Savannah River Site Annual Meteorology

Report for 2016

A.M. Rivera-Giboyeaux

September 2017

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DISCLAIMER

This work was prepared under an agreement with and funded by the U.S. Government. Neither the

U.S. Government or its employees, nor any of its contractors, subcontractors or their employees,

makes any express or implied:

1. warranty or assumes any legal liability for the accuracy, completeness, or for the use or

results of such use of any information, product, or process disclosed; or

2. representation that such use or results of such use would not infringe privately owned

rights; or

3. endorsement or recommendation of any specifically identified commercial product,

process, or service.

Any views and opinions of authors expressed in this work do not necessarily state or reflect those of

the United States Government, or its contractors, or subcontractors.

Printed in the United States of America

Prepared for

U.S. Department of Energy

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Keywords: Weather; Climate

Retention: Permanent

Savannah River Site Annual Meteorology Report for 2016

A.M. Rivera-Giboyeaux

September 2017

Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy under

contract number DE-AC09-08SR22470.

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REVIEWS AND APPROVALS

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This report summarizes the general climate of SRS, provides an overview of SRS meteorological

monitoring program, and includes comparison of the 30-year averages of significant meteorological

variables against 2016 observations. Additionally, this annual report will highlight significant weather

that occurred on and around the Savannah River Site in 2016.

Overall, SRS experienced a warmer than average year with temperature values 2.6oF above the 30 year

average, and was ranked as the 5th hottest year since 1968. Rainfall amounts were close to the 30 year

average amounts; however, the month of May was ranked as the second rainiest in the 30 year period.

Additionally, the highest daily rainfall amount recorded for the year was 4.9 inches on September 3, 2016

and was associated to the passage of Tropical Storm Hermine over the region. The second highest rainfall

amount of 3.25 inches was recorded on October 7th and was also associated with a tropical cyclone, in this

case Hurricane Matthew. However, the highest wind gusts recorded were not associated with these

tropical cyclones. The maximum wind gust recorded occurred on February 24th at 52.1 miles per hour and

is thought to be associated to a frontal system moving through the region. Winds on SRS were most

frequently from the southwest, with a shift to a prevalent northeast wind during the fall. Heat stress

categories, which are based on the observed wet bulb globe temperature, reached Category 1 on 169 days

and of that, 77 days reached category 5.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................................................... vii

LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................................... viii

1.0 Overview ............................................................................................................................................... 10

2.0 Background ........................................................................................................................................... 10

2.1 The General SRS Climate ................................................................................................................ 10

2.2 Overview of the Savannah River Site Meteorological Monitoring Program ................................. 11

2.3 Additional Measurements ................................................................................................................ 12

2.4 Data Sources for the 2016 Report ................................................................................................... 12

3.0 Climatology of the SRS for 2016 .......................................................................................................... 13

3.1 Temperature ...................................................................................................................................... 13

3.2 Precipitation ...................................................................................................................................... 13

3.3 Lightning .......................................................................................................................................... 14

3.4 Atmospheric Moisture ...................................................................................................................... 14

3.5 Fog .................................................................................................................................................... 15

3.6 Heat Stress ........................................................................................................................................ 15

3.7 Wind .................................................................................................................................................. 15

3.8 Barometric Pressure ......................................................................................................................... 16

3.9 Solar Radiation ................................................................................................................................. 16

4.0 Conclusions ........................................................................................................................................... 16

5.0 References ............................................................................................................................................. 18

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Means and Extremes of SRS Meteorological Data for 2016 ........................................................ 19

Table 2: Monthly, Annual Average and Extreme Temperatures, 1985-2016 ............................................. 22

Table 3: Monthly, Annual and Extreme Rainfall, 1985-2016 .................................................................... 23

Table 6: SRS Rainfall (inches) for 2016, Manual Gauges .......................................................................... 24

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Locations of SRS Meteorological Towers................................................................................... 25

Figure 2: Daily average temperature (2m) in 2016 ..................................................................................... 26

Figure 3: Maximum and minimum 2m daily temperatures ........................................................................ 27

Figure 4: SRS Annual Temperatures over 1985-2016 ................................................................................ 28

Figure 5: Daily rainfall totals at CLM in 2016 ........................................................................................... 29

Figure 6: Rainfall totals across SRS in 2016 .............................................................................................. 30

Figure 7: Annual rainfall totals from 1985-2016 ........................................................................................ 31

Figure 8: 2016 rainfall against 30 year rainfall totals ................................................................................. 32

Figure 9: Annual flash density at SRS ........................................................................................................ 33

Figure 10: Lightning strikes at SRS in 2016 ............................................................................................... 34

Figure 11: Total number of lightning strikes per year at SRS .................................................................... 35

Figure 12: Daily minimum RH in 2016 ...................................................................................................... 36

Figure 13: Number of fog days observed at SRS ........................................................................................ 37

Figure 14: Heat stress days at SRS in 2016 ................................................................................................ 38

Figure 15: Daily wind speeds in 2016 ........................................................................................................ 39

Figure 16: 2016 seasonal wind roses for 2016 at CLM tower (61 m) ........................................................ 40

Figure 17 (a-d): 2016 wind roses for area towers on SRS .......................................................................... 41

Figure 18: 2016 wind rose for CLM tower ................................................................................................. 46

Figure 19: Daily average barometric pressure for 2016 .............................................................................. 47

Figure 20: Daily total radiation in 2016 ...................................................................................................... 48

Figure 21: Monthly average solar radiation in 2016 against theoretical max…………………………… 48

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

SRNL Savannah River National Laboratory

CLM Central Climatology Tower

SRS Savannah River Site

TS Tropical Storm

mph Miles per hour

°F Degrees Fahrenheit

mps Meters per second

WRF Weather Research and Forecasting model

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1.0 Overview

Summaries of meteorological observations collected at the Savannah River Site (SRS) in 2016

depict a relatively warm year with typical amounts of rainfall for the site.

The annual average temperature for 2016 was 66.9°F, a departure of 2.6 °F above the 30 year

average of 64.3oF. This was the 5

th hottest year in a record that dates back to 1968. The highest

deviation from the average was observed in March, with an average temperature that was 6.5oF

higher than the 30 year mean and it was ranked as the 3rd

hottest March on record since 1968.

