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Sustainable Boating Practices

Blue Wave Sustainable Sea Tourism Project

Contents

Solid Waste and Recycling

Engines and Fuel

Renewable Energy

Energy and Efficiency

Maintenance and Cleaning

Boatyard Practices

Oil Change

Boat Cleaning

Snorkelling and Diving

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Recreational Fishing

Marine Environment

Watching Wildlife 7

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14

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Waste Management

Liquid Waste

Blue Card System

IntroductionFethiye-Göcek Special Environmental Protection Area is one of the popular touristic areas in Muğla province. One of the main reasons for tourists to visit this region is to take a boat tour at least once during their stay and enjoy the beautiful coast and azure seas. However, the increasing popularity of these tours has begun to show its negative affects on the natural beauty that supports the economy of the region. As well as the pressure on resources and environment, there is a lack of awareness about sustainable maritime practices among tourists, boat operators and marina personnel.

This guidebook is designed to inform tour operators who want to recognise and adopt sustainable maritime applications, staff working on these boats, yacht chartering tourists and boat-lovers.

The four main themes and their sub-headings provide suggestions for reducing the adverse effects that boat users can have on marine life and the environment.

The Blue Wave project aims to improve awareness and understanding of the threats to the marine environment from marine tourism and to improve

sustainable practices carried out within the sector, creating a cleaner and more appealing tourism product. Also, to develop a process for carrying out continuous monitoring and evaluation to

enable local agencies to understand what effects the growing pressure of tourism is having on the marine environment. It is thought that after the implementations in Fethiye and Göcek regions, project can be adopted to other similar regions with high maritime tourism activities.

Blue Wave Project

Project Partners

mavidalgaprojesi.com

http://mavidalgaprojesi.com

http://mavidalgaprojesi.com

Marine Environment

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Marine Environm

entWatching Wildlife

Watching marine life in its natural environment can be a positive way to raise awareness about the protection of animals and the marine environment. However, unconscious and irresponsible human behaviour can annoy animals, destroy important habitats, and even physically and lethally harm animals and humans.

Those who use the sea for pleasure and make their living from the sea should take responsibility for protecting the marine environment and wildlife. We share seas and oceans we use for fun and relaxation with a wide variety of wild animals such as birds, fishes, turtles. The presence of the boats should not mean that we constantly disturb wildlife. If we do our job sensitively and show the necessary attention, we can reduce the negative effects on wildlife to minimum.

Watching wildlife, swimming, diving, snorkelling and fishing are activities that are intertwined with boat trips and these experiences are enriched with healthy and clean seas.Unfortunately, some irresponsible behaviours can harm ecosystems, wildlife, and water quality.In this section we will talk about measures to protect the marine environment.

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Keep Your Distance Stay at a safe distance of at least 100 meters to show your respect for animals. If you want to look closely use the zoom feature of your cameras or binoculars. Never chase animals.

Slow Down Avoid using the boat too fast and making sudden moves. Stay out of the way of the animals. If they get close to you, take the engine to neutral and let them pass.

Be Quiet Loud noises can frighten or put stress on wildlife which can cause unexpected animal reactions which may end up with harming themselves or you.

Spend Less Time Encounters with humans can cause stress in animals and may lead to changes in the normal behaviours. Remember that on that day you may not be the only person who comes across them.

Stay away from Mothers and Nests Nests and hatches are particularly vulnerable to human influences. Never run towards an animal group, do not pursue and separate a mother from her cubs, or try to control her cubs.

Do not “Save” Especially “the orphans". Mothers usually follow them from a safe distance. If an animal appears sick, seek professional help by calling the experts.

Do not Surround Never surround animals. Always leave an "escape" route. Do not trap animals between the boat and shore.

Watch Your Pet Pets and wild animals can mutilate and hurt each other which may cause transmission of diseases.

Do not Litter Leave a better living space than you found for animals. While enjoying nature and watching wildlife, take a small garbage bag and collect the garbage you see.

Things to be Careful About

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Marine Environm

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Important Facts About Sea Turtles

All type of sea turtles are in extinction and need protection.

If they are prevented from reaching the surface of the sea to breathe, sea turtles may drown.

All type of trash but especially plastic bags are extremely dangerous for sea turtles. They can confuse these with their favourite food jellyfish.

Sea turtles use the same region for years and adults return to the same nesting area each year. If a nesting colony is destroyed, turtles may never return.

The dolphins are known to be friendly creatures, but this does not mean that they are water toys or pets. You should never feed the wild dolphins or try to swim with them.

If dolphins are;

Changing direction and speed unsteadily,Cutting the way of the boat to protect its babies,Showing various behaviours in the air like jumping, spinning, skipping, or tail

blowing,Stop their important behaviours like feeding, resting, taking care of their offspring.

These mean that they are disturbed by you!

Dolphins are Wild Animals

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Marine Environm

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Snorkelling and Diving

Snorkelling and diving are the best ways to watch spectacular underwater life and come face to face with the enchanting sea creatures. Every year, scuba diving and snorkelling are becoming increasingly popular world-wide. As a result of this, marine ecosystems in many popular tourist areas have begun to show signs of damage, which is causing a decrease in the quality of the visitor experience.

Due to lack of environmental information and knowledge, many divers and snorkelers have negative effects on the underwater life. These damages are usually caused by people who can not maintain a good body control in water, who stand or walk in shallow areas, who do not know what to do in tides, who try get close when taking photos, nourish or touch underwater creatures.

There are many things that can be done to reduce the problems caused by divers and snorkelers. With a little bit of information and respect for the environment, it is possible to become an environmentally friendly diver and snorkeler and minimise these negative effects.

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Learn Increase your diving experience by learning about wildlife and underwater creatures living in the area you will visit.

