s.c. srivastava, professor department of electrical...

S.C. Srivastava, ProfessorDepartment of Electrical Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, IndiaEmail: [email protected]

QIP Short Term Course on Smart Grid TechnologyIIT Kanpur, 9 May, 2019 1

mailto:[email protected]

What is smart grid?Announced in US by President Barack Obama on 8th January, 2009

Smarter

Generation Transmission Distribution Customer participation OperationsMarkets Service Providers

Overall objective:

Smart/best/optimal utilization of all the available resources.

Source: http://smartgrid.ieee.org

Initial references:

1. DOE document at http://www.oe.energy.gov/smartgrid

2. EPRI document at http://intelligrid.epri.com

2SC Srivastava/QIP/IITK 9 May 2019 Smart Grid overview

http://www.oe.energy.gov/smartgrid

http://intelligrid.epri.com/

Energy

System

(Heart and

Arteries)

Sensory

organs(ear,

nose,hand

etc)+Nervous

system and

computing/intellige

nce system-brain

Smart and Robust Person

3

What is smart grid?...contd.

Definition by National Institute of Standards and Technology

(NIST), USA:

A modernized grid that enables bidirectional flows of energy and

uses two-way communication and control capabilities that will

lead to an array of new functionalities and applications.

IEEE:

Smart grid is a large ‘System of Systems’, where each

functional domain consists of three layers: (i) the power and

energy layer, (ii) the communication layer, and (iii) the

IT/computer layer.

Layers (ii) and (iii) above are the enabling infrastructure that

makes the existing power and energy infrastructure ‘smarter’.

Domain of Smart Grid spans over Generation, Transmission,

Distribution till Customer Devices 4

Conventional Grid Vs. Smart Grid

Asset

optimization

New

Product

and

Services

Consumer

Participation

Generation

and Storage

Options

Architecture Power

Quality

Self

Healing

Characteristics

Poor, little

data

integration

Limited,

poor

customer

focus

Non-

participative

And

uninformed

Central

Generator

dominance,

no Storage

framework

Poor

quality,

focus on

outage

No Self

Healing

Data driven,

predictive

asset

management

Better

market

and

services

for

customers

Informed and

participative

customers

DERs with

plug and play

features

Power

Quality is a

priority

Self

Healing,

automatic &

predictive

fault

address

Conventional Power Grid

Smart Grid

Hierarchical and

Vertical Structure

Unbundled and

Distributed

Structure

5

Conventional Grid Vs. Smart Grid ..Contdc

IntelligencePredictiveDisaster

Management

Event

Analysis

Cyber Attack Communi -

cation

Efficiency

Characteristics

Limited

intelligence

Non-

predictive

processes

and apps

Slow and

reactive

response to

natural disaster

Slow and

tedious

event

analysis

process

Mostly one

way

communi-

cation

Poor

efficiency

Intelligent to

integrate and

process

critical info.

Predictive

processes

& apps.

Quick and

proactive

response

to disasters

Smart

analytics

with

forecast

Integrated

two way

communi-

cation

Efficiency

focus

Conventional Power Grid

Smart Grid

Vulnerable

to cyber attack

Resilient to

cyber attacks

6

Smart Grid Enablers

Clean and Flexible Generation-Share of Renewable Energy Sources to increase

Flexible Transmission - FACTS & HVDC

Energy Storage Systems

System Wide Secure Communication Network

Automation – SCADA/EMS, Synhrophasor based WAMPCS, ADMS, Home/Building/Industrial Automation

Active Distribution Network

Sensors- Smart Meters, PMUs

Smart Analytics-Wide area monitoring and control, DSM

Market and Regulatory Framework


Few New Concepts

8

PROSUMER: Producer + Consumer

VIRTUAL SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR: To

artificially add inertia through converter controls.

ADMS (ADVANCE DISTRIBUTION

MANAGEMENT SYSTEM): to coordinate DMS and

MEMS (Micro-grid Energy Management System)

SC Srivastava/QIP/IITK 9 May 2019 Smart Grid overview

Distributed Energy Resources (DERs)Distributed Generations using Renewable Technologies

Photovoltaics (India aims at > 100 GW by 2022)

Solar thermal

Small wind systems (upto 50 kW)

Large wind systems (ranging upto 1-2 MW)

Biomass etc.

