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Design & Engineering Services
L PRIZE LAB EVALUATION
ET10SCE1230 Report
Prepared by:
Design & Engineering Services
Customer Service Business Unit
Southern California Edison
December 20, 2010
L Prize Lab Evaluation ET10SCE1230
Southern California Edison
Design & Engineering Services December 2010
Acknowledgements
Southern California Edison’s Design & Engineering Services (DES) group is responsible for
this project. It was developed as part of Southern California Edison’s Emerging Technology
program under internal project number ET10SCE1230. DES project manager Sean Gouw
conducted this technology evaluation with technical guidance from Grant Davis and Teren
Abear, with overall guidance and management from Paul Delaney and Ramin Faramarzi. For
more information on this project, contact [email protected].
Disclaimer
This report was prepared by Southern California Edison (SCE) and funded by California
utility customers under the auspices of the California Public Utilities Commission.
Reproduction or distribution of the whole or any part of the contents of this document
without the express written permission of SCE is prohibited. This work was performed with
reasonable care and in accordance with professional standards. However, neither SCE nor
any entity performing the work pursuant to SCE’s authority make any warranty or
representation, expressed, or implied, with regard to this report, the merchantability or
fitness for a particular purpose of the results of the work, or any analyses, or conclusions
contained in this report. The results reflected in the work are generally representative of
operating conditions; however, the results in any other situation may vary depending upon
particular operating conditions.
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ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
AC Alternating Current
CCT Correlated Color Temperature
CFL Compact Fluorescent Lamp
CRI Color Rendering Index
CT Current Transformer
DC Direct Current
DES Design & Engineering Services
DOE Department of Energy
ELV Electronic Low Voltage
F Fahrenheit
FCC Federal Communications Commission
HVAC Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IESNA Illuminating Engineering Society of North America
K Kelvin
kHz Kilo Hertz
kVA Kilo Volt Amp
LED Light Emitting Diode
lm Lumen
lm/W Lumen per Watt
LTTC Lighting Technology Test Center
mW Radiant Flux
PF Power Factor
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P-N Positive-Negative
rms Root Mean Square
SCE Southern California Edison
SSL Solid State Lighting
THD Total Harmonic Distortion
USB Universal Serial Bus
V Volts
W Watts
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FIGURES Figure 1. The L Prize Lamp Entry ................................................. 9
Figure 2. “Base Down” Lamp Test Orientation ............................. 13
Figure 3. Lamp Seasoning......................................................... 13
Figure 4. Lightolier ELV Slide Dimmer ........................................ 15
Figure 5. Lutron Rotary Dimmer ................................................ 15
Figure 6. The Integrating Sphere ............................................... 18
Figure 7. The Tenma Power Supply ............................................ 18
Figure 8. The Elgar Power Supply .............................................. 19
Figure 9. Hioki Power Quality Analyzer ....................................... 19
Figure 10. Non-Dimming Test Configuration .................................. 20
Figure 11. Dimming Test Configuration ........................................ 20
Figure 12. Thermocouple Module/Chassis ..................................... 21
Figure 13. Lamp Data Scatter Plot: Power vs Luminous Flux ........... 30
Figure 14. Comparing Performance Averages: Efficacy ................... 30
Figure 15. Comparing Performance Averages: Luminous Flux.......... 31
Figure 16. Comparing Performance Averages: Power ..................... 31
Figure 17. Comparing Performance Averages: CCT ........................ 32
Figure 18. Comparing Performance Averages: CRI ......................... 32
Figure 19. Comparing Performance Averages: Power Factor ............ 33
Figure 20. Dimming Performance: Efficacy ................................... 34
Figure 21. Dimming Performance: Luminous Flux .......................... 34
Figure 22. Dimming Performance: Power ...................................... 35
Figure 23. Dimming Performance: CCT ......................................... 35
Figure 24. Dimming Performance: CRI ......................................... 36
Figure 25. Dimming Performance: Power Factor ............................ 36
Figure 26. Dimming Performance: Sphere Inside Temperature
Conditions ................................................................. 37
Figure 27. Baseline Efficacy ........................................................ 40
Figure 28. Baseline Luminous Flux ............................................... 40
Figure 29. Baseline Power .......................................................... 41
Figure 30. Baseline CCT ............................................................. 41
Figure 31. Baseline CRI .............................................................. 42
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Figure 32. Baseline Power Factor ................................................. 42
Figure 33. Baseline Sphere Inside Temperature Conditions ............. 43
Figure 34. Fluctuation of Measured Luminous Flux ......................... 44
Figure 35. Fluctuation of Measured Power ..................................... 44
Figure 36. Exploring Power and Luminous Flux as a Function of
Sphere Inside Temperature ......................................... 46
Figure 37. Exploring CCT and CRI as a Function of Sphere Inside
Temperature.............................................................. 46
Figure 38. L Prize Dimming Waveforms – 100% Position ............... 47
Figure 39. L Prize Dimming Waveforms – 75% Position ................. 48
Figure 40. L Prize Dimming Waveforms – 50% Position ................. 49
Figure 41. L Prize Dimming Waveforms – 25% Position ................. 50
Figure 42. L Prize Dimming Waveforms – 0% Position ................... 51
Figure 43. CFL Dimming Waveforms – 100% Position ................... 52
Figure 44. CFL Dimming Waveforms – 75% Position ..................... 53
Figure 45. CFL Dimming Waveforms – 50% Position ..................... 54
Figure 46. CFL Dimming Waveforms – 25% Position ..................... 55
Figure 47. Incandescent Dimming Waveforms – 100% Position ...... 56
Figure 48. Incandescent Dimming Waveforms – 75% Position ........ 57
Figure 49. Incandescent Dimming Waveforms – 50% Position ........ 58
Figure 50. Incandescent Dimming Waveforms – 25% Position ........ 59
Figure 51. Thermal Image ~15 minute Runtime ............................ 60
Figure 52. Thermal Image ~ 1 hour Runtime ................................ 60
Figure 53. L Prize Lamps Fully On ................................................. 61
Figure 54. L Prize Lamps Fully Dimmed Color Shift (Camera auto
adjusts for brightness) ................................................ 61
Figure 55. L Prize Lamps Flicker Movie Screenshot #1.................... 62
Figure 56. L Prize Lamps Flicker Movie Screenshot #2.................... 62
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TABLES Table 1. Product Requirements (All Categories) ............................ 4
Table 2. Product Requirements (All Categories) ............................ 5
Table 3. Product Requirements (60-Watt Incandescent
Replacement) .............................................................. 5
Table 4. Manufacturer Specifications ......................................... 16
Table 5. Performance Data, Light ............................................. 22
Table 6. Performance Data, Electrical ........................................ 22
Table 7. Field Testing Data ...................................................... 23
Table 8. Baseline Performance Data, Light ................................. 24
Table 9. Dimming Performance Data, Electrical .......................... 24
Table 10. Dimming Performance Data, Light ................................ 25
Table 11. Dimming Performance Data, Electrical, Temp................. 26
Table 12. Product Requirements (All Categories) .......................... 27
Table 13. Product Requirements (All Categories) .......................... 27
Table 14. Product Requirements (60-Watt Incandescent
Replacement) ............................................................ 28
Table 15. % Deviation: Key Parameters, Light ............................. 28
Table 16. % Deviation: Key Parameters, Electrical ....................... 29
Table 17. List of Tested L Prize Lamps ........................................ 39
Table 18. Sample Stabilization Measurements/Calculations (L
Prize Lamp, NETL #0618) ........................................... 45
Table 19. L Prize Dimming: Total Harmonic Distortion ................... 46
Table 20. CFL Dimming: Total Harmonic Distortion ....................... 52
Table 21. Incandescent Dimming: Total Harmonic Distortion ......... 56
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CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY _______________________________________________ 1
INTRODUCTION ____________________________________________________ 3
BACKGROUND ____________________________________________________ 4
Incandescent Lamps ........................................................... 6
Compact Fluorescent Lamps ................................................ 6
Light-Emitting Diodes ......................................................... 6
ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVES ____________________________________________ 8
TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION __________________________________________ 9
TECHNICAL APPROACH/TEST METHODOLOGY ___________________________ 11
Key Parameters ............................................................... 11
Efficacy ........................................................................... 11 Power ............................................................................. 11 Power Factor ................................................................... 11 Luminous Flux ................................................................. 11 Correlated Color Temperature ............................................ 12 Color Rendering Index ...................................................... 12
Test Scenarios ................................................................. 12
Lamp Seasoning............................................................... 13 Performance Testing ......................................................... 13 Dimming Tests ................................................................. 14 Units Tested .................................................................... 16
LTTC Test Equipment ........................................................ 17
Integrating Sphere ........................................................... 17 Regulated Power Supply .................................................... 18 Power Quality Analyzer ..................................................... 19 Thermocouple Module ....................................................... 21
RESULTS_________________________________________________________ 22
Performance Data: L Prize Entry ........................................ 22
Performance Data: Baseline CFLs and Incandescents ............ 24
Dimming Performance Data ............................................... 25
EVALUATIONS ____________________________________________________ 27
Conformance With L Prize Specifications ............................. 27 Field Testing Performance Changes .................................... 28
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L Prize vs Baseline CFLs and Incandescents ......................... 29
DIMMING ________________________________________________ 33
PERFORMANCE FACTORS ARE PLOTTED WITH DIMMER POSITION IN __________ 33
RECOMMENDATIONS ________________________________________ 38
APPENDIX A: TEST DATA ____________________________________________ 39
Baseline Technologies: Incandescent and CFL ...................... 39
Lamp Stabilization ............................................................ 43
Temperature analysis ....................................................... 45
L Prize Entry Dimming: Waveforms .................................... 46
CFL Dimming: Waveforms ................................................. 51
INCANDESCENT DIMMING: WAVEFORMS ___________________________ 55
APPENDIX B: IMAGES ______________________________________________ 60
APPENDIX C: VIDEO _______________________________________________ 62
APPENDIX D: TECHNOLOGY TEST CENTERS ______________________________ 63
REFRIGERATION TECHNOLOGY TEST CENTER _____________________________ 64
Responsibilities ................................................................ 64
Test Chambers and Equipment .......................................... 65
HEATING, VENTILATION, AND AIR CONDITIONING TECHNOLOGY TEST CENTER ___ 66
Responsibilities ................................................................ 66
Test Chambers and Equipment .......................................... 66
LIGHTING TECHNOLOGY TEST CENTER __________________________________ 67
Responsibilities ................................................................ 67
Test Areas and Equipment ................................................. 67
ZERO NET ENERGY TECHNOLOGY TEST CENTER ___________________________ 69
Responsibilities ................................................................ 69
Test Areas and Equipment ................................................. 69
REFERENCES _____________________________________________________ 70
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The DOE hosted the L Prize competition to encourage manufacturers to develop efficient
Solid State Lighting (SSL) equivalents to incandescent lighting technologies. One category in
the competition is the 60-Watt incandescent lamp. This lab evaluation sought to
independently test and analyze the performance characteristics of the first entry to the 60-
Watt incandescent lamp category for the L Prize competition.
