Globalization and EducationWhen people think about globalization, most focus on sweatshop labor and the loss of manufacturing jobs overseas. It is easy to understand the race to the bottom that results as factory workers in one place face more intense competition from lower-cost labor on the other side of the world. College teachers would do well, however, to include their own future prospects as they consider the impact of globalization over the coming years. The university will be a very different place in another decade or two, and what it will look like depends to a large degree on what version of globalization wins out.

Today we are often told that education must be made more efficient by being forced into the market model, moving away from the traditional concept of education as a publicly provided social good. This neoliberalism—the belief that today’s problems are best addressed by the market, and that government regulation and the public sector should both be as minimal as possible—is not unique to debates over education: it dominates economics, politics and ideology in the U.S. and most of the world.

There are three elements involved in the neoliberal model of education: making the provision of education more cost-efficient by commodifying the product; testing performance by standardizing the experience in a way that allows for multiple-choice testing of results; and focusing on marketable skills. The three elements are combined in different policies—cutbacks in the public sector, closing “inefficient” programs that don’t directly meet business needs for a trained workforce, and the use of computers and distance learning, in which courses and degrees are packaged for delivery over the Internet by for-profit corporations.

EDUCATION AS AN INSTRUMENT OF SOCIAL CHANGE, INFLUENCE OF EDUCATION ON SOCIETY, FAMILY AND THEIR PRACTICES

Acc to Prof. RB Mathur (1964)

“Social Change refers to the modifications in the organization and behavior of the group expressed in its laws, institutions, customs, modes and beliefs. When change supposedly for the better it becomes progress which is essentially an evolutionary concept”

Acc to SP Ruhela

“ The term social change might imply changes in social attitudes, behavior, customs, habits, manners, relations and value of people, in social institutions and structures, in the ways or styles of living”

Types of Social change

   Progressive/ Positive    The change from social evils to scientific thoughts                                      

   Digressive / Negative   In a well going society new evils emerge

NATURE OF SOCIAL CHANGE

1. A Universal Phenomenon2.  The spreading of social change is not uniform3.  Variations in the Speed of social change4. Unpredictable5.  Results in interaction of number of factors6. Modifications or replacements.

Aspects of Social Change

SocialEconomicPoliticalReligiousScientific and Technological

Factors affecting Social Change

1)       Cultural factors2)      Geographical factors3)      Environmental factors4)      Economic factors5)      Factor of migration6)      Technological factor7)      Factor of population8)      Psychological factor9)      Ideological factors10)   Factor of war11)   Diffusion of cultures12)   Urbanization13)   Visual and print media14)   Westernization15)   Industrialization16)   Actions of exceptional individuals17)   Legislation18)   Secularism19)   Democratization20)   Materialistic attitude

Obstacles in Social Change

1.       Superstitious beliefs2.       Conservative nature3.       Cultural fanaticism4.       Castes5.       Classism6.       Religion7.       Fear8.       Regionalism9.       Parochialism10.   Isolation

Role of education in Social Change

1)      Education perpetuates eternal values2)      Promotes capacity to welcome social change3)      Evaluation of social change4)      Transmission of culture5)      Removal of obstacles6)      Increasing the areas of knowledge7)      Leadership role8)      Mother of new changes9)      Spreading knowledge10)   Stabilizing democratic values11)   Control channelizes and modifies thoughts of new generation12)   School as a workshop for citizenship training13)   Awareness against social evils14)   National and international understanding15)   Equality among masses16)   Social Awakening17)   National Development

Influence of Education on Family

According to Maciver“A family is a group defined by a sex relationship sufficiently precise an enduring to provide for procreation and bringing of children”

A family unit is the unit which builds up a person’s personality. How you behave and what you become in life is very much dependent on your family life. Psychologists believe that a child learns the most from his or her family life

According to Burgess and Locke“A family is a group of person united by the ties of marriage, blood or adoption constituting a single household, interacting and intercommunicating with each other”

. The way your family members deal with you has a lifelong effect on your personality. Keeping in view all these facts the importance of your family life cannot be denied. Family unit happens to be the most important part of your life till you grow up. The children are usually closer to their parents and their siblings as compared to any other person in the world. As the children grow up they find good friends, spouses, their own kids and colleagues to share their lives with. Although time brings this change but the importance of family remains there. The children who have a sound family background and who belong to a family with strong family ties are almost always happier. Thus one cannot deny the importance of family life.

