SCAR/SCOR/ IABO /ACMRR

GROUP OF SPECIAL ISTS ONL]VING RESOURCES OF THE SOUTHERN OCEANS

A GUIDE TO FOMGING IGTHODS USED BY I{ARINE BIRDSIN ANTARCTIC AND SUBANTARCTIC SEAS

Comp i l ed , on beha l f o f t he B I0MASS l Jo rk ing Pa r t y on B i rd Eco logy

by

P . C . H a r p e r

J . P . C r o x a l l

J . C o o p e r

P u b l i s h e d v r i t h t h e f i n a n c i a l s u p p o r t o f t h e U . S . N a t i o n a l 0 c e a n i c a n dA tmosohe r i c Admi n i s t ra t i on

BIOMASS HANDBOOK NO. 241985

F o rewo rd

The pu rpose o f t hese Handbooks i s t o d ' i s se rn ina t ' e ex i s t i ng

infornrat ion on methods re levant to ts IOMASS in t ime for those methods to

be pu t t o use . They a re t he re fo re no t , i n tended to be de f i n i t i ve

t rea t i ses , a l t hough i n some cases they may we l l be so . The i r p r imary

pu rpose i s t o p rov ide an ea r l y gu ide . The Handbooks w i l l be rev iewed as

new in fo rma t i on becomes ava i l ab le and upda ted i f r equ i red ' A number o f

Handbooks a re i n p repa ra t i on . They w i l l be i ssued as t hey a re

co rnp le ted . The cos ts o f p repa ra t i on and d i s t r i bu t i on a re subs id i zed by

the Na t i ona l 0cean i c and A tmosphe r i c Admin i s t ra t i on , Na t i ona l Mar ine

F i s h e r i e s S e r v i c e ( N 0 A A / N M F S ) . C o p i e s a r e d . i s t r ^ i b u t e d t o i n d i v i d u a l s

whose names a re i nc luded i n t he "B I0MASS D i rec to ry " . The Techn i ca l

Group on Methods is gratefu l to those who have volunteered to prepare

these Handbooks fo r t he use and gu idance o f t he i r co l l eagues and to t he

C S I R 0 , A u s t r a l i a f o r t h e i r t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e . 0 u r r o l e i s t o

' i den t i f y t he needs fo r Me thods Handbooks and Lea f l e t s and to a r range , i f

poss ib le , f o r t hose needs to be me t .

The members of the Group are:

D . J . T ran te r (Cha i rman )

K . She rman

S. Rakusa -Suszczewsk i

__ |

CONTENTS

Page

I N T R O D U C T I O N . . . . I

D E F I N I T I O N S 1

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . 5

I , ITERATURE CITED . 5

' | A B L E S 1 5

APPENDIX I - Names and addresses of rnernbers of Ehe BIOMASS

W o r k i n g P a r t y o n B i r C E c o l o g y . . . . Z I

I

INTRODUCTION

Th i s handbook dea l s w i t h t he f o rag ing t echn iques o f na r i ne b i r ds

f r equen t i ng seas sou th o f t he Sub t rop i ca l Conve rgence . I t i n c l udes

a l b a t r o s s e s , a l l p e t r e l s , p e n g u i n s , c o r m o r a n E s , s k u a s , g u l l s , a n d

te rns . I t s a im i s t o enab le seab i r d obse rve rs Eo reco rd f eed ing

obse rvaE ions more p rec i se l y and w i t h some measu re o f con fo rm i t y .

Comparab le da ta f r om many sou rces cove r i ng a w ide t r ac t o f Sou the rn

0cean w i l l hope fu l l y l ead t o an unde rs tand ing o f t he dynam ics o f

f eed ing adap ta t i ons o f sou the rn mar i ne b i r ds .

The mechods he re desc r i bed a re de r i ved ch ie f l y f r o rn t he sem ina l

pape r on t he sub jec t by Ash rno le ( 197 I ) and more recen t con t r i bu t i ons

b y A i n l e y ( 1 9 7 7 ) , C r o x a l l a n d P r i n c e ( 1 9 8 0 ) , a n d G r i f f i t h s e t a l .

( 1 9 8 2 ) .

The spec ies l i s t l a rge l y f o l l ows WaEson ( I 975 ) buE i nc l - udes New

ZeaLand spec ies no t cove red i n Wa tson i s gu ide . Spec ies l i s ced i n t ha t

gu ide as s t r agg le r s a re noE i nc l uded .

