saz3b microprocessor and its applications … · n negative/ sign flag indicates that the result of...

SAZ3B

MICROPROCESSOR AND

ITS APPLICATIONS

Unit : I -V

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SAZ3B –MICROPROCESSORS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 2

2

UNIT-I

Introduction to Micro Computers.

Microprocessor and assembly language

Microprocessor Architecture and its Operations.

8085 MPU

8085 Instruction set and Classifications

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BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A BASIC

COMPUTER SYSTEM

ROM RAM I/O

interface

I/O

devices

CPU

3

Basic computer system consist of a Central processing unit (CPU),

memory (RAM and ROM), input/output (I/O) unit.

Block diagram of a basic computer system

Address bus

Data bus Control

bus

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DATA SIZE

Nibble 4 bit

Byte 8 bit

Word 16 bit

Long

word

32 bit

4

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yYukhcwX7jc

MICROPROCESSOR

•Microprocessor and Microcontroller consists of the following

functional units

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yYukhcwX7jc

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Microprocessor based Bus

Architecture

•8085 is pronounced as "eighty-eighty-five" microprocessor. It is an 8-bit

microprocessor designed by Intel in 1977 using NMOS technology.

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INTERNAL STRUCTURE AND

BASIC OPERATION OF

MICROPROCESSOR

ALU

Register

Section

Control and timing section

Address bus

Data bus

Control bus

7 Block diagram of a microprocessor

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Flag Name Description

Z Zero flag Indicates that the result of a mathematical or logical operation was zero.

C Carry flag

Indicates that the result of an operation produced an answer greater than

the number of available bits. (This flag may also be set before a

mathematical operation as an extra operand to certain instructions, e.g.

"add with carry".)

X Extend flag Masks the XIRQ request when set. It is set by the hardware and cleared by

the software as well is set by unmaskable XIRQ.

N Negative/ Sign flag

Indicates that the result of a mathematical operation is negative. In some

processors, the N and S flags have different meanings: the S flag

indicates whether a subtraction or addition has taken place, whereas the

N flag indicates whether the last operation result is positive or negative.

V Overflow Flag

Indicates that the result of an operation has overflowed according to the

CPU's word representation, similar to the carry flag but for signed

operations.

I interrupts

Interrupts can be enabled or disabled by respectively setting or clearing

this flag. Modifying this flag may be restricted to programs executing in

supervisor mode

FLAG REGISTER

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a 16 bit register, used to store the next address of the operation code to be fetched by the CPU.

Not much use in programming, but as an indicator to user only.

Purpose of PC in a Microprocessor

to store address of tos (top of stack)

to store address of next instruction to be executed.

count the number of instructions.

to store base address of the stack.

PROGRAM COUNTER

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The stack is configured as a data structure that grows downward from high memory to low memory.

At any given time, the SP holds the 16-bit address of the next free location in the stack.

The stack acts like any other stack when there is a subroutine call or on an interrupt. ie. pushing the return address on a jump, and retrieving it after the operation is complete to come back to its original location.

STACK POINTER

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PIN DIAGRAM

The following image shows the pin diagram of 8085 Microprocessor

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8085 ARCHITECTURE

The following image shows the architecture diagram of 8085

Microprocessor

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p4RcMLFIr5o

COMPONENTS OF MP

8085 consists of the following functional units

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p4RcMLFIr5o

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SAZ3B –MICROPROCESSORS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 1 4

8085 INSTRUCTION SET

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fNYglxdl0lw

Instruction sets are instruction codes to perform some task. It is

classified into five categories.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fNYglxdl0lw

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ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE

Microprocessor understands Machine Language only!

•Microprocessor cannot understand a program written in Assembly

Language.

•A program known as assembler is used to convert a assembly

language program to machine language.

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16

UNIT-II

Writing Assembly level programs.

Programming techniques such as looping, counting and

indexing

Addressing Modes

Data Transfer Instructions

Arithmetic and Logic Operations

Dynamic Debugging

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17

ASSEMBLY LEVEL

PROGRAMS

An assembly language, often abbreviated asm, is a low-level programming

language for a computer, or other programmable device, in which there is a

very strong correspondence between the language and the architecture's

machine code instructions.

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LOOPING,COUNTING AND

INDEXING

Looping-In this technique, the program is instructed to

execute certain set of instructions repeatedly to execute a

particular task number of times.