Do not Touch and Chase Do not chase or touch any of the sea creatures. This can cause great stress in animals and also can harm protective shields of fish, mammals, invertebrates and infect them with various diseases. Look, but never touch or get too close.

Do not Stir Do not stir the sediment at the bottom of the sea. Your fins may lift the the sediment which may disturb the small creatures living there and cause them to move and become more predatory to their surroundings.

Don’t Feed Do not feed the fish or any other sea creatures. This removes them from natural food sources. If they get used to feeding, they expect to be fed constantly and may become more aggressive towards divers. When fish are not fed from natural food sources such as algae, the balance in the underwater ecosystem gets disturbed.

Don’t Buy Do not buy sea shells or any other sea creatures as souvenirs or gifts. This encourages people to take out sea creatures dead or alive and sell them as souvenirs. All these species play vital roles in sustainability of healthy ecosystems. If the purchases stop, the killing and gathering of these creatures can be prevented.

Tips for Being an Eco-friendly Diver and Snorkeler

Don’t Spear Do not spear fish. This fishing method can cause decrease in slower breeding species and may dramatically effect the ecosystem. Even if some creatures survive the spear, the wounds may drag them to a slow death. Spear fishing can also be dangerous for divers and snorkelers

Don’t Take Out Do not take out any dead or alive sea creatures. All the creatures in the water are a part of the the ecosystem, even though they are dead, they contain nutrients and elements that other living creatures need. Even empty shells on the shore play an important role. Do not take anything except your memories and pictures.

Don’t Wear Do not wear gloves. Wearing gloves gives you the wrong feeling of protection and encourages you to touch many objects and creatures in the water which strengthens your chances of harming marine life.

Clean Up Every time you dive or snorkel, remove a waste or garbage you see in the water.

Report Report the violations you see to your dive guide, boat captain, tour guide or a related authority. By notifying the appropriate authorities about the wrong practices, you may allow them to take the right measures. If you report your concerns, you may be a part of the solution.

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Recreational Fishing

Recreational fishing is a popular outdoor activity with local people and tourists. Commercial and recreational overfishing can severely reduce populations of fish species. The removal of key species from the food chain can make important changes in the ecosystem. Being a good fisherman does not just mean knowing the hunting techniques and the areas with good fish sources. It also requires respecting the places you fish and help your favourite species in maintaining and sustaining their populations.

By implementing responsible fishing principles, you wouldn’t just to protect the marine environment but also can contribute to sustainability of recreational fishing for years to come. While enjoying your favourite activity, consider the following tips to become a responsible fisherman:

Educate yourself about the region you will fish. Learn the fishing laws and regulations of the area, including the fishing amount limits, legal length and sizes.

Only fish for your own personal needs. If you've gotten the amount you need and you still want to continue fishing, release the excess fish using 'catch and release' techniques. Remember that all fish are important for the ecosystem.

In order to apply the 'catch and release' technique correctly, use a single hook that you can easily remove the fish from and hold the fish in the water as much as possible after the catch. If you want to take a photo of yourself holding a large fish, hold it horizontally and support its weight.

If you decide to keep the fish for yourself, end its life with fast and humane methods.

Make sure the fish you release has a good chance of surviving.

Use alternative products instead of lead for weight and prefer environmentally friendly equipment such, biologically degradable fishing and stainless hooks.

Learn how to safely use your equipment and use them with caution. Avoid bird feeding areas and hurting wild animals.

Even they are no longer usable do not leave your equipment at the place you fish. Recycle or dispose them in properly. Abandoned and thrown away materials may hurt even kill marine life and wild animals

After your are done, wash and clean all your materials to reduce the spread of invasive species.

Clean the fish you got at appropriate places and use fish waste as bait or dispose them with other organic garbage.

Do not throw fish waste into places which are used for swimming or frequent visits, marinas, anchorages, or places known with shellfish nests.

Most fishing lines are not biodegradable, and it takes 600 years to degrade. Dispose your fishing lines and nets at appropriate recycling points.

Do not spear fish.11

Marine Environm

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Marine Environm

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Anchoring

Incorrect and insensible anchoring can cause serious damage to marine ecosystems by damaging seagrass meadows and other sea creatures. Anchors and chains can sweep seabed and may destroy the living, resting and feeding areas of slow-moving animals and fishes. Therefore, the boat crew must have information about the properties of the seabed they choose and anchor carefully.

Fixed moorings must be preferred and spread out needs to be supported. This mooring system is known as an eco-friendly way and reduces the potential damage to sensitive habitats by minimising boats’ sea level and seabed interaction.

Even though it is a relatively small area, ease of accommodation and various provided services make Göcek Bays an indispensable anchoring point for sea enthusiasts and blue cruise tours.

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Marine Environm

entThere are fixed mooring buoys in this Special Environmental Protection Area zone and the location of these are as follows:

Bays & Islands Number of Moorings

Yassıca Islands 31Göcek Island 22Sarsala Bay 16Sıralı Bay 16

Zeytinli Island 6Kurşunlu Bay 6

Total 97

How to Anchor Properly and Responsibly

If there are no mooring buoys, the boats should avoid anchoring to sensitive areas and prefer sand and mud.

Make sure your anchor is holding well to prevent dragging.

Make sure you leave appropriate length on the chain after anchoring. The correct length prevents scouring of the seabed.

If your anchor is drifting, remove and re-anchor. If dragging continues, choose a different anchorage location.

Even if you are think that the anchor is holding well, check it regularly to make sure it does not drag.

Waste M

anagement

Waste Management

Liquid Waste

Untreated sewage and other wastewater discharged from boats to the sea is harmful to people and marine life. Human wastes contain phosphorus and nitrogen, which consume oxygen in the water, endanger the lives of many marine creatures, enhance algae levels and reduce water clarity. Chemicals such as chlorine and zinc, which are used to disinfect and treat chemical toilets are poisonous to marine life.

