouldquestionwhetherthestatementwasfavorablyreceived.

______________

RecognizingAdverbsbyTheirFunctions

Adverbsanswerthefollowingquestions:how?howmuch?when?where?why?trueorfalse?Wethuscanclassifyadverbsasadverbsofmanner,degree,time,place,causeorpurpose,orassertion.

Adverbsofmanneranswerthequestionhow?Heworkscarefully.Ruthcookswell.

Adverbsofdegreeanswerthequestionhowmuch?Youareinadequatelypreparedforgraduatestudies.Hehascompletelyexhaustedhisinheritance.

Adverbsoftimeanswerthequestionwhen?Theyarrivelateformostappointments.Shehasnotplayedtennisrecently.

Adverbsofplaceanswerthequestionwhere?Hewalkeddownstairs.Theywentsouthforthewinter.

Adverbsofcauseorpurposeanswerthequestionwhy?Iwillthereforequittheteam.Shewillconsequentlybedismissed.

Adverbsofassertionanswerthequestiontrueorfalse?Shewillsurelybehiredforthejob.Sheisnotacceptableinmyhome.

3.Inthefollowingsentences,underlinealladverbsandidentifytheirfunctions—manner,degree,time,place,causeorpurpose,assertion—asshownintheseexamples:

Icannotforgiveyoucompletely.LatelyIhavehadmanycolds.Shecertainlyisourbestspeaker.

1.Teacherssometimesmakemistakesinscoringquizzes.___________2.Imaypossiblyjointhetwoofyou.___________3.Healmostlosthistemper.___________4.Hefellawkwardlytothekitchenfloorandfainted.___________

5.Mennevermakepassesatgirlswhowearglasses.___________6.Helivedfrugallyduringbadtimes.___________7.Finallyourtrainarrived,twohoursbehindschedule.___________8.Haveyouevergonethere?___________9.HehasbeenpaidlessthanIfromhisfirstdayonthejob.___________10.Thebusyoumusttakeleavessoon.___________11.Yes,Iwillgotosleep.___________12.Youwillundoubtedlybereprimanded.___________13.Iamguardedlyoptimistic.___________14.Youmustmovequicklyifyouaretosucceed.___________15.Gowest,youngman.___________

DISTINGUISHINGADVERBSFROMADJECTIVESManywordsinEnglishfunctionbothasadjectivesandasadverbs.Thesurest

waytotellwhetheraparticularwordisanadjectiveoranadverbinagivensentenceistodeterminewhatitsfunctionisinthesentence.Forthisyoumustgobacktothefundamentaldistinctionbetweenanadjectiveandanadverb:adjectivesmodifynounsandpronouns;adverbsmodifyeverythingelse.

Thefollowinglistsuppliessomeofthewordsthatareusedbothasadjectivesandadverbs:

Manyofthesewordsalsohaveformsendingin-ly:badly,brightly,cheaply,deeply,etc.The-lyformsarepreferredinformalEnglishbysomegrammariansand,inmanyinstances,areusedexclusivelyincertainidiomaticconstructions.

Considerthefollowingsentences:

Considerthefollowingsentences:

Thearrowfellclosetothemark.Watchthemclosely.Shepracticeshardallday.Shecouldhardlybendherfingers.

Inbothpairsofsentences,themodifiersclose,closely,hard,andhardlyperformadverbialfunctions.Closemodifiestheverbfell.Closelymodifiestheverbwatch.Hardmodifiestheverbpractices.Hardlymodifiestheverbbend.Thus,theyarealladverbs.

Bycontrast,closeandhardareusedasadjectivesinthefollowingsentences:

Closeworkstrainsmyeyes.Hardtimeswillsoonbeuponus.

Closemodifiesthenounwork.Hardmodifiesthenountimes.Thus,theybothareadjectiveshere.Ofcourse,closelyandhardlyareneverusedasadjectives.

4.Inthefollowingsentences,identifytheitalicizedmodifiersasadjectivesoradverbsasshownintheseexamples:

Shewasabadwriter.Hewilldoubtlessbefired.

1.Driveslowifyouwanttoenjoyyourvacationtrip.__________2.HewasmuchbetteratbridgethanIwas.__________3.Evenasmallamountofthatchemicalwillhurtyou.___________4.Hewasaneven-temperedman.___________5.Wewenttoseeherlateintheafternoonafterthebabyhadbeenborn.

___________6.Shewasfairandwellgroomed.___________7.Youcaneasilylearntoswimwellwhenyouhaveagoodinstructor.

___________8.Areyousureyouarewell?___________9.Arethereenoughknivesandforkstosetthetablefordinner?

___________

10.Shesleptenoughfortwo.___________11.IhopeyouhavebetterluckinLasVegasnexttime.___________12.Iwasbetterrestedthatafternoon.___________13.Hewasasmoothtalker.___________14.ThetabletopultimatelywasassmoothasIcouldmakeit.___________15.Tryharderandyouwillhaveallthesuccessyouwish.___________

COMPARISONOFADVERBSLikeadjectives,adverbshavethreecomparativeforms—absolute,

comparative,andsuperlative—toindicategreaterorlesserdegreesofthecharacteristicsdescribed.

Adverbsthatareidenticalwithadjectivesformtheircomparativesandsuperlativesinthesamemanner:bad,worse,worst;well,better,best,etc.Evenwhentheabsoluteformofanadverbendsin-ly,thecomparativeandsuperlativeareidenticalwiththecorrespondingformsoftheadjective:badly,worse,worst.

Adverbsalsoadd-erand-esttotheabsolutetomaketheircomparativesandsuperlatives:deep,deeper,deepest;deeply,deeper,deepest.

Adverbsalsoemploymoreandmostbeforetheabsoluteformtoexpressthecomparativeandsuperlativedegrees:timidly,moretimidly,mosttimidly;happily,morehappily,mosthappily.Moreandmostarecommonlyusedwithadverbscontainingmorethanonesyllable.

Thedictionaryistheultimateauthorityforthecomparisonofadverbs.Whenindoubt,consultyourdictionary.

5.Inthefollowingsentences,supplythepropercomparativeorsuperlativeformoftheadverbenclosedinparenthesesasshownintheseexamples:

Ofalltheboys,Corkystayedunderwater(long).Shefelttheloss(keenly)thanhersister,becauseshewasclosertothechild.

1.Jonslept(comfortably)thanshe,becausehehadworkedhardallday.___________

2.Thebirdlifeinthetropicsaffectedhim(deep)thanthewildlifein

Vermont.___________3.Shecertainlytreatedhersisters(lovingly)thantheytreatedher.

___________4.Rembrandtpainted(vividly)thanDelacroix.___________5.OfalltheImpressionists,Renoirpainted(colorfully).___________6.Dorothytook(long)todressthansheorherhusbandexpected.

___________7.Yourpoodleeats(hungrily)thananyotherdogIeverhaveseen.

___________8.Thewomen’ssixty-yarddashwasthe(hotly)contestedraceoftheentire

afternoon.___________9.Theschoolbusisthe(heavily)overloadedofallthebusesonthisroute.

___________10.Somesaytheroleissopassionatelyportrayedthattheplaywillbethe

(heavily)patronizedofferingoftheseason.___________

NOUNSANDPHRASESUSEDASADVERBS

Nounsandphrasesareoftenusedasadverbs,particularlytoindicatetimeanddegree.

Shestayedhomeevenings.(Theverbstayedismodifiedbythenounevenings.)Iwouldliketopracticemornings.(Theinfinitivetopracticeismodifiedbythenounmornings.)Theyjoggedamile.(Theverbjoggedismodifiedbythenounphraseamile.)Heswamtwohundredmeters,whichwasmorethananyotherswimmercouldmanage.(Theverbswamismodifiedbythenounphrasetwohundredmeters.)Heswamtwohundredmetersfartherthananyotherswimmer.(Theadverbfartherismodifiedbythenounphrasetwohundredmeters.)Thesuitisnotworthfourhundreddollars.(Theadjectiveworthismodifiedbythenounphrasefourhundreddollars.)Shealwaysworkedinthemorning.(Theverbworkedismodified

bytheprepositionalphraseinthemorning.)

6.Inthefollowingsentences,underlinethenounsandphrasesusedasadverbsasshowninthefollowingexamples:

HaveyoueverseenNewYorktheNewYorkway?Hedecidednottogotothebeach.

1.Allthechildrenhadbeenwarnednottowalkbeyondthelasthouseontheirstreet.

2.Coleridgewrotemornings.

3.Coleridgewroteinthemorning.

4.Inthecoolevenings,theyusuallywalkedafterdinner.

5.VermeercontinuedtopaintintheFlemishmanner.

6.Theypaidseventydollarsattheboxoffice.

7.Sundaystheyalwayswatchedfootballgamesontelevision.

8.Theywaitedtenminutesandthenlaunchedtheirattack.

9.Thathousecostsfivehundredthousanddollars.10.Sheweighedtwentypoundsmorethanheryoungersister.

ADVERBIALCLAUSESAdverbialclausesmodifyverbs,adverbs,andadjectives,buttheymostoften

modifyotherclauses.Adverbialclausesarebestclassifiedaccordingtothetypeofmodification

theyprovide:cause,comparison,concession,condition,manner,place,purpose,result,andtime.Cause—introducedbyas,because,since:

Astherewasnootherwaytoaccomplishherpurpose,shefinallyannouncedherdecision.(Theadverbialclauseanswersthequestionwhy?Itmodifiestheentiremainclause.)Wewenthomebecausetherewasnothingelsetodo.(The

adverbialclauseanswersthequestionwhy?Itmodifiestheentiremainclause.)

Comparison—introducedbyasandthan:Nuclearenergyisasexpensiveasfossilenergy.(Theverbisisunderstoodintheadverbialclauseasfossilenergy[is].Theadverbialclausemodifiestheadjectiveexpensive.)ThatcarwillcostmorethanIwanttopay.(Theadverbialclausemodifiestheadverbmore.)

Concession—introducedbyalthough,evenif,eventhough,though:AlthoughIremainpoor,Iamquitecontent.(Theadverbialclausemodifiestheentiremainclause.)IshallattendtheconcerteventhoughIcanillaffordit.(Theadverbialclausemodifiestheentiremainclause.)

Condition—introducedbyif,onconditionthat,providedthat,unless:Ishallbegladtoconcludethisagreementifyouarewillingtomakesmallconcessionsonsomeoftheterms.(Theadverbialclausemodifiestheentiremainclause.)Theyofferedtogoonconditionthatwesupplythefoodanddrink.(Theadverbialclausemodifiestheentiremainclause.)Hadshegivenherconsentearlier,wewouldhavecompliedaswell.(Theadverbialclausemodifiestheverbwouldhavecomplied.Thesubjectandverbintheadverbialclauseareinverted—hadsheinsteadofshehad.)

Manner—introducedbyas,asif,asthough:Corporateofficersactastheyareinstructedtoact.(Theadverbialclausemodifiestheverbactinthemainclause.)Herunsasifthedevilwereafterhim.(Theadverbialclausemodifiestheverbruns.)

Place—introducedbywhere,wherever:Wherethebeesucks,theresuckI.(Theadverbialclausemodifiestheadverbthere.)ImeetthemwhereverIgo.(Theadverbialclausemodifiestheentiremainclause.)

Purpose—introducedbyinorderthat,so,that:Weprepareddinnerearlyinorderthattheteamwouldnotbeheldup.(Theadverbialclausemodifiestheentiremainclause.)