Storage Technologies

Mechanical

Electrical

Chemical

Electrochemical


Energy Storage

Mechanical Storage

Pumped Storage Hydro (PSH)

Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES)

Flywheels

Electrical Storage

Super capaci-

tors

Super condu-cting

Magne-tic

Energy Storage (SMES)

Chemical Storage

Fuel Cell

Electrochemical Storage

Lead Acid

Batteries

Sodium Based

Batteries

Li-Ion Batteries

Flow Batteries

Zinc Based Batteries


Storage Technology Options (source: IESA)

VRB: Vanadium

redox battery

PSB: Polysulfide

bromide battery

11

Transformed Power System Network - Utilities are poised to move from the

traditional power system to a highly flexible, secured and green power system byusing integrated two way communications and advanced control technology.

Wind Farm

Solar Farm

Roof Top

Solar

Wind

Farm

EV

Microgrid

Intelligent ICT Network

Smart Grid Network

Generation

Energy Storage

Industry

Commercial

Residential

Power Flow in Smart Grid

Power Flow in conventional Power

System

Distribution

Network

(Fig. Source: Internet)12

Renewable Generation: Few Technical Challenges

Intermittent generation, dependent on weather, season,

time of day – Need accurate forecasting & Power

balancing .

Voltage and frequency control; Many of these sources do

not have reactive power generation.

Sudden generation loss can lead to system instability.

Also inertia less generation, e.g. solar.

Power Quality issues-Harmonics, flicker, under voltage

ride through capability (IEEE & IEC std.)

Power management and Maximum power point tracking.

Requires proper converters and controls.


Ref: POSOCO Report on “Flexibility Requirement in Indian Power System”, January 2016. 14

Challenges Measures

Right-of-Way • UHVAC, 1200 kV, 765kV, +- 800kV HVDC• HTLS Lines, Multi Circuit Tower, Compact Tower• FACTS Controllers, VSC based HVDC

Land Acquisition • GIS substation• Automation of Substation, Digital Substation

Renewable Integration • Transmission to lead generation• Strong Interconnection for large Balancing Area• Renewable Energy Management Centres for Renewable

forecasting & Scheduling• Balancing reserves, Power Market, Ancillary Services, Energy

Storage

Grid Management • Smart Grid- Real time monitoring System with Self-healing• Synchrophasor based WAMPCS• Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI), Demand Side

Management, Consumer Participation

Need to plan ‘Regional Electricity Highway

Transmission Grid: Challenges and Few Measures


Synchrophasor Technology: Motivation Several blackouts all over the world , e.g. US North-Eastern

blackout in August 2003; July 2012 blackout in India.

The SCADA system not suitable for real time controls/time

critical applications.

Data time skewed. Data scan rate upto 10 sec.

Only magnitude measurements and phasors through state

estimation-time extensive.

Recent Smart Grid Initiative - Synchrophasors form an

important part.

Consists of Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) in the field

and Phasor Data Concentrator (PDC).

PMUs can provide time stamped phasor information every

few millisec.


All 400kV and above substation in State and Central grids & IPPs

Generating stations at 220 kV level and above

HVDC terminals and important Inter-Regional and Inter-National tie lines

Both ends of all 400kV and above Transmission lines of State, ISTS

PHASE I

Installation of 1186 PMUs along with 32 PDCs at control centers

Development of Analytics etc.

PHASE II

Installation 550 PMUs, 11000 km OPGW along with associated terminal equipment

etc.

URTDMS using Synchrophasor Technology in All India Grid


Few Major Challenges in the Smart Grid Reliable and Fast Communication, Big Data, Cyber Security.

WAMS integration with EMS, SCADA/DMS implementation in the existing networks.

Suitable Converter Topology and Controls for RES Integration.

Optimal Siting, Sizing and Controls of Energy Storage Systems.

Dealing with Intermittent Generation- Flexible Generation (High ramp rate), CHP and Thermal storage.

Adaptive Protection in Active Distribution Network, Microgridprotection (DC more challenging)

Regulatory Changes.