There are indications of a decrease in water quality in the oceans and this is due to many reasons such as wastewater treatment plants, industrial wastes, agricultural practices and urban rainwater discharges to the sea. Sailors are also one of these reasons, and by acknowledging their responsibilities, they can reduce their negative environmental impacts and contribute to a sustainable future

Discharge of waste water even from a small recreation boat can cause serious damages especially in vulnerable areas.

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Marinas and all other berthing spaces, even boat owners have to prepare individual waste management plans which suitable with their own practices. This is probably the most effective way to reduce and prevent adverse effects to the environment.

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Waste M

anagement

Black Water

Black water is simply liquid and solid toilet wastes made of human excreta. Since untreated black waters bring microbial pathogens into the sea, they form a potential health hazard for swimmers and divers. Microbial pathogens also pose a threat to shellfish. These creatures absorb the pathogens through the filter nutrition, and can cause diseases such as 'Paralytic Poisoning from Crustaceans' when consumed by humans. Black water wraps the sea bottom like a blanked and kills the creatures living there by blocking their light. This can result in a decrease in the oxygen levels which is required for all living things in the world.

Here are some of the most important issues to consider about black water wastes:

Dispose wastewater tanks at least 12 nautical miles away from the shore, at places where the wastes can be rapidly disintegrated and dispersed by waves and currents.

While berthed use coastal facilities in marinas and harbours. Advise your crew and customers to do the same.

Chemical toilets contain toxic substances and must be disposed to the regular land based sewer system. Plan ahead as carrying them can be difficult.

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Waste M

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Make sure your black water holding tank is adequate and fitting for its intended use.

Install toilets with low water consumption, there are systems that consume only 0.4L of water per use.

If possible, install a wastewater treatment system in your boat to minimise your negative effects to the environment.

Maintain all wastewater system and equipment. Check regularly to make sure it is working properly.

Take into account the locations of waste collection facilities and plan your journey accordingly.

Gray Water

Gray water is the water that is used in ki tchens, showers, washbasins and laundry. Contains p h o s p h a t e s , n i t r a t e s , microbiological pathogens, and foodstuff rich in fat or by-products such as household chemicals, soaps and detergents.

When dispatched into the sea in excess, the gray water causes the moss to multiply and prevents the sunlight from reaching the deep waters, ki l ls the algae and reduces the dissolved oxygen.

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Waste M

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Only use detergents contain less nitrogen and avoid using chlorine and bleach, which may be toxic to flora and fauna. Don’t use any phosphates which affect the growth of marine algae. Choose environmentally sensitive products.

Use water-saving devices such as low flow showers and tap heads.

Save used vegetable oils for recycling and make sure that other food wastes do not mix with gray waters.

Lower the usage of soap and detergents in washbasins, showers and washing machines on the boat. Remember that washbasins and showers in your boat are different from those in your home and need to be made used more carefully.

If you are using a washing machine on the boat, choose less harmful from eco-friendly products or investigate detergent-less washing methods.

Educate your crew and customers about the negative effects of gray waters and the measures that needs to be taken to help reduce them.

Use showers, toilets, dishwashers and laundry facilities provided by marinas and berthing places. Encourage your crew and customers to do the same.

Keep instructions and reminders on your boat. You can also use stickers and signs to inform crew and clients about responsible practices.

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Waste M

anagement

Solid Waste and Recycling

Waste management is an i m p o r t a n t i s s u e t h a t ’s effecting environment, public h e a l t h , s a f e t y a n d t h e economy and needs to be controlled globally. Garbage like plastic not only ruins the natural beauty of the coasts, it can also give damage the boat propellers and block the engine cooling systems.

Salid wastes in the oceans and garbage in shores bring very serious problems. Many sea creatures such as fish, dolphins, whales and sea birds, are often take plastics for food and try eat them. Common materials found as waste are cigarette butts, plastic bottles, plastic bags, waste nets, foams, bottle caps, fishing lines and other garbage.

Bottles, tin cans, fishing nets, plastic bags and other garbage wastes may trap birds and other living creatures may cause serious injury or death.

Birds and some other animals try to feed their offspring with these. In every case the result is the same, choking or poisoning.

Buy products in bulk amounts and large packages to reduce the amount of packaging you need to dispose.

The best way is to bring back what you took away. You can go one step further and pick up the garbage left behind by less thoughtful people.

Remove products from their packaging as much as possible before getting them on board.

If the sea and weather conditions are getting tough, secure the deck materials so that they won’t fall into the sea.

Garbage cans and proper waste disposal points may not be available in many areas. Keep this in mind when you are preparing your cruise plan and storage.

Do not let the wastes drain and fly to the sea.

If the garbage flies to the sea, try to bring it back. Do not throw cigarette butts into the sea. Place them inside a closed box and dispose them properly when you get back to the land.

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Waste M

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How to Control Solid Waste?

Recycling

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It is estimated that at least 300 million tons of plastic is produced every year and the demand is increasing rapidly. On the other hand plastic recycling isn’t likewise parallel. It is estimated that in 1995 one of every four PET bottles were recycled; where in 2006, one in every five bottles were recycled. The yearly fusel fuels used to produce plastic bottles in North America is enough to run 100.000 cars.

Some sources suggests that 90% of the wastes in waters are plastic and total weight of these plastics is six times the weight of zooplanktons.

Based on a research done in Virgin Islands, when a water cooler/filter system is installed on a catamaran which accommodates 10 guests, It was seen that system reduces usage of 500 plastic bottles in a week. This means almost 10.000 bottles per season for a single cruiser and when applied widely, this method can dramatically reduce usage of plastic bottles on cruises.