Wesenthimtocollegesohecouldearnagoodlivingandleadafulllife.(Theadverbialclausemodifiesthemainclause.)

Result—introducedbyso,that:Theelectricityhadbeenturnedoff,soweshiveredallnight.(Theadverbialclausemodifiestheentiremainclause.)Shedelayedsomanyyearsthathegrewtiredofwaiting.(Theadverbialclausemodifiestheentiremainclause.)

Time—introducedbyafter,as,before,since,when,while,until:Afterdinnerwasfinished,shepickedupherhatandleft.(Theadverbialclausemodifiestheverbspickedandleft.)WhileIwaswalkingdowntown,ImetHarrietandClara.(Theadverbialclausemodifiestheverbmet.)

7.Inthefollowingsentences,underscoretheadverbialclausesandindicatetheirfunctionsandwhattheymodify,asshownintheseexamples:

Shereceivedpreferentialtreatmentthoughhergradeswerepoor.

Wehavebeenattendingclassessincethetermbegan.

1.TheairwassofetidthatIcouldnolongerremainintheroom.

2.HadIpaidadequateattentioninclass,Isurelywouldhavedonebetteronthefinalexamination.

3.Asalways,Felixbehavedasifhedidnotcareatallaboutmyfeelings.

4.Faulknerisstillconsideredamoreprofoundnovelistthanmostofhiscontemporaries.

5.Cindywasallowedtostayoutlateprovidedthatshesignedthedormitoryregisteruponleaving.

6.YouwillsoonfindagasstationwhereveryoudriveinNewJersey.

7.IhadtoregisterforthedraftbecauseIhadreachedtheageofeighteen.

8.Thestudentwouldnotsubmiteventhoughtheplagiarismcommitteequestionedhimallday.

9.Beforeyougatherupyourbooks,becertainyournotesarecomplete.

10.Sinceaquorumisnotpresent,voteswillnotbetaken.

11.Althoughhetriedeverytrickheknew,hecouldnotmanagetoputthesideout.

12.Ifnooneshowsupforthepicnic,Iwillgivethefoodtothepoor.

13.IlosttheheelofmyrightshoeasIwascrossingthestreet.

14.IneveragainhadasgoodarecordasIhadinmyfirstterm.

15.HadIrememberedwhattheinstructortoldme,Iwouldhavefinishedthefinalexaminationwithtimetospare.

16.Underthestressofadogshow,puppiesdonotbehaveastheirmastershavetaughtthem.

17.Becausetherewasnothinglefttodobutsurrender,thetroopslaiddowntheirarms.

18.IampermittedtoleavemystationwheneverIcanfindareplacement.

19.Openadmissionsisasplendidpolicyifcollegesmaintaintheiracademicstandards.

20.Ihavebeeninthisroomonlyoncesinceitwaspainted.

21.Shepleadedalmostinaudiblyasifshewasthoroughlyexhausted.

22.Sincethereareonlyfourofus,whynotplaybridgeinsteadofpoker?

23.Althoughnothingappearedtobewrongwiththecar,itwouldnotstart.

24.WhereverIgoinNewYork,Imeetoldfriends.

25.WhileIwashavingmylunch,afrienddroppedbymytable.

CONJUNCTIVEADVERBSConjunctiveadverbsareadverbsusedasconjunctions.(Conjunctionsare

treatedinChapter7.)Theyjoinelementsofasentenceandaffectmeaninginawaythatordinaryconjunctionscannot:

Thecommitteehadformallyrejectedhisapplication;however,heimmediatelydecidedtoexercisehisrightofappeal.(Whilehoweverjoinstwoindependentclauses,itindicatesarelationshipbetweentheclausesthatisnotindicatedbythemostcommonlyusedconjunctions:and,or,but,etc.Thewordhoweverisaconjunctiveadverb.)Hillaryrelinquishedherpositionaschairmanofthegroup;moreover,sheseveredallconnectionwiththepartythatsponsoredthegroup.(Again,moreover,aconjunctiveadverb,joinstwoindependentclauses,butindicatesaspecialrelationshipbetweenthetwoclauses.)

Thisuseofconjunctiveadverbsbetweenindependentclausesrequiresasemicolonbeforetheconjunctiveadverbandacommaafteritasshowninthetwoexamplesabove.

Whenconjunctiveadverbsareplacedwithinaclause,commasareusedtosetthemoff:

Shewill,therefore,establishheridentitybeforetheformalinterrogationbegins.(Thisuseofaconjunctiveadverbsuggeststhatsomethinghasbeensaidintheprecedingsentencethatjustifiestheuseoftherefore.Forexample,theprecedingsentencecouldhavebeen:Therulesofinterrogationarequiterigorousindemandingthatthewitnessbeidentifiedfully.Shewill,therefore,establishetc.)

Whenusedatthebeginningofasentence,aconjunctiveadverbissetoffbyacomma:

Therulesofinterrogationarequiterigorousindemandingthatthewitnessbeidentifiedfully.Therefore,shewillestablishheridentitybeforetheinterrogationbegins.

Themostcommonconjunctiveadverbsare:accordingly,also,anyhow,

besides,consequently,furthermore,hence,henceforth,however,indeed,instead,likewise,meanwhile,moreover,namely,nevertheless,otherwise,still,therefore,andthus.

8.Punctuatethefollowingsentencesasshownintheseexamples:

TheUnitedStatescelebrateditsbicentennialin1976;meanwhile,manycitiesandtownscelebratedtheirtricentennials.Theexperiencegainedinthatwarshouldhaveprovedconclusivelythatcolonialwarsalwaysendindisaster;manynations,nevertheless,pursuepoliciesthatleadtowarfarfromtheirshores.

1.IinsistongoingtothebaseballgameIinsistmoreoverthatyougowithme.

2.Theorganizationtreasuryiscompletelyemptyitwillneverthelesscontinuetoattempttoraisefundssothatitcanpayitsdebts.

3.Thefinaldateforsubmittalofproposalshasnotyetpassedwewillthereforereceiveallproperlyexecutedoffersuntilthatdatearrives.

4.Completeagreementbetweenthetwocontestantsisnotlikelyhoweverwecanalwayshopethatbothpartieswillsomehowseethattheirinterestslieinmutualtrust.

5.Thepatientshowsnosignsofrecoveringdespiteallthemedicaltreatmenthehasbeengiventhusthereisnothingtodobuthopethatcarefulnursingandtheprocessesofnaturewillseehimthrough.

INTENSIFIERSCertainadverbs,suchascertainly,extremely,highly,least,much,quite,

somewhat,such,too,tremendously,andvery,areusedtoemphasizethemeaningofanadjectiveoradverb.Theseadverbsareclassifiedasintensifiers.Intensifiersmaydolittletoenrichadjectivesandadverbsthatarealreadymeaningful.Whendecidingwhethertouseanintensifierinasentenceyouarewriting,readthesentencefirstwiththeintensifierandthenwithoutit.Considerwhethertheintensifieraddstomeaning.

Considerthefollowingsentences:

Considerthefollowingsentences:

Sheisaveryprettygirl.(Doesveryaddmuchtopretty?)Iamnottoointerestedinhisremarks.(WhynotsayIamnotinterestedorIamuninterested?)

Yet,intensifierssometimesconveyimportantmeaning:

Iamtoofattogetintomyclothes.Heistoobigforhisbritches.

Themessageisclear:useintensifierswhentheyaddsignificantlytomeaning;omitthemwhentheydonot.

9.Underscoretheintensifiersinthefollowingsentencesandindicatewhethertheyshouldbekeptordeleted,asshownintheseexamples:Ihadsuchtroublefindingmyway.Heistheleastlikelycandidateforthatoffice.

1.Herteachersfoundhertobeanextremelycapablestudent.___________

2.Hefoundhimselfsufferingmuchthesamepovertyhehadknownbeforeenteringgraduateschool.___________

3.Thiscolorschemeistooviolentformytaste.___________4.IamsomewhatembarrassedbyalltheattentionIhavebeengetting.

___________5.Thecrowdwastremendouslyfascinatedbythefineaddressesdelivered

thatday.___________6.Iamextremelyeagertocontinueuntiltheyear2010.___________7.Thiscarisquitenewindesign,butitstillmakesbadmileage.

___________8.Iamverysorryourbelovedprofessorhasdied.___________9.Iwasquitedisappointedinmygrades.___________10.Youaretoobeautifulforwords.___________

INFINITIVESASADVERBSInfinitivesandinfinitivephrasesfunctionasadverbsinmanysentences:

EdwardknowsFrenchwellenoughtopassasaFrenchman.(TheinfinitivephrasetopassasaFrenchmanmodifiestheadverbenough.)TheSenatorreturnedtoMainetocampaignforreelection.(Theinfinitivephrasetocampaignforreelectionmodifiestheverbreturned.)Heworkstosurviveandreadstolive.(Theinfinitivetosurvivemodifiestheverbworks.Theinfinitivetolivemodifiesreads.)

10.Inthefollowingsentences,underscoretheinfinitivesandinfinitivephrasesusedasadverbs,andidentifytheelementstheymodifyasshownintheseexamples:TheYugoslaviandiplomatfeltconfidentenoughtoreturnhome.

Theysoldtorealizeaprofit.

1.Jerrytendstobecomeviolentwhenheisfrustrated.__________2.ThestormseemstocoverseveralSouthernstates.__________3.Resolutionswereintroducedtorepealtheabortionlaws.__________4.Hebatsleft-handedtoutilizehisgreatspeed.__________5.Shedidn’tdaremockanyone;shewastoogentleaperson.__________6.TheyintendtotraveltoScotlandagainthissummer.__________7.Dogsareinclinedtodrinkagreatdealofwater.__________8.Thelandlordtriedtoevicthisobjectionabletenant.__________9.Librariansareeagertostocktheirshelveswithworthwhilebooks.

__________10.Mostadolescentslovetotravelontheirown.__________

CHAPTER7PrepositionsandConjunctions

PREPOSITIONSAprepositionisawordthatconveysameaningofposition,direction,time,or

otherabstraction.Itservestorelateitsobjecttoanothersentenceelement.Aprepositionalphraseconsistsofapreposition,itsobject,andanymodifiers

oftheobject.IntheprepositionalphrasebythegreatestGermanmusician,theprepositionisby,theobjectismusician,andthemodifiersoftheobjectarethegreatestGerman.

Prepositionalphrasesareusedtomodifyverbs,nouns,pronouns,andadjectives:

RelatingtoVerbsShefoundthesleepingchildinherroom.(Wheredidshefindthesleepingchild?Inherroom.)Theystoredtheirfilesunderthetable.(Wheredidtheystoretheirfiles?Underthetable.)

RelatingtoNounsandPronounsShefeltthehatredoftheentirefamily.(Whosehatred?Thehatredoftheentirefamily.)Iwantanythingbythatauthor.(WhatdoIwantbythatauthor?Anything.)

RelatingtoAdjectivesShewasyounginheart.(Younginwhatsense?Younginheart.)Thebookwasconsideredprofaneinintent.(Inwhatsenseprofane?Profaneinintent.)

Theninemostcommonlyusedprepositionsare:at,by,for,from,in,of,on,to,andwith.Therearemanymore,andyouwillshortlybegivenalistofotherfrequentlyusedprepositions.

1.Inthefollowingsentences,underscoreallprepositionalphrasesasshownintheseexamples:Wehaveworkedhardallweekforourcause.Wewenttothestoreyesterdayatnoon.

1.Shewastreatedforhepatitisbythedoctor.

2.I’mjustalittlegirlfromLittleRock.