During the summer and fall of 2016, temperatures also showed a significant departure of

approximately 4oF above the 30 year mean. In fact, the month of July was ranked as the second

hottest July since 1968, while August and September were both the 4th hottest on site. The rest of

the monthly temperatures for 2016 were slightly above the mean. The highest daily temperature

recorded on 2016 was 99.1oF on June 17, whereas the lowest was 24.9

oF on January 19.

Annual rainfall for 2016 was only 0.14 inches above the most recent 30 year average (1985-2015).

Rainfall amounts for previous years were also close to the 30 year average, with the exception of

2013, which was considered a relatively wet year. May 2016 showed above average rainfall

amounts, ranking as the 8th wettest May on record. In turn, November 2016 was the 4

th driest with

only 0.78 inches of rain all month. However, overall the remaining monthly amounts of rainfall

were close to the 30 year mean value.

Winds at SRS were most frequently from the southwest or northeast at an average speed of 3.6

mph. Relative humidity (RH) onsite throughout 2016 was on average 70% - a typical value for

the site. The average daily minimum RH was 43.9%, while the average daily maximum was

91.7% - both are also typical values for the site. The lowest value of relative humidity recorded

during the year was 10% and was observed on April 9, 2016. The average dew point for 2016 was

50.4oF with a minimum dew point temperature of 9.3

oF observed on February 14. Heat Stress

category 1 or above was reached on a total of 169 days of the year.

2.0 Background

2.1 The General SRS Climate

The Savannah River Site region has a humid subtropical climate characterized by relatively short,

mild winters and long, warm, and humid summers (Oliver and Fairbridge, 1987).

Summer-like conditions typically last from May through September, when the area is frequently

under the influence of the western extension of the semi-permanent Atlantic subtropical

anticyclone (i.e. the ‘Bermuda’ high). In summer, winds are light and cold fronts generally

remain well north of the area. Daily high temperatures during the summer months exceed 90°F on

more than half of all days on the average. Scattered afternoon and evening thunderstorms are

common throughout this period.

The influence of the Bermuda high begins to diminish during the fall, and continental air masses

become more prevalent, resulting in lower humidity and more moderate temperatures. Average

rainfall during the fall is usually the least of the four seasons.

In the winter months, mid-latitude low pressure systems and associated fronts often migrate

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through the region. As a result, conditions frequently alternate between warm, moist, subtropical

air from the Gulf of Mexico region and cool, dry polar air. The Appalachian Mountains to the

north and northwest of the SRS help to moderate the extremely cold temperatures that are

associated with occasional outbreaks of Arctic air. Consequently, less than one-third of winter

days have minimum temperatures below freezing on average, and days with temperatures below

20 °F are rare. Measurable snowfall occurs on average once every 4 years.

Tornadoes over the region occur more frequently in spring than the other seasons of the year.

Although spring weather is somewhat windy, temperatures are usually mild and humidity is

relatively low.

2.2 Overview of the Savannah River Site Meteorological Monitoring Program

Meteorological data is collected at SRS from a network of nine primary monitoring stations (Fig.

1). Towers located adjacent to each of eight operations areas (A, C, D, F, H, K, L, and P areas)

are equipped to measure wind direction, wind speed, temperature, and dew point at a height of 61

meters (m) above ground. Temperature is also measured at 2 m at these sites. A ninth tower near

N-Area, known as the Central Climatology site (CLM), is instrumented with wind, temperature,

and relative humidity sensors at four levels: 2 m (4 m for wind), 18 m, 36 m, and 61 m. The

CLM site is also equipped with an automated tipping bucket rain gauge, a barometric pressure

sensor, and a solar radiometer near the tower at ground level. Data acquisition units at each

station record wind speed and direction from a sonic anemometer at a rate of 10 measurements

per second. Measurements from the temperature and humidity instruments and the ground level

instruments at CLM are recorded at 1-second intervals. Every 15 minutes, the instantaneous

measurements (9000 or 900 data points, respectively) are processed to generate statistical

summaries for each variable, including averages and instantaneous maxima, and the results are

uploaded to a relational database for permanent archival. Additionally, a cloud height sensor,

known as a ceilometer, is located in B-area and gives information about cloud coverage as well as

fog or smoke. All aspects of the meteorological data collection program meet applicable

regulatory criteria. For a complete description of the meteorological monitoring program at SRS,

refer to Parker and Addis (1993).

Quality assurance of the data is conducted in two phases: an initial screening of recent data,

followed by an in-depth review and final quality classification. The initial screening, performed

twice daily by qualified instrument technicians, consists of a thorough examination of 15-minute

data retrieved from the database, in conjunction with a summary of instrument diagnostics

obtained from the local data acquisition units. Potential problems are noted in a daily check sheet

and, as needed, data acquisition unit software is configured to assign a quality control tag to data

collected from the questionable instruments. Quality flags are also set during periods of

calibration and maintenance.

The second phase of the quality assurance process is conducted according to a formal procedure

(SRNL, 2009). Daily check sheets generated during the initial screening, tower-specific logbook

entries, initial quality flags, and time series plots of related data are reviewed to determine a final

quality status for each record. All records permanently archived in the data base are identified as

good, fatal, intermittent, biased, or uncalibrated.

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2.3 Additional Measurements

Additional precipitation measurements are collected from a network of 10 plastic wedge rain

gauges across the SRS. These gauges are read manually by security or operations personnel once

per day, usually around 6 am. The daily data is reported to the SRNL Atmospheric Technologies

Center, reviewed for any obvious flaws and manually entered into a permanent electronic

database. Up until 2013, there were 13 rain gauges across Site; however Barricade 5 and F-area

are no longer read.

Measurements of temperature and relative humidity are also recorded from a weather station

located in A-Area, adjacent to SRNL. This station consists of a standard National Weather

Service ‘cotton region’ instrument shelter. Data collected from this station is manually tabulated

for archival of daily high and low values of temperature and relative humidity. Tabulated values

are then entered into a permanent electronic data base.

2.4 Data Sources for the 2016 Report

Summaries provided with this report are based on the following sources of data:

Ground level (surface) measurements of temperature (2m), relative humidity (2m) wind speed

(4m), precipitation, barometric pressure, and solar radiation from CLM. Other

meteorological quantities in this report are derived from this primary data (dew point, wet bulb

temperature, wet bulb globe temperature, cooling/heating degree days, etc.)