This lab study aimed to do the following:
- Assess the performance of the SSL technology with respect to:
o Conformance with L Prize specifications
o Degradation from field usage
o Dimming characteristics
- Compare SSL performance with baseline incandescent and compact fluorescent
technologies.
SSL technologies which comply with the performance specifications in the L Prize
competition meet rigorous efficiency levels (10 Watts, 900 lumens, 2700K Correlated Color
Temp, 90% Color Rendering Index) while maintaining a consistent level of lighting
performance seen in baseline technologies.
A sample set of SSL lamps from a concurrent field test were selected for evaluation. Several
key parameters used in quantifying performance were efficacy, power, luminous flux,
correlated color temperature, color rendering index, and power factor. Performance was
measured with a set of lamps directly before, and after field-testing. Performance was also
measured in a sample set of baseline incandescent and compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs),
chosen from commonly available models.
Performance was also measured with the L Prize lamps paired to an appropriate dimmer at
several prescribed slider/knob positions (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%). One lamp per
technology was tested with dimming. The SSL lamp was paired with an Electronic Low
Voltage (ELV) dimmer as per manufacturer recommendations, while the CFL and
incandescent lamps were paired with typical in-line dimmers.
The SSL product’s measured performance in several key parameters showed that it seemed
to fall in line with the rigorous L Prize specifications. Relative to SSL product lifetime, field-
testing run hours were not long enough to show significant performance variations. The
highest variation, seen in Luminous Flux, was marginal at best. Surprisingly, this showed a
marginal increase on average of 2.61%.
Dimming test observations showed that the product was continuously dimmable, dimmed
down to approximately 20% of light output in a fully dimmed position, and encountered a
visible green color shift when fully dimmed. When the ON/OFF function was toggled on the
dimmer paired with this product, the product was not able to shut off. It encountered visible
flickering at a dimly lit state in the OFF position.
When comparing SSL (pre-field test data), CFL, and Incandescent technologies, the SSL
product demonstrated the lowest power consumption, high luminous flux output, the
highest efficacy, and high power factor, while maintaining comparable correlated color
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temperature and color rendering index. When comparing averages of tested technologies,
SSL uses
- 24% less power than tested non-dimmable CFLs
- 33% less power than the tested dimmable CFL
- 83% less power than tested incandescent lamps
The technology shows promise in terms of meeting the efficiency and performance criteria
set forth in the L Prize. However, to better assess feasible implementation into incentive
programs, more investigation is recommended in three key areas:
- Lifetime Testing
o The variation of savings realized with these products throughout their
lifetime is not well understood at this point. Long lifetimes are one of the
significant advantages of SSL technology, and should be better
understood with this product application.
- Dimming capabilities/issues
o It is not currently known how these products perform when used with
other dimmers.
o Their observed inability to toggle off with the selected ELV dimmer
presents a large barrier, which needs to be overcome for successful
implementation.
o The issue of green color shift at low dimming is a barrier to
investigate/address for successful implementation.
- Thermal effects on product performance
o These lamps are specified to use in dry locations, and not within totally
enclosed fixtures. The effects of ambient temperatures/humidities on this
technology’s performance and lifetime are not well understood at this
point. The conditions these lamps were subjected to in this lab
assessment are within a narrow range, when taking into consideration the
various climate zones/applications these general-purpose devices may
see.
These key areas represent significant barriers to acceptance of this technology when
compared with baseline CFLs and incandescents. Further efforts are recommended to fully
understand the benefits of SSL technology in this application, and ensure that product utility
is not significantly impacted when encouraging customers to purchase products that are
more efficient. It is recommended that the results of the DOE’s evaluation of the first entry
to the “60 Watt incandescent” category be closely monitored; further understanding of this
technology may be achieved through more collaboration with DOE testing, as DOE efforts
are initiated/completed.
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INTRODUCTION As authorized by the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007, the US Department of
Energy (DOE) is offering the “Bright Tomorrow Lighting Competition”, commonly referred to
as the “L Prize”. This competition pushes manufacturers to develop efficient solid-state
lighting (SSL) technologies to replace current incandescent products. SSL products must
meet specific performance requirements in order to ensure that efficiency is achieved
without sacrificing performance. Evaluation of products is on a first come, first serve basis,
and the first product to meet L Prize specifications wins.
Winners receive:
- A cash prize
- An opportunity for federal procurement/use
- An opportunity for participation in energy efficiency programs
- An automatic Energy Star® designation
One family of products assessed is the 60-Watt (W) A19 incandescent lamp. Currently,
Philips made the first and only entry to this category. Entries are put through a multi-step
evaluation process to ensure confidence in the entry’s performance. Southern California
Edison (SCE) is signed on as a key partner in the L Prize competition. SCE is playing an
active role in the competition by supporting DOE’s field evaluation of the Philips L Prize
entry. SCE’s field assessment focuses on hotel applications.
This independent lab assessment was initiated in support of both SCE’s L Prize field testing
efforts, as well as its energy efficiency incentive/rebate programs. SCE’s lab testing
capabilities present an enormous resource in understanding and developing confidence in
the performance of these units. A winning product stands to undergo considerable mileage
in terms of usage/acceptance across the United States. As leaders in energy efficiency, it is
important that California utilities stay active in monitoring/assessing such technologies.
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BACKGROUND Philips is the first and only manufacturer to submit a qualifying entry to the L Prize
competition, for the 60W A19 incandescent lamp replacement category. This product is
currently in prototype form, and is anticipated to be commercially available in the near
future. Furthermore, it is one of the few solid state lighting (SSL) products capable of
similar performance to a 60W A19 incandescent lamp, using the same form factor.
When compared with equivalent compact fluorescent (CFL) and incandescent lamps, SSL
products are faced with disadvantages including high initial cost, temperature-sensitive
operation, application challenges from the directional nature of SSL technologies, and
sensitivity to voltage fluctuation.
SSL products boast significant advantages such as lower demand/energy consumption,
longer lifetime, lower heat gain contributions to surrounding space, instantaneous
operation, and capabilities for dimming applications. In particular, conformance with L Prize
specifications may give this product considerable efficiency advantages over the majority of
commercially available technologies, with few sacrifices to performance. The L Prize
competition specifications are listed in Table 1, Table 2, and Table 3.
TABLE 1. PRODUCT REQUIREMENTS (ALL CATEGORIES)
Color Spatial Uniformity The variation of chromaticity in different directions (i.e., with a change in viewing angle) shall be within 0.004 from the weighted average point on the CIE 1976 (u’,v’) diagram.
Color Maintenance The change of color over the lifetime of the product shall be within 0.007 on the CIE 1976 (u’,v’) diagram.
Color Rendering Index (CRI)
Products shall have a CRI ≥ to 90.
Off-state Power
Products shall not draw power in the off state. Exception: Luminaires with integral occupancy, motion, photo-controls, or individually addressable fixtures with external control and intelligence are exempt from this requirement. The power draw for such luminaires shall not exceed 0.5W when in the OFF state.
Thermal Management Product manufacturers shall adhere to light-emitting diode (LED) device manufacturer guidelines, certification programs, and test procedures for thermal management.
Dimming
Products shall meet the following requirements: - Must be compatible with at least three (3) widely available residential dimmers. - Must be continuously dimmable to at least 20% of maximum light output without visible flickering.
Incompatibility with Controls and Application Exceptions
Included documentation must clearly state any known incompatibility with photo-controls, dimmers or timing devices.
Starting Time Light source shall illuminate within 0.5 seconds after power is applied.
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TABLE 2. PRODUCT REQUIREMENTS (ALL CATEGORIES)
Operating Voltage Power supplies for the 60W incandescent replacement and PAR 38 products shall be capable of operation on 120 Volts (V) alternating current (AC) circuits.
Power Factor (PF) Power supply shall have the following power factors: Residential ≥ 0.70 Commercial ≥ 0.90
Minimum Operating Temperature
Power Supply shall have a minimum operating temperature of -20°C or below when used in luminaires intended for outdoor applications.
Output Operating Frequency
≥ 120 Hertz (Hz) Note: This performance characteristic addresses problems with visible flicker due to low frequency operation and applies to steady-state as well as dimmed operation. Products shall meet the requirements at all light output levels when operated with compatible dimmers.
Electromagnetic and Radio Frequency Interference
Power supply designated by the manufacturer for residential applications shall meet Federal Communications Commission (FCC) requirements for consumer use (FCC 47 CFR Part 15/18 Consumer Emission Limits). • Power supply designated by the manufacturer for commercial applications shall meet FCC requirements for non-consumer use (FCC 47 CFR Part 15/18 Non-consumer Emission Limits).
Noise Power supply shall have a Class A sound rating.
Transient Protection Power supply shall comply with IEEE C.62.41-1991, Class A operation. The line transient shall consist of seven strikes of a 100 kHz ring wave, 2.5 kV level, for both common mode and differential mode.
Safety Ratings Power supply shall meet applicable safety ratings for self-ballasted lamps, lamp adapters, portable fixtures, and hardwired fixtures.
TABLE 3. PRODUCT REQUIREMENTS (60-WATT INCANDESCENT REPLACEMENT)
Light Output Products shall deliver a luminous flux greater than 900 lumens (initial).
Wattage Products shall consume less than or equal to 10W.
Luminous Efficacy Products shall have an efficacy greater than 90 lumens per watt (lm/W).
Luminous Intensity Distribution
Products shall have an even distribution of luminous intensity within the 0° to 150° zone (axially symmetrical). Luminous intensity at any angle within this zone shall not differ from the mean luminous intensity for the entire 0° to 150° zone by more than 10%.
Correlated Color Temperatures (CCTs)
Products shall have CCT of not less than 2,700 K (2,725 ± 80) and not more than 3,000 K (3,045 ± 100). On the CIE 1976 (u', v') chromaticity diagram, the target distance from the Planckian locus (Duv) is 0.000 with a tolerance of ± 0.004. For complete definition of Duv, please see ANSI_NEMA_ANSLG C78.377-2008.