3.Sheoftengoestothetheaterwithherfather.

4.TheGardnerswillbeattheseashoreduringtheentiresummer.

5.Ihopeyoureachtheairportintimeforthelateflight.

6.Ontwooccasions,youhaveforgottenyourappointmentwiththedentist.

7.Forallweknow,lifewillneverbethesame.

8.Thetreesarealivewithcolorintheautumn.

9.Therearethreepeopleinthehousewhowillstayforlunch.10.Thismoneywillbereservedforcharitablepurposes.

2.Inthefollowingsentences,identifytheprepositionsandtheobjectsofprepositionsasshownintheseexamples:Thesurgeonoperatedforappendicitis.Theywenttotheplanetariumintimefortheafternoonshowing.

1.Heconsiderspriceincreasesaprecursorofeconomicrecession.

2.Yourenthusiasmforhardworkisnotthegreatest.

3.Someofmyfriendswillnotbeatthenextreunion.

4.ThepostalservicehasnotdeliveredthemailforwhichIhavebeenwaiting.

5.Shewenttothestadiumonceagainindreadofaboringafternoon.

6.AsymphonybyBeethovenisalwaysafreshexperience.

7.Shewentfromthenurserytotheemergencycareroom.

8.Daffodilstellusofthearrivalofspring,butsaynothingofhowcoldspringcanbe.

9.Literaturewasoneofherfavoritestudies,yetshewasalsofondofthesciences.

10.WeshallbeleavingforAntarcticainafewmonths.

3.Inthefollowingsentencesunderscoretheprepositionalphrasesandidentifytheverbs,nouns,pronouns,oradjectivesmodified,asshownintheseexamples:Hisrespectforhiselderswasapparent.Fewofthelaterpoemsshowanyspecialqualities.

1.Duringtheraidthreeguardswerewounded.___________2.Theylosttheirpursesinthebusstation.___________3.Iremovedmyhatastheflagpassedbythereviewingstand.

___________4.Bytheendoftheperformance,noonewasleftintheaudience.

___________5.Closetoourschoolisanewpublichousingdevelopment.___________6.Hewasrewardedforhiscourtesybytheoldwoman.___________7.Hetookgreatdelightinhiscoincollection.___________8.Isthisthemostdirectwaytothehospital?___________9.Elementarydecencyisneverrecognizedbysomepeople.___________10.SheselectedherEuropeanitinerarywithgreatcare.___________

CommonlyUsedPrepositions

Thefollowinglistidentifiesthoseprepositionsmostcommonlyencountered;itisbynomeanscomplete.Amongthewordslistedherearethenineprepositionsthatweregivenpreviously.Inadditiontothesinglewordsthatconstitutemostoftheentriesinthislist,therearesomephrasesthatfunctionasprepositions:inbackof,inadditionto,etc.

Witheachentryinthelist,twophrasesaresuppliedtoillustrateuseofthe

Witheachentryinthelist,twophrasesaresuppliedtoillustrateuseoftheprepositions.

aboardaboardtheship,aboardtheairplaneaboutabouttown,aboutpeopleaboveaboveall,abovemyheadaccordingtoaccordingtothenewspapers,accordingtocustomacrossacrosstheway,acrossourfrontyardafterafterawhile,aftermealsagainstagainstpublicopinion,againstthewallaheadofaheadofthecrowd,aheadofhistimealongalongthestreet,alongtheroutealongsidealongsidethecaravan,alongsidetheprisonamidamidourpreparations,amidouractivityamidstamidstallmyactivity,amidstthelocalpeopleamongamongotherthings,amongthecrowdapartfromapartfrommyownfeelings,apartfromtheexpenseinvolvedaroundaroundthecorner,aroundherwaistasfarasasfarasWashington,asfarasthetraindepotasidefromasidefromhispublishedwritings,asidefrommyownthoughtsastoastothepointyouraised,astotheperformanceitselfatatnopoint,atthefinalmomentbackofbackofthebus,backoftheobjectionbecauseofbecauseofhispoverty,becauseofourcompleteapathybeforebeforedinner,beforeleavingbehindbehindhissmile,behindcloseddoorsbehindinbehindintherent,behindinhispaymentsbelowbelowtheroof,belowthelivingroombeneathbeneathmystandards,beneathrespectbesidebesideagardenwall,besideherselfbesidesbesidesthedeanhimself,besidestheimmediatefamilybetweenbetweenyouandme,betweenJulyandSeptemberbeyondbeyondmyken,beyondthemountainsbutbutme,butahandfulofpeoplebybythesamewriter,bytomorrowconcerningconcerningtaste,concerningherobstinacycontrarytocontrarytomyadvice,contrarytotheConstitutiondespitedespiteallourbestefforts,despitehislatenessdowndownthestairs,downthestreetduetoduetolackofsleep,duetohabitualabsences

duringduringhistenure,duringtheBushyearsexceptexceptme,exceptmybrotherforforyourownsafety,forthesakeofGodfromfromnowhere,fromthewesternskyininback,inexpectationinadditiontoinadditiontoherefforts,inadditiontoAIDSinbackofinbackofthehouse,inbackofhermindinfrontofinfrontofit,infrontofthestoreinlieuofinlieuoflovingcare,inlieuofafull-timechairmaninlightofinlightofheraccomplishments,inlightofthechild’sageinplaceofinplaceoftheflowers,inplaceofthecurrentexhibitinregardtoinregardtoyourletter,inregardtoherrequestinsideinsidehishead,insidethevaultinspiteofinspiteofhismother’srequest,inspiteofhisgoodintentionsinsteadofinsteadofthemarines,insteadofgoinghomeintointoadeepdepression,intotheFrenchquarterinviewofinviewofherprejudices,inviewofyourdemandslikelikeabee,likeanangelnearneartheoldhouse,neardespairofofpioneerstock,ofgreatreputationoffofftheroof,offhisoutstandingdebtononmyaccount,onoccasiononaccountofonaccountofthedelay,onaccountoftheinconvenienceonboardonboardtheoceanliner,onboardtheOrientExpressontoontotheplatform,ontohershouldersoutoutthedoor,outthewindowoutofoutofsightandoutofmind,outofthehalloveroveryourhead,overthepartyowingtoowingtoyouranxiety,owingtohiseagernesspastpasttheschoolyard,pastmycomprehensionperpersecond,perminuteroundroundthebarnyard,roundmyheadsincesinceherdeath,sincetheturnofthecenturythroughthroughmythoughts,throughthegatethroughoutthroughoutherlife,throughoutthenighttilltilldeath,tilltodaytotonopurpose,toNewYorktowardtowardbetterunderstanding,towardlateafternoontowardstowardsNewYork,towardsthenorth

underundertwoflags,undersuspicionuntiluntilmorning,untildeathuntountoeachother,untoourselvesupupthestaircase,upthewalluponuponwell-foundedsuspicions,uponfurtherthoughtuptouptonow,uptothelimitofhisabilityviaviatheAlcanHighway,viaRoute66withwithcare,withnofriendswithinwithinhishearing,withinthetimewithoutwithoutarms,withoutassistance

4.Inthefollowingsentences,underlinetheprepositionalphrasesasshownintheseexamples:Hewasseensmokingbehindthebarn.ThelaptopcomputerIwantedwasoutofstock.

1.Throughouttheterm,hefoundherbehaviorutterlyincomprehensible.

2.Heturnedtheproblemintoamajorexercise.

3.TheMercedesswervedpasttheguardrailandontothelawn.

4.Italianvintnersareknownfortheirinexpensivewhiteandredwines.

5.AcrosstownthereisalittlerestaurantthatservesfoodlikethatofFrance.

6.Yourrequestwillbegrantedifitiswithinreason.

7.Becauseofhisdelayinpaying,electricalservicehasbeenterminated.

8.Outofthepitchblacknightcameacreatureofthreateningappearance.

9.Margaretlivednearthecitycenter,butsheplayednopartincitylife.10.Theysweptpastthemaîtred’hôtelanddemandedtobeseatednearthe

band.11.Theactressfelloffthestageandbrokeoneofherlegs.12.Sinceherhusband’sdeath,Paulahadhadnolifeofherown.13.Ifyouagree,Ishallgoinsteadofyou.

14.Inspiteofeverythingyousay,Iamsureyouhadagoodtime.15.Hewentstraighttowardthebar,despitemyrepeatedwarnings.

ObjectofPreposition

Theobjectofaprepositionisalwaysintheobjectivecase.

Hegavethebooktome.(Theobjectoftheprepositiontoisthepronounme,whichisintheobjectivecase.)Whomdidyougivethebookto?(Whomistheobjectoftheprepositiontoandisintheobjectivecase.)

Despitethetendencyofmanyspeakersandwriterstousewhowhenwhomispreferred,asinthesecondsamplesentence,anyoneinterestedingoodgrammarshouldusewhomastheobjectiveformofthepronounwho.

5.Inthefollowingsentences,supplytheproperformsofthepronounsasshownintheseexamples:Ifoundthechildwith(he)Ifyouwon’tdothisfor(she),(who)willyoudoitfor?

1.Doyouthinkanyonebut(she)candoit?_____________2.Iwillnotgotoseeyouifyouhaveherwith(you)._____________3.Shirleytoldhimshewouldgivethepresentto(we)._____________4.Thecommitteedecidedtoawardtheplaqueto(whoever)Ichoose.

_____________5.Ishallgowith(she)whenshecallsupon(they)._____________6.Ifyoulackconfidencein(they),whydon’tyousayso?_____________7.Ruskinhadadmirationfor(he)asapainter._____________8.Williamaddressedhisletterto(she)becauseheknewnooneelseonthe

committee._____________9.(Who)areyoureferringto?_____________10.Theletteryousenthasbeenforwardedto(I)attheaddressIgave(she).

_____________

DifferentiatingPrepositionsfromOtherPartsofSpeechManyprepositions,suchasafter,but,for,andsince,arealsousedasadverbs,

adjectives,orconjunctions.Thewaytodifferentiatethevarioususesofthesewordsistoexaminetherolestheyplayinasentence.

Considerthefollowingsentences:

Theduckswereinarow,oneafteranother.(preposition)Donotfollowafterhim.(preposition)Haveyouinquiredafterher?(preposition)Afterdinnerweweretreatedtocupsofsuperbcoffee.(preposition)Shewasnamedafterheraunt.(preposition)Jillcameafter.(adverb)Theylivedhappilyeverafter.(adverb)Theafteryearsoftenareterrible.(adjective)AfterIfindtheplaceIwant,Ishallbuyitandsettledown.(conjunction)

Intheaboveexamples,after,whenusedasanadverboranadjective,directlymodifiesawordorwords:cameafter,livedafter,afteryears.Inthesentenceinwhichafterisusedasaconjunction,itisfollowedbyaclause:AfterIfindtheplaceIwant.Whenusedasapreposition,afterintroducesaprepositionalphrase:afteranother,afterhim,afterher,afterdinner,afterheraunt.

6.Inthefollowingsentences,underlinetheprepositions,ifany,asshownintheseexamples:Thishasbeenthewarmestwintersince1940.Shehassinceleftthispartofthecountry.AfterherdepartureIhavenotbeenthesame.

1.Shewillnotbeeligible,forshehasnotpaidtaxeshere.

2.Shewillcompetefortheprize,sinceitrepresentsherfondestdream.

3.Weallagreedthatnoonebuthercanevenbeconsidered.

4.Alicebegantoshoutforjoy,butsoonstoppedbecauseofherirritatedthroat.