Customers’ Acceptance to RES Deployment and Demand Side Participation- Social survey


Smart Grid Communication

Source: IEEE Standard 2030-2011: IEEE Guide for Smart Grid Interoperability of Energy Technology and

Information Technology Operation with the Electric Power System (EPS), End-Use Applications, and Loads

19

Monitoring and Control in Active Distribution Network20SC Srivastava/QIP/IITK 9 May 2019 Smart Grid overview

Microgrid for Integration of Several Sources and Storage

(a) AC Micro-grid

(b) DC Micro-grid21SC Srivastava/QIP/IITK 9 May 2019 Smart Grid overview

Microgrid

Few Challenges

Voltage stabilization

Power management

PQ management

Protection

Grid integration

Stability issues

Islanded operation

R&D Need

Design of Microgrid architecture

AC vs DC microgrid

Converter topology

Control architecture

MPPT scheme

Adaptive and fast protection scheme

Island detection and management scheme

Smart Inverter/Converter with network control features

Virtual Inertia Generation

Micro EMS


Indian Power Sector Management

Central Sector

Organizations

Generating Utilities:

NTPC, NHPC,

NEEPCO, NPCIL

Transmission utility:

POWERGRID

System Operation:

NLDC, RLDCs

(POSOCO)

Finance: PFC

Rural Electrification

REC

R & D & Training

CPRI, NPTI, PSTI

Central Govt. (MOP, MNRE)

State Govt.

Appellate

Tribunal

Regulator

CERC

Regulator

SERC

State IPPs

Authorities

CEA, RPCs

State Sector

Generation Other

Transmission DISCOM

Distribution

IPPs

Trading Cos.

PTC India

NVVNL, ...

Power Exchange

IEX

PXIL


Status of Indian Power Sector

* Source: Ministry of New and Renewable Energy March 2019 # Source: Central Electricity Authority

Coal(197.352GW)

Hydro (45.399 GW)

Nuclear (6.78 GW)

Diesel (0.637 GW)

Gas (24.937 GW)

Renewable (75.056 GW)

7.0%

0.2+1.9%

Total Installed Capacity # :

350.2 GW (February 2019)

Total Installed Renewable*

Capacity: 78.317GW

RES Installed Capacity

Wind : 35,625.97 MW

Small Hydro: 4,593.15 MW

Bio-power: 9,788.31 MW (Biomass, Gasification & Bagasse)

Waste to power: 138.30 MW

PV: 28,780.66 MW

(100 GW by 2022)

Off-grid : 1257.71 MW13.0%

21.5%

56.4%

Status of Indian Power Sector

As on February/March, 2019

State: 30%, Central: 24% Private: 46%


Power Situation (April 2018- February 2019)

Per Capita Consumption of Electricity

(Year 2015-16) 1075 kWH / Year

Demand Met Surplus/ Deficit

Energy 1,165,900 MU 1,159,014 MU -0.6%

Peak Demand 177,022 MW 175,528 MW -0.8 %

• Rural Electrification 100% (as on 28 April, 2018)

• All India AT&C loss: 24.62% (2014-15)

• T&D loss: 21.42% (2016-17)


Map of India in Five Regions(Regions are shown separated for sake of clarity)

High Voltage Transmission Capacity (as on 28-02-19)

(220kV & above about 4,10,539 ckt. km)

Capacity Circuit km

765/800 kV 40873

400 kV 179269

220 kV 174841

HVDC 15556

Region Installed Capacity in MW as on February 2019

RES Total

NR 14025.32 92414.55

WR 22312.56 114375.17

SR 37022.57 105634.66

ER 1388.09 33631.85

NER 294.82 4053.65

Islands 12.56 52.61

TOTAL 75055.92 350162.48

Inter-regional capacity+: 99,050 MW

+ As of 28 Feb 2019


Indian Smart Grid Task Force (ISGTF) set up in 2010:

An inter-ministerial group to advise ministry on Smart Grid domain

Indian Smart Grid Forum (ISGF) set up in 2010:

• A public-private partnership initiative to act as advisory to ministry of power regarding smart grids.

National Smart Grid Mission (NSGM)set up in 2015:

• To plan and monitor the implementation of policies related to smart grids.

• Responsible for development of smart grids under smart cities mission.

• NSGM-PMU located in Powergrid for project approval and monitoring.

National Initiatives in Smart Grid

• Expert Panel on Smart Transmission Grid by Powergrid in 2010:

• To advise on synchrophasor initiative in India including its pilot projects and Unified Real time Dynamic Monitoring project.

• To help in finalizing specifications, analytics and testing requirements.