Types of Family

Extended familyNuclear family

Extended Family: The unit in which the adults and children of more than two generations are closely combined. The family in this system extend vertically over three or more generations.

Nuclear Family: The nuclear family is a small unit consisting of parents and children usually two. In this unit the parents are sole authorities and emotional relations among family members are concentrated and intense

Roles Of family

1.       Cooperation of family in education2.       Proper Physical Development3.       Proper moral development4.       Blossoming the interest of children5.       Opportunity to participate in household responsibilities6.       Development of intellect7.       Free expression of child’s desires and urges8.       Religious education

Influence of Education on Family1.       Improve home management

2.        Recognition of worth of home3.       Production of educated elite (Families)4.       To discharge productive duties towards home5.       Family Planning6.       An efficient member of family7.       Social efficiency of family8.       Adjustability in family9.       Co-ordination of family and school10.   Education of parents11.   To maintain better homes12.   Cultivation of higher values13.   Propagates cooperation within and outside the home14.   Create liberal and wider attitude15.   Increasing productivity of family members16.   Optimizing Economic efficiency

Influence of Education on society 

Education plays a very important role in moulding the character of an individual. It is one of the concrete sources from which one get information and knowledge. It affects the society. We can make sense of its effective role from the following points.

1] Preservation and transmission of our social, moral and cultural values.In Education, through curriculum, students will be acquainted with social, moral and cultural values and teachers make them familiar with values and ideal through different activities, games, story-telling etc. Education makes them familiar with constitution, rules and regulations of citizens and so on. As we find in NPE 1986 major objectives to produce a productive citizen has been fulfilled by education so education preserves our value and it make others to imbibe those values.

2] Awakening of Social feelingsThrough education individuals become aware about the importance of unity, love, fraternity and other values. Education makes all people get awakened of being a part of society and how they can contribute the world as society. People know different values and life skills and thus they develop concern for society including social mindedness, values life skills, learning to be, learning to do, learning to know, learning to live together via different activities story telling dramatization.

3] Political development of societyEducation makes all aware about rights and duties of all, which are their responsibilities and duties so that they can develop their civic sense. Through different lesson of political leaders and stories education develop ideal leadership quality so that in future citizens can lead the state as a society.

4] Economic development of society

Education develops skills in individual and makes him a productive citizen. Through education everyone learns how to earn money and as per their qualification he gets job or labor and on the whole with the help of education more or less everyone get work and earn money so due to increasing literacy per capita income will increase As we find govt take help in the form of tax and thus our economy develops. Because of education people migrate in other country and their earning helps to develop society, country. Thus education affects the economic development of society.

5] Social controlEducation makes all aware about customs and duties the same as it makes aware about the rules and regulations as we find the rules in Indian constitution. People know how to preserve their lives via education. They make also familiar with crimes. Thus education provides a guideline and it controls all society.

6] Social changes and reformsEducation makes individuals perfects and aware about the rights. So can claim against dwelled superstitions, beliefs which are harmful for them. Through education everyone learn grow to live and how to save from difficulty and how to inculcate values and ideals in their lives and ideals in their lives so they can appeal in court having of felling injustice. Education makes all aware about how to live peacefully and how to face difficulties in their lives .They become aware about the proverbs like ‘nothing ventured, nothing gained’ so they develop their risk taking attitudes via education.

7] Socialization of a childEducation trains the mind of a child and it teaches him how to inculcate values in his life. It makes the child understand what is society, how he is a part of society, what are his roles in society, how he should behave, how he should interact with others etc. Education helps him to understand who is he? And it develops a sense if a social being in him. In short education socializes a child.

Thus, education produces productive citizens it helps everyone how to flourish and makes them ideal citizens of society. To sum up, Education influences the society.

Education as an investment:

Education is regarded as the most important determinant of a person’s economic and social success. In economy, their terms of education are an economic good because anything that satisfies a human wants is conceded a good.

Education is also seems as public goods. It considered as consumption good for which the individual is willing to pay and as an investment alternative that yields higher wages later in life.

Education is an investment aiming to obtain greater net income or rate of return in the future.

CULTURAL LAG

The term cultural lag refers to the notion that culture takes time to catch up with technological innovations, and that social problems and conflicts are caused by this lag. Subsequently, cultural lag does not only apply to this idea only, but also relates to theory and explanation. It helps by identifying and explaining social problems and also to predict future problems.