Wind speed and direction from measurements collected at each of the four levels of CLM and

the 61 m level of the eight area towers.

Precipitation from the network of manually-read rain gauges.

Fog from measurements made by the ceilometer

Lightning data from the National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN) operated by Vaisala

Corp. and imported via ATG’s NOAAPort.

Quality assurance of this data followed the formal procedure previously described and was

completed with the aid of ATG’s Fishnet software application. Output from this processing was

then imported into an Excel® spreadsheet to generate the final summaries that are presented in

this report.

Long-term climatological records are available for precipitation and temperature starting in 1964

and 1968, respectively. Statistics generated from these data are used for comparisons with the

2016 summaries. The period used for comparison was composed of the most recent 30 years:

1985-2015. From 1985 through 1995, the temperature values used were based on the average of

daily maxima and minima recorded at the SRNL instrument shelter. Since 1995, temperature

measurements are taken from the 2m level of CLM. Likewise, precipitation values reported

previous to 1995 are based on daily observations from the SRNL rain gauge, then after 1995

precipitation data began to be continuously collected with the CLM tipping bucket rain gauge.

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3.0 Climatology of the SRS for 2016

3.1 Temperature

Monthly average, annual average and extreme temperatures for 2016 are summarized in Table

1(a). Monthly temperatures from the most recent 30 year climatological period (1985-2015) are

given in Table 2. Figure 2 illustrates daily average temperatures, 2016 annual average

temperature, and the 30 year average temperature, Figure 3 shows the daily temperature maxima

and minima, while Figure 4 shows the yearly average temperature on site over the last 30 years.

The annual average temperature for 2016, 66.9°F, was 2.6 °F above the 30 year climatological

average. Monthly average temperatures were above climatological averages throughout most of

the year but the months with the greatest departure from the normal were March and July, with a

temperature 6.4 and 4.3oF higher than the 30 year average, respectively. This is depicted in Table

1(a). The months June through October also were among the warmest months, on average, since

1968; yet, daily high temperatures did not exceed 100°F during the entire period.

A plot of observed daily high and low temperatures for 2016, as well as days exceeding

significant temperature thresholds (<32°F, >90°F) on 2016 is shown in Fig. 3. Temperatures

above 90°F were observed on 87 days this year which is slightly higher than most of the previous

years. However, there were no days above 100oF while most of the previous years had 2-4 days

where 100oF was exceeded. Below freezing temperatures were observed on 24 days, a number

that appears relatively small when compared to previous years which usually had more than 30

below freezing days. Interestingly, there was also no record of temperatures below 20oF in 2016,

which contrasts with previous years having at least 1 day with temperatures below this

temperature. Hence, 2016 was a warmer than average year but an uneventful year in terms of

extreme values. Temperature only ranged from a minimum of 24.9°F on January 19, to a

maximum of 99.1°F on June 17 (Figure 2).

Monthly and annual total heating and cooling degree days on 2016 (based on a reference

temperature of 65°F) are summarized in Table 1(c). The total heating degree days for 2016 was

1982, while total cooling degree days number was 2688.

3.2 Precipitation

Annual, monthly, and daily rainfall statistics for 2016 are summarized in Table 1(a). Monthly and

annual totals for the previous 30-years (1985-2015) are given in Table 3. Monthly and annual

rainfall totals for the 10 manually read gauges across the SRS are summarized in Table 4.

Daily rainfall for 2016, total rainfall in 2016, and the 30 year climatological average values are

shown in Figure 5. The two events that accounted for the highest 24-hr rainfall amounts of 2016

can be observed. The highest daily rainfall amount recorded for the year was 4.9 inches on

September 3 and was associated to the passage of Tropical Storm Hermine over the region. The

second highest rainfall amount of 3.25 inches was recorded on October 7th and was associated

with Hurricane Matthew.

Rainfall values for all the manual stations across SRS are displayed on Fig. 6, while Fig. 7 shows

the 30 year rainfall totals on site. Monthly rainfall totals against the 30 year monthly average are

shown in Fig. 8 which illustrates that compared to the 30 year average; the rainiest months in

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2016 were April, May, September, and December. During the summer months (June through

August), SRS experienced relatively low average rainfall totals compared to the 30 year averages.

Total annual precipitation at the CLM site was 46.71 inches, which is only 0.14 inches above the

30 year average. Above normal rainfall values were recorded in April and May, followed by a

drier than usual summer (June-August). September exhibited above average rainfall, mostly

associated with the passage of tropical system Hermine, and was ranked as the 4th rainiest

September since 1964. Dry conditions returned by mid-October and continued through November.

In November, only 0.78 inches of rainfall were recorded all month at CLM making this the fourth

driest November on record and the second driest on the last 30 years. All other stations around the

site also recorded record low amounts of less than an inch of rainfall for the entire month of

November. This period of low rainfall amount was then followed by a relatively wet December

with rainfall values approximately 2 inches above the 30 year normal.

Measurable precipitation (>0.01 inch) occurred on 89 days. This is significantly low compared

with previous years which on average have about 105 days with rainfall above 0.01 in. However,

rainfall greater than 0.5 inch occurred on 30 of those 89 days, a number closer to that typically

observed during a year.

3.3 Lightning

Lightning data is imported from Vaisala’s National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN) via

NOAAPort. Annual lightning density for the SRS is shown in Figure 9. Compared with the

previous four years, 2016 was a year with slightly above average lightning flash density. The

reported lightning density was 17.1 strikes per square mile, which is higher than the average

density (from 2009-2015 data) of 13.4 strikes per square mile. There were a total of 5,315 strikes

across SRS for the whole year, with July having the most lightning strikes with a total of 1,321

strikes (Fig. 10). This is due to the constant occurrence of afternoon thunderstorms during the

summer. Comparing 2016 strike totals with previous years, the number of total strikes observed at

SRS was slightly above the 2009-2015 average of 4,150 strikes (Fig. 11)

3.4 Atmospheric Moisture

Monthly average, annual average, and extreme dew point temperature, wet bulb temperature, and

relative humidity for 2016 are summarized in Table 1(b). This table also presents monthly and

annual averages of the daily maximum and minimum humidity. A plot of daily minimum

humidity for 2016 is shown in Figure 12.

