Scanmin Factory – Johannesburg RSA

SMASH –Scanmin’s new digital analyser

Elemental analyser –

Sulfur, moisture, ash,

CV, etc….

SCANMIN AFRICA’S CLIENTS

Client Factory Visit

SCANMIN in Coal RSA

Kendal – 2 incline analyser before terrace binsHendrina- 2 staithes inclineLethabo- 2 conveyors before terrace BinsKomati- 2 stock yard conveyors and 2 incline conveyors.Kusilie- 1 Train loading facility and 2 incline conveyor before terrace bins.Majuba- 2 incline conveyors before terrace bins and on receiving Sept 18Medupi- 1 SMASH incoming conveyor – Oct 18Total 18 Analysers

Impunzi – Density control on final product belt- CV 1 AnalyserTweefontein- Density control on High and low grade product belts and train load out. 3 AnalysersPhola Coal – Middling's 1 analyser

Thermal CoalPower Station Installation-Ash, CV, S, C,

H,N,O, Volatile and all ash elements

New Digital SMASH in Coal

Coal Washing Plant

Installation

SMASH Technology- Visual

representation of TNC and NIS-

Interacts with both organic and

inorganic matter in Coal or Coke

SMASH TECHNOLOGY

Gammas are captured by Scintillation detectors

New Generation Digital Detector • Digital MCA

• Not affected by temperature

• Computer controlled spectra

• SMASH – Double Layer of detectors

• Digital electronics SMASH

• Cloud based data acquisition

ELEMENTAL ANALYSERSpectrum

▪Incoming Neutron → Outgoing Gamma

▪Energy of Gamma (x axis) → Which Element

▪No of Gammas (y axis) → Quantity of Element

ROI

Elements accessible – qualitative estimate

Sensitivity

Red – good

Blue –average

Black - poor

NIS &TNC TNC

H H

C C

N N

O O

Na Na

Mg Mg

Al Al

Fe Fe

Si Si

P P

S S

Cl Cl

K K

Ti Ti

Mn Mn

Ca Ca

Methods of Neutron Generation

Analyser Neutron energy

source

Reaction Manufacturer

PGNAA Cf 252 TNC Scantech

Thermo

RTI

SMASH

Technology

Am241Be NIS & TNC Scanmin

Comparison (1) of Analysers : Radiation issues

1. PGNAA

(TNC only)

2. SMASH

(TNC&NIS)

Radiation source Isotope (Cf-252) Isotope (Am-Be)

Source Energy 2MeV (mean) 4.5Mev (mean)

Neutron flux 1.2×108 n/s 2 ×107 n/s

“Lifetime” 2.5 years (isotope) 432 years

(RWL ~15 years)

Replacement Radiation Source

Supply

Very Limited Not an issue

shielding medium Medium -low

Comparison (2) of

different Analysers

1. PGNAA

(TNC ONLY)

2. NITA

(TNC&NIS)

Spectral

complexity

High Moderate

Thickness and

segregation

compensation

Moderate good

Range of

accessible

elements

Narrow Wide

Running Cost High Low

Capital cost “Standard” SMASH very well priced.

Comparison of different Analysers

1. PGNAA

(TNC only)

2. SMASH

(TNC&NIS)

Transmission of

gamma

Through Through and back

scatter- SuperSMASH

Backscatter SMASH

Relevance of

Higher energy

neutrons

Limited elements Good – more elements

measured over more

parameters

Engineering

design

Graphite

moderators and

close to material

No Moderators and

roof 400 mm above

material

Detector

Geometry

Top only Top and bottom-

SMASH

Elements Inorganic and H All – Organic and

inorganic

Calculated Spatial Response

➢ 4.44MeV Carbon NIS gamma-rays

➢ 200thick x 600 mm wide coal

Area preferentially

“seen” by

analysis

Gamma-ray

detector

Neutron

source

Gamma-ray

detector

Neutron

source

Gamma-ray

detector

Neutron

source

Sample

Gamma-ray

detector

Neutron

source

Gamma-ray

detector

Neutron

source

Gamma-ray

detector

Areas preferentially

“seen” by analysis

Gamma-ray

detector

Neutron

source

Sample

Gamma-ray

detector

Approach to compensation for Segregation - examples

0.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91

Operational Comparison

1. PGNAA

(TNC only)

2. SMASH

(TNC&NIS)

Calibration Dynamic and laborious

Factory calibrated and modelled to national coal chemistry- see calibration model

On Going Calibration

Intensive Required verification – 6 monthly- Monthly report issued

Support Foreign and expensive

Local

SLA Foreign 2 services Per annum with remote support

Radiation safety Conforms Way below local requirements

Operational detector Comparison

1. PGNAA

(TNC only)

2. SMASH

(TNC&NIS)

Detector used NaI or BGO NaI or CeBr

Pulse Pile UP NaI – Yes on

Analogue

BGO – No

CeBr- No pile up no cooling

NaI with SMA digital – No

Pulse pile up.