5.Theyhaveaneyeforbeauty,butwhatevertheychoosetopaintpleasesnoonewithanytaste.

6.Theyfollowedcloselyafter,butnomatterhowhardtheytried,thethiefgotaway.

7.Ihavenotseenanythingofhimsince.

8.Aftertheballwasover,manyaheartwasbroken.

9.Hefollowedafterherdutifully,wishingnothingelsebutherhappiness.10.Forallweknow,wemaynevermeetagain.

PrepositionalPhrasesasModifiers

Prepositionalphrasesfunctionasadverbsoradjectives.Considerthefollowingsentences:

Wedecidedatthelastminute.(adverbmodifyingdecided)TheycomefromPuertoRico.(adverbmodifyingcome)Mostgovernmentofficialsspeakwithcaution.(adverbmodifyingspeak)ThefamilyvacationedinSaratogaSprings.(adverbmodifyingvacationed)Peopleofqualitydonotgossipallthetime.(adjectivemodifyingPeople)Thefamilyinmourningworeblackclothing.(adjectivemodifyingfamily)Theheroasanti-herocharacterizesAmericandetectivefiction.(adjectivemodifyinghero)Traininginmartialartshasneverlostitspopularity.(adjectivemodifyingTraining)

7.Inthefollowingsentences,identifytheitalicizedprepositionalphrasesasadverbsoradjectivesasshownintheseexamples:

Shewasrecognizedasaleader.

Thepictureinthewindowwasstunning.Wedinedinanelegantrestaurant.

1.OnThursdaysIdinealoneinamodestrestaurant,hopingtohavecompleteprivacy.________________

2.Ahouseinaneighborhoodthatiswellmaintainedwillalwaysappreciateinvalue.________________

3.Hebehavedinamannerthatcancharitablybedescribedaspoortaste.________________

4.Herattitudetowardtheexcellentjobofferstaggeredthoseofuswho,likeher,wereusuallyunemployed.________________

5.Thesailorindressuniformsaunteredintothecafeandorderedaglassofmilk.________________

6.Thetraditionalattitudetowardsgraduatestudieshasshiftedsomewhatinlightofincreasingsalaries.________________

7.Thetreesbehindourschoolneedprofessionalcareforsurvival.________________

8.Canyoumanagetoinspectandrepairourplumbinginasinglevisit?________________

9.Littleinthisworldcanbeaccomplishedwithouthardwork.________________

10.Theonlyflawinhissolutionisthathehascompletelyoverlookedthebestofclues.________________

8.Inthefollowingsentences,underscoreallprepositionalphrases,ifany,asshownintheseexamples:Whenmyclothesneedlaundering,Itakethemtotheautomaticlaundryforquickandinexpensivewashing,butIusuallycannotaffordtousethedryers,soIputmywashedclothesonaline.Besideshoping,therewaslittleIcoulddo,sincenothingwasleftofthemoney.

1.Ofallthemembers,sheisthefirstIwouldaccuseofdoingsuchmischief.

2.Thecottagestoodonalittlehillbehindthewall,waitingforsomeonetocomealongandbuyit.

3.Paperiswastedinofficesthatareequippedwithcopyingmachines.

4.Apipefilledwithgoodtobaccocanhelpalonelyman.

5.Nearthefarmstoodthreeunusedkilnsoncedevotedtothemakingoflime.

6.Amapletreewillgivesweetsapifthenightsarecoldandthedaysarewarm.

7.Shestoodbythefirehouse,wonderingwhetherthealarmwouldringduringherlunchhoursoshecouldseehowquicklythehandsomefiremenwouldrespond.

8.Intheafternoons,hewouldwalkaboutthecity,lookingforsomediversionthatwouldcheerhiminhismisery.

9.Theapartmentwasfilledwithsmokeafterthefiremenstoppedsprayingtheirwaterontheupperfloors.

10.Oncehehadcompletedhisessay,heleftthelibraryandwalkedhome.11.Thetreeswereinfullleafandlookedasthoughtheywerehappythat

springhadcome.12.Ihadtospendmostofmytimeonchoresthatleftlittleevidenceof

completiononcetheyweredone.13.Children,asweallknow,oftenfindamusementintormentingyounger

children.14.Fordaysonend,thepairworkedtorepairthedamagetothesidewalk.15.Intheafternoons,shefoundthatthesunlightwastoostrongforhereyes,

whichweremoreaccustomedtothesubduedlightofthenursinghomewheresheworked.

CONJUNCTIONSConjunctionsconnectwords,phrases,orclauses.Theyareclassifiedas

coordinatingorsubordinating.Subordinatingconjunctionsjoinonlyclauses.Coordinatingconjunctionsjoinwords,phrases,andclauses:

HeandI,SheorI(coordinatingconjunctionsjoiningwords)

Thechairinthelivingroomandtheoneintheden;theredcarorthebluecar(coordinatingconjunctionsjoiningphrases)Shehasbeennominated,butIhopeshewillwithdraw.(coordinatingconjunctionjoiningclauses)Therestillistimetogettothegame,forwehavefifteenminutes.(coordinatingconjunctionjoiningclauses)

Themostcommoncoordinatingconjunctionsareand,but,for,nor,or,so,andyet.(Soandyetsometimesactassubordinatingconjunctions.)

Otherconjunctionsclassifiedascoordinatingaretheso-calledcorrelatives,whichoccurinpairs:either…or,neither…nor,notonly…but,notonly…butalso,andboth…and:

EitheryouleaveatonceorIshallcallthepolice.NeitherJanenorAlicedeservestobeconsideredforpromotion.Notonlyhasthenationsuffereddomestically,butourreputationabroadispoor.Notonlydoesshewritemaudlinnovels,butshealsowritesbatheticpoetry.Bothcoffeeandteaweredrunktoexcess.

Ascanbeseen,coordinatingconjunctionsareusedtoconnectsentenceelementsthathaveequivalentvalue.

Subordinatingconjunctionsconnectsentenceelements—clauses—oflessthanequalvalue.Themostcommonsubordinatingconjunctionsareafter,although,as,asif,aslongas,because,before,how,if,inorderthat,since,so,sothat,though,till,unless,until,when,where,wherever,while,why,andyet.Therelativepronounsthat,what,which,andwhoalsoactassubordinatingconjunctions.

Thefollowingsentencesshowsomeusesofsubordinatingconjunctions:

Iwilltakecareofherafterthedoctorhasgone.Icannottakealltheblame,althoughIwillacceptpartialresponsibility.Theyarrivedinourtownbeforetheothersdid.TheyhavebeenstudyingLatinsincetheyenteredsecondgrade.

Therecomesatimewhenallbillsmustbepaid.RichardsatinthelibrarywhileJonwasoutontheplayingfield.

9.Inthefollowingsentencesunderscoretheconjunctionsandindicatewhethertheyarecoordinatingorsubordinatingasshownintheseexamples:Helenworkedasanengineeranddesigner,whileherhusbandcontinuedhisgraduatestudies.

Heenjoyedworkingonthefarm,buthiswifeobjectedtothestrenuousandlonelylife.coordinating,coordinating

1.Notonlyhavewewastedourhealth,butwehavelostthewilltolive.

2.Ididallthissothatourchildrenmighthavebetterlives.

3.Sinceyoulefthome,everythinghasbeenthesameexceptforthedeterioratingconditionofyourroomandtheincreasingcostoffeedingthefamily.

4.Untilyoufindyouhaveworktodoandresponsibilitiestomeet,youcannotsayyouhavereachedadultstatus.

5.Eitherthehusbandorthewifewillhavetomakepeacewiththeother,becauselifeismuchtoohecticwithbothofthemforeverfighting.

6.Whenyoudecidetosubmityourcompletemanuscript,pleaseletmeknowsoIcanarrangetohaveyoupaid.

7.Thechairyougavemehasnospringsorcover,yetithasacharmallofitsown.

8.HenryorDeirdrewillhavetobepresentwhenweselectadelegatetothenationalconvention.

9.Sotherewillbenomisunderstanding,letmeexplainthatweallmustworktogetherandchooseourwordscarefullyinaddressingoneanother.

10.Whereverthejobtakesus,wemustbepreparedtogo,withoutcomplainingorclaimingthatwewerekeptinthedark.

Answers

Chapter1

1.1.Verbreceive,Subject,Playwrights,authors,Directobjectacclaim,Complementnone2.Verbpreserve,SubjectLibraries,Directobjectwisdom,Complementnone

3.Verbare,Subjectstores,Directobjectnone,Complementbusiest4.Verbhas,SubjectBuenosAires,Directobjecthouse,Complementnone5.Verbis,SubjectReligion,Directobjectnone,Complementcourse6.Verbwere,SubjectEli,Samuel,Directobjectnone,Complementprophets

7.Verbhaveproduced,SubjectWars,Directobjectdeath,destruction,Complementnone

8.Verbtelephoned,SubjectTamara,Directobjectbrothers,Complementnone

9.Verbserved,Subjectwaiter,Directobjectwater,Complementnone10.Verbwasransacked,Subjectdormitory,Directobjectnone,Complement

none11.Verbwereransacking,SubjectBurglars,Directobjectdormitory,

Complementnone12.Verbstudied,SubjectHelen,DirectobjectItalian,Complementnone13.Verbfelt,SubjectShe,Directobjectlining,Complementnone14.Verbfelt,SubjectHe,Directobjectnone,Complementwell15.Verbcalled,Subjectdefendants,Directobjectlawyer,Complementnone16.Verbensures,Subjectmind,Directobjectsuccess,Complementnone17.Verbhaverevolutionized,SubjectMicrochips,Directobjectindustry,

Complementnone18.Verbis,Subjectbibliography,Directobjectnone,Complementlist19.Verbcarry,Subjectteenagers,Directobjecttelephones,Complement

none20.Verbwear,Subjectprofessionals,Directobjecthats,Complementnone

21.Verbsuited,Subjectshirt,tie,Directobjecthim,Complementnone22.Verbarerespected,Subjectmatadors,Directobjectnone,Complement

none23.Verbareairconditioned,Subjecthomes,Directobjectnone,

Complementnone24.Verbcleans,cools,SubjectAirconditioning,Directobjectbuildings,

Complementnone25.Verbwrote,SubjectConrad,Directobjectnone,Complementnone

2.1.vacationers,2.museum,3.clients,4.customer,5.him,6.museum,7.judges,8.Marie,9.roommates,10.BritishMuseum,11.him,12.readers,13.witnesses,14.clients,15.parents

3.1.outdoor,enthusiastic;2.patient,joyfully;3.tired,very,late;4.tasty,spaghetti,always;5.regularly,serviced,safer;6.large,carefully;7.neighborhood,early,late;8.always,clean,neatly;9.never,news;

10.Our,best,almost;11.tonight;12.Our,weekly,only,local;13.nighttime,old;14.never,broken;15.White,roast;16.Herman’s,good,dance;17.Bertha’s,blue;18.never,before;19.tall,gently,frightened;20.Please,two,sharp;21.red,slowly;22.stormy,high;23.Happy,hard;24.Robert’s,old,new;25.million,annually

4.1.thatthechampionwore,onthetenniscourt,withgreenpiping;2.intheskimask,downthestairs;3.oncoldnights,withoutacoat;4.ofthevisitingteam,aroundrightend;5.inwhichweareliving;6.thatisdoubleparked,intheentirestreet;7.carryingthebrownportfolio,onhisdesk;8.acrossthesidewalk;9.ofallages;10.onthecorner,frommanycities;11.ofunemployedmenandwomen,attheofficedoor;12.inthereddress,downthestreet;13.ofmorning,throughthewindow;14.wehadyesterday,onstreets,alloverthecity;15.ofredflowers;16.ofblackbirds,underthatbridge;