Average relative humidity for 2016 was 70.4% with an average daily minimum of 43.9% and an

average daily maximum of 91.7%. The lowest relative humidity observed in 2016 was of 10.4%

and occurred on April 9th. A total of 13 days throughout the year reached a relative humidity

below 20% which represent low humidity values for the region.

Observed dew point temperatures ranged from a maximum of 75.4°F on August 11th and to a

minimum of 9.5°F on February 14. Wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) reached a maximum of

94.7°F on July 19. The wet bulb temperatures (Twet) reached a max value of 90.7oF on July 8.

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3.5 Fog

Occurrences of fog can be detected from the ceilometer located in B-area. Ceilometer data has

been collected onsite since 2010 and fog days are characterized by a report of vertical visibility

(VVIS) associated with the lack of a discernible cloud base. The number of days with this output

is equivalent to the number of days with fog events. On average, SRS has about 35 days of fog

per year. During 2016, fog occurred on 38 days. December had the highest number of fog days (8

days), followed by March and April, which had 4 fog days. Figure 13 shows the monthly

occurrence of fog in 2016 and the average monthly fog for the previous 5 years. During 2016

January, March, April and December had higher number of days with fog than the average fog

days on previous years. The rest of the year exhibited an amount of monthly fog days that was

close to the average values for previous years.

3.6 Heat Stress

Restrictions on outdoor work due to excessive heat are based on values of the wet bulb globe

temperature (WBGT) (WSRC, 1995). Hunter and Minyard (2000) provide a description of

WBGT and the method used at SRS to calculate WBGT from standard meteorological

measurements at CLM.

Monthly and annual maximum WBGT and statistics on heat stress category days for 2016 is

summarized in Table 1(b). The highest WBGT for 2016 was 94.7°F on July 19. As can be seen

on table 1(b) and Fig. 14, a total of 169 days reached at least Category 1 (WBGT > 77.0 °F) in

2016. Category 2 (WBGT > 83 °F) was reached on 119 days. Category 3 (WBGT > 84°F) and

Category 4 (WBGT > 86°F) were reached on 110 and 92 days, respectively. Finally, heat stress

Category 5 (WBGT > 90.0 °F) was reached on 77 days. The number of days for each of the

category levels is similar to previous years, with the exception of category 5 days for 2016. The

total number of days reaching category 5 was higher than the majority of the previous 6 years

which generally had about 22 days reaching category 5.

3.7 Wind

Monthly average and extreme wind speed at the CLM 4-meter level for 2016 is summarized in

Table 1(c). Daily average wind speed for the year is plotted in Fig. 15, while a wind rose for

the 2016 wind data is depicted in Fig. 18. Seasonal wind rose plots for CLM from the 61m level

are shown in Fig. 16. The seasonal plots show typical annual wind variations. During the winter

(Jan–Feb 2016) winds are predominantly from the west with a relatively high frequency of wind

speeds greater than 6 m/s (13 mph). In the spring (March-May) winds are most frequently (~12%

of the time) from the west and the south, with speeds between 4-6 m/s (9-14 mph) nearly half the

time. Summer (June–August) shows mainly a southwesterly wind direction with speeds less than

4 m/s (9 mph) about 50% of the time. During the fall (September-November) a northeasterly flow

is predominant with speeds generally less than 6 m/s (14 mph). For a complete description of the

wind climatology of CLM refer to Weber (2003).

Table 1(c) shows that monthly average wind speeds were highest in the winter and spring months,

then decreasing during the summer and fall months. The highest monthly average value of wind

speed was highest in February at an average of 4.6 mph, while lowest average monthly wind

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speeds occurred in September, October and November with average values less than 3.5 mph.

The highest daily average wind speed value was 10.4 mph and was recorded on February 24th

while the lowest daily average value of 1.6 mph was observed on 3 different dates (October 20,

November 8 and November 18). Instruments at CLM allow for measurement of an instantaneous

maximum wind speed over each 15 min period in a day. The highest instantaneous wind speed

recorded was of 52.1 mph on February 24 around 3:00 pm. A look at conditions on the archive

WRF model verification plots suggest that gusty conditions were observed as a result of the

passage of a cold front over the region, which also brought rainfall, lower temperatures and dew

points on the following days.

An overall look at the variation of winds in 2016 over different area towers on site is presented on

Fig. 17 (a-d). Most towers around the site show general agreement on predominant wind direction

and speed. Interestingly, D-area tower shows slightly different wind speed distribution although

the predominant wind direction is in fair agreement with the rest of the towers. The higher

frequency of observed lower wind speeds might be due to its location near the river valley where

drainage flow with low speeds is commonly observed overnight.

3.8 Barometric Pressure

Annual and monthly average, as well as extreme barometric pressure is summarized in Table 1(c).

Daily average barometric pressure is plotted in Fig. 19. The lowest daily average pressure was

992.2 milibars (mb) and occurred on February 24. The highest daily average pressured was 1020.3

mb and occurred on January 5th. During the passage of Tropical Storm Hermine the lowest 15-min

average recorded was 990.04 mb. During the impact of Hurricane Mathew the lowest 15-min

average was 987.80 mb.

3.9 Solar Radiation

Annual and monthly averages as well as extremes of daily total solar radiation are summarized in

Table 1(c). Fig. 20 displays daily total solar radiation for 2016 while Fig. 21 provides monthly

values of the fraction of observed solar radiation relative to theoretical clear sky maxima. The

monthly theoretical values were estimated from tables published by Budyko (1974). The average

daily solar radiation ranged from a minimum daily average of 32.3 Langley’s per day (ly/day) in

December, to a maximum daily average of 735 Ly/day in June. When daily average solar radiation

values are compared to the theoretical clear sky max, 2016 was a relatively normal year with all

months at about 60-70% of the theoretical maximum solar radiation (Fig. 21). The highest fraction

of theoretical max in 2016 was obtained on July with 76.9% of theoretical max while the lowest

fraction (55%) was observed in December 2016. These results agree with the typically observed

peaks of solar radiation in the spring and summer, and lower values during the winter.