Counting-This technique allows programmer to count how

many times the instruction/set of instructions are executed.

Indexing-This technique allows programmer to point or refer

the data stored in sequential memory location one by one.

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1. Counter is set up by loading an appropriate count in a register.

2. Counting is performed by either incrementing or decrementing the

counter.

3. Loop is set up by a conditional Jump instruction.

4. End of counting is indicated by a flag.

Note: It is easy to count down than count up.

HOW THE COUNTER

WORKS?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1d9sSoYYjcA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1d9sSoYYjcA

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Another type of loop includes indexing along with a counter.

-Indexing means that pointing or referencing objects with

sequential numbers.

-Similarly, data bytes are stored in memory locations, and the

data bytes are referred by memory address.

INDEXING

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ADDRESSING MODES

Addressing modes in 8085 is classified into 5 groups −

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SUMMARY OF ADDRESSING

MODES

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DATA TRANSFER

INSTRUCTIONS

LHLD

16-bit address

Load H and L registers direct The instruction copies the contents of the memory location pointed out by the

address into register L and copies the contents of the next memory location

into register H.

Example − LHLD 3225K

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EXAMPLE FOR DATA

TRANSFER INSTRUCTIONS

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DATA TRANSFER

INSTRUCTIONS

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ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS

Following is the table showing the list of Arithmetic operator

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27

The 8085 microprocessor performs various arithmetic operations,

such as addition, subtraction, increment, and decrement.

1.ADD

2.ADI

3.SUB

4.SUI

5.INR

6.DCR

ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_x82o2YVz9Y

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_x82o2YVz9Y

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LOGICAL INSTRUCTIONS

Following is the table showing the list of logical instructions

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LOGICAL OPERATIONS

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jzwckx40Evw

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jzwckx40Evw

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-Similar to Troubleshooting hardware.

-It is essential to search carefully for the errors in the

- Program logic,

- Machine codes and

- Execution.

The debugging process can be divided into

-Static Debugging.

-Dynamic Debugging.

DYNAMIC DEBUGGING

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P3QfxQHjpgo

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P3QfxQHjpgo

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UNIT-III

Counters and time Delays

HexaDecimal Counter

Modulo 10 Counter

Pulse Timings for Flashing lights

Debugging Counter and Time delay program

Stack

Subroutine

Conditional call and return instructions

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•A loop counter is set up by loading a register with a certain value

•Then using the DCR (to decrement) and INR (to increment) the contents of

the register are updated.

•A loop is set up with a conditional jump instruction that loops back or not

depending on whether the count has reached the termination count.

COUNTERS

Knowing how many T-States an instruction requires, and keeping in

mind that a T-State is one clock cycle long, we can calculate the

time using the following formula:

Delay = No. of T-States / Frequency

TIME DELAYS

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33

HEXA DECIMAL COUNTER

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34

Initialize B as a Counter

Decrement Counter

Load Register C with Delay

Count

Decrement Delay Count

Is Delay

Count =0?

Display Output

Go To Next Count

No

Yes

FLOW CHART OF HEXA

DECIMAL COUNTER

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35

•A program to count from 0 to 9 with a one-second delay

between each count.

•At the count of 9, the counter should reset itself to 0 and

repeat the sequence continuously.

•Use register pair HL to set up the delay, and display each

count at one of the output ports.

•Assume the clock frequency of the microcomputer is 1 MHz

MODULO 10 COUNTER

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36

HOW TO MAKE A FLOW CHART

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PULSE TIMINGS FOR

FLASHING LIGHTS

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38

The debugging techniques can be used to check errors in counter program.

Errors in counting T-States in a delay loop. (Load delay register is

mistakenly included in the loop)

Error in recognizing how many times a loop is repeated.

DEBUGGING COUNTER

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39

STACK

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UjZwIl2Nrp

stack pointer is a small register that stores the address of the

last program request in a stack. Astack is a specialized buffer

which stores data from the top down

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UjZwIl2Nrp

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40

The program status word

(PSW) is an IBM

System/360 architecture

and successors control

register which performs

the function of a Status

register and Program

counter in other

architectures

PSW

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41

SUBROUTINE

In computer programming, a subroutine is a sequence of program

instructions that perform a specific task, packaged as a unit. This unit can

then be used in programs wherever that particular task should be

performed.