Dimensions Product size and shape shall fit within the maximum dimensions and form factor of an A19 bulb in accordance with ANSI C78.20-2003, figure C78.20211.
Base Type Products shall consist of a single contact medium screw base E26/24.
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INCANDESCENT LAMPS1 Traditional 60W A19 lamps work on the relatively simple principle of incandescence.
Incandescent lamps consist of sealed glass bulbs containing an electric circuit (a
wound wire filament, typically tungsten) and an inert gas (typically argon). As
electric current passes through the filament, it encounters resistance due to the
filament’s small diameter. The tungsten atoms undergo excitation, and the filament
heats up.
Excitation occurs through collisions between the flowing electrons and tungsten
atoms. In this excitation process, the tungsten atoms’ electrons momentarily jump
into higher orbitals/energy levels. Once they fall back into their original
orbitals/energy levels, they release energy in the form of photons (electromagnetic
radiation). These photons are released at varying wavelengths. For incandescent
lamps, only 10% of the energy is released in the visible spectrum (useful light for
general illumination).
In order to extend the life of the filament, the inert gas within the lamp serves two
functions: 1) to prevent reaction between oxygen and the filament (tungsten
combusts at high temperatures), and 2) to prevent deposits on the inner surface of
the bulb from tungsten sublimation. Argon molecules lessen this effect by acting as a
barrier. Another, less common method is to maintain a vacuum within the bulb.
COMPACT FLUORESCENT LAMPS2 Operation of compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) is more complex than incandescent
lamps. CFLs consist of sealed glass tubes containing an inside coating of phosphor
powders, an inert gas fill (typically argon), mercury, and an electrode at each end of
the tube. When the correct alternating current voltage and frequency is delivered to
the electrodes, the inert gas becomes ionized, allowing current to flow through the
tube. The resulting energy transfer causes the mercury to vaporize.
Collisions occur between the vaporized mercury and other electrons and ions. These
collisions excite the mercury atoms, causing their electrons to jump momentarily into
higher orbitals/energy levels. When these electrons fall back into their original
orbitals/energy levels, they release excess energy in the form of photons. The
photons released are within the ultraviolet spectrum, and are not able to be
perceived by the human eye.
However, the ultraviolet photons collide with the atoms in the phosphor powder
coating, causing a second excitation process. This process causes the phosphor’s
electrons to jump and fall, releasing light in the visible spectrum. Different
wavelengths of light are achieved with the use of different phosphors. While there
are minor losses associated with an intermediate step to producing visible light, CFLs
are able to convert more of their energy to the release of photons in the visible
spectrum when compared to incandescent.
LIGHT-EMITTING DIODES3 Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) also referred to as solid state lighting (SSL), are a form
of semiconductor electronics. Two dissimilar, doped semiconductor materials are
mated together. One doped semiconductor contains extra free electrons (negative,
N-layer) while the other has spaces for free electrons to fill (positive, P-layer). When
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these two are mated together, a positive-negative (P-N) junction exists at the point
of connection. Local to this junction, free electrons fill the available spaces and
create a neutral zone.
When direct current (DC) voltage is applied across the P-N junction, electrons flow
from the N-layer to the P-layer. This flow continually pushes electrons out of their
original positions as new electrons fall into the free spaces. Electrons falling into
lower states release energy in the form of photons (electromagnetic radiation) at
various wavelengths, depending on the doping of the semiconductor. Compared to
incandescent lamps and CFLs, the range of wavelengths is narrower. As a result, less
energy is lost to emission of photons in the non-visible portions of the spectrum.
Different colors may be achieved by using different doping processes, as well as
coating the lens of the LED with phosphors.
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ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVES This Southern California Edison (SCE) Emerging Technologies Program, laboratory
technology assessment ET 10.23, evaluates the Philips L Prize entry under the following
objectives:
1. Provide independent performance data to establish confidence in evaluation of this
technology for SCE’s energy efficiency rebate/incentive programs
2. Support the concurrent SCE L Prize field assessment, ET 10.24
The SCE field assessment project, ET 10.24, assists the DOE with field evaluation of the
Philips L Prize entry. DOE has established the following goals for the field test:
A. Evaluate energy use
B. Characterize lighting system performance
C. Assess reliability
D. Evaluate customer acceptance
E. Assess criteria for cost effective deployment through utility energy efficiency
programs
This lab assessment will meet its two main objectives by supporting DOE field assessment
goals A, B & C. The following elements were addressed in order to satisfy the three goals:
I. Quantify the L Prize entry’s steady state photometric and electrical
performance
II. Examine the L Prize entry’s dimming performance
Note: due to assessment time constraints, testing could not be performed
prior to field deployment to capture changes in dimming performance from
field usage.
III. Quantify the L Prize entry’s degradation by evaluating pre- and post-field
testing performance
Note: this element attempts to give a partial idea on reliability/lifetime of
these units, for the purposes of this assessment, extended durability testing
could not be performed.
IV. Compare the L Prize entry’s performance to incandescent and compact
fluorescent lamps
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TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION The product evaluated was the Philips entry to the DOE L Prize competition for the 60W
incandescent A19 lamp replacement category, see Figure 1. This product was compared to
currently available CFL and incandescent A19 lamp replacements. Lab testing was
performed at SCE’s Lighting Technology Test Center (LTTC) in Irwindale, CA. All testing was
conducted by employees of SCE’s Design & Engineering Services group.
The following warnings and cautions were given by DOE, about the lamps issued to SCE for
evaluation:
- Engineering samples only
- For evaluation only
- Dimmable with Electronic Low Voltage (ELV) type dimmers
- Not for use in totally enclosed fixtures
- Not intended for use in emergency exit/lighting fixtures.
- Turn off power prior to change out of lamp.
- Lamp is fragile, handle with care. Do not drop. Do not apply high forces when
changing the lamp. Do not twist hard.
- If mechanical parts loosen, treat as a broken device, do not touch internal parts.
- Caution: Risk of electric shock.
- Use in dry locations only. Not for use in applications exposed to weather.
- Note: this device complies with Part 18 of the FCC rule. This product may cause
interference with other devices. If interference occurs, change the location of
products.
FIGURE 1. THE L PRIZE LAMP ENTRY
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Lab testing is the most appropriate choice in terms of quantifying photometric and electrical
performance in support of SCE’s field test efforts. Light measurements made in the field are
sensitive to variables that may not be easily controlled (such as temperature, influence from
other light sources, and lack of regulated power sources). Many challenges are inherent with
field measurement of electrical characteristics of individual lamps as well (difficulties in
isolating multi-lamp fixtures, lack of regulated power sources, and less accurate
instrumentation). By performing measurements in a lab environment, these variables can
be controlled and monitored for more repeatable and accurate results.
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TECHNICAL APPROACH/TEST METHODOLOGY As previously mentioned, lab-testing addresses the following elements:
1. Quantify the measure’s steady state photometric and electrical performance
2. Examine the measure’s dimming performance
3. Quantify performance degradation by evaluating pre and post performance with
regards to concurrent field testing
4. Compare the measure’s performance to incandescent and compact fluorescent
products
KEY PARAMETERS The following is presented for the purpose of providing high-level descriptions of the
key parameters measured/calculated for the purposes of quantifying lamp
performance.
EFFICACY4
An important indication of overall lamp performance is efficacy. This value, in lumens
per watt (lm/W), is a measure of light output over power input. A higher efficacy
lamp provides more lumens of light output per watt than a lower one. Though LED
wattage may be lower than their fluorescent counterpart, it must do so while
providing the same amount of light. A lamp with a higher efficacy has the most
energy savings potential.
POWER
In the context of this lab assessment, power refers to the instantaneous rate at
which electrical energy is transferred to enable a device to operate. The unit of
measurement is the Watt (W).
POWER FACTOR5
Power factor (PF) is defined as the ratio of real power to apparent power. It is a
dimensionless number between 0 and 1, typically also expressed as a percentage.
Real power is reflective of the useful portion of total apparent power, used in a circuit
to perform work.
LUMINOUS FLUX6
Luminous flux is a measurement of the perceived power of light. It takes the radiant
flux, the total power of light, and adjusts it to account for the human eye’s varying
perception of intensity for different wavelengths of light. The unit of measurement is
the lumen (lm).
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CORRELATED COLOR TEMPERATURE4
Correlated color temperature (CCT) indicates whether a white light source appears
more yellow/gold or blue, in terms of the range of available shades of white. CCT is
derived by a theoretical object in physics, referred to as a “black body” that absorbs
all electromagnetic radiation. When heated to high temperatures, this object emits
different colors of light based on the exact temperature. Hence, the CCT of a light
source is the temperature (in Kelvin) at which the heated black body matches the
color of the light source in question. Higher temperatures correspond to a blue
appearance; lower temperatures correspond to a red appearance. CCT data is
obtained from the integrating sphere.
COLOR RENDERING INDEX4 Color rending index (CRI) is a quantitative measure that describes how well a light
source renders color compared to a reference light source of similar color
temperature. This index is scaled from 0 to 100.
CRI affects visual perception. The CRI is directly related to the colors or spectral
characteristics that the lamp produces. CRI data is obtained from the integrating
sphere.
TEST SCENARIOS In order to address the main elements identified above, the following test scenarios
were conducted:
1. Incandescent and CFL lamp seasoning
2. L Prize Entry
a. Pre-field performance testing
b. Post-field performance testing
c. Dimming testing
3. Incandescent
a. Performance testing
b. Dimming testing
4. CFL
a. Performance testing
b. Dimming testing
Lamps were arranged in a base down position for all testing to reflect the common
“table lamp” fixtures observed in the hotel applications relevant to SCE’s concurrent
field assessment, see Figure 2.
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FIGURE 2. “BASE DOWN” LAMP TEST ORIENTATION
LAMP SEASONING
Lamp seasoning was conducted with guidance from the Illuminating Engineering
Society of North America’s Lighting Measurement (IESNA LM) series. The relevant
standard is LM-54-99, “IESNA Guide to Lamp Seasoning”. See Appendix A for a
summary of key test protocols associated with this standard.
Baseline incandescent and CFL lamps are required to be seasoned for a set number
of hours prior to testing. SSL technologies currently do not have this requirement. All
lamps were seasoned in a “base down” position, in a common bathroom fixture, as
illustrated in Figure 3.