Maintain a personal recycling strategy that suits with your practices. Put signs on the garbage bins showing the type litter that can be dropped.

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Waste M

anagement

Decrease the amount of plastics you use. Prefer reusable shopping bags, aluminium water bottles, and reusable boxes. Look for places that you can find organic and reusable products.

Choose soluble dinnerware, biodegradable boxes and prefer bags that are produced from corns starch instead of polyethylene.

Know your plastic. Pay attention to the codes that are stated bottom of the boxes or bottles. Prefer plastic products with highest compatibility for recycling. Sorting for the recycled plastic types starts with 1-PET and 2-HDPE orders. The higher the numbers, the less likely it is to be recycled.

Use recycled plastics.

Reduce the use of disposable plastic bags and storage products at your disposal.

Use reusable containers, reusable shopping bags and aluminium water bottles.

P r e f e r o r g a n i c o r biodegradable products.

Recycle oil, battery, plastic, metal, glass and newspaper at appropriate places.

Recycle fishing lines or dispose then in appropriate ways. Some marina and sporting goods stores may offer recycl ing bins for fishing line and nets.

Use the marina recycling facility or take them with you to dispose at your home recycling.

Encourage marinas and berthing places to offer recycling opportunities.

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anagement

Blue Card System

The Blue Card system which is developed for small vessels, is an online ship waste tracking system via a magnetic card for the wastes of water vehicles and ships independent of which flag it holds. In Turkish territorial waters; waste reception services at fishing ports, marinas, similar coastal facilities and waste reception ships, are carried out by

us ing B lue Card. Th is system facilitates web-based online monitoring of quantity and types of sea vessel generated wastes, dates of waste delivery, facilities where wastes are delivered and any other relevant information.

Blue Cards can be taken from the marinas, waste reception vessels, fishing ports and similar facilities registered in the system, for a fee which is determined by the Ministry.

The ships that are entering the Turkish territorial waters for the first time, are required to obtain and use Blue Card within 48 hours, deliver their wastes to waste reception facilities or to waste reception vessels by contacting them when necessary and also enable recording of required data to Blue Card, for any waste delivered.

Waste reception services are provided to the ships visiting fishing ports, marinas, boat yards and similar facilities, mooring buoys and similar platforms.

All sea vessels are responsible for; showing the Blue Card during the audits performed by authorised institutions and during the applications to Port Authorities for "Last Port Clearance”, and for enabling recording of data on waste quantity on Blue Card.

In case of losing Blue Card, the coastal facility that will issue the card will demand payment for the new and a processing fee for the lost card. These fees are determined by the Ministry. Lost card processing fee needs to be deposited to the ministry’s bank account.

How Are Blue Cards Supplied?

How It is Used?

Waste Reception Points In Mugla District

Waste Reception Point Region CoordinatesMilta Bodrum Marina Bodrum 37°02’00" N 27°25’50" E

D-Marin Turgutreis Marina Bodrum 36°59'59" N 27°15'21" E

Palmarina Bodrum Bodrum 37°06'28" N 27°16'59" E

Port İasos Marina Bodrum 37°14'94" N 27°32'14" E

Torba Fishing Port Bodrum 37°05'19" N 27°27'18" E

Göltürkbükü Fishing Port Bodrum 37°07'43" N 27°22'49" E

Turgutreis Fishing Port Bodrum 37°00'21" N 27°15'20" E

Akyarlar Fishing Port Bodrum 36°58'02" N 27°17'28' E

Gündoğan Fishing Port Bodrum 37°07'51" N 27°20'46" E

Yalıkavak Fishing Port Bodrum 37°06'25" N 27°17'35" E

Bodrum Municipality Marina Bodrum 37°02'06" N 27°25'43" E

Datça Municipality Marina Datça 36°43'22" N 27°41'23" E

Datça S.Ü Koop Fishing Port Datça 36°43'22" N 27°41'20" E

Netsel Marmaris Marina Marmaris 36°51'02" N 28°16'38" E

Albatros Marina Marmaris 36°50'38" N 28°17'08" E

Marmaris Yacht Marina Marmaris 36°49'05" N 28°18'32" E

Martı Marina Marmaris 36°45'30" N 22°08'30" E

Marmaris Municipality Marina Marmaris 36°51'08" N 28°16'33" E

Selimiye Village Fishing Port Marmaris 36°42'74" N 28°05'38" E

İçmeler Municipality Marina Marmaris 36°48'04" N 28°14'24" E

Bozburun Muni. Fishing Port Marmaris 36°41'29" N 28°02'33" E

Akyaka Muni. Fishing Port Ula 37°03'02" N 28°19'29" E

My Marina Yacht Club Köyceğiz 36°49'24" N 28°33'55" E

Ekincik Village Fishing Port Köyceğiz 36°49'42" N 28°32'54' E

Dalyan Municipality Fishing Port Ortaca 36°48'05" N 28°36'22" E

D-Marin Göcek Marina Göcek 36°44'09" N 28°56'06" E

Göcek ViIlage Port ( Marintürk ) Göcek 36°45'15" N 28°56'00" E

Göcek Exclusive Marina (Marintürk) Göcek 36°44'34" N 28°55'40" E

CIub Marina Göcek 36°45'00" N 28°55'35" E

Skopea Marina Göcek 36°45'14" N 28°56'20" E

Muğla Muni. Göcek Pier Göcek 36°44'02" N 28°16'38" E

Göcek Municipality Marina Göcek 36°45'16" N 28°56'48" E

Ecesaray Marina Fethiye 36°37'55" N 29°06'10" E

Fethiye Municipality Marina Fethiye 36°37'18" N 29°06'24" E 23

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Energy efficiency means using less energy to perform the same task. By using renewable energy and investing in new technologies, you can increase your energy efficiency and reduce your costs.