4.0 Conclusions

The results of this report show that 2016 was a slightly warmer year compared to the 30 year

average temperature for SRS. In terms of rainfall, 2016 was an average year with a total rainfall

amount close to the 30 year average. Some months, however, recorded higher amounts of rainfall

than the average (May, September). This was balanced by some months like July and November,

which received less rainfall than the average for the month. Wind patterns observed this year are

also in agreement with previous reports, showing a predominant southwesterly flow through the

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majority of the year, and a northeasterly wind during the fall. These wind flow observations are in

agreement with the synoptic weather patterns affecting the region each season.

The most significant weather events on 2016 were tropical cyclones. Within a month, 2 tropical

systems impacted the region: Tropical Storm Hermine and Hurricane Mathew. Hermine was

associated with heavy rainfall that accounted for the 2016 maximum 24-hour rainfall amount.

Mathew also brought significant rainfall values to the region- the second highest 24 hour rainfall

amount in 2016. However, neither of these systems was associated with the wind gust maxima

observed. A cold front moving over the region on February was responsible for the highest daily

wind speed average and highest wind gust recorded on 2016.

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5.0 References

Budyko, M. I., Climate and Life, Academic Press, New York, NY (1974).

Hunter, C. H., and C. O. Minyard, Estimating Wet Bulb Globe Temperature Using Standard

Meteorological Measurements, American Meteorological Society 2nd

Symposium on

Environmental Applications, January 9-14, 2000, Long Beach, CA (2000).

Oliver, J. E. and R. W. Fairbridge, ed., The Encyclopedia of Climatology, Von Nostrand Reinhold,

New York, NY (1987). Parker, M. J. and R. P. Addis, Meteorological Monitoring Program at the Savannah River Site, WSRC-TR-93-0106, Westinghouse Savannah River Company (1993).

SRNL Nonproliferation Technologies Section, Quality Assurance of Meteorological Data Rev. 2,

WSRC Procedure Manual 15.3, Meteorological Monitoring Procedures, NTSP T-113 (2009).

Weber, A. H., R. J. Kurzeja and R. L. Buckley, Wind Climate Analysis for SRTC’s Central

Climatology Site, WSRC-TR-2003-00141, Westinghouse Savannah River Company, Aiken, SC

(2003).

Westinghouse Savannah River Company (WSRC), The SRS Heat Stress Management Program,

Procedure Manual 4Q, Procedure 502, Revision 2 (1995)

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Table 1(a): Means and Extremes of SRS Meteorological Data for 2016: Temperature and Precipitation

Temperatures ( °F) Precipitation (in)

Average Extremes Number of Days No. of Days

Mo

nth

Avg.

Daily H

igh

Avg.

Daily L

ow

Mo

nth

Avg

.

Dep

artu

re f

ro

m 3

0yr a

vg

Ran

k (

1968-2

016)

Hig

hest

Hig

h D

ate

Low

est

Low

Date

Maxim

um

Above 9

0 °

F

Maxim

um

Above 1

00 °

F

Min

imum

Belo

w 3

2 °

F

Min

imum

Belo

w 2

0 °

F

To

tal

Dep

artu

re f

ro

m 3

0yr a

vg

Ran

k (

1964-2

016)

Gre

ate

st

in 2

4 H

rs

Date

of

24hr

max

Gre

ate

r T

han 0

.01 in.

Gre

ate

r T

han 0

.1 in.

Gre

ate

r T

han 0

.5 in.

Jan 54.6 36.4 45.0 -1.6 24 66.7 31-Jan 24.9 19-Jan 0 0 12 0 3.01 -0.85 16 0.78 1-Jan 10 7 3

Feb 61.3 41.2 50.9 1.2 15 78.7 2-Feb 27.2 11-Feb 0 0 6 0 3.80 -0.42 25 2.00 6-Feb 6 5 3

Mar 73.8 52.8 63.3 6.4 3 84.8 16-Mar 34.4 22-Mar 0 0 0 0 3.16 -1.01 19 1.00 4-Mar 7 6 2

Apr 75.7 55.3 65.6 1.4 20 89.3 29-Apr 39.9 10-Apr 0 0 0 0 4.61 1.72 14 2.25 2-Apr 8 6 2

May 81.7 63.0 72.3 0.4 21 90.3 12-May 46.8 6-May 1 0 0 0 5.74 2.97 7 1.75 29-May 9 7 4

Jun 91.3 72.9 81.7 3.4 4 99.1 17-Jun 63.0 20-Jun 20 0 0 0 3.11 -1.91 16 0.94 5-Jun 8 6 2

Jul 95.7 75.9 85.2 4.3 2 99.0 8-Jul 73.3 1-Jul 31 0 0 0 3.10 -2.39 12 1.00 16-Jul 10 6 2

Aug 93.0 76.3 83.6 3.8 4 95.6 14-Aug 69.6 25-Aug 27 0 0 0 3.17 -1.45 15 1.40 5-Aug 11 7 1

Sep 87.8 70.5 78.4 3.5 4 94.6 11-Sep 59.1 30-Sep 8 0 0 0 6.85 3.18 4 4.90 3-Sep 5 4 4

Oct 79.1 58.2 68.2 3.4 7 86.2 19-Oct 40.0 23-Oct 0 0 0 0 3.73 0.63 14 3.25 7-Oct 3 2 1

Nov 69.3 46.4 56.9 1.1 19 82.3 3-Nov 31.9 21-Nov 0 0 1 0 0.78 -2.24 4 0.70 14-Nov 2 1 1

Dec 60.4 43.1 51.4 2.7 14 80.9 18-Dec 28.3 10-Dec 0 0 5 0 5.65 1.89 7 1.50 6-Dec 10 7 5

Year 77.0 57.7 66.9 2.6 5 99.1 17-Jun 24.9 19-Jan 87 0 24 0 46.71 0.14 25 4.90 3-Sep 89 64 30

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Table 1(b): Means and Extremes of SRS Meteorological Data for 2013: Dew Point, Wet Blub, Relative Humidity, WBGT

Dew Point Temperature ( °F) Wet Bulb Temperature ( °F) Relative Humidity (%)

Number of Days

Mo

nth

Averag

e

Hig

hest

Hig

h D

ate

Low

est

Low

Date

Averag

e

Hig

hest

Hig

h D

ate

Low

est

Low

Date

Avg

. D

ail

y M

axim

um

Avg

. D

ail

y M

inim

um

Month

ly A

vg.

