scarcity, conflict & security: seeking solutions for...
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Scarcity, Conflict & Security: Seeking Scarcity, Conflict & Security: Seeking Solutions for Transboundary Waters Solutions for Transboundary Waters
in Israeli/Palestinian Peace in Israeli/Palestinian Peace NegotiationsNegotiations
Gabriel EcksteinGabriel Eckstein
Greening Borders: Cooperation, Security and DiplomacyGreening Borders: Cooperation, Security and Diplomacy
University of San Diego School of Peace StudiesUniversity of San Diego School of Peace Studies
November 18November 18--20, 200920, 2009
www.InternationalWaterLaw.org
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Population (2008)• Palestinian Gaza = 1.4 M
• Palestinian West Bank = 2.4 M
• Israel = 7.4 M
Land Area• Palestinian Gaza = 140 mi2
• Palestinian WB = 2,250 mi2
• Israel = 7,900 mi2
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Availability of Renewable Water Resources in the Jordan Basin & Gaza
(m3 / person / year)
Israeli Stats* World Bank Stats**
Gaza --- 125 (2005)
West Bank 105 (2007) 75 (2005)
Israel 153 (2007) 240 (2005)
Jordan 172 (2008) 200 (2005)
Lebanon 949 (2008) 1200 (2005)
Syria 861 (2008) 1500 (2005)
* Israel Water Authority, The Issue of Water between Israel and the Palestinians (March 2009)** The World Bank, Assessment of Restrictions on Palestinian Water Sector Development (April 2009)
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Water Needed to Support Human LifeBased on the Falkenmark Water Stress Index
Availability of fresh water resources inmeters3/person/year
High water stress / chronic water scarcity
Minimum adequate water
resources
Water stress
Inadequate water
resources
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10,000
m3/pers./yr
90,000
m3/pers./yr
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Availability of Renewable Water Resources in the Jordan Basin & Gaza
(m3 / person / year)
Israel Stats* World Bank Stats**
Gaza --- 125 (2005)
West Bank 105 (2007) 75 (2005)
Israel 153 (2007) 240 (2005)
Jordan 172 (2008) 200 (2005)
Lebanon 949 (2008) 1200 (2005)
Syria 861 (2008) 1500 (2005)
* Israel Water Authority, The Issue of Water between Israel and the Palestinians (March 2009)** The World Bank, Assessment of Restrictions on Palestinian Water Sector Development (April 2009)
10,000
m3/pers./yr
90,000
m3/pers./yr
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Jordan River BasinJordan River Basin
•• Source: Banias, Dan, & Source: Banias, Dan, & HasbaniHasbani
•• Shared with Jordan, Shared with Jordan, Lebanon, Syria & West Lebanon, Syria & West BankBank
•• Completely allocated b/w Completely allocated b/w Israel & JordanIsrael & Jordan
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Jordan River BasinJordan River Basin
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••Dead Sea has lost 1/3 of Dead Sea has lost 1/3 of surface areasurface area
••Dropping by over 1 meter Dropping by over 1 meter every yearevery year
Jordan River BasinJordan River Basin
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Ground WaterGround Water••Mountain AquiferMountain Aquifer•• Coastal AquiferCoastal Aquifer
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Claims to the WaterClaims to the Water
IsraelIsrael
�� Historical tie Historical tie to the landto the land
�� Historical use Historical use of the waterof the water
�� SovereigntySovereignty
�� Current Current reliancereliance
�� SecuritySecurity
�� Injury from Injury from loss of useloss of use
PalestinePalestine
�� Historical tie to Historical tie to the landthe land
�� Historical use of Historical use of the waterthe water
�� SovereigntySovereignty
�� EquityEquity
�� Human rights Human rights and basic needsand basic needs
�� Humanitarian Humanitarian lawlaw
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Existing AgreementsExisting AgreementsIsraeli/Palestinian AgreementsIsraeli/Palestinian Agreements�� (1993) Declaration of Principles on Interim Self(1993) Declaration of Principles on Interim Self--Government Government ArrangementsArrangements
�� (1994) Agreement on the Gaza Strip and the Jericho Area, May 4, (1994) Agreement on the Gaza Strip and the Jericho Area, May 4, 1994, Annex II: Protocol Concerning Civil Affairs (Article II(B)1994, Annex II: Protocol Concerning Civil Affairs (Article II(B)(31) on (31) on Water and Sewage)Water and Sewage)
�� (1995) The Israeli(1995) The Israeli--Palestinian Interim Agreement on the West Bank Palestinian Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, 28 September 1995, Annex III: Protocol and the Gaza Strip, 28 September 1995, Annex III: Protocol Concerning Civil Affairs (Article 40: Water and Sewage)Concerning Civil Affairs (Article 40: Water and Sewage)
�� (1996) Oslo Declaration of Principles for Cooperation Among the (1996) Oslo Declaration of Principles for Cooperation Among the Core Core Parties on WaterParties on Water--Related Matters and New and Additional Waters Related Matters and New and Additional Waters (Multilateral Peace Process in the Middle East, Multilateral Wor(Multilateral Peace Process in the Middle East, Multilateral Working king Group on Water Resources)Group on Water Resources)
�� (2001) Israel (2001) Israel -- Palestinian Joint Water Committee: Joint Declaration Palestinian Joint Water Committee: Joint Declaration for Keeping the Water Infrastructure out of the Cycle of Violencfor Keeping the Water Infrastructure out of the Cycle of Violence, e, done at the Erez Crossingdone at the Erez Crossing
Israeli/Jordanian AgreementIsraeli/Jordanian Agreement
� (1994) Treaty of Peace Between the State of Israel and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (Annex II: Water & Related Maters)
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Substantive Articles• Just and rightful re-division of (Art. 3)• No significant harm (Art. 4)• Flexibility in water allocations (Art. 5)
Procedural Articles• Joint water commission (Art. 6)• Establishment and maintenance of
database (Art. 7)• Establishment of Central Water Pollution
Control and Quality Assurance Agencies (Art. 8)
• Regular exchange of data & information (Art. 9)
• Dispute settlement (Art. 10)
http://www.geneva-accord.org/images/PDF/water.pdf
Geneva Initiative Israeli/Palestinian Model Agreement
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Gabriel EcksteinGabriel EcksteinProfessor of Law & Director, Center for Water Law & Policy, Professor of Law & Director, Center for Water Law & Policy,
Texas Tech University School of LawTexas Tech University School of LawDirector, International Water Law ProjectDirector, International Water Law Project
[email protected]@ttu.edu
Thank you!Thank you!
www.InternationalWaterLaw.org