Education and Privatisation :

Applied to the education sector, privatization can be seen as part of the wider reform of the public sector. Education is both a private and social investment. It is therefore the responsibility of 202 both the individual including the student, his family and even his employers and the society which includes the community and the state. The areas of shift in the education sector are mainly decision and responsibility of money, administration and a relevant curriculum of high quality.

Privatization is management by private sector with total absence of government intervention. Such institutions generate their own funds through higher fees, user charges and full use of resources. They survive on the philosophy that they do not have to pay for those who can pay. Privatization of higher education has emerged in several forms and types in the recent decade in India.

1. Privatization within government higher education institutions takes place in the form of introducing self-financing courses within government institutions.2. Converting government aided private institution in to private self financing institution.3. Allowing to expand self financing private institution with recognition and also without recognition, which may be termed as commercial private higher education institutions.

Factors Responsible for Privatization of Higher Education (Need for Privatization) :

1. Need for competitive efficiency: Main justification for privatization rests heavily on the grounds of efficiency to promote a more competitive economic environment. Operation of public sector enterprises is considered inefficient. It is believed that private ownership and control are more efficient in terms of resource allocation and work.2. Growth in population: India has a population of nearly one hundred and seven cores.In order to provide to a large number of people more private institutions are needed. To fulfill the demand for higher education of young people in the country privatization of higher education is needed. 3. Financial burden on government: Higher education in India is in financial stress. The state/government can no longer bear the financial burden of public enterprises. Current spending on education in India is not more than 3.5% of GDP. The center itself concedes that the minimum should be 6%. Very little is being spent on higher education. This compares unfavorably with the international level, especially when compared with countries such as South Africa, which invests eight per cent of GNP on education. Therefore there is a need to evolve policy through which private resources are mobilized. 4. Education is an Economic good: Education is no more being as a social service but as a necessary economic input. Investment in education is treated as a factor contributing to the development of human resources. In this effort private initiative can help since the private sector is the beneficiary of the knowledge industry. 5. Quest for Quality: Private institutions do not require long procedures for procurement of human as well as material resources. In order to purchase and maintain good qualitative infrastructure and equipment like furniture, buildings, different types of laboratories and qualified and competent academic staff, who can be paid as per the demand, there is a need for privatization. 6. Rapid growth of school education: Growing number of schools naturally pushed the demand higher education which the 204 government is not able to provide, therefore demand for privatization of higher education is the need of the hour. 7. Fulfilling the need for skilled manpower: There is very little initiative from the public sector due to limited freedom. Private institutions are free to initiate modern and advanced courses in order to fulfill the demand for subjects which facilitate economic development of the nation. The demands of the market and the times can be fulfilled. For this privatization is needed. 8. Curtailment of corruption: In order to control the corruption in the government sector, private sector is much needed. Privatization stops the corruption to some extent and brings about some discipline. As a result there will be capacity utilization. 9. Desire for more autonomy: Privatization of higher education will provide autonomy to institutions and there will be less dependency on the government. This will remove political interference in areas of administration, management and finance. 10.Synergy for information based economy: In the present times there is a need for interaction between UGC, academic institutions of higher learning, industry, R&D institutions and funding agencies. This could be achieved by a synergy process wherein they will be partners in various activities, complementing each other in reaching their visions, objectives and goals. This can be achieved through private participation. 11.Technological developments: Information revolution has been brought about and strengthened due to technological developments such as microchips, genetics, communications, robots, lasers, growth of satellite TV and computer technologies. Due to limited resources public sector cannot meet the demands of the industry and other sectors of economy. Thus private sector should undertake to train manpower in technology and respond to market demands. 12.Greater responsibility with the recipients of education: Over the years education has been considered as a free public good thereby devaluing education. Privatization of education where the recipient will bear the full cost will help bring greater responsibility in them. As a consequence, students are likely to demand greater efficiency and quality in teaching.

Advantages of Privatization :

Privatization will enhance:• Decentralization and debureaucratization of educational institutions.• Initiatives in educational reforms.• Innovativeness in teaching and evaluation.• Tailor made services and provision of wide choice of courses and subjects to students.

• Competition.• Quality education and training.• Shaping of the curriculum according to global, national and local needs.• Availability and better maintenance of resources transparency in all procedures.• Fulfill the need of the country in liberalization, privatization, and globalization.• Utility of human and physical resources in proper way.

Fears in Privatization :

Privatizing education• Will badly affect the poor• Undermine equity, diversity and openness• Does not address issues of equality, fairness and responsibility• Exorbitant fees will deprive many of availing education• Accountability problem will arise

LIBERLIZATION