Engines and Fuel

Even though we already have greener alternatives which we will examine in further parts of this guide; fossil fuelled propulsion systems are the most popular alternative for motorboats and sailing yachts. With the latest concerns about climate change and its possible impacts on the oceans and water channels around the world, boat and motor manufacturers are looking for greener ways to reduce their adverse environmental effects. With the latest developments and inventions; manufacturers continue to work on more productive and environmentally friendly systems such as catalytic converters, common rail systems and computer fuel injections and they try to create more fuel-efficient systems in response to the latest increases in fuel prices.

Fossil Fuels

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Suggestions and Tips for Fossil Fuel System Users

Upkeep and maintenance is very important for healthy engines. Prefer original spare parts.

Keep your engine clean and be sure that you are using clean fuel. Ensure that your fuel tanks are clean and you change your filters regularly. Check your filters for algae, they may cause filters to get clogged earlier than expected.

Usually engine compartments of yachts are narrow and crowded and may not be sufficient for required air flow. This causes your engine to work with rich fuel mixture which means more fuel consumption, more smoke and discharge of unburned fuel to the water. To understand if you have enough space in the engine compartment, start the engine and run at full throttle for five minutes then open the engine hatch. If opening the hatch is tough, this means engine used most of the air inside. Another indicator for this is the increase of engine speed when you open the hatch.

Especially for diesel engines, first 50 h o u r s a r e v e r y important. Running in and how you use your engine in first days highly effects i t s l i f e l o n g efficiency.

A v o i d r u n n i n g engines for long t i m e s i n s l o w s p e e d s . E n g i n e lubrication systems can’t function well on low speeds and this may have terrible effects on your engine’s life. If you really have to run your engine on slow speeds, allow at least 5 minutes of high speed run before turning off.

Despite these improvements, the carbon emissions of one litre of burnt gasoline and diesel are 2.36kg and 2.66kgs. When we burn 3.785 litres of diesel, we need to plant 31 more trees to balance these emissions.

In addition, major researches on alternative propulsion systems are being made and developments are observed. But it still does not seem that fossil fuel propulsion systems will go away in the very near future.

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Use biodiesel if you can although this may cause a bit more frequent maintenance for the engine.

Use the right propeller. If your engine is able to run on 3.000 rpm it has to reach that speed on full throttle. If your boat reaches its maximum speed on 2.500 rpm you need to use a larger pitch propeller.

Choose wisely while investing in engines. Always look out for responsible manufactures who care for the environment while constructing engines.

Biodiesel

Simply stated, biodiesel is a renewable alternative to petroleum-based diesel fuel. It can be obtained from any vegetable oil, animal oil or even used cooking oil. In the United States, about 90 percent of biodiesel is made with soya oil and beans that are g r o w n o n l y f o r t h i s purpose.

There are great accomplishments of bio diesel fuelled boats like the Sunride a 28 feet Zodiac boat which circumnavigated the world and Earthrace a trimaran which completed its circumnavigation under record 61 days. Unfortunately even after many years of its invention, biodiesel production hasn’t been able to meet demands. Also people’s resistance to change played a big role against wider consumption of biodiesels.

In short, biodiesel supply has not been able to meet the over-advertised product, marina managements and fuel stations are complaining about the distribution. It is thought that these troubles can only be overcome when the customers start to demand specifically biodiesel.

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Energy and EfficiencyAdvantages of Biodiesel

Green and recycled energy.

Definitely more cleaner than petro-diesel in all fuel classes.

Provides better lubrication which means healthier engines.

Doesn’t smell and releases very little smoke.

Totally biodegradable and spillages of biodiesel have relatively minor effects on environment

Provides new options for local livelihoods.

Less poisonous and more reliable

Less explosive than petro-diesels which means safer to use on board.

Ensure that your engine is suitable to run with biodiesel. Methyl ester rate is higher in biodiesel and this may harm some parts of your engine.

Biodiesel can clog some water filters and may cause bacteria.

Running biodiesel in very low temperatures may harm your engine in various ways. Mainly to fuelling parts

Fuel system and tanks may require to be drained and washed regularly on boats using biodiesel.

Avoid spilling biodiesel on the engine, engine, or painted surfaces. Clean it immediately with absorbent pads. Wash surfaces with a mild cleaners and water.

Things to Consider When Using Biodiesel

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Tips for More Efficient Fuel Consumption

Maintenance is crucial when it comes to efficient engines. Ensure that injectors are clean and

you change all your water, fuel and oil filters regularly. Clean air filters are also very important for diesel engines.

Try to use original spare parts and filters as much as possible. If you think you will have difficulty finding these at the places you go take backup filters with you.

Don’t run your engine unnecessarily on idle. Even if you’ve parked for few minutes or waiting for the line for refuelling turn of your engine. By doing so, you will save money too.

Ensure that your keel is clean. Clean keel means more speed. Also keel painting is very important and have great effects on speed.

Ensure that you are using the right size propeller for your engine, and it is undamaged and working properly.

Keep your dinghy on board while cruising.

Don’t run your engine on full throttle. Steer according to waves and wind and as if you are inside a corridor.

If you are not planning long distance cruises don’t fully fill your tanks. Especially water tanks can become very heavy when filled.

Prepare your course and choose your track wisely to consume less fuel.

Use a fuel flow index for your boat. If y o u don’t have one get one. These indexes are very useful for captains to determine the most efficient ways of running their boats.

If you have a sailboat use a folding propeller.

Use blended fuels when possible. Some blended fuels are less hazardous for the environment, choose wisely and contact fuel providers. Load up your boat properly. Be sure that your floating line is still parallel to water after loading.