MoP Funded Smart Grid Pilot Projects

The primary goals of the Pilot Projects:

To incorporate distribution system with

• Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI)

• Power Quality Management (PQM)

• Outage Management System (OMS)

• Peak load Management (PLM)

• Distributed Generation (DG)

• Smart Home Solution (SHS)

• Smart Analytics (SA)


CESC Strategic Smart Grid Vision

Rising Demand

Ageing Infra

Heavy DISCOM

Losses

‘Green’ Policy

Power Outages

Security Threats

Driving

Forces

Goals

Components

Benefits

Demand Side Management

Peak Load Shifting

Reduce AT&C Losses

Increased Efficiency

Team MoP (GoI) + CESC (GoK) + Enzen

Optimal Resource Utilization

Customer

Satisfaction

Consumer

Cost

Saving

Increased

Efficiency

Shorter

Outages

Supply

Integration

AnalyticsPeak Load

Management

Advanced

Metering

Outage

Management

Distributed

Generation

Improved

Reliability

CESC Mysore Smart Grid Pilot Project


Accomplished objectives18076 single phase meters installed

Installation of 446 DCUs

Installation of 3-phase LT/CT GPRS meters

Agricultural DSM with community portal

KPI based MIS and data analytics

14 Feeders473

Distribution Transformers

21,954 Consumers

VV MohallaDivision (ACAD)

>150 MU Input Energy

ALL Consumer Types

Res, Comm, Industrial and Agri

LT-1–BJ/KJ 0.07%

LT-2 – Domestic 15%

LT-3 –Commercial 5%

LT-4 –Agriculture IP 3%

LT-5–Heating/ Motive (IND) 12%

LT-6–Street light 3%

LT-7–Temporary 0.4%

HT 63%

CESC Mysore Smart Grid Pilot Project Details


Smart city substation

Smart homes, Home automation

Renewable integration

Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI)

Smart city control centre

Advanced IT infrastructure

Battery storage management

Smart Grid R&D Pilot Project at IIT Kanpur: Functionalities


Remote monitoring & control applications for smart homes

Distribution state estimation

Load forecasting

Distribution reconfiguration Fault detection, isolation,

and restoration

Intelligent billing system

Demand response management

Power extraction control from solar PV during grid-connected and off-grid operation

Research Activities:

Smart Grid R&D Pilot Project at IIT Kanpur


Advanced Communication And Control For The Prevention Of Blackouts (ACCEPT)

High Energy and Power Density (HEAPD) solutions for large energy deficits

Reliable and Efficient System for Community Energy Solutions (RESCUES)

Intelligent Microgrids with Appropriate storage for Energy (IMASE)

Reconfigurable Distribution Networks

Few Smart Grid Projects Funded by DST


Recent Major Smart Grid Projects Funded by DST under

International Collaboration

UK India Clean Energy Research Institute

(UKICERI) under JVCCE

India-UK Centre for Education and

Research in Clean Energy (IUCERCE) under

JVCCE

US-India collAborative for smart

diStribution System wIth STorage (UI-

ASSIST) under JCERDC PACE-R

Mission Innovation IC#1 Smart Grids

This project is jointly supported by theDepartment of Science and Technology (DST),Ministry of Science and technology,Government of India, through Indo-US Scienceand Technology Forum (IUSSTF) New Delhi,India under grant no. IUSSTF/JCERDC-SmartGrids and Energy Storage/2017 and theDepartment of Energy (DOE), USA, underAward Number DE-IA0000025 for UI-ASSIST.


To evolve future distribution grid

that will allow the continuing

increase of Distributed Energy

Resources (DER) penetration

towards a carbon-free electricity

system.

To develop and demonstrate the

DSO functions for optimal

utilization and management of

DER by interfacing with DER

control and microgrid control

system with high penetration of

energy storage.

Project Objectives


UI-ASSIST Themes

Finalizing Overall Project Management

Architecture

Distribution System Modeling and

Benchmark System Development

Energy StorageMicrogrid and Active Distribution System

Cyber Security

DSO Functions / Energy

ManagementDSO Market and

Regulatory IssuesLab Testing and

ValidationField

Demonstration

Impact Analysis and Policy

Recommendations

(including social survey)

Workforce Development

UI-ASSIST Website URL: www.uiassist.org


http://www.uiassist.org/

Field Demonstration

Both India and US have planned 10 field demonstration sites, 5 each covering Rural,

Semi-urban and Urban sites.

Indian consortium has planned 2 Rural, 1 semi-urban and 2 Urban Microgrid pilots.

• One AC Microgid Rural pilot by IIT Kanpur and UPPCL covering two village hamlets in Kanpur having no grid supply yet (100 kWp SPV, 100kWh Battery Storage and Biomass-appx. 30 KW )

• Second DC Microgrid Rural pilot in a village near Rihand by NTPC NETRA. Village identified which belongs to a local NGO ‘Banwasi Sanstha’. Reliability of supply is major issue.