FIGURE 3. LAMP SEASONING
PERFORMANCE TESTING
Performance testing was conducted with guidance from the SCE LTTC Sphere-
Spectroradiometer Test Guide v2.17. This test guide incorporates key elements from
IESNA LM-79-08, along with the instructions for using the LTTC-specific test
equipment. Care was taken in modifying the test guide as appropriate when
incorporating all of the relevant IESNA LM publications applicable to this lab
assessment. All applicable methods are listed below. The base down position was
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selected for all testing to reflect the common “table lamp” applications observed in
the field assessment. See Appendix A for a summary of key test protocols associated
with each standard.
LM-45-00 IESNA Approved Method for the Electrical and Photometric
Measurements of General Service Incandescent Filament Lamps
LM-66-00 IESNA Approved Method for the Electrical and Photometric
Measurements of Single-Ended Compact Fluorescent Lamps
LM-79-08 Approved Method: Electrical and Photometric Measurements of Solid-
State Lighting Products
Protocols from the LM series were followed with care. However, it was observed
during testing that the temperature swings local to the test lamp (sphere inside
temperature) had a swing of approximately four degrees Fahrenheit (F). This is
inherent to the nature of LTTC’s Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC)
system controls. Through numerous tests these temperature swings did not allow
stabilization of the L Prize lamps as defined in LM-79-08. In these cases, testing was
conducted with the HVAC system turned off, and temperatures were monitored and
logged. See appendix for data/figures illustrating this point.
DIMMING TESTS
Dimming tests consisted of qualitative observations as well as quantitative
measurements. Quantitative measurements were conducted using the same
protocols as the performance testing. The only modifications were:
1. Execution at five prescribed dimming levels.
2. Electrical measurements at the input and output of the dimmer
The prescribed dimming levels chosen were 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. These
percentages reflect the percent of physical travel on the dimmer knob/slide. The
physical percent travel of the dimmer knob/slider was chosen because it represents
the dimming levels apparent to an occupant/user.
The Lightolier Sunrise Preset ELV slide dimmer (model ZP260QE) was selected, see
Figure 4. It is rated for 260W max, 120V, 60 Hz loads. The dimmer features a slider
type control, and an ON/OFF switch. The levels of travel are designated by measured
red markings corresponding to the various percent levels of slider travel.
Dimming testing was performed with one L Prize lamp, (NETL #1437).
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FIGURE 4. LIGHTOLIER ELV SLIDE DIMMER
Incandescent and CFL dimming tests were conducted with a typical line dimmer. The
dimmer selected was the Lutron rotary dimmer (model D-600P-WH), see Figure 5. It
is rated for single pole, 600W max, 120V, 60 Hz loads. It features a rotary knob that
turns to initiate dimming. From stop to stop, this knob does not rotate a full 360°.
This knob may be physically pushed in to function as an ON/OFF switch. The levels of
travel are designated by measured red markings corresponding to the various
percent levels of knob travel.
FIGURE 5. LUTRON ROTARY DIMMER
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UNITS TESTED
L Prize Lamps
Twenty-five of the 100 Philips L Prize test lamps provided to SCE were used for lab
testing. Unfortunately, certain hurdles in the field assessment prevented installation
at one of the test sites. As a result, 16 of the 25 lab-tested lamps were actually field-
tested. See Table 17 in the appendix for the identification and serial numbers of all
lab-tested lamps. Lamp NETL #1437 was chosen for dimming testing, as it did not
see field use. These lamps were produced to meet the L Prize competition
specifications discussed previously.
Baseline Lamps
Six incandescent lamps and seven CFL lamps in total were tested as a baseline for
comparison. Incandescent and CFL lamps were chosen from common manufacturers
available at local stores (CVS and Home Depot). The manufacturers selected
included GE, Ecosmart, RTH, and Philips. Three manufacturers were selected for
incandescent baseline testing, and three manufacturers were chosen for CFL baseline
testing. Two lamps of the same model were chosen per manufacturer. Unfortunately,
the readily available CFLs were not dimmable, so a separate dimmable CFL was
purchased from a specialty store and tested.
The manufacturer specifications for each lamp are shown in Table 4. Lamps are
identified along the following scheme:
(Make/model)_(Technology)_(Lamp #)
TABLE 4. MANUFACTURER SPECIFICATIONS
ID LIGHT OUTPUT
(LM) POWER (W) LIFE (HOURS) CCT (K) CALCULATED
EFFICACY (LM/W)
A_CFL_1 900 14 10,000
Soft White, 2,700K
64.3 A_CFL_2
B_CFL_1 900 13 12,000 Soft White 69.2
B_CFL_2
C_CFL_1 830 13 10,000
Soft White, 2,700K
63.8 C_CFL_2
*D_CFL 900 15 10,000 Soft White 60.0
E_Inc_1 735 57 2,000 Soft White 12.9
E_Inc_2
F_Inc_1 780 57 1,000 Soft White 13.7
F_Inc_2
G_Inc_1 785 57 1,000 Soft White 13.8
G_Inc_2
*D_CFL is the dimmable model tested
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LTTC TEST EQUIPMENT The following are high-level descriptions of the equipment used for this lab
assessment. See the appendix for detailed lab equipment information. All test
equipment was set up to record the following properties via measurements or
calculations:
Sphere Inside Temperature, ◦F
Sphere Outside Temperature, ◦F
Radiant Flux, mW
Luminous Flux, lm
Correlated Color Temperature, K
Color Rendering Index
Power, W
Power factor
Voltage, V rms
Current, Alternate
Total Harmonic Distortion (%, for both voltage and current waveforms)
Efficacy was calculated by dividing luminous flux by power.
However, for the purposes of this evaluation, selected variables highlighted in bold
will be discussed. Other variables are presented in the appendix.
All reported temperatures and electrical properties are averages, calculated from a
range that spans from the time of measurement, to one minute before the time of
measurement.
INTEGRATING SPHERE4
The integrating sphere (or Sphere-Spectroradiometer) measures the total light
output of a light source, see Figure 6. This can be a lamp or a complete luminaire.
The tested light source is placed in the center of the integrating sphere. At one side
of the sphere is a spectrometer that measures the light output from the light source.
A baffle is directly between the source and the spectrometer to prevent the meter
from seeing any direct light from the source. This equipment is used to measure the
light output of a light source, the CRI, and CCT. Local temperatures are monitored,
but not controlled. Luminous flux measurements and power readings are recorded
until stabilization is achieved, as defined by the appropriate IESNA LM standard.
The entire inside of the sphere, including the baffle and mounting for the lamps, is
coated with a highly reflective white paint that reflects all wavelengths equally. This
allows for accurate measurements. The calibrated power supply is connected to the
lamp wiring on the outside of the sphere. Readings from the optical sensor are
processed with the accompanying software and displayed on the monitor.
For information on the specifications for the integrating sphere, see the referenced
document entitled “SLMS 7650 Specifications.pdf"8”. To see certificates for the
calibration lamps used to calibrate the sphere, see the referenced documents entitled
“E64 Calibration Certificate.pdf9,” “F64 Calibration Certificate.pdf10,” and “J64
Calibration Certificate.pdf11.” For a log of run hours used to determine expirations of
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these certificates (current as of 12/20/2010), see the referenced document entitled
“CSFS-1400 Log - E64, F64, J64.xls12”.
FIGURE 6. THE INTEGRATING SPHERE
REGULATED POWER SUPPLY Regulated power is supplied to each luminaire by a Tenma 72-7675 AC power source
set at 120V rms and 60 Hz, see Figure 7. During the timeline of this lab assessment,
the LTTC lab equipment was upgraded to an Elgar CW1251P AC power source set at
120V rms and 60 Hz, see Figure 8. For information on the specifications for both
power supplies, see the referenced documents entitled “Tenma 72-7675
Specifications.pdf13” and “Elgar CW1251P Specifications.pdf14”.
FIGURE 7. THE TENMA POWER SUPPLY
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FIGURE 8. THE ELGAR POWER SUPPLY
POWER QUALITY ANALYZER
Voltage (V rms), current (A), power (W), frequency (Hz), power factor (PF), and
current THD (%) are measured with a Hioki 3390 power quality analyzer, see Figure
9. The Hioki 9277 Universal Clamp-On CT was used to measure current. Readings
were logged every second, and manually monitored for stability calculations (at time
intervals dictated by the appropriate LM standard).
For information on the specifications for the power quality analyzer and the CT, see
the referenced documents entitled “Hioki 3390 Power Quality Analyzer
Specifications.pdf15” and “Hioki Universal Clamp On CT - 9277 Specifications.pdf16”.
FIGURE 9. HIOKI POWER QUALITY ANALYZER
Figure 10 shows the single line diagram for electrical measurements for all non-
dimming tests.
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FIGURE 10. NON-DIMMING TEST CONFIGURATION
Figure 11 shows the single line diagram for electrical measurements for all dimming
tests.
FIGURE 11. DIMMING TEST CONFIGURATION
Regulated AC Source
Power Quality Analyzer
Ch1 Ch2
Test Lamp
V I
Regulated AC Source
Power Quality Analyzer
Ch1 Ch2
Dimmer Test Lamp
V V I I
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THERMOCOUPLE MODULE
Temperature measurements were available through two thermocouples, connected
to a National Instruments (NI) 9211 input module. This module was arranged in an
NI cDAQ 9172 chassis that was connected to a computer via Universal Serial Bus
(USB). Two of the thermocouples were dedicated to measurement of sphere outside
and inside temperatures, while the other two were free for positioning. For the
purposes of this assessment, only the sphere inside and outside temperatures were
used and monitored/logged. Temperature logging was done in LabView at one-
second intervals, for the duration of each test.
For information on the specifications for the thermocouple module, see the
referenced document entitled “NI 9211 Specifications.pdf17”.
FIGURE 12. THERMOCOUPLE MODULE/CHASSIS
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RESULTS
PERFORMANCE DATA: L PRIZE ENTRY Table 5 and Table 6 show performance data about pre- and post-field testing of the L
Prize lamps. Table 7 shows the field-testing run hours for each lab-tested lamp, and
a short description about where they were installed.
It should be noted that lamp NETL #1880 was observed to have visible red color
shift upon its return from the field assessment. This indicates a failure mode, and
therefore is analyzed separately from the other tested lamps. It should also be noted
that during field testing, light loggers for certain lamp installations went missing. As
a result, run hours are not available for lamp NETL #1913.