Low

est

Low

Date

Hig

hest

Hig

h D

ate

Cat

1 a

nd A

bove

Cat

2 a

nd A

bove

Cat

3 a

nd A

bove

Cat

4 a

nd A

bove

Cat

5

Jan 33.9 55.3 1-Jan 10.1 19-Jan 45.0 59.1 1-Jan 32.1 19-Jan 91.1 45.8 71.7 18.4 18-Jan 65.3 31-Jan 0 0 0 0 0

Feb 36.7 64.0 3-Feb 9.5 14-Feb 50.9 69.1 3-Feb 33.5 10-Feb 86.7 38.7 64.3 20.5 13-Feb 75.0 2-Feb 0 0 0 0 0

Mar 49.4 65.6 27-Mar 28.4 21-Mar 63.3 73.5 16-Mar 47.9 4-Mar 93.6 39.9 67.9 17.4 18-Mar 79.5 27-Mar 6 0 0 0 0

Apr 49.2 65.4 28-Apr 24.9 9-Apr 65.7 78.6 29-Apr 51.5 10-Apr 89.8 35.9 62.1 10.4 9-Apr 84.0 30-Apr 9 2 1 0 0

May 58.7 68.2 31-May 42.7 15-May 72.4 79.0 31-May 58.8 6-May 91.9 44.1 69.4 21.1 14-May 87.2 31-May 19 7 5 1 0

Jun 68.4 73.2 14-Jun 59.4 20-Jun 81.7 88.1 25-Jun 75.1 19-Jun 93.4 45.4 71.6 30.2 18-Jun 92.9 14-Jun 30 25 25 21 19

Jul 71.2 73.2 19-Jul 66.3 13-Jul 85.3 90.7 8-Jul 80.5 16-Jul 92.5 42.9 70.4 28.6 13-Jul 94.7 19-Jul 31 31 31 31 31

Aug 72.1 75.4 11-Aug 66.1 24-Aug 83.6 86.8 14-Aug 81.3 4-Aug 94.8 49.6 76.4 36.4 24-Aug 93.2 18-Aug 29 29 28 27 23

Sep 67.2 71.6 1-Sep 51.0 30-Sep 78.4 82.4 10-Sep 69.8 30-Sep 94.2 48.7 76.3 26.5 30-Sep 89.7 11-Sep 28 23 20 12 4

Oct 55.7 68.4 7-Oct 39.9 22-Oct 68.2 74.5 4-Oct 55.5 23-Oct 92.0 42.2 71.0 25.7 23-Oct 83.6 19-Oct 14 2 0 0 0

Nov 43.6 63.3 30-Nov 21.3 21-Nov 57.0 71.2 29-Nov 44.7 21-Nov 89.6 37.9 68.0 12.4 21-Nov 79.1 2-Nov 2 0 0 0 0

Dec 41.6 61.6 18-Dec 14.3 16-Dec 51.4 68.3 18-Dec 36.3 16-Dec 90.9 55.3 75.6 18.0 29-Dec 79.9 18-Dec 1 0 0 0 0

Year 54.0 75.4 11-Aug 9.5 14-Feb 67.0 90.7 8-Jul 32.1 19-Jan 91.7 43.9 70.4 10.4 9-Apr 94.7 19-Jul 169 119 110 92 77

Wet Bulb Globe Temperature ( °F)

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Table 1(c): Means and Extremes of SRS Meteorological Data for 2016: Wind, Pressure, Solar Radiation, Degree Days

Wind Speed (mph) Barometric Pressure (mb) Solar Radiation (ly/day) Degree Days

Mo

nth

Mo

nth

ly A

verag

e

Max 15-m

in A

verage

Max Instantaneous

Date M

ax Inst.

Averag

e

Low

est

Low

D

ate

Hig

hest

Hig

h D

ate

Averag

e D

aily T

otal

% of T

heoretic

al M

ax

Min

um

um

D

aily T

otal

Date

Maxim

um

D

aily T

otal

Date

Heatin

g D

eg

ree D

ays

Daily m

axim

um

Date

Co

olin

g D

eg

ree D

ays

Daily M

axim

um

Date

Jan 3.8 16.5 40.4 15-Jan 1006.9 994.5 15-Jan 1020.3 5-Jan 228 63.24 34.6 28-Jan 370.6 29-Jan 620 33 19-Jan 0

Feb 4.6 17.6 52.1 24-Feb 1007.4 992.2 24-Feb 1018.7 19-Feb 318 70.60 54.2 4-Feb 482.5 28-Feb 415 32 10-Feb 7 4 3-Feb

Mar 4.0 13.7 34.3 3-Mar 1006.5 999.4 14-Mar 1014.7 7-Mar 413 72.37 102.5 25-Mar 569.7 22-Mar 137 17 4-Mar 83 8 16-Mar

Apr 4.2 15.5 36.3 2-Apr 1006.4 996.9 2-Apr 1015.7 17-Apr 518 76.19 111.7 1-Apr 653.9 17-Apr 74 14 10-Apr 93 13 29-Apr

May 3.9 14.6 39.7 2-May 1004.2 993.6 5-May 1010.9 25-May 500 66.70 97.2 29-May 705.4 14-May 12 6 6-May 240 14 31-May

Jun 3.4 12.3 50.6 17-Jun 1004.3 995.2 7-Jun 1014.3 19-Jun 584 73.89 97.3 6-Jun 735.1 8-Jun 0 0 500 23 25-Jun

Jul 3.7 17.7 49.1 6-Jul 1006.0 1003.1 29-Jul 1011.5 18-Jul 592 76.86 357.3 31-Jul 692.4 11-Jul 0 0 626 26 8-Jul

Aug 3.4 11.5 31.4 2-Aug 1006.1 1001.2 7-Aug 1011.6 24-Aug 440 61.99 239.3 4-Aug 613.3 17-Aug 0 0 577 22 14-Aug

Sep 3.0 13.4 44.3 2-Sep 1005.7 997.2 2-Sep 1011.1 5-Sep 429 70.35 46.6 2-Sep 563.9 4-Sep 0 0 402 17 10-Sep

Oct 3.3 14.3 47.9 8-Oct 1008.1 994.2 8-Oct 1015.0 26-Oct 379 75.77 79.9 7-Oct 503.5 1-Oct 35 10 23-Oct 135 10 8-Oct