I n add iE ion i t was t hough t use fu l t o summar i ze ou r know ledge o f

t he d i ec o f t he spec ies conce rned and t o n rn r r i r l o r o fo ronnac t o t he

more impo r tan t pape rs r epo r t i ng on t h i s .

DEF I N IT IONS

D e f i n i t i o n s l a r g e l y f o L l o w t h o s e g i v e n b y A s h m o l e ( I 9 7 1 ) w i t h

adap ta t i ons based on C ramp and S i r nmons (1983 ) . Because o f che

impo rEance o f t pu r su iE -p l ung ing r i n An ta r c ! i c and Suban !a r c t i c ma r i ne

b i r ds we have made t pu rsu i t - p l ung ing ' a sepa ra te ca tego ry r a the r t han

a va r i aE ion on p l unge -d i v i ng as t he above con t r i bu t ( ) r s have done .

Some me thods desc r i bed by Ashmo le ( 1971 ) and C ra rnp and S immons (1983 )

a re no t used by An ta r c t . i c o r Suban ta r c t i c r na r i ne b i r ds and a re no t

l i s t . ed be low .

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A . D I V I N G

A b i r d se t t l ed on t he wa te r su r f ace submerges comp le te l y t o caEch

P r e y .

i . Pu rsu i t D i v i ng - t he b i r d d i ves and pu rsues iEs p rey

unde rwa te r by pu rsu i c sw imming . I t may be

w ing p rope l l ed o r f ooc p rope l l ed .

i i . Su r f ace D i v i ng - t he b i r d sub rne rges on l y momen ta r i l y ,

d i r e c t l y o n t o p r e y w i t h l i t t l e o r o o p u r s u i t

sw i rn rn i ng . Such a d i ve i s o f l en p receded by

a ' b e l l y f l o p ' o n t o t h e s u r f a c e b y f l y i n g

b i r d s .

B . PLUNGING

A b i r d i n f l i gh r PLunges i n t o t he wa te r us i ng t he momen tum o f t he f a l L

to ass i s t i r r ca t ch ing p rey w i . c . hou t pu rsu i t sw imming .

i . ! " .1.9:_P_1gCl"g - the bi rd splashes inro the water wi thout

f u l l ; r sub rne rg i ng .

i i . Sha l l - ow P lung ing - r he b i r d submerges comp le te l y b r iE pene t ra tes

l i t t l e mo re t han i t s own body l eng th be low

t h e w a t e r s u r f a c e .

i i i . Deep P lung ing - t he b i r d sub rue rges comp le te l y and pene f ra tes

a s r r b s t a n l i a l d i s t a n c e ( s e v e r a l l n e t r e s )

unde rwa te r , usua l l y p receded by a h i gh

n e a r - v e r t i c a l d i v e .

C . PURSUIT -PLUNGING

A b i r d i r r f l i gh t p l unges i nEo t he wa te r , t hen pu rsues p rey unde rwa te r

by pu rsu i t sw imrn ing , us i ng e i t he r w ings o r f eeE f o r p ropu l s i on .

D . SURFACE FEEDING

A b i r d r e i na ins on t he wa te r su r f ace wh i l e t ak i ng f ood .

i . Su r f ace Se i ze - t he b i r d g rasps i nd i v i dua l p rey i t ems w iEh

- _ \

t he b i l l wh iLe f l oa t i nq r . l n t he su r f ace .

i i . Su r f ace F i lEe r i ng -

1

Head and neck buE noE the resE of Ehe body

rnay submerge beneaEh surface. Prey may be

a l i v e ( s u r f a c e s e i z e ) o r d e a d ( s u r f a c e

s c a v e n g e ) .

t he b i r d f i LEe rs s rna l1 o rgan i sms ( r - r sua l l y

zoop lankEon ) f r om the wa te r wh i l e f l oa t i nq

( )n t he su r f ace . I t cap tu res and swa l l ows

rnany f ood i t e rns a t a t ime ( compare D ( i )

above ) .

r h e h i r d f i l l c r s n l a n k t o n I r o m t h e w a t e r

w i t h t he b reas t on Ehe waLe r su r f ace , head

immersed , w ings ou t s t r e t ched , p rope l l i ng

i t s e l f t h r o u g h l h e \ . r a t e r u s i n g i t s f e e t .