If you are using an outboard engine, prefer a four stroke one.

Limit usage of air conditioners. Try to use wind channels or small fans for ventilation.

If you have sail use it more often than your engine.

If you are planning long cruises in the summer, prefer the nights. You will spend less fuel.


Outboard Engines

Fuel consumption and efficiency are main concerns while choosing outboard engines. According to various engine manufacturers a 5HP four stroke engine consumes 40%, and 25 HP ones consume about 35% less fuel.

W h e n f o u r s t r o k e e n g i n e s w e r e fi r s t introduced, there was great opposition and even some experts were arguing that customers will never prefer heavy and expensive engines just because they have low carbon emissions. For the last couple of years , four s t rokes engines are preferred over two strokes and considered as the new n o r m f o r o u t b o a rd

engines.

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Two Stroke Engines

25% of fuel oil mixture consumed in these eng ines i s d i scha rged unburned from the combustion system as waste.

Many countries in Europe don’t allow usage of two stroke outboard engines in freshwater lakes.

Excessive fuel consumption.

Runs very loud.

Gets old and brakes down easily.

Powerful, light weight and cheap.

Combustion system burns entire fuel and doesn’t discharge fuel or oil.

Better fuel efficiency.

Runs more quietly.

A bit heavy and expensive.

Electric Outboard Engines

Four Stroke Engines

Lightweight but butteries are a bit bulky

Hard to charge the batteries and requ i res t ime compared to refuelling fuel tanks.

Short ranges compared the alternatives.

Renewable Energy

The energy required for navigation, cooling, lights or other electrical equipment requires a power source, but generally the method of recharging the battery with idle engine power uses almost the same amount of fuel like the motor is operating at normal speed. Running your engine at idle speeds produces exhaust gases and other pollutants that negatively affect the environment and human health. Since engines are not designed to run for a long time below its nominal level, using them to only charge your batteries may also cause damage on the engines.

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Energy and EfficiencyFor this reason, renewable energy sources are suitable alternatives and safe backups. There are several types of systems that can be used on board like wind generators, solar panels, water generators, or combinations of them. Some systems can provide full battery charge while the boats are anchored, dry-docked, or even towed and can be safely used on long cruise journeys.

Before choosing which renewable energy system is most suited to your needs, you should consider the following:

What kind of equipment do you have? (Fridges, electric cooler, navigation and cruising equipment)?

How much electrical energy do you need?

Do you need to make changes in your boat’s electrical system to meet these requirements.

The weather conditions you have to take advantage of renewable energy sources (wind, sun, etc.)

It's always a good idea to get advice on options from a well-trained professional while dealing with all kinds of electricity issues in your boat.

Solar Panels

Solar panels can be used effectively in small and large boats, but they only generate power in times of sunlight. Depending on where you use your boat, they can generate effective energy for about 5-7 hours per day. Solar panels require low maintenance, quiet, lasts up to 25 years or longer and are safe. However, they need space and special may require structures for installation.

1m2 of a reasonably efficient solar panel produces 100 to 130 watts / hour energy. This means that a panel that receives total uninterrupted sunshine for 5 hours produces about 373 watts of energy after losses due to

battery charge and AC conversion. This can help to use equipment that works with less power, such as ventilation fans on a boat.

Thin film panels that are ideal for use in boating are approximately 12-14% efficient. However solar panels are thought to be more efficient in the near future and it will be possible to achieve high energy even with a small panel.

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Pros Cons

Quite and clean.

Prov ides independency fo r obtaining energy.

It is a technology that constantly develops and cheapens.

Offers a wide variety of options for various boat sizes and usage purposes.

Don’t require fuel or oil.

Very low or even no maintenance requirements.

Lasts for very long.

A powerful and seen sign that your boat is taking sustainable measures.

Hard to find proper space.

S h a d o w s c a u s e d b y s a i l s especially on sailing boats.

Lack of mounting options.

Productivity.

Cost.

Wind Generators

Wind generators convert kinetic energy from the wind into electrical power. Wind generators can charge batteries on boats. A wind generator has the potential to generate power for 24 hours a day, on a cruise, a mooring or land. If there is a

strong and constant wind, they can often generate more power than solar panels. As the wind speeds up, the energy generation capacity of these generators increase exponentially. For example, a system that generates 100 watts of

electricity in a 10-mile wind produces 800 watts at 20 mph winds.

Pros Cons

No exhaust emissions.

Runs day and night.

Takes up less space than solar panels.

Can be mounted on an unused space or a stern side pole.

Can be very productive under optimal wind conditions.

Especially older models run and spread vibration .

Power generation reduces in quiet sheltered anchorage areas.

Wear and tear.

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Towed Water Generators

Towed water generators can be an affordable source for recharg ing batteries. By using the water around the moving body, it can produce plenty of electric energy. Nowadays, there are models that can produce large amounts of power with minimum friction and can be removed from water when not in use Some manufacturers claim that their generators will only slow down the boat by 0.15 knots.

There are also dual-use models for the wind / water generator located on the stern side of the craft. Water generators can produce up to 200 watts/hour of energy on 6-8 knots cruising speeds.

For years it was a piece of equipment that seemed indispensable for many boats that make long distances The medium sized units on the paper are designed to meet all the electrical needs of a 45-50 foot sailboat. However, there are a number of disadvantages:

Pros Cons

High energy generating power.

Does not require too much depth to work.

Advanced mode ls a re a b i t expensive.

There is the possibility of easy damage due to the Mediterranean style stern to land mooring method

Produces energy only while cruising.