Nov 2.9 16.9 37.3 9-Nov 1009.1 999.8 30-Nov 1015.8 7-Nov 278 69.56 55.5 13-Nov 386.2 5-Nov 263 20 21-Nov 21 6 29-Nov

Dec 3.4 17.2 39.0 29-Dec 1010.6 997.3 6-Dec 1020.2 10-Dec 181 54.76 32.3 13-Dec 323.1 1-Dec 426 29 16-Dec 3 3 18-Dec

Year 3.6 17.7 52.1 24-Feb 1006.8 992.2 24-Feb 1020.3 5-Jan 405 69.36 32.3 13-Dec 735.1 8-Jun 1982 33 19-Jan 2688 26 8-Jul

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Table 2: Monthly, Annual Average, and Extreme Temperatures, 1985-2016

Extreme values (bottom table) are based on the full record of temperature data (1968-2016)

* Instrument maintenance and upgrade efforts began early in 2014 at the CLM tower; hence, January, February and

March were not included in this analysis due to an incomplete record of daily temperature data. Additionally, on June a

lightning strike damaged instrumentation at the tower, so data record was also incomplete.

Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual

1985 42.9 49.5 60.2 67.5 74.5 80.8 81.1 79.7 75.7 70.8 65.5 45.4 66.1

1986 45.4 54.6 57.9 66.4 74.4 82.7 86.9 80.1 78.4 67.1 61.3 49.3 67.0

1987 46.2 48.6 56.5 62.3 74.5 79.9 82.8 83.8 76.6 60.7 59.1 52.9 65.3

1988 42.3 47.8 56.8 64.2 70.4 76.8 81.6 81.4 75.4 61.2 58.0 49.1 63.8

1989 52.2 52.0 58.3 64.2 70.6 79.8 81.4 80.9 75.3 67.3 52.4 44.2 64.9

1990 54.9 57.5 60.0 64.0 72.9 80.5 83.7 83.8 79.0 69.4 59.9 54.6 68.4

1991 47.9 54.1 60.3 69.2 76.9 79.5 83.6 81.2 77.4 68.1 55.4 54.0 67.3

1992 49.5 54.1 57.2 65.0 71.2 78.9 83.7 80.7 76.9 65.0 57.1 48.0 65.6

1993 51.7 47.8 53.2 58.9 69.7 78.2 83.6 80.0 75.2 62.8 55.2 43.6 63.3

1994 41.5 50.1 60.2 68.0 71.2 82.3 81.8 81.2 77.4 67.2 62.3 53.3 66.4

1995 45.5 49.9 58.6 65.9 73.5 75.0 79.9 79.0 71.8 65.9 50.8 43.8 63.3

1996 44.6 50.1 50.6 61.6 72.9 76.5 79.3 76.0 72.7 62.1 51.6 48.8 62.2

1997 48.2 52.9 63.3 61.2 68.5 74.0 80.2 79.0 75.0 64.1 51.6 47.0 63.8

1998 49.7 51.1 53.6 62.7 74.6 82.1 82.6 80.3 75.8 66.9 60.5 53.6 66.1

1999 51.9 51.6 53.4 67.2 69.7 76.6 80.7 82.9 73.8 64.3 58.1 48.6 64.9

2000 44.4 50.2 58.5 60.7 75.1 78.0 79.9 77.6 71.7 62.5 53.1 38.2 62.5

2001 43.8 52.4 53.0 63.9 71.3 75.3 77.7 78.8 71.2 62.2 60.0 52.4 63.5

2002 47.3 48.0 57.6 68.1 70.2 77.5 80.5 78.4 75.4 66.7 51.7 44.5 63.8

2003 42.0 47.5 57.6 61.6 70.6 75.2 77.3 77.7 71.9 63.7 58.2 42.9 62.2

2004 43.7 45.2 58.5 63.4 74.0 77.7 80.1 77.3 73.2 66.2 56.1 45.8 63.4

2005 47.9 49.0 53.1 60.9 68.0 75.4 79.4 78.8 77.0 64.7 56.1 44.3 62.9

2006 50.8 47.3 55.3 66.3 70.1 76.2 80.3 80.5 72.9 62.4 53.6 50.6 63.8

2007 48.6 46.4 58.4 61.8 70.2 76.5 77.4 81.9 75.2 68.7 54.0 52.3 64.3

2008 43.8 51.1 55.3 61.8 70.2 80.1 78.7 77.9 73.7 61.1 50.0 52.1 63.0

2009 44.9 47.4 55.2 62.3 70.7 79.2 78.6 78.2 74.1 62.7 54.6 45.5 62.8

2010 40.8 41.4 51.9 64.6 73.7 80.0 81.0 80.0 76.2 64.0 54.0 39.2 62.2

2011 41.3 50.9 56.8 66.8 72.0 81.4 81.9 81.3 74.1 60.8 55.6 51.0 64.5

2012 49.6 52.5 63.7 65.7 72.6 74.8 80.6 76.0 72.8 64.3 51.5 51.2 64.6

2013 52.1 46.8 49.7 62.6 68.5 76.2 76.9 76.3 73.7 64.6 52.6 50.9 62.6

2014* 65.9 74.1 81.8 81.3 76.5 67.5 51.6 51.2 61.4

2015 46.0 44.2 60.0 68.4 74.5 81.6 84.2 81.5 76.6 65.6 60.6 61.5 67.1

2016 45.0 50.9 63.3 65.6 72.3 81.7 85.2 83.6 78.4 68.2 56.9 51.4 66.9

Avg on record 46.0 49.0 56.8 64.4 71.9 78.5 81.2 80.0 75.1 65.2 55.8 48.9 64.3

Record Lowest 35.3 41.3 49.5 58.9 66.8 74.0 76.9 74.5 70.5 60.1 48.7 38.2 62.2

Yr Lowest 1977 1978 1971 1993 1983 1997 2013 1973 1973 1976 1976 2000 2010

Record Highest 59.6 57.5 63.7 69.2 76.9 82.7 86.9 83.9 79.2 73.4 65.5 61.5 68.4

Yr Highest 1974 1990 2012 1991 1991 1986 1986 1983 1980 1984 1985 2015 1990

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Table 3: Monthly, Annual, and Extreme Rainfall, 1985-2016