Detector maintenance PMT yes PMT - Yes

Temperature control NaI- No

BGO – Yes

CeBr- No

NaI – No

Radiation safety Conforms Way below local requirements

PGNAA Impact of Belt LoadingAll PGNAA analysers have through transmission detectors.

As the mass increases so the gamma rays are attenuated and counts are affected

1

10

100

1000

10000

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000

Co

un

ts

Channel No.

Transmission

High Belt Loading

Low Belt Loading

Impact of Belt LoadingThe SMASH Backscatter detectors is not affected by varying belt loading All analysers are impacted by very low tonnages.

1

10

100

1000

10000

100000

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000

Co

un

ts

Channel No.

Backscatter

High Belt Loading

Low Belt Loading

Core Science Comparison- Ash

• PGNAA captures spectral counts for most inorganic elements. These counts are totalled and regressed against an ash value. i.e. Fe, Al, Si etc.

• SMASH captures spectral counts for most inorganic elements. Ash is calculated from direct measurements – same as PGNAA

Nita II Core Science Comparison - CV

• PGNAA uses the ash to determine the CV value by correlation. Most cases correlations are generally good but is susceptible to a margin of error and mass variations

• SMASH will supply 2 Cv’s- Measured and derived. Smash measures Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and sulphur all directly. CV is calculated using first scientific principals for the determination of CV. This is calculated independent of ASH.

• A derived CV to ash is also supplied.

SMASH Derived CV

SMASH-Measured CV

Nita Measured CV

SMASH Core Science Comparison-Carbon/ Fixed carbon

• PGNAA analysers report fixed carbon on a direct correlation to Ash/ CV

• SMASH measures carbon directly. Fixed Carbon is a calculated value to lab results.

SMASH Core Science Comparison- Volatiles

• PGNAA analysers report volatile matter by difference e.g. Volatile matter = DB(100%-Ash – Fixed carbon)- What about inherent moisture???

• SMASH measures volatiles directly from carbon, carbon background, sulphur and hydrogen.

SMASH is not reliant on any empirical calculation.

SMASH Core Science Comparison-Oxygen and Moisture

• Most PGNAA analysers can only measure free moisture by using outdated microwave technology.

• SMASH measures Oxygen and Total moisture.

Fact- SMASH can differentiate between Total O, O in moisture, O in oxides and organic oxygen. Smash also measures H

Combined with a microwave moisture monitor SMASH will supply Total. Inherent and free moistures.

SMASH Core Science Comparison-Oxygen and Moisture

• SMASH is not coal type dependent and can work on a variety of coals and blends.

Proven on Kendal and Eskom coal

- 7 to 8 primary suppliers with multiple blends.

SMASH Core Science Comparison-radiation and Isotope

• PGNAA uses Cf252 which has a half life of 2.5 years. Expensive to run and makes calibration maintenance intensive.

• Nita II uses and AmBe 241 and has a half life of 432 years and never has to be topped up.

• This makes SMASH calibrations very robust.

• The Am241Be source can be returned t the OEM at the end of the analyser lifecycle – 20-25 years

Smash and Moisture

• Smash measures H and O directly.

• Smash can supply a Total moisture

• Smash can supply and Inherent Moisture

• Smash can derive surface moisture

• No need for microwave moisture analyser.

Typical Dynamic Performance

• Ash 0.3-0.5

• CV 0.3 -0.5

• Volatile 0.6-0.7

• Moisture 0.4-0.5

• Sulfur 0.02-0.03

• Range dependent and reference

must be able to better than.

COAL- GUI

New Generation SMASH, Modular and easy to install

Digital Electronics

Digital Electronics

• Computer Temperature controlled

• Analog signal converted to digital at the source

• Easily set-up or adjusted

• Improved pile-up rejection

Digital MCA

• External Temperature control no longer required

CeBr3 or NaI Detector

Digital Cloud Services

INTERNET

Client SCADA andProcess control

Management Reports

Analyser

Factory

Logistics

Delivery ex works 12- 16 weeks Source lead time – 16 weeks from order

Product support-

Remote – Scanmin

On site – Schmersal India

Thank You – Questions?