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Fuel Cells

A fuel cell is a device that converts the chemical energy from a fuel into electricity through a chemical reaction with oxygen or another oxidising agen t . Th i s sma l l , l i gh twe igh t equipment is very attractive for use on boats. Many are designed to constantly moni tor the bat tery condi t ion and automatically start charging when the voltage drops below 12.2V. They only release carbon dioxide and water and works silently.

Outputs ranges from 3 to 9 amperes and can be used for higher battery feed by connecting multiple units together. Unlike a marine diesel generator which can only be used two or three hours a day, a fuel cell can operate 24 hours a day.

Hydrogen produced from the steam methane reforming of natural gas is the most common fuel, but for greater efficiency hydrocarbons can be used directly such as natural gas and alcohols like methanol.

Methanol is mostly obtained during natural gas production as a spin off and as a relatively cheap and liquid substance, it is convenient to use in fuel cells.

Pros Cons

Unobtrusive, clean and quiet.

Easy to set up.

Return of the investment is rather long.

Maintenance and operating costs are slightly high.

The fuel used (methanol) can not be easily found everywhere.

Even there are thousands of fuel cells that have been sold to recreational vehicles, technology is still considered as ‘not cheap’ for sailors since investment on fuel cells is costly and methanol is expensive considered to diesel. However fuel cells are more productive energy sources than diesel generators. 10 litre of methanol can supply four weeks of electrical energy for a sailing boat and can be a weak long source of energy for a midsize cruiser boat.

Nowadays fuel cells’ cons look stronger than pros, but it should not be overlooked that it is a rapidly developing technology.

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Boatyard Applications

Marinas and boatyards are located right along the water's edge, pollutants created by maintenance and cleaning activities may be released directly into the water. Although not one of the leading sources of polluted runoff, pollution from marinas can have a significant impact on local water quality. Therefore, is it important to promote operation and maintenance practices that will prevent pollution from entering coastal waterways.

Sanding and Scraping

Regular maintenance is essential to keep the boats in good working condition. However, some maintenance works like polishing, irresponsible use of paint and cleaning products can cause serious damage to the environment. Many of these products contain ammonia, phosphate, chlorine or hydrocarbon by-products which are harmful to marine life.

Insensible sanding and cleaning methods can mix toxic parts in the sea and may cause contamination. These particles can prevent sunlight reach to the plants which algae needs for photosynthesis.

Less plants and algae means fewer living spaces and less chance for survival of many smaller organisms that are dependent on algae for growth and proliferation. Sanding and scraping a boat can cause airborne contaminants such as toxic paint and varnish particles and may easily mix with water. These particles should be controlled as much as possible. Here are some important tips on boat scraping and sanding.

Wear protective clothing during sanding and scraping.

Don’t peel or sandblast keel paint inside water.

All sanding and scraping has to be done on land, away from water, preferably on a specially prepared and separated area for these works.

When doing sandblasting use dustless machines or ensure that there you are using a proper vacuum system to prevent flying of harmful dust. The resulting particles can mix the water, enter your eyes and lungs.

If no vacuum is present, lay a protective sheet underneath the boat before starting the process, collect the scrap on this sheet or in a closed container and dispose properly. 37


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Painting and Antifouling

Mostly copper based products are used in cleaning and painting boat keels. After the ban on tin based products there is a suspicion towards copper too. Researches show that especially in marinas with slow circulated waters, copper accumulates at the bottom and harms marine life.

As long as they stay in the sea, various organisms are form on the keel of the boats. These organisms can slow down the boat and even damage its structural form. Copper is a popular chemical that prevents harmful organisms from forming on the keel and is used as a 'biocide'.

There are also paints that contain lesser amount of copper like silica sand and 40% copper mixtures. Another option can be using products that contain ‘white copper’ (copper-nickel alloy) rather than copper oxide.

Some experts believe that new products like ‘Econea’ which don’t contain metal will take over market as new ‘biocides’.

Important Issues to Consider While Painting

While painting or rubbing the keels use canvas flooring to collect paint drips and residues.

Ensure that there is a proper waste management for paint waste. Encourage boat yard management to place recycle bins not only for plastics, glass and paper but for paints, solvents resin and used tools.

After you’ve completed your daily work clean your tools and ensure that you closed all solvent and paint containers.

Be careful not to mix copper based paints with seawater or sedimenting sludge.

Use products that don’t contain VOC (Volatile organic Compounds). Prefer water based or low copper containing products.

Always apply paint correctly as told on instructions.

After painting the keel allow 90 days before making any cleaning in the sea. New paints release more toxic substance.

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Refuelling and Oil Change

Every year hundreds of diesel and oil leaks pollute our oceans and coasts. Most of them are small leaks, but even small amounts of fuel and oil can be fatal for birds and marine life, and may cause serious harm to the environment.

Since most of these spills contain light oil, they spread rapidly in the form of a thin film. This oily film is poisonous, smells bed, infectious for other boats and contaminate shellfish and sea creatures. Most oil and fuel spills are due to careless and irresponsible refuelling.

t is a known fact that half a litre of oil pollutes about 4.000 m2 area and a litre of petrol pollutes about a million litres of seawater. Fuel spills exposed to sunlight become 50,000 times more toxic

Studies show that 2.25 million tons of petrol gets mixed up in marine environment every year. There are various sources for these leaks but the three most common sources from the boats are bilge drainage, motor leaks, and spills during refuelling. Biggest problem about the spillages caused by recreational boats is they cruise mainly close to shores and stable waters. Unfortunately water circulation is very limited in these areas.

How to Prevent Fuel Spills?

When possible, refuel at a fuel station with fuel spill kits.

Before starting the refuelling process, pre-calculate how much fuel your tanks will need to prevent overflow.

Use a funnel, safe filling tool or spillage preventer while filling fuel or oil.

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Always use absorbing lanyards or tampons. while refuelling and ensure that the fuel is not too coming fast.