17.fromourschool;18.withbrowneyes,acrosstheroom,withherlefthand;19.ofourbus,toallhispassengers;20.atourhouse,onSaturday;21.whospeaksonlyEnglish,withmanycustomers;22.whohittoleftfield,beforetheballwasthrownin;23.thatiswelltrained,well-trained;24.inourparish,whocomestohim;25.whoknowswhatsheisdoing,withgreatcaution

5.1.Verbwrote,SubjectLisa,Directobjectletter,Complementnone,Indirectobjectmother,Modifiershastily,angry,her

2.Verbis,SubjectBeethoven,Directobjectnone,Complementcomposer,Indirectobjectnone,Modifiersgreatest,ofalltime

3.Verbmet,SubjectI,Directobjectfriend,Complementnone,Indirectobjectnone,ModifiersWhileIwaswaitingforJon,another,old

4.Verbis,SubjectMichelle,Directobjectnone,Complementstudent,Indirectobjectnone,Modifiersworst,inthejuniorclass

5.Verbgave,SubjectDemocraticcandidate,Directobjectspeech,Complementnone,Indirectobjectnone,Modifiersimportant,overtheradio

6.Verbgave,SubjectNola,Directobjectpresent,Complementnone,IndirectobjectMarla,Modifiersvery,expensive

7.Verbrose,Subjectwoman,Directobjectnone,Complementnone,Indirectobjectnone,Modifiersold,fromherchair,nearthewindow

8.Verbare,Subjectcritics,Directobjectnone,Complementauthors,Indirectobjectnone,ModifiersLiterary,often,frustrated

9.Verbidentified,Subjectornithologist,Directobjectbirds,Complementnone,Indirectobjectnone,Modifierscompetent,many,rare

10.Verbhaswritten,SubjectEmmaDally,Directobjectnovels,Complementnone,Indirectobjectnone,Modifiersthree,interesting,onmodernEnglishlife

11.Verbgives,SubjectWorking,Directobjectheadaches,Complementnone,IndirectobjectGary,Modifiersfarintothenight,bad

12.Verbexperience,Subjectnations,Directobjectdifficulties,Complement

none,Indirectobjectnone,ModifiersMost,ThirdWorld,economic13.Verbare,Subjectautomobiles,Directobjectnone,Complementburden,

Indirectobjectnone,ModifiersOld,totheirusers14.Verbhasbeen,SubjectLife,Directobjectnone,Complementbetter,

Indirectobjectnone,Modifiersnever,forthisgeneration15.Verbstudy,SubjectI,Directobjectnone,Complementnone,Indirect

objectnone,Modifiersalways,atnight16.Verbare,Subjectpuppies,Directobjectnone,Complementenvy,Indirect

objectnone,Modifiersnew,oftheneighbors17.Verbwas,SubjectH.L.Mencken,Directobjectnone,Complementcritic,

Indirectobjectnone,Modifiersirreverent18.Verbmade,SubjectKate,Directobjectdresses,Complementnone,

Indirectobjectherself,friends,Modifiersattractive,her19.Verbreceive,SubjectActors,Directobjectletters,Complementnone,

Indirectobjectnone,Modifiersmany,everyday20.Verbdamages,SubjectPoverty,Directobjectlives,Complementnone,

Indirectobjectnone,Modifiersofmanyruralchildren21.Verbgo,SubjectWe,Directobjectnone,Complementnone,Indirect

objectnone,Modifiersstill,tothetheater,asoftenaspossible22.Verbare,Subjectprices,Directobjectnone,Complementhigh,Indirect

objectnone,ModifiersCommodity,everywhere23.Verbbleeds,Subjecthe,Directobjectnone,Complementnone,Indirect

objectnone,ModifiersWhenDickcutshimself,foralongtime24.Verbfly,Subjectairplanes,Directobjectnone,Complementnone,

Indirectobjectnone,ModifiersPaper,rarely,formorethanafewminutes

25.Verbis,SubjectFishing,Directobjectnone,Complementfun,Indirectobjectnone,Modifiersgreat,onceyouhavelearnedthefundamentalskills

6.1.Someofuslikedtheprogramthatnight;manypeoplewereenthusiasticaboutit

2.Manyvotersmisinterpretedtheremarksofthecandidate;shetriedtorestateherposition

3.weconsideredtheproblemcarefully4.Willielivedalongandhappylife;histimehadcometodie

5.Theyhadmanyhappyexperiences6.Cigaretteshavelongbeenknowntobedangeroustohealth;manypeoplecontinuetosmoke

7.Hewantedtojoinherinthenewbusiness;hehadlittlecapitaltoinvest8.itsqualitywaspoor9.Hisfirstremarksweregreetedwithderision;theaudiencesoonbegantoapplaud

10.Wellresearchedpapersusuallygethighermarksthanhastilypreparedpapers

7.1.eventhoughtheypassedDriverEducation2.none3.aftertheirchildrenfinishedcollege4.eventhoughtherestofherfamilydoes5.thatshewasnotafriendofours,hewas6.wheresheteachesremedialreading7.shewouldsurelymeetthetown’sfinancialneeds8.sincetheysavethetravelerlittletimeandcontributeheavilytoairpollution

9.none10.whoyawnedsteadilyandaudiblyfromthetimethemoviebegan

8.1.acrossthewindingriver;2.Afterherdivorce;ofhername;3.pinnedtothewall;4.soontobereleasedbythetowingairplane;5.inhope,ofsnaringsomething,fordinner;6.tobe;7.none;8.oftea,inlateafternoon,tosurvive,untilevening;9.Inthelibrary;10.topickupourgearandretreattothenearesttownasquicklyaspossible

Chapter2

1.1.HarpoMarx;comedian;2.sky;parachutes;3.cuisine;hamburgers;chickenwings;4.Bill;coat;father;5.Charity;home;6.football;statue;Hamilton;7.avenue;restoration;8.speech;hour;9.chairmen;order;10.puppy;spots;nose;11.hotel;casino;12.neighbor;car;13.world;MartinLutherKing;14.Love;world;15.pens;handwriting;16.train;Chicago;time;show;17.Mary;roses;18.fluid;stain;19.woman;bus;danger;20.Lois;seat;21.Mary;sweater;father;22.Joe;tire;car;23.hands;24.Bridge;cup;tea;25.Planning;time

2.1.Librarians(subjectofverb),people(objectofverbal),books(objectofverbal)

2.McDonald(subjectofverb),farm(directobject)3.zoo(objectofpreposition),Monday(objectofpreposition),year(objectofpreposition)

4.Piano(modifier),music(subjectofverb),glass(objectofpreposition),wine(objectofpreposition),candlelight(objectofpreposition)

5.music(directobject);all(directobjectofverb)said

6.child(subjectofverb),front(objectofpreposition),car(objectofpreposition),chance(directobject)

7.Father(subjectofverb),videos(objectofverbal)8.Louis(subjectofverb),painter(objectofverbal),illustrator(objectofverbal)

9.mountain(objectofpreposition),chairlift(objectofpreposition)10.Attending(subjectofverb),church(objectofverbal),Sundays(objectof

preposition),custom(predicatecomplement),family(objectofpreposition)

11.wife(subjectofverb),dishes(objectofverbal)12.marrying(subjectofverb),Avis(objectofverbal),life(directobject)13.Sam(indirectobject),ticket(directobject),football(modifier),game

(objectofpreposition)14.Alfred(indirectobject),sweater(directobject),father(objectof

preposition)15.family(objectofpreposition),laundry(modifier),day(subjectofverb),

event(predicatecomplement)16.Eyeglasses(subjectofverb),sign(predicatecomplement),age(objectof

preposition),bifocals(subjectofverb)17.Acura(subjectofverb),car(predicatecomplement),investment(direct

object)18.wine(subjectofverb),California(modifier),grapes(objectof

preposition)19.Term(modifier),papers(subjectofverb),research(modifier),papers

(directobject)20.advantages(objectofverbal),microwave(modifier),ovens(objectof

preposition)21.Sculpture(subjectofverb),hobby(predicatecomplement)22.advice(objectofpreposition),doctor(objectofpreposition),Fred

(subjectofverb),cigarettes(objectofverbal),day(objectofpreposition)23.cabbage(subjectofverb),room(directobject),garden(objectof

preposition)24.Cindy(subjectofverb),bourbon(modifier),whiskey(directobject)25.couch(subjectofverb),room(objectofpreposition)

3.1.road(common),James(proper),wife(common),chains(common),familycar(common)

2.Siberia(proper),thousands(common),deer(common)3.Atlantic(proper),oil(common),NewYork(proper),Portugal(proper)4.students(common),college(common),cost(common),tuition(common)5.physics(common),textbooks(common),Lorimer(proper),students(common),exercises(common)

6.seats(common),England(proper),tourists(common),play(common),night(common),week(common)

7.people(common),restaurants(common),patronage(common)8.lexicographers(common),guardians(common),language(common)9.BernardMalamud(proper),author(common),stories(common),books(common)

10.RogerCasement(proper),patriot(common),traitor(common)

4.1.foxes,2.chiefs,3.attorneys,4.potatoes,5.spoonfuls,6.valleys,7.formulasorformulae,8.genera,genuses,9.addenda,addendums,10.knives,11.laboratories,12.vocabularies,13.absences,14.cupfuls,15.babysitters,16.crises,17.diagnoses,18.synopses,19.athletics,

20.libraries,21.Joneses,22.quotas,23.data,24.booths,25.buzzes,26.axes,27.loci,28.skies,29.echoes,30.preferences,31.loaves,32.lives,33.matrices,34.actuaries,35.bases,36.neuroses,37.privileges,38.freshmen,39.parentheses,40.attorneysgeneral,attorneygenerals,41.analyses,42.psychoses,43.theses,44.chassis,45.quanta,46.Smiths,47.symphonies,48.axes,49.secretaries,50.levities

5.1.John’s,

2.team’s,3.Nations’,4.Korea’s,5.Yankees’,6.Ruskin’s,7.neighbor’s,8.men’s,9.cook’s,10.Keats’s,Keats’,11.wife’s,12.Year’s,13.Mickey’s,14.Johnsons’,15.Jones’

6.1.singular,2.singular,3.plural,4.plural,5.singular,6.singular,7.plural,8.singular,9.singular,10.plural

7.1.Whetherwegotomorroworstay2.thatwepoolourremainingcapital3.whatevercameintohisheadfirst4.whathappenedduringhisjobinterview5.everythinghischildrendo6.whatmodernarchitecturecanusuallysupply7.thatthebookwasonreserve8.Whenthepicnicisheld

9.Whateveryoudo10.Whoeverattendsthemeeting

8.1.a;2.the;3.the;4.(nonerequired);5.a;6.the;7.An;8.anhonortoreceivethe;9.thecabdriverswarnedmenottostayatthe;10.An,The;11.the,an;12.aseaworthysailboat,theabilitytooperateit,andthe;13.the;14.(nonerequired);15.(nonerequired)

Chapter3

1.1.verbboarded,subjectRichard;verbleft,subjectit2.verbfound,subjectdefendant3.verbclosed,subjectdoor;verbleft,subjectshe4.verbtolled,subjectbell;verbgathered,subjectpeople5.verbagreed,subjectEileen;verbwas,subjecttrip6.verbremained,subjectbooks7.verbwas,subjectPhilosophy;verbearned,subjectknowledge8.verbEat,subjectyou[understood];verbwillhave,subjectyou9.verbleaves,subjecttrain10.verbplayed,subjectchildren;verbwerecalled,subjectthey