TABLE 5. PERFORMANCE DATA, LIGHT
NETL #
SPHERE INSIDE
TEMP (F) LUMINOUS FLUX (LM) CCT (K) CRI
PRE
FIELD POST
FIELD PRE
FIELD POST
FIELD PRE
FIELD POST
FIELD PRE
FIELD POST
FIELD
1810 81.5 75.6 909 945 2726 2698 93.1 93.2
448 82.7 76.9 882 913 2733 2702 92.7 92.8
446 83.5 78.3 882 926 2716 2682 93.6 93.8
1913 82.7 78.5 881 910 2741 2706 92.8 93.0
1378 78.8 75.3 892 922 2746 2694 92.4 93.1
1030 81.6 80.4 889 915 2751 2747 92.4 92.5
850 81.9 81.0 892 906 2777 2747 92.5 92.6
1479 80.4 79.6 895 900 2678 2679 93.5 93.5
1454 80.0 79.2 902 935 2671 2664 93.4 93.6
1377 79.3 78.8 896 913 2742 2746 93.0 93.0
855 81.5 81.5 896 917 2685 2675 93.5 93.6
1929 78.7 79.5 911 920 2695 2696 93.2 93.3
1376 80.2 82.0 892 918 2763 2750 92.2 92.5
1050 77.5 79.5 912 928 2708 2738 93.2 92.8
1221 76.2 81.9 895 905 2694 2686 93.7 94.0
1880 81.0 76.3 914 899 2719 2252 93.4 90.2
TABLE 6. PERFORMANCE DATA, ELECTRICAL
NETL #
SPHERE INSIDE
TEMP (F) POWER (W) EFFICACY (LM/W) POWER FACTOR
PRE
FIELD POST
FIELD PRE
FIELD POST
FIELD PRE
FIELD POST
FIELD PRE
FIELD POST
FIELD
1810 81.5 81.5 9.60 9.68 94.6 97.6 0.970 0.971
448 82.7 82.7 9.74 9.89 90.5 92.4 0.969 0.969
446 83.5 83.5 9.79 9.84 90.2 94.0 0.971 0.970
1913 82.7 82.7 9.55 9.74 92.3 93.4 0.969 0.968
1378 78.8 78.8 9.70 9.73 92.0 94.7 0.971 0.972
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NETL #
SPHERE INSIDE
TEMP (F) POWER (W) EFFICACY (LM/W) POWER FACTOR
PRE
FIELD POST
FIELD PRE
FIELD POST
FIELD PRE
FIELD POST
FIELD PRE
FIELD POST
FIELD
1030 81.6 81.6 9.63 9.66 92.3 94.7 0.970 0.965
850 81.9 81.9 9.68 9.81 92.2 92.4 0.970 0.968
1479 80.4 80.4 9.75 9.81 91.8 91.7 0.971 0.970
1454 80.0 80.0 9.68 9.76 93.2 95.8 0.971 0.971
1377 79.3 79.3 9.74 9.83 91.9 92.9 0.970 0.969
855 81.5 81.5 9.61 9.70 93.2 94.5 0.970 0.967
1929 78.7 78.7 9.67 9.68 94.1 95.0 0.969 0.967
1376 80.2 80.2 9.60 9.65 92.9 95.1 0.971 0.969
1050 77.5 77.5 9.79 9.83 93.1 94.4 0.971 0.969
1221 76.2 76.2 9.68 9.65 92.4 93.8 0.970 0.968
1880 81.0 81.0 9.79 9.86 93.3 91.2 0.971 0.971
TABLE 7. FIELD TESTING DATA
NETL # RUN HOURS DESCRIPTION
1810 1473.25 Floor Lamp – Elevator seats to left of dock
448 191.08 Bedside (Left) – Room 4053
446 1670.92 Chandeliers (Right) – Lakeview Restaurant South Side
1913 NA Table Lamp – Lobby, Couch by Reception
1378 678.83 Chandeliers (Left) – Golf Shop
1030 92.75 Table Lamp – Room 4053
850 496.83 Bedside – Room 6139
1479 274.25 Table Lamp – Room 6066
1454 206.42 Table Lamp – Room 6054
1377 854.92 Chandeliers (Right) – Golf Shop
855 239.25 Table Lamp – Room 7161
1929 255.67 Table Lamp – Room 4137
1376 1670.92 Chandeliers (Left) – Lakeview Restaurant South Side
1050 1659.25 Table Lamp – Lobby, Concierge Desk
1221 642.58 Southside Cylinder – Spa, Co-ed Lounge
1880 1502.42 Table Lamp – Lobby, East Wall Telephone
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PERFORMANCE DATA: BASELINE CFLS AND INCANDESCENTS The following figures illustrate the key parameters evaluated for several baseline CFL
and incandescent lamps. It is important to note that the unit labeled “D_CFL” is
highlighted separately from the other CFLs as it is the only dimmable model. All
other CFLs were rated as non-dimmable type.
TABLE 8. BASELINE PERFORMANCE DATA, LIGHT
LAMP ID LUMINOUS FLUX (LM) CCT (K) CRI
A_CFL_1 754 2790 81.3
A_CFL_2 797 2691 82.5
B_CFL_1 858 2710 81.3
B_CFL_2 870 2695 81.8
C_CFL_1 746 2767 81.6
C_CFL_2 842 2738 81.4
D_CFL 904 2768 81.8
E_Inc_1 712 2695 99.6
E_Inc_2 718 2696 99.6
F_Inc_1 612 2663 99.2
F_Inc_2 686 2702 99.3
G_Inc_1 749 2764 99.1
G_Inc_2 746 2770 99.0
TABLE 9. DIMMING PERFORMANCE DATA, ELECTRICAL
LAMP ID SPHERE INSIDE
TEMP (F) EFFICACY (LM/W) POWER (W) POWER FACTOR
A_CFL_1 78.7 58.7 12.9 0.581
A_CFL_2 77.1 62.4 12.8 0.578
B_CFL_1 76.9 66.1 13.0 0.581
B_CFL_2 77.2 67.6 12.9 0.581
C_CFL_1 77.4 60.0 12.4 0.579
C_CFL_2 76.8 66.2 12.7 0.580
D_CFL 76.0 62.4 14.5 0.666
E_Inc_1 81.0 12.3 57.9 1.000
E_Inc_2 84.0 12.5 57.6 1.000
F_Inc_1 81.1 10.9 56.3 1.000
F_Inc_2 80.4 12.1 56.7 1.000
G_Inc_1 79.3 13.2 56.7 1.000
G_Inc_2 82.6 13.1 56.8 1.000
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DIMMING PERFORMANCE DATA The following tables show performance data at several prescribed dimmed levels for
all tested technologies. The L Prize lamp dimmed down continually to about 20% of
its highest luminous flux at the 0% slide dimmer position. A visible color shift was
noticed with the L Prize when dimming down to the 0% position. In addition, when
the ON/OFF switch was toggled, the L Prize lamp could not be turned off. In the OFF
position, the lamps seemed to become dimly lit and exhibit a profuse flicker (see
dimming movie in appendix). It should be noted that system efficacy is calculated by
dividing luminous flux by power input to the dimmer (Ch1). Lamp efficacy is
calculated by dividing luminous flux by power input to the lamp (Ch2).
TABLE 10. DIMMING PERFORMANCE DATA, LIGHT
TECHNOLOGY
DIMMER
POSITION
(%)
LUMINOUS
FLUX (LM) CCT (K) CRI (K)
L Prize
100% 862 2687 93.7
75% 831 2666 93.6
50% 680 2681 92.9
25% 436 2850 88.6
0% 176 3690 71.5
CFL
100% 859 2742 82.2
75% 755 2695 82.3
50% 614 2675 83.0
25% 269 2699 83.0
0% - - -
Incandescent
100% 635 2717 99.1
75% 357 2560 99.2
50% 121 2309 99.1
25% 2 0 0
0% - - -
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TABLE 11. DIMMING PERFORMANCE DATA, ELECTRICAL, TEMP
TECHNOLOGY DIMMER
POSITION
(%)
SPHERE
INSIDE
TEMP
(F)
EFFICACY (LM/W) POWER (W) POWER FACTOR
SYSTEM LAMP SYSTEM LAMP SYSTEM LAMP
L Prize
100% 80.2 89.8 93.0 9.60 9.27 93.3% 96.5%
75% 76.7 92.7 96.0 8.97 8.66 90.1% 95.3%
50% 75.9 95.6 101.2 7.11 6.72 77.8% 92.3%
25% 81.8 96.0 106.5 4.54 4.09 58.1% 86.6%
0% 80.4 78.7 107.5 2.24 1.64 35.7% 73.1%
CFL
100% 78.5 61.6 62.4 13.95 13.77 63.4% 67.6%
75% 79.3 57.9 58.8 13.02 12.82 Error Error
50% 77.8 54.0 55.1 11.36 11.14 Error Error
25% 75.7 34.6 35.4 7.79 7.62 Error Error
0% 78.5 - - - - - -
Incandescent
100% 74.6 12.0 12.1 53.00 52.40 96.0% 100%
75% 75.6 8.6 8.7 41.74 41.18 82.2% 100%
50% 75.9 4.4 4.5 27.64 27.20 62.8% 100%
25% 76.8 0.3 0.3 8.57 8.38 29.0% 100%
0% - - - - - - -
Note: Nonsensical readings were recorded for power factor when the CFL was
dimmed. It is suspected that THD played a role in power quality analyzer errors. For
a breakdown of THD, see Appendix A.
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EVALUATIONS
CONFORMANCE WITH L PRIZE SPECIFICATIONS Table 12 through Table 14 are a summary of several of the key L Prize specifications
addressed in this evaluation. Results indicate that the L Prize entry conforms to most
specifications, with some observed dimming issues.
TABLE 12. PRODUCT REQUIREMENTS (ALL CATEGORIES)
Color Spatial Uniformity Not Analyzed
Color Maintenance Not Analyzed
Color Rendering Index (CRI)
Table 5 shows that CRI is consistently ≥ to 90
Off-state Power Not Analyzed
Thermal Management Not Analyzed
Dimming
Only for use with ELV-type dimmers. Product showed continuous dimming. Luminous flux at the lowest dimmer setting was approximately 20% of its maximum output (with visible green color shift).
Incompatibility with Controls and Application Exceptions
Manufacturer specified ELV-type dimmers only
Starting Time Not Analyzed
TABLE 13. PRODUCT REQUIREMENTS (ALL CATEGORIES)
Operating Voltage L Prize entry operated with 120V AC source
Power Factor Table 6 shows that power factor consistently exceeds commercial specification of 90%.
Minimum Operating Temperature
Not Analyzed
Output Operating Frequency
Not Analyzed
Electromagnetic and Radio Frequency Interference
Not Analyzed
Noise Not Analyzed
Transient Protection Not Analyzed
Safety Ratings Not Analyzed
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TABLE 14. PRODUCT REQUIREMENTS (60-WATT INCANDESCENT REPLACEMENT)
Light Output Luminous flux dips very marginally below 900 lumens. For all practical purposes, the unit seems to be in compliance.