Make sure that an authorised adult follows the refuelling process. Do not allow children or untrained people to refuel your boat.

When refuelling, do not leave the fuel hose unattended and idle.

Don’t fully trust on automatic fuel cutting mechanisms or fuel indicators.

Ensure that your fuel tank’s ventilation is not clogged and working properly.

Fill your tank slowly and listen to the sounds coming from the tank. If it gets noisier that means your tank is getting full.

Don’t fully fill your tanks. Always leave about 10% of their capacity unfilled for fuel expansion.

Ensure that your fuel tank indicators are working properly.

Use a fuel-air separator in your tank’s ventilation system. This prevents spillages through fuel tank ventilation channels.

If you are using mobile tanks for your outboard engine, always close tank’s ventilation covers when not in use.

Keep your reserve fuel tanks in try and cool places.

Don’t use pressurised fuel systems on your engines. These systems may leak fuel to bilge water and may even cause explosions.

Do not transfer fuel between fuel tanks and bins while at sea. Carry your backup fuel so that it can be directly connected to your engine.

Regularly check and maintain the fuel system to prevent leaks.

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Oil Change

Always use oil absorbent mats and tampons in your bilge.

Use bilge water filter.

Before discharging your bilge water, always check and ensure that there are any signs of oil.

While changing your engine oil, turn of your automatic bilge discharge system to prevent an accidental spillage.

Don’t discharge oil to bilge. Instead use absorbent mats and drip pans in your engine department.

In small engine departments, use vacuum pumps to discharge used oil.

Always write down the date you changed your oil.

Deliver your used oil to waste oil collecting facilities for recycling. Ask your marine management to provide special containers.

In Case of Fuel and Oil Spills!

Find the source of the spill and cut it out.

If you are at the fuel station, inform the refuelling agent and leave the fuel spilled area.

Use absorbent pads and spill kits to help clean and reduce leaks. Dispose these materials with other hazardous wastes after the work is done.

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Boat Cleaning

Many boat cleaning and care products contain components such as chlorine, phosphate, and ammonia that are toxic, abrasive and combustible. Apply cleaning methods and cleaners that have limited risks and hazards of marine life and the environment.

.While buying boat cleaning products, check the labels. Warning words like "Danger / Poison", "Warning" or "Attention" can give a general indication of how toxic a product is. If you want to learn more about the content of a product, contact your sales representative or the manufacturer.

Spills with risk of spreading should be controlled with special equipment such as spill kits. This equipment must be located in marinas and other berthing places. If it does not, please warn your berthing space management on this.

Discard used spill materials as hazardous waste.

Never use soap or detergent. They are poisonous for marine life and don’t remove spills and make cleaning more difficult

Look for phrases such as "phosphate free" and "biodegradable" while buying cleaning products.


Do not allow soap or detergents to get into the sea. These substances may add nutrients that promote algae growth and may cause decrease in the oxygen levels available for fish and other marine animals.

Use tested and approved cleaners for low environmental impacts. Note that The International Standardization Organization has set environmental standards with the ISO 14021 standardisation system.

Ask for green cleansers and biodegradable soaps from the places you supply materials for your craft.

Avoid cleaning boats with keels painted with soft, gradually falling and easily peeled paints inside water.

Use a little more muscle strength and less cleanser while cleaning the boat. When you come back to the marina, rinse the boat quickly with fresh water and brush. This minimizes your need to use chemical cleaners.. When using cleaning products, use the lowest amount possible to do the job.

Only use soft products like sponges when cleaning boats in water. Use stainless steel brushes or scouring sponges only on unpainted surfaces.

Regularly clean your keel to prevent algae and bacteria growth.

When cleaning and washing boats on lifts and winches ensure that exploited paints are not mixing up with water. A thick rope surrounding the working area floor can prevent mixing. Sweep the cracked paint parts and deliver to proper

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Alternative Cleaners

There are also more environmentally friendly ways to clean various parts of boats. As vinegar being one of the main ingredients, here are some mixtures which can be used as alternatives to commercial cleaners:

Multi-purpose Cleaner :Prepare two tablespoons of vinegar, one tea spoon of washing soda two glass of hot water and quarter glass of liquid soap. First mix everything except the soap. Put it in a spray bottle, add the soap and mix gently.

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Rubbing Cream: Mix two third glass of baking soda with half glass of liquid soap and water mixture. Add two table spoons of vinegar.

Unclogging Pipes: Mix half glass of baking soda and half bottle of vinegar. After 15 minutes add two litters of boiling water. Regular applications of this mixture will prevent clogs. Applying pressured air can also be a solution.

Stains on Fiberglass Surfaces: Make a cream out of a baking soda and water mixture. Baking soda can be abrasive so apply with caution. After application, clean with lemon juice.

Chrome Surfaces: Wipe with a clean cloth soaked in apple cider vinegar. Apply baby oil to bring back the shine. Mineral water can also be used as polisher.

Glasses and Mirrors: Mix one glass of vinegar with a liter of water and put them in a spray bottle. After applying the mixture, clean surfaces with water. If you like, add a tablespoon of lemon juice for odour.

Brass Materials: Mix vinegar, salt and water until they take a creamy texture.

Copper Materials: Apply mixture of water and lemon juice.

Decks: Mix eight scales of water with one scale of strongest vinegar (%5 acetic acid).

Stainless Steels:.Wipe with cloths soaked in undiluted strong vinegar.

Aluminum: Wipe with a soft cloth soaked in mixture of two tablespoons tartar sauce and one liter of warm water.

Teak Wood: Clean with bronze wool or soft soap powder.

Wooden Structures: Clean with olive or almond oil.

Plastics: Apply one to two ratio vinegar and water mixture.

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