2.1.isnolongersharpenoughtocutgrass2.hasnotimprovedheroutlook

3.arehardtofindinwinter4.havenotyetreadthecompletetrialtestimony5.hasbecomebigbusinessallovertheworld6.Can…imagineaworldwithoutwar7.interruptedmysleep8.appearstobethemaininterestofAmerica’syoung9.ranhistractorrightintothehaystackandruinedaweek’swork10.willonedayreappearasastylishfashion

3.1.blackenedtransitive;2.strucktransitive,burnedintransitive;3.smiledintransitive;4.hurtstransitive;5.indicatedtransitive;6.gavetransitive;7.ranintransitive;8.gointransitive;9.incensedtransitive;10.attracttransitive

4.1.soundscopulative,correctpredicateadjective;2.seemedcopulative,companionspredicatenoun;3.becamecopulative,importantpredicateadjective;4.actcopulative,childishpredicateadjective,arecopulative,busypredicateadjective;

5.appearedcopulative,uncannypredicateadjective;6.wascopulative,physicianpredicatenoun;wascopulative,availablepredicateadjective;

7.seemedcopulative,eagerpredicateadjective;8.grewcopulative,livelypredicateadjective;9.actedcopulative,sickpredicateadjective;10.wascopulative,manpredicatenoun

5.1.shall,

2.can,are,3.is,4.is,5.is,6.have,7.Might,8.Do,should,9.are,10.Would,11.should,12.have,13.will,14.is,15.does

6.1.should,2.would,would,3.should,4.will,5.should,6.will,7.will,8.Would,9.should,10.would,11.Will,12.Shall,13.will,14.will,15.should

7.1.subjunctive,2.subjunctive,3.indicative,

4.indicative,5.indicative,6.imperative,7.indicative,8.indicative,9.indicative,10.subjunctive,11.imperative,12.indicative,13.indicative,14.indicative,15.imperative

8.1.forbid,2.pay,3.were,4.insists,5.were,6.be,7.Come,8.be,9.be,10.were,11.was,12.be,13.was,14.were,15.apologize

9.1.passive,2.active,3.active,4.active,

5.passive,6.passive,7.active,8.passive,9.active,10.active

10.1.willbegoingplural,2.issingular,3.issingular,4.cooperateplural,5.hasbeensittingsingular,6.Havebeensittingplural,7.willbeleavingsingular,8.findplural,9.willbehavingplural,10.hasseensingular

11.1.have,2.has,3.is,4.willachieve,5.go,6.collect,7.are,8.has,9.finds,10.are

12.1.was,2.are,3.lie,4.was,5.is,

6.are,7.is,8.were,9.are,10.are

13.1.is,2.are,3.wants,4.carves,5.areallowed,6.are,7.take,8.goes,9.are,10.feeds,11.swim,12.is,13.stand,14.agree,15.is,16.has,17.has,18.wereproduced,19.comfort,20.carry

14.1.expects,2.votes,3.makes,4.are,5.works,6.leaves,7.have,

8.amaze,9.is,10.is

15.1.thirdpersonplural,2.thirdpersonplural,3.secondpersonsingular,4.firstpersonplural,5.firstpersonplural,6.thirdpersonplural,7.secondpersonsingularorplural,8.firstpersonsingular,9.thirdpersonplural,10.thirdpersonplural

16.1.present,active;2.presentperfect,passive;3.present,active;4.presentperfectprogressive,active;5.future,active;6.futureprogressive,active;7.present,passive;present,passive;8.presentprogressive,passive;9.future,active;10.past,passive;11.pastperfect,active;12.present,passive;13.past,active;pastperfect,passive;14.future,active;15.presentperfect,active

17.1.diving,2.ran,3.fall,

4.wrung,5.shown,6.hadled,7.laid,8.eaten,9.got,10.doveordived,11.lay,12.shrankorshrunk,13.lent,14.rangorrung,15.spoken

18.1.willbe,2.havebeeneaten,3.hurts,4.became,5.haveraised,6.willbe,7.calls,8.Is,9.inhale,10.willleave,11.hadescaped,12.willhaveleft,13.learned,14.turns,15.have

19.1.liked,2.hadlearned,3.hadbeendelivered,4.gave,5.like,

6.hadmissed,7.watched,8.waited,9.comes,10.willbeoris,11.was,12.is,13.hadarrived,14.areacted,15.is

20.1.was,2.is,3.entails,4.willhave,5.willdepartordeparts,6.use,7.was,8.was,9.knew,portrayed,10.willcontinue

21.1.Thefirstthingyoushoulddoisremovethewheelandthenexaminethebrakes.orThefirstthingtodoisremovethewheelandthenexaminethebrakes.

2.Somewritersworkonlyfourhoursaday,becausetheycannotdocreativeworkforlongerperiods.

3.Theyfoundthattheycouldnotsewtheseamswell,sincetheyalwaysmademistakeswhentheyfirsttriedtolearnanewskill.

4.Whenonehaslittlemoneytospend,oneiscarefulabouteverypurchase.orWhenyouhavelittlemoneytospend,youarecarefulabouteverypurchase.

5.Ifyougotothedance,youwillfindunescortedwomenwelcome.6.Becauseheconsideredthedesignperfect,thejudgesruledagainsthim.

7.correct8.Heselectedthematerialforthecoat,andthetailorwasthentoldtobeginwork.

9.Thewomenhadinsistedonadmittingmentotheirgroup,butmostofthemenfoundthemeetingsdull.

10.Nightmaresdisturbhissleepnightafternight,andhefindsnoreliefinsedatives.

22.1.complement,2.adverb,3.adverb,4.noun,5.adverb,6.complement,7.noun,8.noun,9.noun,10.noun

23.1.theemployeestocompletethejobonscheduleFunctionofphrase:objectofordered;Functionsofwords:themodifiesemployees,employeesissubjectofinfinitivetocomplete,themodifiesjob,jobisobjectoftocomplete,prepositionalphraseonschedulemodifiestocomplete,onintroducesprepositionalphrase,scheduleisobjectofprepositionon

2.ToidentifyenemiesFunctionofphrase:modifiesmet;Functionsofwords:enemiesisobjectofinfinitivetoidentify

3.hertoforgetherachievementscompletelyFunctionofphrase:objectoftold;Functionsofwords:herissubjectofinfinitivetoforget,hermodifiesachievements,achievementsisobjectoftoforget,completelymodifiestoforget

4.metoanswerthephoneinherabsenceFunctionofphrase:objectofasked;Functionsofwords:meissubjectofinfinitivetoanswer,themodifiesphone,phoneisobjectoftoanswer,prepositionalphraseinherabsencemodifiestoanswer,inintroducesprepositionalphrase,hermodifiesabsence,absenceisobjectofprepositionin

5.ToachievehisambitionFunctionofphrase:subjectofrequired;

Functionsofwords:hismodifiesambition,ambitionisobjectofinfinitivetoachieve

24.1.tohavetaken,2.toforgive,3.todelay,4.tobefed,5.tohavebeenfed,6.totell,7.totell,8.toplay,9.toadmit,10.tohaveprepared

25.1.tomorethanlose;tolosemorethan2.correct3.Tomorethantwohoursworkovertime;Toworkovertimemorethantwohours

4.tonotboardthebus;nottoboardthebus5.wastosafeandsoundfindthechild;wastofindthechildsafeandsound6.tofirmlybutrespectfullydemand;todemandfirmlybutrespectfully7.Tohavewithinaperiodofanhourwalkedaroundthepark;Tohavewalkedaroundtheparkwithinanhour

8.correct9.towithouthesitationtelltheentirestory;totelltheentirestorywithouthesitation

10.towithoutdelayselltheircar;toselltheircarwithoutdelay

26.1.RushingmodifiesChristopher,2.HavingbeentoldmodifiesHillary,3.Foundmodifiesmoney,4.SustainedmodifiesI,5.lockedmodifieschild,6.Swallowingmodifiesboy,

7.LeftmodifiesFelice,8.HavingrefusedmodifiesWilliam,9.Tiredmodifiesattorney,10.CongratulatingmodifiesHingis

27.1.Havingbeentold,2.Finding,3.Havingleft,4.Havingrefused,5.Havingoffered,6.arriving,7.omitted,8.challenging,9.realizing,10.havingretired

28.1.function:subjectofverb;modifiers:none;object:none2.function:objectofverb;modifiers:interestingadjective;object:none3.function:objectofpreposition;modifiers:none;object:none4.function:objectofverb;modifiers:none;object:none5.function:complementofverb;modifiers:none;object:enough6.function:subjectofverb;modifiers:none;object:specimens7.function:subjectofverb;modifiers:quicklytotheboneadverbialphrase;object:none

8.function:subjectofverb;modifiers:rapidlyadverb;object:papers9.function:subjectofverb;modifiers:goodadjective;object:none10.function:objectofverb;modifiers:his,tediousadjectives;object:none

29.1.Foracompanytosellthatmanyautomobiles,agreatmanypeoplemustlikethedesign.

2.Aplanewillhitpeoplestandingintherunway.3.Theplayhavingrunformanyweeks,mostpeopleconsidereditasuccess.

4.Beforegainingadmittancetohisapartment,onemustringabell.

5.AfterIhadhelpedtheoldmancrossthestreet,therestofthewalkwasuneventful.

6.Forthepaintingtoachieveevenmodestacceptance,allaspectsofitmustbeconsideredcarefully.

7.correct8.AsIstumbledblindlyinthefog,Isawamanappear.9.Havingassembledallthenecessaryingredients,sheiscertainofafinedinner.

10.Toprepareafinedinner,acookmustusefreshingredients.

30.1.correct,2.aregoingtodobadly,3.correct,4.correct,5.areleavingbyJanuary,6.correct,7.arewillingtotakejobs,8.totakeanapartment,9.correct,10.andleavingtheirdyingbodies

31.1.andcancreatepoormorale,2.correct,3.correct,4.norlendingwilllead,5.butshefound,6.andpreservetheindependence,7.correct,8.andruiningthebest,9.correct,10.bothboringandannoying,or:bothaboreandanannoyance

Chapter4

1.1.pronounthey,pronounthey,antecedentKateandLeonard;

2.pronounit,antecedentmouse;3.pronounhe,antecedentpainter,pronounthem,antecedentbrushes;4.pronounhe,antecedentHeinrichBöll;5.pronounhe,pronounhe,antecedentveteran;6.pronounhe,antecedentJohn,pronounshe,antecedentSally;7.pronounthey,antecedentJohnandSally,pronounshe,antecedentSally;pronounhe,antecedentJohn;

8.pronounit,antecedentgame,pronounthey,antecedentwords;9.pronounthey,pronounthey,antecedentJoanandAudrey;10.pronounthey,antecedentteachersandparents;11.pronounit,antecedenttooth;12.pronounshe,antecedentgovernor,pronounit,antecedentproclamation;13.pronounthey,antecedentZebras;14.pronounThey,antecedentlessons,pronounhe,antecedentMr.