Wattage Table 6 shows power is consistently under 10W
Luminous Efficacy Table 6 shows efficacy is consistently over 90 lm/W
Luminous Intensity Distribution
Not analyzed
Correlated Color Temperatures (CCTs)
Table 5 shows that CCT only marginally dips a little below the 2,700K threshold. For all practical purposes, this product seems to be within compliance.
Dimensions Not Analyzed
Base Type Unit came equipped with proper screw base
FIELD TESTING PERFORMANCE CHANGES Change in the L Prize lamp’s performance was not substantial, with the exception of
lamp NETL #1880: red color shift failure. The magnitude of the run hours
encountered did not seem substantial enough in comparison with the lifetime of the
product to realize significant degradation. If anything, the only relevant performance
variation observed was a minor increase in luminous flux (2.61% on average). This
phenomena of initial light output increase has been presented in other lifetime test
results from other LED products18; it is difficult to anticipate what the exact lifetime
test curves will look like for this particular product, given the current test results.
Lamp NETL #1880 saw marginal changes in all parameters except CCT.
TABLE 15. % DEVIATION: KEY PARAMETERS, LIGHT
NETL # % CHANGE:
LUMINOUS FLUX % CHANGE: CCT % CHANGE: CRI
1810 3.98% -1.03% 0.11%
448 3.58% -1.13% 0.11%
446 4.89% -1.25% 0.21%
1913 3.27% -1.28% 0.22%
1378 3.27% -1.89% 0.76%
1030 2.91% -0.15% 0.11%
850 1.56% -1.08% 0.11%
1479 0.55% 0.04% 0.00%
1454 3.64% -0.26% 0.21%
1377 1.96% 0.15% 0.00%
855 2.27% -0.37% 0.11%
1929 0.98% 0.04% 0.11%
1376 2.89% -0.47% 0.33%
1050 1.76% 1.11% -0.43%
1221 1.16% -0.30% 0.32%
Average 2.58% -0.53% 0.15%
1880 -1.63% -17.18% -3.43%
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TABLE 16. % DEVIATION: KEY PARAMETERS, ELECTRICAL
NETL # % DEVIATION: POWER % DEVIATION: EFFICACY % DEVIATION: POWER FACTOR
1810 0.85% 3.11% 0.01%
448 1.46% 2.09% -0.07%
446 0.59% 4.28% -0.10%
1913 2.03% 1.22% -0.08%
1378 0.25% 3.02% 0.10%
1030 0.28% 2.62% -0.52%
850 1.36% 0.20% -0.25%
1479 0.58% -0.03% -0.05%
1454 0.90% 2.72% 0.01%
1377 0.86% 1.09% -0.07%
855 0.88% 1.38% -0.36%
1929 0.10% 0.88% -0.23%
1376 0.53% 2.35% -0.21%
1050 0.43% 1.32% -0.22%
1221 -0.37% 1.54% -0.24%
Average 0.71% 1.85% -0.15%
1880 0.67% -2.29% -0.03%
L PRIZE VS BASELINE CFLS AND INCANDESCENTS Performance
Figure 13 illustrates the grouping of all tested lamps about power and luminous flux
(SSL pre-field data used). Figure 14 through Figure 19 show performance averages
for all tested technologies. When comparing the three technologies, the SSL product
demonstrates the lowest power consumption, high luminous flux output, the highest
efficacy, and high PF while maintaining comparable CCT and CRI. When comparing
initial performance averages of tested technologies samples, SSL uses:
o 24% less power than tested non-dimmable CFLs
o 33% less power than the tested dimmable CFL
o 83% less power than tested incandescent lamps
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0
200
400
600
800
1000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Power (W)
Lu
min
ou
s F
lux
(lm
)
L Prize Entry CFL Dimmable CFL Incandescent
FIGURE 13. LAMP DATA SCATTER PLOT: POWER VS LUMINOUS FLUX
92.4
63.5 62.4
12.3
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
L Prize Entry CFL Dimmable CFL Incandescent
Eff
icac
y (
lm/W
)
FIGURE 14. COMPARING PERFORMANCE AVERAGES: EFFICACY
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895
812
904
704
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
L Prize Entry CFL Dimmable CFL Incandescent
Lu
min
ou
s F
lux
(lm
)
FIGURE 15. COMPARING PERFORMANCE AVERAGES: LUMINOUS FLUX
9.6812.77 14.49
57.00
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
L Prize Entry CFL Dimmable CFL Incandescent
Po
we
r (W
)
FIGURE 16. COMPARING PERFORMANCE AVERAGES: POWER
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2719 2732 2768 2715
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
L Prize Entry CFL Dimmable CFL Incandescent
CC
T (
K)
FIGURE 17. COMPARING PERFORMANCE AVERAGES: CCT
93.1
81.7 81.8
99.3
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
L Prize Entry CFL Dimmable CFL Incandescent
CR
I (%
)
FIGURE 18. COMPARING PERFORMANCE AVERAGES: CRI
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0.970
0.5800.666
1.000
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
L Prize Entry CFL Dimmable CFL Incandescent
Po
wer
Facto
r
FIGURE 19. COMPARING PERFORMANCE AVERAGES: POWER FACTOR
Dimming
All three technologies were continuously dimmable. The L Prize lamp was the only
technology to stay lit when moving respective dimmers to the 0% position. In
addition, the L Prize lamp was the only lamp unable to be shut off through toggling
of the integrated dimmer ON/OFF switches.
The incandescent and dimmable CFL turned off at the 0% position; no
measurements were taken at the 0% position. It was observed that the CFL required
warming up before dimming could be properly performed. Without proper warm up,
the CFL did not dim properly; it would shut off at roughly 50% of dimmer travel.
Regardless of warm up, once the CFL turned off, the dimmer would have to be
cranked back up to nearly the 100% position to re-start.
Performance factors are plotted with dimmer position in Figure 20 through Figure 25.
Figure 26 shows the inside sphere temperatures corresponding to each dimming test.
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Efficacy - System & Lamp
61.6
57.9
54.0
34.6
62.4
58.8
55.1
35.4
12.0
8.6
4.4
0.31
2.1
8.7
4.5
0.3
89.8
92.7
95.6
96.0
78.79
3.0
96.0
101.2
106.5
107.5
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
100% 75% 50% 25% 0%
% Slider/Knob Travel
Eff
icacy (
lm/W
)
D_CFL - System D_CFL - Lamp G_Inc_1 - System
G_Inc_1 - Lamp L Prize - System L Prize - Lamp
FIGURE 20. DIMMING PERFORMANCE: EFFICACY
Luminous Flux
859
755
614
269
635
357
121
2
862
831
680
436
176
0
200
400
600
800
1000
100% 75% 50% 25%
% Slider/Knob Travel
Lu
min
ou
s F
lux (
lm)
D_CFL G_Inc_1 L Prize Entry
FIGURE 21. DIMMING PERFORMANCE: LUMINOUS FLUX
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Power - System & Lamp
14
.0
13
.0
11
.4
7.81
3.8
12
.8
11
.1
7.6
53
.0
41
.7
27
.6
8.6
52
.4
41
.2
27
.2
8.49.6
0
8.9
7
7.1
1
4.5
4
2.2
49.2
7
8.6
6
6.7
2
4.0
9
1.6
4
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
100% 75% 50% 25%
% Slider/Knob Travel
Po
we
r (W
)
D_CFL - System D_CFL - Lamp G_Inc_1 - System
G_Inc_1 - Lamp L Prize - System L Prize - Lamp
FIGURE 22. DIMMING PERFORMANCE: POWER
CCT
2742
2695
2675
2699
2717
2560
2309
0
2687
2666
2681
2850 3
690
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
100% 75% 50% 25% 0%
% Slider/Knob Travel
CC
T (
K)
D_CFL G_Inc_1 L Prize Entry
FIGURE 23. DIMMING PERFORMANCE: CCT
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CRI
82.2
82.3
83
83
99.1
99.2
99.1
0
93.7
93.6
92.9
88.6
71.5
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
100% 75% 50% 25% 0%
% Slider/Knob Travel
CR
I (%
)
D_CFL G_Inc_1 L Prize Entry
FIGURE 24. DIMMING PERFORMANCE: CRI
Power Factor - System & Lamp
63.4
%67.6
% 96.0
%
82.2
%
62.8
%
29.0
%
100%
100%
100%
100%
93.3
%
90.1
%
77.8
%
58.1
%
35.7
%
96.5
%
95.3
%
92.3
%
86.6
%
73.1
%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
100% 75% 50% 25% 0%
% Slider/Knob Travel
Po
wer
Facto
r (%
)
D_CFL - Ch1 D_CFL - Ch2 G_Inc_1 - Ch1
G_Inc_1 - Ch2 L Prize - Ch1 L Prize - Ch2
FIGURE 25. DIMMING PERFORMANCE: POWER FACTOR
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Sphere Inside Temperature
78.5
79.3
77.8
75.7
74.6
75.6
75.9
76.8
80.2
76.7
75.9 81.8
80.4
40
50
60
70
80
90
100% 75% 50% 25% 0%
% Slider/Knob Travel
Sp
here
In
sid
e
Tem
pera
ture
(F
)
D_CFL G_Inc_1 L Prize Entry
FIGURE 26. DIMMING PERFORMANCE: SPHERE INSIDE TEMPERATURE CONDITIONS
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RECOMMENDATIONS This technology shows promise in terms of meeting the efficiency and performance criteria
set forth in the L Prize. However, to better assess feasible implementation into incentive
programs, more investigation is recommended in three key areas:
- Lifetime Testing
o The variation of savings realized with these products throughout their
lifetime is not well understood at this point. Long lifetimes are one of the
significant advantages of SSL technology, and should be better
understood with this product application.
- Dimming capabilities/issues
o It is not currently known how these products perform when used with
other dimmers.
o Their observed inability to toggle off with the selected ELV dimmer
presents a large barrier, which needs to be overcome for successful
implementation.
o The issue of green color shift at low dimming is a barrier to
investigate/address for successful implementation.
- Thermal effects on product performance
o These lamps are specified to be used in dry locations, and not within
totally enclosed fixtures. The effects of ambient temperatures/humidities
on this technology’s performance and lifetime are not well understood at
this point. The conditions these lamps were subjected to in this lab
assessment are within a fairly narrow range, when taking into
consideration the various climate zones/applications these general-
purpose devices may see.