• The Semiurban Pilot by IIT Kanpur inside campus covering single storey houses in two lanes (200kWp SPV, 200 kWh Battery Storage and two EV Charging stations).

• One Urban Pilot by BSES/TERI in New Delhi area having Battery storage, SPV and EV charging station.

• The other Urban pilot inside IITK campus covering two housing towers an academic building (50 kWh SPV, Battery and Thermal Storage)

• DSO-ADMS functions to be implemented at available SCADA control center (such as IITK and BRPL SCADA control centers).

Rural Microgrid Pilot by IIT Kanpur & DVVNL (UPPCL)

• Covers two village hamlets (Bargadiya Purwa and Chhabba Niwada) in Harnoo

Panchayat, Kanpur Nagar (about 45 km north of IIT Kanpur).

• Distribution in Kanpur Nagar Villages by Dakshinanchal Vidyut Vitran Company (DVVNL)

under UPPCL.

• Till recently both hamlets were unelectrified except very small size solar PV by an NGO

‘Shramik Bharati’. Recent electrification work started under ‘Saubhagya Yojana’ of the

Prime Minister.

• Both hamlets will have separate 63 kVA transformers. The distribution system cost will

be part of contribution of DVVNL/UPPCL to this project.

• Panchayat lands in each hamlet identified for the solar PV, storage (Li-ion BESS), and

biomass (appx.30 kWp output). Moved for approval of local administration.

• A local society is under formation to operate and maintain the system. Net metering

billing at one point (transformer LV point) by DVVNL to society in future. Internal billing

by the society.

• A social survey was conducted in the beginning (discussed later). Apart from electricity,

villagers urgently need irrigation pumping system, and drinking water filtering plants.


Visit in December 2018 to finalize the site and apprize Gram Pradhan and Ward members


Semi-Urban and Urban Microgrid Pilots inside IIT Kanpur

• Two lanes inside campus (lanes 32 and 33) having single storey houses

identified for Semi-Urban pilot. Possible sites for rooftop PV, centralized

storage and EV charging stations decided.

• Smart meters already placed in the two feeders for load profiling.

• Two faculty housing towers (C&D) and Environmental Science & Engineering

building considered for Urban pilot. Smart Meters placed for load profiling.

• Tender for thermal storage system awarded.

• Separate tender for joint development and deployment of ADMS functions in

the existing SCADA system floated.


UI-ASSIST Demonstration of DSO (ADMS) Concepts


Mission Innovation IC-1 Smart Grid Projects


Government of India’s New Initiatives

Renewable forecasting, SCADA for RE generation, Scheduling of RERenewable Energy

Management Centres

Testing of different battery technology at Grid levelBattery Energy

Storage Systems

Integration of renewable resources through Strong Grid connections, enlarging balancing areas etc.

Green Energy Corridors

Enhanced situational awareness, Better visualisation of grid parameters, Stable operation of Grid

Wide Area Monotoring

Protection and control System

Automated Metering Infrastructure and Price Incentives for Demand Side Management

Demand Response Pilots

E-Mobility: Recent Government Initiative towards promotion of Electric

Vehicles.


Green Corridor Plan by 2030


Renewable Energy Management Centers

NRLDC

Raj

WRLDC

MP

Guj

Mah

SRLDC

TN

AP

Kar

NLDC

• Forecasting of RE generation

• Real time tracking of

generation from RE sources

• Scheduling solutions


Conclusions Smart Grid (SG) is characterized by two way flow of electrical

power and data in communication network.

It aims at large deployment of DERs, microgrids, with powerelectronic interface, WAMCPS in distributed & networked manner.

Renewable integration will pose power management and stabilitychallenges, which needs proper controls to be implemented.

Modular integration approach, open protocol and commoninformation (CIM) need to be adopted.

It will also require big data analytics, cyber-security measures to beadopted at various levels.

India has separate RE mechanism, green corridor, REMCs andrecently transmission planning regulations.

Smart and secure distribution network development will requireintegrating microgrids with renewables, storage, and ADMS.


Thank

YouAcknowledgement:

Smart Grid and LDC Divisions of POWERGRID, Gurgaon

NSGM, Powergrid office, Gurgaon,

POSOCO, New Delhi

DST New Delhi

IITK Smart City and UI-ASSIST Team


s.c. srivastava, professor department of electrical...

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