r he b i r d ag i t a tes t he wa te r w iEh iEs f ee t

and cap tu res sma l l f ood i t ems t hus

d i s t u r b e d .

i i i . Hydropl-aning

i v . FooE Padd l i ng

E . FL IG I {T -FEEDING

A b i r d r ema ins a i r bo rne , cap tu r i ng p rey i n t he a i r o r a t t he wa te r

s u r f a c e ; i t m a y m o m e n t a r i l y c e a s e f l y i n g , b u t m a k e s l i t t l e o r n o

conEacE wiEh the water .

i . Aer ia l pursu ic

i i . D ipp ing

t he b i r d pu rsues and cap tu res ae r i a l p rey .

t h e b i r d i n f l i g h t p i c k s i t s p r e y f r o m j u s E

above o r j us t be low t he su r f ace , w i t houE

s i g n i f i c a n t u s e o f i t s f e e t , e i t h e r w i E h o u t

t ouch ing Ehe wa te r ( non -conEac f ) o r by

we t t i ng on l y i t s b i l l o r head o r i t s b reas t

m o m e n t a r i l y ( c o n c a c c ) .

t he b i r d uses iEs f ee t as we l l as i t s w ings

Eo rna inEa in a p rec i se he igh t above t he waEer

i i i . Pa tEe r i ng

i v . P i r a c y

5

feeds by pick ing minute prey i tems or

d r o p l e t s f r o m t h e s u r f a c e .

b i r d pu rsues o the r b i r ds f o r t he i r f ood .

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank al l rnembers of the BIOMASS Working Parcy on Bird Ecology

(na rnes and add resses a t Append i x l ) f o r co rnnen t s on va r i ous d ra f t s ,

a n d a l s o J . W . E n E i c o t E , l " l . 0 r C o n n e 1 l a n d B . P . W a t k i n s f o r a s s i s t a n c e

in co rnp i l a t . i on .

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po l - a r and t r op i ca l nes t i ng co rnmun i t i es i n t he eas te rn Pac i f i c

0cean . pp 668 -685 i n G .A . L l ano ed . Adap ta t i ons w i t . h i n

An ta r cE i c EcosysEems . S ro i t hson ian I ns t i t u t i on , Wash ing ton .

A i n l e y , D . G . , 0 ' C o n n o r , E . F . a n d B o e k e l h e i d e , R . J . ( 1 9 8 4 ) T h e e c o l o g y

o f seab i r ds i n t he Ross Sea , An ta r c t i ca . Amer i can Orn i t ho log i ca l

Un ion Monog raphs No . 32 , 97 pp .

A i n l e y , D . G . a n d S a n g e r , G . A . ( 1 9 7 9 ) T r o p h i c r e l a E i o n s h i p s o f

seab i r ds i n t i r e no r t heas te rn Pac i f i c Ocean and Be r i ng Sea . pp

95 -122 i n Ba r t . onek , . 1 .C . and Ne t . t l e sh ip , D .N . eds . Conse rva t i on

o f Ma r i ne B i r ds o f No rEhe rn No r th Amer i ca . U .S . F i sh and

W i l d l i f e S e r v i c e , W i l d l i f e R e s e a r c h R e p o r t l l .

Ashmo le , N .P . ( 197 I ) Seab i rd eco logy and t he mar i ne env i r onmen t . pp

2 2 4 - 2 7 1 i n F a r n e r , D . S . a n d K i n g , . 1 . R . e d s . A v i a n B i o l o g y , V o l .

l . Acade rn i c P ress , New Yo rk .

and

o i l

- the

i-L

Ashmo le , N .P . and Ash rno le , M .S . ( 1967 ) Compara t i ve f eed ing eco logy

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du manchot royale Aptenodytes patagonicus des l les CTozet '

C o r n i t e N a t i o n a l F r a n Q a i s d e s R e c h e r c h e s A n t a r c t i q u e s 4 0 z 9 - 5 2 .