Cunningham;15.pronounhe,pronounhim,antecedentDan;16.pronounthey,antecedentTextbooks,pronounit,antecedentmoney;17.pronounshe,pronounshe,pronounshe,antecedentMary,pronounthem,

antecedentdishes;18.pronounher,pronounshe,antecedentMarjorie;19.pronounhe,antecedentJon;20.pronounshe,antecedentRuth;21.pronounthey,antecedentadvantages,pronounthey,antecedenttourists;22.pronounthey,antecedentbombs;23.pronounit,antecedentVermont;24.pronounall,pronounthem,antecedentcitizens;25.pronounit,antecedentChicago

2.1.she,2.heorshe,3.they,4.She,5.them,6.They,it,

7.mine,8.it,9.They,10.They,11.heorshe,12.you,13.their,14.it,15.her,16.them,theirs,17.them,18.her,19.she,20.him,21.They,22.heorshe,23.it,24.theirs,25.hers

3.1.which,2.that,3.who,4.which,5.whose,6.that,7.whom,8.which,9.that,10.Whoever,11.that,12.WhomeverorWhatever,13.that,

14.Whichever,15.which,16.whomever,17.that,18.which,19.whose,20.that,21.who,22.whom,23.Whoever,24.WhichorWhichever,25.whom

4.1.so,2.these,those,3.thisorthat,4.those,5.thisorthatortheseorthose,6.firstorlast,7.this,that,8.these,those,9.such,10.Those

5.1.Who,2.What,3.Which,4.Whom,5.WhatorWhomorWhich,6.Who,7.What,8.Who,9.What,10.What

6.1.himself,2.yourself,3.themselves,4.herself,5.myself,oneself,6.themselves,7.herself8.yourself,9.himself,10.herself,11.yourselves,12.myself,13.herself,14.herself,15.itself

7.1.ourselves,2.itself,3.himself,4.oneself,5.myself,6.yourselves,7.himself,8.yourselforyourselves,9.herself,10.himself,11.ourselves,12.itself,13.yourselves,14.yourselforyourselves,15.yourselforyourselves

8.1.oneanother’s,

2.oneanother,3.eachother,4.eachother’s,5.oneanotheroreachother,6.oneanother’soreachother’s,7.oneanother’s,8.oneanother,9.eachother,10.oneanother

9.1.everyone,2.NooneorNobody,3.nooneornobody,4.anything,5.AllorManyorSeveral,6.anyoneoranybodyoreverybodyoreveryone,7.everythingormoreorall,8.littleornothing,9.littleornothingoreverythingorsomething,10.nothingorlittle,11.AnyoneorEveryoneorAnybodyorEverybody,12.anything,13.MuchorEverything;littleornothing,14.alloreverything;everybodyoreveryone,15.NooneorNobody,16.everyoneoreverybody;nooneornobody,17.such,18.few,19.someoneorsomebody,20.EveryoneorEverybody,21.everyoneoreverybody,22.Many,few,23.nooneornobody,

24.someoneorsomebody,25.others

10.1.it,2.they,3.they,4.they,5.who,themselves,6.Which,7.it,8.they,9.one,10.he,they,11.it,they,12.they,they,13.who,himself,14.who,who,he,15.those,she,16.it,17.he,18.it,19.Which,20.which,itself,21.they,he,22.they,it,23.she,it,24.he,it,25.he,who,him

11.1.it,2.they,3.they,4.hers,5.her,

6.them,7.them,8.they,9.them,10.they

12.1.it,2.they,3.it,4.it,5.they,6.they,7.it,8.themselves,9.it,10.it

13.1.who,2.heorshe,himselforherself,3.heorshe,4.itself,5.himselforherself,himselforherself6.it,7.it,8.herself,9.hisorhers,10.herself,11.it,12.herself,13.it,14.himselforherself,15.himself,16.it,

17.heorshe,18.it,19.heorshe,20.heorshe

14.1.ItorThisorThat,2.Who,3.she,4.he,5.he,6.they,7.they,8.I,9.who,10.who,heorshe,heorshe

15.1.her,her,2.whom,3.Whom,4.me,5.us,6.them,7.me,you,8.him,9.Whom,10.her

16.1.them,2.them,3.them,4.it,5.them,6.him,7.it,

8.them,9.them,10.herorhim

17.1.herorhimorit,2.themoryouorus,3.meoryouorusorhimorher,4.him,5.himorher,6.her,7.whom,8.him,9.themoryouorus,them,10.her

18.1.hisorhersoryoursortheirs,2.theirs,3.Whose,4.ours,5.hers,6.ours,7.ours,8.mineoryoursorhisorhers,9.mine,10.ours

19.1.me,2.I,3.mine,4.him,5.I,6.me,7.mine,8.mineorours,

9.me,10,I

Chapter5

1.1.Ten,enough,two,large,2.Oaken,early,3.only,little,4.Hard,great,5.orange,advisable,ski

2.1.Improperdescriptive,herlimiting,cateringdescriptive2.Carefuldescriptive,severallimiting,hislimiting,experimentaldescriptive

3.Mexicanproper;hislimiting4.Poordescriptive,hislimiting,Irishproper5.Onelimiting,perfectdescriptive

3.1.Hispossessive,hispossessive,2.Elevennumerical,3.herpossessive,herpossessive,4.Thatdemonstrative,bothindefinite,mypossessive,5.Whatinterrogative,6.whoserelative,allindefinite,7.Eachindefinite,hispossessive,8.Noindefinite,9.whoserelative,10.Theirpossessive,11.Hispossessive,12.Whichinterrogative,herpossessive,13.firstnumerical,herpossessive,14.Thatdemonstrative,onlyindefinite,yourpossessive,15.Anyindefinite

4.1.fine,2.excellent,3.exciting,4.bad,5.better,6.radiant,7.larger,8.(none),9.disconsolate,10.sad

5.1.freshtrout,2.Rarebooks,3.Italianopera,4.ripepear,5.soexciting

6.1.better,2.smaller,3.youngest,4.moresuitableorlesssuitable,5.broadest,6.morecompetentorlesscompetent,7.best,8.best,9.longer,10.longest

7.1.betweenyouandme,2.forindigentpersons,3.withfailingbusinesses,4.withlittlehope,5.withsubstantialfortunes,aboutthestockmarket,6.betweenhouses,inmytown,

7.oftheImpressionistpaintings,intheUnitedStates,8.throughmywindow,9.toEurope,10.onhisrightlung

8.1.thathadbeenmissingformanyyears,2.whichareindigenoustoAfrica,3.whoareskillfulininterpretingscientificdata,4.whofindtheirimmediatedesiresblocked,5.thathavebeenstoredproperly,6.Ihavetreasuredsincechildhood,7.thathadmanagedtosurvivewithoutcare,8.heplanstocooktoday,9.shefelledwithherlittlehatchet,10.whohaseverfoundhimselfunabletofindajob,whoarehabitually

unemployed

9.1.hewroteinhisEnglishcourses(restrictive)2.thatwereactiveintheperiodbetweenthetwoworldwars(restrictive)3.thathavebeenleftunrefrigerated(restrictive)4.thathaveservedtheirmasterswell(restrictive)5.thatconveysgratitudebutlittlewarmth(restrictive)6.Iconsultmostoften(restrictive)7.,whohavemademanyimportantculturalcontributionstoourcountry,(nonrestrictive)

8.,whichhasadistinctivetextureandappearance,(nonrestrictive)9.,whichcallsitselftheworldleaderinmaplesyrupproduction(nonrestrictive)

10.,whichisarelativelynewphenomenon,(nonrestrictive)

10.1.ThepipethatIleftbehindwasoneofthebestIeverowned.2.Mylastdollar,whichIwantedtospendonfood,wassupposedtokeepmealiveuntilpayday.

3.Twoquartsofmilk,whichcostlessthanapoundofmeat,havemorefoodvalueasfarasIamconcerned.

4.Yesterday’snewspaper,whichwasleftonmydoorstep,belongstomyneighbor.

5.Themessagethatthefieryministerconveysisnottobeignored.

11.1.book,2.Farmer,3.police,store,4.Phonograph,music,5.furniture

12.1.proud,2.poor,3.swift,4.wealthy,indigent,5.learned

13.1.sold,2.Undeterred,3.Struggling,4.Sprinkled,5.victimized,6.unopened,7.finding,unrewarding,8.Harassed,dispirited,9.Gasping,10.achieved

14.1.Runningashardaspossible,Icouldnotcatchmybreath.2.correct3.Afterhavingwalkedincirclesforthreehours,IknewIhadlostmyway.4.Sincemanypeopleatthatcollegewerestudious,thelibrarywasheavilyused.

5.Onceitiscooked,Icanenjoyafineroast.6.correct

7.correct8.Afeelingofdespairisnosurpriseinonestuckintrafficforhours.9.Whilesittingquietlybeforeawoodfire,youngandoldfindnoisychildrenanuisance.

10.Uponmeetingoldfriends,onenaturallyrespondswithpleasure.

15.1.toacquit—vote,2.tosuitthehappyoccasion—food,3.tofeedthem—owners,4.todanceto—music,5.toread—biography,6.tomeeteverysituation—joke,7.touseforthisjob—tool,8.tomissSundayservices—permission,9.towear—clothes,10.tocoverthestory—reporter

Chapter6

1.1.quietlymodifiesweep;2.completelymodifieshonest;3.Ideallymodifiesthedoctorwillhavecompletedherexamination;4.partiallymodifiesclosed,usuallymodifiesineffective,quietlymodifiesspoken;

5.diligentlymodifiespractice,nevermodifiessatisfy;6.patientlymodifiessat,finallymodifieswithdrew;7.quitemodifiescarefully,carefullymodifiesworks;8.Subsequentlymodifieswediscussedthebillwiththemanager;9.openlymodifiesrebuked,fairlymodifiesobvious;10.nevermodifiescanwork,toomodifiescarefully,carefullymodifiescan

work

2.1.adjective,2.adverb,3.adverb,

4.adverb,5.adverb,6.adjective,7.adverb,8.adverb,9.adjective,10.adverb,11.adverb,12.adjective,13.adverb,14.adverb,15.adverb

3.1.sometimes,time,2.possibly,manner,3.almost,manner,4.awkwardly,manner,5.never,time,6.frugally,manner,7.Finally,time,8.ever,time;there,place,9.less,degree,10.soon,time,11.Yes,assertion,12.undoubtedly,assertion,13.guardedly,manner,14.quickly,manner,15.west,place

4.1.adverb,2.adverb,3.adverb,4.adjective,5.adverb,

6.adjective,7.adverb,8.adjective,9.adjective,10.adverb,11.adjective,12.adverb,13.adjective,14.adjective,15.adverb

5.1.morecomfortably,2.moredeeply,3.moreorlesslovingly,4.morevividly,5.mostcolorfully,6.longer,7.morehungrily,8.mosthotly,9.mostheavily,10.mostheavily

6.1.beyondthelasthouse;ontheirstreet,2.mornings,3.inthemorning,4.Inthecoolevenings;afterdinner,5.intheFlemishmanner,6.attheboxoffice,7.Sundays;ontelevision,8.tenminutes,9.fivehundredthousanddollars,10.twentypoundsmorethanheryoungersister

7.1.thatIcouldnolongerremainintheroom(result),modifiesmainclause

2.HadIpaidadequateattentioninclass(condition),modifiesmainclause3.asifhedidnotcareatallaboutmyfeelings(manner),modifiesverbbehaved

4.thanmostofhiscontemporaries(comparison),modifiesprofound5.providedthatshesignedthedormitoryregisteruponleaving(condition),modifiesmainclause

6.whereveryoudriveinNewJersey(place),modifiesmainclause7.becauseIhadreachedtheageofeighteen(cause),modifiesmainclause8.eventhoughtheplagiarismcommitteequestionedhimallday(condition),modifiesverbwouldsubmit

9.Beforeyougatherupyourbooks(time),modifiesmainclause10.Sinceaquorumisnotpresent(cause),modifiesmainclause11.Althoughhetriedeverytrickheknew(concession),modifiesmainclause12.Ifnooneshowsupforthepicnic(condition),modifiesmainclause13.asIwascrossingthestreet(time),modifiesmainclause14.asIhadinmyfirstterm(comparison),modifiesadjectivegood15.HadIrememberedwhattheinstructortoldme(condition),modifiesmain

clause16.astheirmastershavetaughtthem(manner),modifiesverbdobehave17.Becausetherewasnothinglefttodobutsurrender(cause),modifies

mainclause18.wheneverIcanfindareplacement(time),modifiesinfinitivetoleave19.ifcollegesmaintainacademicstandards(condition),modifiesmain

clause20.sinceitwaspainted(time),modifiesmainclause21.asifshewasthoroughlyexhausted(manner),modifiesmainclause22.Sincethereareonlyfourofus(cause),modifiesmainclause23.Althoughnothingappearedtobewrongwiththecar(concession),

modifiesmainclause24.WhereverIgoinNewYork(place),modifiesmainclause25.WhileIwashavingmylunch(time),modifiesverbdroppedby

8.1.Iinsistongoingtothebaseballgame;Iinsist,moreover,thatyougowithme.