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42

When a Subroutine is called, the contents of the program counter,

which is the address of the instruction following the CALL

instruction, is stored on the stack and the program execution is

transferred to the subroutine address. Following operations are

performed by the microprocessor when CALL is executed:

CALL INSTRUCTION

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43 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GfI__0DvbHo

RET (1 byte instruction)

–

Retrieve the return address from the top of the

stack

–

Load the program counter with the return

address.

RETURN AND RESTART

INSTRUCTIONS

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GfI__0DvbHo

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44

BRANCHING OPERATIONS

Following is the diagram showing the Branching instructions

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45

RETURN INSTRUCTIONS

RET (1 byte instruction)

Retrieve the return address from the top of the

stack

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46

UNIT-IV

BCD to Binary and Vice Versa

BCD to Hex and Vice Versa

BCD conversions

ASCII to BCD and Vice Versa

BCD to seven segment LED code conversions

Binary to ASCII and Vice Versa

BCD Addition

BCD Subtraction

BCD Multiplication

BCD Division

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47

BCD TO BINARY

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48

BINARY TO BCD

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49

BCD TO HEX

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50

HEX TO BCD

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ASCII TO BCD

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=URtoaTlgFs8

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=URtoaTlgFs8

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52

BCD TO ASCII

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BCD TO SEVEN SEGMENT

LED CODE CONVERSION

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54

BINARY TO ASCII

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55

ASCII TO BCD

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BCD ADDITION

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yPu57aSj9kA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yPu57aSj9kA

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BCD SUBTRACTION

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BCD MULTIPLICATION

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59

BCD DIVISION

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60

MULTIBYTE ADDITION

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61

UNIT-V

Interrupt

Implementing Interrupts

Multiple Interrupt 8085

Trap Problems

Problems on Implementing 8085 Interrupt

DMA Memory interfaces

RAM and ROM

I/O Interface

Direct I/O Memory mapped I/O

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INTERRUPTS

The meaning of 'interrupts' is to break the sequence of operation.

While the Microprocessoris executing a program, an 'interrupt'

breaks the normal sequence of execution of instructions, diverts its

execution to some other program called InterruptService Routine

(ISR).

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63

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M5HgslgE1tE

There are 5 interrupt signals, i.e. TRAP, RST 7.5, RST 6.5, RST 5.5, and INTR.

CLASSIFICATION OF

INTERRUPTS

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M5HgslgE1tE

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64

INTERRUPT AND ITS

VECTORADDRESS

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65 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i2AeDvpj0CM

REPRESENTATION OF

MASKABLEAND NON

MASKABLE INTERRUPTS

Maskable interrupt − In this type of interrupt, we can disable the interrupt by writing some instructions into the program. For

example:RST7.5, RST6.5, RST5.5.

Non-Maskable interrupt − In this type of interrupt, we cannot disable the interrupt by writing some instructions into the program. For

example: TRAP.

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66

MULTIPLE INTERRUPT

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67

8085 INTERRUPTS

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8085 INTERRUPT

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DMA CONTROLLER

DMA stands for Direct Memory Access. ... It allows the device to

transfer the data directly to/from memory without any interference

of the CPU. Using a DMA controller, the device requests

theCPU to hold its data, address and control bus, so the device

is free to transfer data directly to/from the memory.

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70

RAM INTERFACE

Random-access memory is a form of computer data storage that

stores data and machine code .... This means that SRAM requires

very low power when not being accessed, but it ... Often the width

of the memory and that of the microprocessor are different, for a

32 bitmicroprocessor, eight 4 bit RAM chips would be needed.

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IO INTERFACE

There are various communication devices like the keyboard, mouse,

printer, etc. So, we need to interface the keyboard and other devices

with the microprocessor by using latches and buffers. This type of

interfacing is known as I/O interfacing.

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DIRECT I/O MEMORY

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D/F BETWEEN MEMORY

MAPPED I/O AND I/O MAPPED I/O

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MEMORY MAPPED I/O

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rO1Haz_K-3I

Microprocessors normally use two methods to connect

external devices: memory mapped or portmapped I/O.

However, as far as the peripheral is concerned, both

methods are really identical.Memory mapped I/O

is mapped into the same address space as

program memory and/or usermemory, and is accessed in

the same




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75

MEMORY MAPPED I/O

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