B e c k , J . R . ( 1 9 6 9 ) F o o d , m o u l t a n d a g e o f f i r s t b r e e d i n g i n r h e C a p e

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I s l and . Sou th A f r i can Jou rna l o f An ta r c t i c R : 99 -103 '

L 1 B i e r m a n , t ^ l . H . a n d v o o u s ' K . H . ( 1 9 5 0 ) B i r d s o b s e r v e d a n d c o l l e c t e d

du r i ng t he wha l i ng exped i t i on o f t he W l l l em Ba rendz i n t he

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9 z 7 7 - 8 4 .

B r o w n , R . G . B . , B a r k e r , G . 8 . , G a s k i n , D ' E ' a n d S a n d e r n a n ' l ' 1 ' R ' ( 1 9 8 1 )

' I he f oods o f g rea ! and soo t y shea rwa te r s , Pu f f i nus g rav i s and P '

g r i seus i n easEe rn Canad ian wa te r s ' I b i s 123 : 19 -30 '

B r o w n , R . G . B . , B o u r n e , W . R . P . a n d W a h l , T ' R ' ( 1 9 7 8 ) D i v i n g b y

shea rh ta te r s . Condo r 80 z 123 '125 '

B u r g e r , A . E . ( 1 9 7 8 ) N o t e s o n A n t a r c t i c t e r n s a t l u f a r i o n I s l a n d '

C o r m o r a n t 4 : 3 O - j 2 .

1 3

l 2

l q

l 5

7

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I 5 : 9 - 2 8 .

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rema ins i r r r egu rg i t a t i ons o f t he wande r i ng a l ba t ross a ! SouEh

G e ( ) r g i a . B r i t i s h A n t a r c t i c S u r v e y B u l l e t i n 5 4 : 9 - 2 2 .

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A n t a r c c i c , B r i t i s h A n t a r c t i c S u r v e y S c i e n t i f i c R e p o r t s 7 5 2 I - 7 4 .

1 9 C o D r o y , . l . W . H . a n d T w e l v e s , E . L . ( 1 . 9 7 2 ) D i v i n g d e p c h s o f E h e g e n E o o

penguin Pygoscel is papua and blue-eyed shag _B!"-19SI999I95

a t r i ceps f r om the Sou th O rkney I s l ands . B r i t i sh AnEa rc t i c Su rve

B u l l e t i n 3 0 : 1 0 6 - 1 0 8 .

2 0 C r a m p , S . a n d S i m m o n s , K . E . L . e d s . ( 1 9 8 3 ) T h e B i r d s o f r h e W e s t e r n

P a l e a r c t i c . V o l . 3 . O x f o r d U n i v e r s i t . y P r e s s , O x f o r d .

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Pygosce l i s anEa rc ! i ca and maca ro r t i pengu ins Eudyp tes ch ryso lophus

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d

25 De renne , P . , Ma ry , G . and Moug in J . - L . ( 1976 ) Le co rmoran a venEre

b lanc Pha lac roco rax a l b i ven te r me lanogen i s (B l y t h ) , de l rA r ch ipe l

C r o z e t .

5 7 - 8 7 .

26 Desp in , B . , Moug in , J -L . and Segonzac , 1 "1 ' ( 1972 ) O i seaux e t

ma rnm i fe res de l r I l e de I 'Es t , a r ch ipe l c t oze t . com iEe Na t i ona l

F ranca i s Reche rches An ta r c t i ques 31 : l - 106 '

2 7 D o w n e s , M . C . , E a 1 e y , F . H . M . , G w y n n , A . N . a n d Y o u n g , P ' S ' ( I 9 5 9 ) T h e

b i rds o f Hea rd I s l and . Aus t ra l i an Na t i ona l An ta r c t i c Resea rch

E x p e d i t i o n R e p o r t s ' S e r i e s l 3 : l - I 3 5 .

28 Du rose l l e , T . and To l1u , B . ( 1977 ) The rockhoppe r pengu in Eudyp tes

chrysocoine moseleyi of SainE Patr l and Amsterdam Is land' pp

579 -604 i n L1ano , G .A . ed . Adap tac i ons w i t h i n An ta r c t i c

Ecosys tems . Sm i thson ian I ns t i t u t i on , Wash ing lon '

zg Ea ley , E . l { .M . ( 1954 ) Ana l ys i s o f s t omach con ten t s o f some Hea rd

I s land b i rds . Ernu 54 z 204-210.