These key areas represent significant barriers to acceptance of this technology when
compared with baseline CFLs and incandescents. Further efforts are recommended to fully
understand the benefits of SSL technology in this application, and ensure that product utility
is not significantly impacted when encouraging customers to purchase products that are
more efficient. It is recommended that the results of the DOE’s evaluation of the first entry
to the “60 Watt incandescent” category be closely monitored; further understanding of this
technology may be achieved through more collaboration with DOE testing, as DOE efforts
are initiated/completed.
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APPENDIX A: TEST DATA
TABLE 17. LIST OF TESTED L PRIZE LAMPS
NETL # SERIAL NUMBER LAB TESTED?
PRE-FIELD INSTALL POST-FIELD INSTALL
1 446 1762 Y Y
2 448 1489 Y Y
3 850 2900 Y Y
4 855 2660 Y Y
5 999 2188 Y N
6 1030 2107 Y N
7 1033 1448 Y Y
8 1050 3676 Y Y
9 1221 2682 Y Y
10 1376 2285 Y Y
11 1377 2111 Y Y
12 1378 2289 Y Y
13 1436 3928 Y N
14 1437 3375 Y N
15 1438 3033 Y N
16 1439 2833 Y N
17 1454 2505 Y Y
18 1455 3779 Y N
19 1479 3911 Y Y
20 1480 3862 Y N
21 1481 3792 Y N
22 1810 2611 Y Y
23 1880 3895 Y Y
24 1913 1615 Y Y
25 1929 3826 Y Y
BASELINE TECHNOLOGIES: INCANDESCENT AND CFL
Figure 27 through Figure 33 illustrate performance data for all tested baseline
technologies.
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FIGURE 27. BASELINE EFFICACY
FIGURE 28. BASELINE LUMINOUS FLUX
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FIGURE 29. BASELINE POWER
FIGURE 30. BASELINE CCT
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FIGURE 31. BASELINE CRI
FIGURE 32. BASELINE POWER FACTOR
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FIGURE 33. BASELINE SPHERE INSIDE TEMPERATURE CONDITIONS
LAMP STABILIZATION Lamp stabilization is defined for SSL as per IESNA LM-79-08 by specifying a
maximum percent variation for luminous flux and power illustrated with the following
equation:
D = (A – B)/C*100
Where
A set of three readings is analyzed; each reading is separated by a minimum
of 15 minutes
A = The highest value
B = The lowest value
C = The latest reading
D = Percent deviation, which must be below 0.5%
During testing, it was observed that the cycling of the LTTC’s HVAC system allowed
for a sphere internal temperature swing of approximately 4°F. These temperature
fluctuations allow for the +/- 1°C (range 75.2°F to 78.8°F) temperature control
specified for SSL testing, but the corresponding power and luminous flux variations
impeded lamp stabilization (see Figure 34 & Figure 35). Power stabilization is
evident, but luminous flux measurements do not stabilize (see Table 18). In order to
proceed with testing in a timely manner, the LTTC’s HVAC system was disabled.
Note: Luminous flux absolute values are nonsensical; stabilization testing for SSL is
performed with an open integrating sphere to prevent high sphere inside
temperatures.
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FIGURE 34. FLUCTUATION OF MEASURED LUMINOUS FLUX
FIGURE 35. FLUCTUATION OF MEASURED POWER
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TIME LUMINOUS FLUX
(LM) POWER (W)
% VARIATION:
LUMINOUS FLUX % VARIATION: POWER
4:37 PM 60.7 9.98 NA NA
4:52 PM 56.9 9.85 NA NA
5:07 PM 56.7 9.83 7.01% 1.53%
5:22 PM 57.0 9.84 0.61% 0.20%
5:37 PM 56.6 9.75 0.86% 1.01%
5:52 PM 56.4 9.74 1.15% 1.07%
6:07 PM 56.1 9.76 0.76% 0.23%
6:22 PM 56.8 9.77 1.19% 0.33%
6:37 PM 57.1 9.76 1.63% 0.10%
6:52 PM 56.7 9.83 0.62% 0.64%
Note: Luminous flux absolute values are nonsensical; stabilization testing for SSL is
performed with an open integrating sphere to prevent overly excessive sphere inside
temperatures.
TABLE 18. SAMPLE STABILIZATION MEASUREMENTS/CALCULATIONS (L PRIZE LAMP, NETL #0618)
TEMPERATURE ANALYSIS
Initially, the pre/post field testing data sets for the L Prize lamps were
analyzed with increasing sphere inside temperatures. Impacts were marginal,
and no concrete correlation could be drawn with respect to inside sphere
temperature variation. Figure 36 & Figure 37 illustrate Power, luminous flux,
CCT, & CRI along with varying sphere inside temperatures, for all tested L
Prize lamps. Lamp NETL #1880 is highlighted since it saw a red color shift
failure from field-testing.
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FIGURE 36. EXPLORING POWER AND LUMINOUS FLUX AS A FUNCTION OF SPHERE INSIDE
TEMPERATURE
FIGURE 37. EXPLORING CCT AND CRI AS A FUNCTION OF SPHERE INSIDE TEMPERATURE
L PRIZE ENTRY DIMMING: WAVEFORMS The following figures illustrate the Voltage (U) and Current (I) waveforms on the
dimmer input (Ch1) and output (Ch2), for several prescribed dimming positions.
Table 19 shows the total harmonic distortion measurements. Figure 38 through
Figure 42 illustrate the waveforms.
The more distorted the waveform, the higher the percent THD measurements will be.
Higher THD causes electrical line noise and may interfere with other electronic
devices. Combined effects of THD on utility distribution systems may also interfere
with the operation of circuit protection devices such as circuit breakers.
DIMMER
POSITION (%) CH1 – V_THD
(%) CH2 – V_THD
(%) Ch1 – I_THD (%) Ch2 – I_THD (%)
100 0.151 6.49 27.3 25.2
75 0.160 13.72 32.8 33.3
50 0.162 25.27 49.4 52.1
25 0.160 31.56 73.8 79.1
0 0.160 30.93 115.5 119.1
TABLE 19. L PRIZE DIMMING: TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION
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FIGURE 38. L PRIZE DIMMING WAVEFORMS – 100% POSITION
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FIGURE 39. L PRIZE DIMMING WAVEFORMS – 75% POSITION
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FIGURE 40. L PRIZE DIMMING WAVEFORMS – 50% POSITION
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FIGURE 41. L PRIZE DIMMING WAVEFORMS – 25% POSITION
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FIGURE 42. L PRIZE DIMMING WAVEFORMS – 0% POSITION
CFL DIMMING: WAVEFORMS The following figures illustrate the Voltage (U) and Current (I) waveforms on the
dimmer input (Ch1) and output (Ch2), for several prescribed dimming positions.
Table 20 shows the THD measurements. Figure 43 through Figure 46 illustrate the
waveforms.
The more distorted the waveform, the higher the percent THD measurements will be.
Higher THD causes electrical line noise and may interfere with other electronic
devices. Combined effects of THD on utility distribution systems may also interfere
with the operation of circuit protection devices such as circuit breakers.
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TABLE 20. CFL DIMMING: TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION
DIMMER
POSITION (%) CH1 – V_THD
(%) CH2 – V_THD
(%) Ch1 – I_THD (%) Ch2 – I_THD (%)
100 0.341 18.0 113 113
75 0.861 41.4 207 207
50 0.988 82.0 234 233
25 1.153 125.2 272 269
FIGURE 43. CFL DIMMING WAVEFORMS – 100% POSITION
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FIGURE 44. CFL DIMMING WAVEFORMS – 75% POSITION
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FIGURE 45. CFL DIMMING WAVEFORMS – 50% POSITION
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FIGURE 46. CFL DIMMING WAVEFORMS – 25% POSITION
INCANDESCENT DIMMING: WAVEFORMS The following figures illustrate the Voltage (U) and Current (I) waveforms on the
dimmer input (Ch1) and output (Ch2), for several prescribed dimming positions.
Table 21 shows the total harmonic distortion measurements. Figure 47 through
Figure 50 illustrate the waveforms.
The more distorted the waveform, the higher the percent THD measurements will be.
Higher THD causes electrical line noise and may interfere with other electronic
devices. Combined effects of THD on utility distribution systems may also interfere
with the operation of circuit protection devices such as circuit breakers.
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TABLE 21. INCANDESCENT DIMMING: TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION
DIMMER
POSITION (%)
CH1 – V_THD
(%)
CH2 – V_THD
(%) Ch1 – I_THD (%) Ch2 – I_THD (%)
100 0.381 24.0 24.5 24.4
75 0.512 49.3 50.0 49.8
50 0.539 75.3 76.1 75.8
25 0.547 133.7 135.6 134.6
FIGURE 47. INCANDESCENT DIMMING WAVEFORMS – 100% POSITION
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FIGURE 48. INCANDESCENT DIMMING WAVEFORMS – 75% POSITION
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FIGURE 49. INCANDESCENT DIMMING WAVEFORMS – 50% POSITION
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FIGURE 50. INCANDESCENT DIMMING WAVEFORMS – 25% POSITION
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APPENDIX B: IMAGES Error! Reference source not found. and Figure 52 are photos taken with a thermal
camera. These images assist in giving visual qualitative feel for how temperature is
distributed across the lamp.
Figure 53 and Figure 54 are photos taken with a normal camera to illustrate the color shift
seen when dimming the L Prize lamps to the 0% position. It is important to note that
brightness levels were auto-adjusted from the camera settings, falsely implying no
brightness decrease (falsely seeming almost like an increase).
Figure 55 and Figure 56 are screenshots taken from a recorded movie19, which illustrates
the two phenomena associated with dimming testing: green dimmed color shift and
dimmed/flickering state that the L Prize lamps undergo when paired with the tested ELV
dimmer in the toggled OFF position.
FIGURE 51. THERMAL IMAGE ~15 MINUTE RUNTIME
FIGURE 52. THERMAL IMAGE ~ 1 HOUR RUNTIME
Note: The false color temperature scale varies between both photographs to
accommodate the higher temperatures seen between both scenarios.