2.Theorganizationtreasuryiscompletelyempty;itwill,nevertheless,continuetoattempttoraisefundssothatitcanpayitsdebts.

3.Thefinaldateforsubmittalofproposalshasnotyetpassed;wewill,therefore,receiveallproperlyexecutedoffersuntilthatdatearrives.

4.Completeagreementbetweenthetwocontestantsisnotlikely;however,wecanalwayshopethatbothpartieswillsomehowseethattheirinterestslieinmutualtrust.

5.Thepatientshowsnosignsofrecoveringdespiteallthemedicaltreatmenthehasbeengiven;thus,thereisnothingtodobuthopethatcarefulnursingandtheprocessesofnaturewillseehimthrough.

9.1.extremely(keep),2.much(keep),3.too(keep),4.somewhat(delete),5.tremendously(delete),6.extremely(delete),7.quite(delete),8.very(delete),9.quite(delete),10.too(keep)

10.1.tobecomeviolentmodifiestends,2.tocoverseveralSouthernstatesmodifiesseems,3.torepealtheabortionlawsmodifieswereintroduced,4.toutilizehisgreatspeedmodifiesbats,5.[to]mockanyonemodifiesdidn’tdare,6.totraveltoScotlandagainthissummermodifiesintend,7.todrinkagreatdealofwatermodifiesareinclined,8.toevicthisobjectionabletenantmodifiestried,9.tostocktheirshelveswithworthwhilebooksmodifieseager,10.totravelontheirownmodifieslove

Chapter7

1.1.forhepatitis,bythedoctor;2.fromLittleRock;3.tothetheater,withherfather;4.attheseashore,duringtheentiresummer;5.intime,forthelateflight;6.Ontwooccasions,withthedentist;7.Forall;8.withcolor,intheautumn;9.inthehouse,forlunch;10.forcharitablepurposes

2.1.(of)economicrecession,2.(for)work,3.(of)myfriends,(at)thereunion,4.(for)whichIhavebeenwaiting,5.(to)stadium,(in)dread,(of)afternoon,6.(by)Beethoven,7.(from)nursery,(to)room,8.(of)arrival,(of)spring,(of)howcoldspringcanbe,9.(of)studies,(of)sciences,10.(for)Antarctica,(in)months

3.1.Duringtheraidmodifieswerewounded(verb)2.inthebusstationmodifieslost(verb)3.bythereviewingstandmodifiespassed(verb)4.Bytheendmodifieswasleft(verb),oftheperformancemodifiesend(noun),intheaudiencemodifieswasleft(verb)

5.toourschoolmodifiesclose(adjective)6.forhiscourtesymodifieswasrewarded(verb),bytheoldwomanmodifieswasrewarded(verb)

7.inhiscoincollectionmodifiesdelight(noun)8.tothehospitalmodifiesway(noun)9.bysomepeoplemodifiesisrecognized(verb)10.withgreatcaremodifiesselected(verb)

4.1.Throughouttheterm,2.intoamajorexercise,3.pasttheguardrail,ontothelawn,4.fortheirinexpensivewhiteandredwines,5.Acrosstown,likethat,ofFrance,6.withinreason,7.Becauseofhisdelay,inpaying,8.Outofthepitchblacknight,ofthreateningappearance,9.nearthecitycenter,incitylife,10.pastthemaîtred’hoôtel,neartheband,11.offthestage,ofherlegs,12.Sinceherhusband’sdeath,ofherown,13.insteadofyou,14.Inspiteofeverything,15.towardthebar,despitemyrepeatedwarnings

5.1.her,2.you,3.us,4.whomever,5.her,them,6.them,7.him,8.her,9.Whom,10.me,her

6.1.none,2.for,3.but,4.for,becauseof,5.for,with,6.none,7.of,

8.none,9.after,but,10.For

7.1.adverb,adverb,2.adjective,adverb,3.adverb,adverb,4.adjective,adjective,5.adjective,adverb,adjective,6.adjective,adverb,7.adjective,adjective,8,adverb,9.adjective,adverb,10.adjective,adjective

8.1.Ofallthemembers,ofdoingsuchmischief,2.onalittlehill,behindthewall,forsomeone,3.inoffices,withcopyingmachines,4.withgoodtobacco,5.Nearthefarm,tothemaking,oflime,6.none,7.bythefirehouse,duringherlunchhour,8.Intheafternoons,aboutthecity,forsomediversion,inhismisery,9.withsmoke,ontheupperfloors,10.none,11.infullleaf,12.ofmytime,onchores,ofcompletion,13.intormentingchildren,14.Fordays,onend,tothesidewalk,15.Intheafternoons,forhereyes,tothesubduedlight,ofthenursinghome

9.1.Notonly…butcoordinating;2.sothatsubordinating;3.Sincesubordinating,andcoordinating;

4.Untilsubordinating,andcoordinating;5.Either…orcoordinating,becausesubordinating;6.Whensubordinating,sosubordinating;7.orcoordinating,yetcoordinating;8.orcoordinating,whensubordinating;9.Sosubordinating,thatsubordinating,andcoordinating;10.Whereversubordinating,orcoordinating,thatsubordinating

INDEX

Pleasenotethatindexlinkspointtopagebeginningsfromtheprintedition.Locationsareapproximateine-readers,andyoumayneedtopagedownoneormoretimesafterclickingalinktogettotheindexedmaterial.

Adjective:clauses,108–110comparison,106–107definition,102infinitiveusedas,113–114nounusedas,110–113participleusedas,111–112position,105Adjectiveclauses,thatandwhich,107–110Adjectivephrases,107Adjectivetypes(seedemonstrative,indefinite,interrogative,numerical,possessive,relative)Adjectiveusedasnoun,103Adverb:conjunctive,124–125defined,115distinguishedfromadjective,119–120endingin-ly,116–117functions,115infinitiveas,126–127nounsandphrasesusedas,121–122recognizing,116–119Adverbialclauses,122–124Adverbs,comparisonof,120–121Agreement:collectivenounandverb,53–54

compoundsubjectandverb,51–52subjectofverb,48–49Antecedents:collectivenounsas,91joinedbyand,or,nor,94–95pronoun,89–93singularpronounsas,96–97Article,definition,36Auxiliaryverb:compoundconstruction,75–76definition,42

Clause,definition,16Collectivenouns,34–35Comparisonofadjectives,106Complement,definition,2Compoundpredicate,definition,37Conditionscontrarytofact,44Conjunction:coordinating,135–136definition,135–136subordinating,135–136Conjunctiveadverbs,124–125Consistencyofverbs,62–64Copulativeverbs,41–42

Danglingmodifiers,73–74,112–113Definitearticle:definition,34omission,34Demonstrativeadjectives,99–100Demonstrativepronouns,86–87Dependentclause,definition,15Descriptiveadjective,99–100

Directobject,definition,2

Gerund:definition,71functions,71–72

Idiomaticexpressions,42Imperativemood,definition,40–41Impersonalpronouns,76–77Indefinite,adjectives,96–97Indefinitearticle:choosingcorrectform,36definition,36Indefinitepronouns,87–88Independentclause,definition,15Indicativemood,definition,42Indirectobject,definition,7Infinitive:asadverb,120–121asmodifier,69compoundconstruction,70–71dangling,74–75definition,64functions,64–67split,67–68tenses,66–67Infinitivephrase,definition,65–66Intensifiers,125–126Intensivepronouns,85–87Interrogativeadjectives,86–93Interrogativepronouns,88–89Intransitiveverb,definition,40

Limitingadjective,103–104

Linkingverb,definition,41

Modifier:dangling,73–74definition,8misplaced,73–74Mood:consistency,63definition,44–47idiomaticexpressions,45–46Multiple-wordmodifier,definition,9

Nonrestrictiveadjectiveclauses,108–109Noun:adjectiveusedas110–111capitalization,28collective,33–34common,29definition,19directobjectofverb,20functions,20–22indirectobjectofverb,22modifierofanoun,22objectofpreposition,20objectofverbal,20pluralforms,31possessiveforms,32–33predicatecomplement,22proper,28subjectofverb,20Nounclauses,35–36Nountypes,28–29Nounusedas:adjective,110–111

adverb,121Numericaladjectives,99–100

Parallelconstruction,verbforms,77–78Participle:asmodifier,70dangling,70–71,112–113defined,69misplaced,69–70tenses,70usedasadjective,111–112Pastparticiple,53–54Pasttense,53–54Person:consistency,62definition,54Personalpronouns,82–83Phrase:definition,17usedasadverb,115–116Possessiveadjectives,99–100Predicateadjectives,104–105Predicate(verb):definition,39types,39Preposition:definition,128–129,133objectof,132Prepositionalphrase:asmodifier,133–134definition,123–124Prepositions,common,130–131Presenttenseforideastrueforalltime,57–58Pronoun:

Pronoun:agreement,93–94asappositive,100–101definition,79objectivecase,98objectofpreposition,99–100objectofverbal,98–99possessivecase,100subjectivecase,97–98Pronountypes(seedemonstrative,impersonal,indefinite,intensive,interrogative,personal,reciprocal,reflexive,relative)Properadjectives,97–98Propernoun,27

Reciprocalpronouns,91–92Reflexivepronouns,89–90Relativeadjective,103–114Relativepronouns,85–86Restrictiveadjectiveclauses,108–109

Sentence,elementsof,1–18Shallandwill,43Shouldandwould,43–44Simplepredicate,definition,37Single-wordmodifier,definition,8Splitinfinitive,63–64Subject,definition,1Subjunctivemood:definition,42–43idiomaticexpressions,44thatclauses,44Subordinateclause,definition,15

Tense:

agreement,60–61definition,54–55presentforideastrueforalltime,61–62selection,58–59Thatclauses,42,109Transitiveverb,definition,40

Verb:agreement,49–53auxiliary,42–43copulative,41–42definition,1,38infinitive,41–43moods,44–47number,46–50parallelconstruction,74–76pastparticiple,52–53pasttense,52–53person,53–54predicate,39presentparticiple,54–56principalparts,56–58shallandwill,43shouldandwould,44tenses,53–54Verb,transitive,40Verbal:asmodifier,69definition,64Voice:consistency,62definition,48

Whichclauses,107