3 0 E k l u n d , c . R . ( 1 9 6 1 ) D i s t r i b u t i o n a n d l i f e h i s t o r y s t u d i e s o f t h e

s o u t h p o l a r s k u a . B i r d B a n d i n g 3 2 2 I 8 7 ' 2 2 f '

3 l Em ison , W.B . ( i 968 ) Food p re fe rences o f r he Ade l i e pengu in a t CaPe

C r o z i e r r R o s s l s l a n d . p p l g l - 2 l 2 i n A u s t i n ' 0 ' L ' e d ' A n c a r c E i c

B i r d S t u d i e s . A m e r i c a n G e o p h y s i c a l U n i o n , W a s h i n g c o n , D ' C '

3 2 F a l l a , R . A . ( 1 9 3 4 ) T h e d i s t r i b u t i o n a n d b r e e d i n g h a b i E s o f p e t r e l s

i n No r the rn New Zea land . Reco rd o f t he Auck land I ns t i t u t e and

l'luseum I : 245'264,

3 3 F a l l a , R . A . ( 1 9 3 7 ) B i r d s . B r i t i s h ' A u s t r a l i a n ' N e w Z e a l a n d ,

Anca rcu i c Resea rch Exped i r i on Repo r t s (B ) I I : l - 304 '

3 4 F a 1 l a , R . A . , S i b s o n , R . B . a n d T u r b o E E , E . G ' ( 1 9 7 8 ) T h e N e w G u i d e t o

rhe B i r ds o f New Zea land . Co l l i n s , Auck land ' 247 pp '

3 5 F u r s e , J . R . ( 1 9 7 6 ) T h e A n t a r c E i c f u l m a r F u l - m a r u s g l a c i a l o i d e s , a t

home nea r E lephan t I s l and ' Sea Swa l l ow 27 : 7 -10 '

9

G r i f f i t h s , A . M . ( 1 9 8 2 ) O b s e r v a E i o n s o f p e l a g i c s e a b i r d s f e e d i n g i n

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APPENDIX I - NAMES AND ADDRESSES OF I'4EMBERS OI' TI{E I]IOMASS WORKING

PARTY ON BIRD ECOLOGY

AINLEY, DT DAVID G .Po in t Reyes B i r d Obse rva to r y4990 Sho r , : 1 i ne H ighwayS t i nson BeachC a l i f o r n i a 9 4 9 7 0USA

BANNASCH, DT RUDIAkademie de r W issenscha f t en DDRForschungs t eL le f u r W i rbh ie r f o r schungAm T ie rpa rk 125B e r l i n I i 3 6

German Democ ra t i c Repub l i c

CROXALL , D r JOHN P . (Sec reEa ry o f Work i ng Pa r t y )

B r i t i sh An ta r c t i c Su rveyl ' ladingley RoadCarnbr idge CB3 OETUn i t ed K ingdom

HARPER, Dr PETER C.Depa r tmen t o f ExEens ion S tud iesU n i v e r s i E y o f C a n E e r b u r yCh r l s l chu rch INew Zea land

JOHNSTONE, Dr GAVIN W.An ta r c t i c D i v i s i onChannel HighwayK ings t onI lobartTasman ia

JOUVENTIN , DT P IERREL a b . Z o o l o g i e I IU S T L , P l a c e B a E a i l l o nF - 3 4 0 6 0 , M o n t p e l l i e rF rance

MYRCHA, DT ANDRZEJDepa r tmen t o f Po la r Resea rchI n s t i t u c e o f E c o l o g y , P A S

Dz iekanow Lesny05-092 LomiankiPo land

REMI"IERT, PTof HERMANNFachbe re i ch B io l og ieLahnbe rgeD3550 Marbu rg /LahnFede ra l Repub l i c o f Ge rmany

2 2

APPENDIX I conl

SCHLATTER, Prof ROBERTO P.I ns tLEu to de Zoo log iaUnlvers idad AusEral de Chi leCas i l l a 567Va ld l v l aChi le

SIEGFRIED, Prof W. ROY (Chalrman of Working Party)Pe rcy F i t . zPa t r l c k I ns t i t u t e o f A f r i can Orn i t ho logyUnivers i ty of Cape TownRondebosch 7700Sou th A f r l ca

TRIVELPIECE, DT WAYNEPo inE Reyes B i r d 0bse rva to r y4990 Shorel ine HighwayS l i nson BeachC a l i f o r n i a 9 4 9 7 0USA

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