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FIGURE 53. L PRIZE LAMPS FULLY ON
FIGURE 54. L PRIZE LAMPS FULLY DIMMED COLOR SHIFT (CAMERA AUTO ADJUSTS FOR BRIGHTNESS)
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APPENDIX C: VIDEO
FIGURE 55. L PRIZE LAMPS FLICKER MOVIE SCREENSHOT #1
FIGURE 56. L PRIZE LAMPS FLICKER MOVIE SCREENSHOT #2
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APPENDIX D: TECHNOLOGY TEST CENTERS Southern California Edison’s (SCE) Technology Test Centers (TTC) are a collection of
technology assessment laboratories specializing in testing the performance of integrated
demand side management (IDSM) strategies for SCE's energy efficiency (EE), demand
response (DR), and Codes and Standards (C&S) programs. Located in Irwindale, CA, TTC is
comprised of four centers focused on distinct energy end uses: Heating, Ventilating, and Air
Conditioning Technology Test Center (HTTC), Refrigeration Technology Test Center (RTTC),
Lighting Technology Test Center (LTTC), and Zero Net Energy Technology Test Center
(ZTTC), which is in development.
By conducting independent lab testing and analysis, TTC widens the scope of available IDSM
solutions with verified performance and efficiency. TTC tests are thorough and repeatable,
and conducted in realistic, impartial, and consistent laboratory environments to ensure the
best quality results and recommendations.
The Design and Engineering Services (DES) group of SCE's Customer Service Business Unit
manages TTC as a sub-element of the Emerging Technologies program.
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REFRIGERATION TECHNOLOGY TEST CENTER Founded in 1996, the Refrigeration Technology Test Center (RTTC) combines state-of-the-
art research facilities with staff expertise to promote IDSM in refrigeration and other
thermal technology applications. RTTC is responsible for sharing the EE benefits of thermal
technologies with SCE customers and other public entities through technical test reports,
workshops, publications, seminars, and presentations.
RESPONSIBILITIES The key responsibilities include:
Testing: Globally recognized for its scientific simulation and testing
capabilities, RTTC tests existing and emerging IDSM technologies. Many test
projects are conducted in support of California's statewide Emerging
Technologies, Codes and Standards, and Demand Response. Testing includes:
Equipment testing in accordance with the standards provided by
industry and regulatory organizations, including:
Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI)
American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and
Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)
National Sanitary Foundation (NSF)
American National Standard Institute (ANSI)
United States Department of Energy (DOE)
California Energy Commission (CEC)
Supermarket and cold storage refrigeration equipment testing
Calorimetric testing
Refrigerant testing
Fluid flow visualization and quantification experiments using Laser
Doppler Velocimetry and Digital Particle Image Velocimetry techniques
Development of end-use monitoring plans for evaluations conducted at
customer sites
Technical analysis: Using results from test projects and various other
sources of industry data, RTTC can provide the following detailed technical
analyses to customers:
Computer modeling of energy systems in supermarkets and cold
storage facilities
Infiltration and air curtain modeling and analysis
Computational fluid dynamics modeling
Refrigeration load analysis
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Evaluation: RTTC helps customers make informed purchasing decisions
regarding refrigeration equipment. RTTC employees work to provide expert,
unbiased performance evaluations of energy-efficient technologies.
Trusted Energy Advisor: RTTC uses its knowledge of customer operations
and needs, its alliance with leading industry manufacturers, and expertise in
thermal science to transform theory into practical applications. Energy-
efficiency consulting is available to SCE customers at no cost.
Collaborative Studies: Results obtained from RTTC research are available at
no cost to SCE customers and other interested parties. This research plays an
instrumental role in evaluating and promoting energy-efficient technologies in
collaboration with the CEC’s codes and standards initiatives and statewide EE
incentive programs.
Equipment Efficiency Enhancement: With funding support from statewide
programs and research grants, RTTC works with manufacturers, state, and
federal agencies to improve EE regulations addressing refrigeration
equipment.
TEST CHAMBERS AND EQUIPMENT Several test chambers are present to serve the RTTC's testing needs. Each is
equipped with state-of-the-art data acquisition equipment as well as comprehensive
supervisory control systems to maintain test conditions:
Supermarket Test Chamber: This 300 square foot isolated controlled
environment room is served by independent heating, cooling, and
humidification systems. It is used to test self-contained refrigeration
equipment as well as remotely fed low- and medium-temperature display
cases via refrigerant feeds from the neighboring mechanical room.
Condensing pressures for remotely fed equipment can be held constant
through the use of a separate heat rejection loop.
Walk-in Cooler Test Chambers: Two 284 square foot test chambers are
capable of maintaining a wide range of indoor conditions found in walk-in
coolers. They generally operate in the +15 - +40° Fahrenheit (F) range. One
of these chambers can also be used to simulate various outdoor conditions for
typical loading dock configurations.
Walk-in Freezer Test Chamber: This 90 square foot test chamber can
maintain temperatures as low as -40°F.
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HEATING, VENTILATION, AND AIR CONDITIONING
TECHNOLOGY TEST CENTER Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning Technology Test Center (HTTC) evaluates the
latest residential and commercial heating, ventilation, and air conditioning equipment. By
testing systems and strategies in controlled environment chambers capable of surpassing
industry standards and producing realistic climatic conditions, the HTTC can help EE
program designers, customers, and the industry make informed HVAC design and
specification decisions.
RESPONSIBILITIES Key responsibilities include:
Testing: HTTC tests HVAC equipment in support of California’s statewide
Emerging Technologies, Codes and Standards, and Demand Response.
Testing capabilities include:
Packaged units (up to 7.5 tons)
Split systems
Control systems
Fault detection and diagnostic systems (FDD)
Evaluation: HTTC evaluates the latest residential and commercial heating,
ventilation, and air conditioning equipment to provide customers with the
information necessary to make informed equipment purchasing decisions.
Equipment Efficiency Enhancement: With funding support from statewide
programs and research grants, HTTC works with manufacturers, state, and
federal agencies to improve EE regulations addressing HVAC equipment.
TEST CHAMBERS AND EQUIPMENT Test chambers and equipment include:
HVAC Indoor Test Chamber: This 292 square foot test chamber provides
thermal conditions typically found in air-conditioned spaces of residential and
commercial buildings, where maintaining desirable human comfort is critical.
It is used to collect precise data on temperature, airflow, and humidity in
order to test various cooling strategies.
HVAC Outdoor Test Chamber: This 250 square foot test chamber is used to
replicate outdoor weather conditions, and to examine how air conditioning
units respond under realistic climatic conditions. Temperatures can be
maintained as high as 130°F.
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LIGHTING TECHNOLOGY TEST CENTER In partnership with the Southern California Lighting Technology Center in Davis, CA, the
Lighting Technology Test Center’s (LTTC) mission is to foster the application of energy-
efficient lighting and daylighting, in cooperation with the lighting industry, lighting
professionals, and the design engineering community. Unique lighting and daylighting test
equipment, energy-efficient lighting displays, a model kitchen, and flexible blackout test
areas enable the evaluation and demonstration of various lighting technologies and
applications.
RESPONSIBILITIES Key responsibilities include:
Measuring large-source total luminous flux, correlated color temperature,
color rendering index, and spectral distribution.
Measuring and calculating light sources, fixtures, and systems.
Measuring luminance, illuminance, contrast, uniformity, and chromaticity.
Performing burn-in and long-term durability testing.
Performing cold-start and re-start analysis.
Performing automated model-based daylighting analysis.
Testing of daylighting strategies and controls.
Communicating incandescent, high intensity discharge (HID), fluorescent,
cold cathode, and light-emitting diode (LED) lighting expertise.
TEST AREAS AND EQUIPMENT Test areas and equipment include:
Integrating Sphere: The 76-inch diameter spectral light measurement
system is one of the largest integrating spheres produced and is capable of
measuring luminous flux, correlated color temperature, color rendering index,
and the spectral distribution of larger light sources, including linear
fluorescent fixtures and LED street lights.
SLM 40: The 40-inch diameter sphere-spectrometer is a highly sensitive
integrating sphere capable of 2pi and 4pi calibrated measurements of smaller
light sources such as solid state PAR30 and MR16 integrated LED lamps. The
sphere is also portable to RTTC’s controlled environment chambers, allowing
for environmental testing under varying temperatures.
Calibrated Power Supplies: Calibrated low-voltage and line-voltage
regulated AC and DC power supplies enable the consistent powering of
lighting technologies during spectral measurement, burn-in, and long-term
durability testing.
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Collapsible Dark Room: A custom-built collapsible dark room provides
complete blackout for measuring the luminance, contrast, and chromaticity of
architectural lighting, neon signs, channel lettering, menu boards, and other
contrast and color-sensitive lighting applications.
Movable Ceiling Room: Currently configured to test office lighting
strategies, this unique room has a motorized movable t-bar ceiling that can
be raised and lowered to test a variety of different direct/indirect lighting
fixtures under varying ceiling heights and furniture arrangements. By
changing ceiling height, occupant acceptance, and uniformity of desk and
ceiling-mounted lighting can be analyzed and adjusted.
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ZERO NET ENERGY TECHNOLOGY TEST CENTER
RESPONSIBILITIES The Zero Net Energy Technology Test Center (ZNETTC) will be used to investigate
the viability of integrated EE, demand response, smart meters, and on-site
renewable generation in ways that meet builder and occupant needs. ZNETTC will
accommodate a range of different envelope, space conditioning, lighting, plug load,
and renewable technologies. In addition, a "garage of the future" and plug-in hybrid
electric vehicle (PEV) are anticipated.
TEST AREAS AND EQUIPMENT ZNETTC is currently under development. Test areas and equipment will be finalized
later.
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REFERENCES
1 Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia (12/16/2010),
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb
2 Tom Harris (12/16/2010), How Fluorescent Lamps Work,
http://home.howstuffworks.com/fluorescent-lamp2.htm
3 Tom Harris (12/4/2010), How Light Emitting Diodes Work,
http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/led.htm
4 Teren Abear (12/31/2009), ET 09.01 Report: LED Street Lighting Assessment
5 Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia (12/16/2010),
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_factor
6 Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia (12/16/2010),
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminous_flux
7 SCE LTTC Sphere-Spectroradiometer Test Guide v1.2 (IESNA LM-79-08)
8 SLMS 7650 Specifications.pdf
9 E64 Calibration Certificate.pdf
10 F64 Calibration Certificate.pdf
11 J64 Calibration Certificate.pdf
12 CSFS-1400 Log - E64, F64, J64.xls
13 Tenma 72-7675 Specifications.pdf
14 Elgar CW1251P Specifications.pdf
15 Hioki 3390 Power Quality Analyzer Specifications.pdf
16 Hioki Universal Clamp On CT - 9277 Specifications.pdf
17 NI 9211 Specifications.pdf
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18 http://www.ledzworld.com/lm80compliance.html
19 Dimming & Flicker - NETL # 1221, 1376, 1377, 1033, 1030 & 0855.wmv