Extreme values (bottom table) are based on the full rainfall record (1964-2016)

Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

1985 3.01 6.92 1.31 0.84 1.70 4.62 8.10 4.38 0.49 6.34 6.36 2.48 46.55

1986 1.46 3.58 4.08 1.45 3.84 3.03 2.96 10.90 1.54 4.19 5.82 5.83 48.68

1987 7.39 7.55 4.97 0.70 3.57 5.64 4.87 4.93 3.56 0.29 2.74 1.42 47.63

1988 4.15 3.19 2.91 4.78 2.85 7.12 1.78 6.80 4.40 3.39 2.17 2.91 46.45

1989 1.42 3.59 5.52 4.89 2.60 6.67 11.46 3.27 4.87 3.36 3.00 4.41 55.06

1990 3.07 2.38 2.37 1.21 2.95 0.89 7.31 8.07 0.62 19.62 1.41 1.57 51.47

1991 7.03 1.84 7.89 4.73 3.06 2.17 7.89 9.26 4.40 0.99 1.55 3.32 54.13

1992 4.45 3.89 2.98 2.40 1.34 6.27 3.69 4.83 6.38 3.11 7.78 2.86 49.98

1993 7.45 3.62 8.37 1.74 1.43 3.27 3.12 2.23 7.29 0.99 1.87 1.81 43.19

1994 4.80 3.91 6.42 1.05 1.45 5.08 7.47 3.47 0.99 10.01 3.05 4.62 52.32

1995 6.96 7.97 0.92 1.28 1.77 8.15 5.71 6.92 5.75 2.64 2.38 4.47 54.92

1996 3.65 2.43 6.64 2.40 2.96 3.04 5.57 6.91 3.67 2.16 2.32 3.20 44.95

1997 4.20 5.45 2.69 4.38 2.38 6.90 7.09 2.01 4.89 4.08 5.51 9.09 58.67

1998 7.73 8.90 6.69 7.35 4.05 4.65 5.27 2.88 4.81 0.78 0.82 1.80 55.73

1999 5.31 2.29 3.44 1.95 1.26 7.52 4.91 3.14 4.46 2.57 1.50 1.21 39.56

2000 5.77 0.73 3.95 1.34 1.36 4.74 2.47 4.49 7.70 0.02 3.50 1.53 37.60

2001 3.11 2.68 7.21 1.28 3.85 6.49 4.79 3.55 3.33 0.50 1.03 0.54 38.36

2002 2.85 2.13 3.86 2.58 1.69 2.30 5.95 5.47 3.45 3.19 4.00 3.58 41.05

2003 1.73 5.00 7.09 8.43 5.57 10.99 8.91 4.59 2.70 3.03 1.21 1.93 61.18

2004 2.85 6.71 0.81 1.34 3.45 6.41 1.23 2.96 10.26 1.02 3.17 2.69 42.90

2005 2.14 3.89 6.09 1.69 2.87 8.23 5.81 4.08 0.19 3.60 2.67 6.16 47.42

2006 3.38 2.90 1.76 2.41 1.83 6.89 5.22 2.19 2.50 1.66 2.98 4.56 38.28

2007 3.27 3.60 1.98 2.95 1.23 4.83 4.57 2.66 0.97 1.35 0.55 8.79 36.75

2008 3.72 5.36 3.04 2.39 1.82 1.37 5.44 5.40 0.94 4.12 5.14 2.87 41.61

2009 1.98 1.68 3.65 4.60 5.20 2.73 2.56 3.13 3.73 3.00 5.45 10.24 47.95

2010 4.83 2.37 3.03 1.51 2.56 5.65 2.74 5.22 2.86 0.31 1.32 1.34 33.74

2011 2.24 4.92 5.50 1.83 1.10 1.47 4.00 2.98 4.34 2.07 1.13 1.66 33.24

2012 1.80 1.50 3.57 1.78 8.93 2.37 5.95 6.36 2.57 0.29 1.29 4.80 41.21

2013 0.77 10.11 3.25 5.04 2.36 9.64 12.92 5.64 1.14 1.44 1.72 4.60 58.63

2014 3.05 5.06 3.07 4.10 3.95 1.85 7.45 3.22 3.80 0.84 3.97 4.69 45.04

2015 4.06 4.66 4.19 5.16 0.87 4.51 2.99 1.22 5.10 4.99 6.26 5.49 49.49

2016 3.01 3.80 3.16 4.61 5.74 3.11 3.10 3.17 6.85 3.73 0.78 5.65 46.71

Avg 3.86 4.22 4.17 2.89 2.77 5.02 5.49 4.62 3.67 3.10 3.02 3.76 46.57

Min monthly 0.77 0.73 0.81 0.70 0.87 0.89 1.23 1.22 0.19 0.02 0.55 0.54 33.24

Yr Lowest 2013 2000 2004 1987 2015 1990 2004 2015 2005 2000 2007 2001 2011

Max monthly 7.73 10.11 8.37 8.43 8.93 10.99 12.92 10.9 10.26 19.62 7.78 10.24 61.18

Yr Highest 1998 2013 1993 2003 2012 2003 2013 1986 2004 1990 1992 2009 2003

Avg on record 4.14 4.31 4.72 3.16 3.54 4.82 5.62 5.02 3.73 2.85 2.76 3.74 48.41

Record Lowest 0.77 0.73 0.81 0.60 0.87 0.89 0.90 1.22 0.19 0.02 0.40 0.54 33.24

Yr Lowest 2013 2000 2004 1972 2015 1990 1980 2015 2005 2000 1969 2001 2011

Record Highest 10.02 10.11 10.96 8.43 10.90 12.97 13.71 12.34 10.26 19.62 7.78 10.24 73.06

Yr Highest 1978 2013 1980 2003 1976 1973 1971 1964 2004 1990 1992 2009 1964

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Table 4: SRS Rainfall (inches) for 2016, Manual Gauges

Month 700-A BARR2 BARR3 100-C 400-D 200-H 100-K 100-L 100-P SRTC

1 3.0 3.8 3.9 2.8 1.6 2.8 2.9 2.8 2.9 2.1

2 3.8 3.2 5.2 4.8 5.1 5.1 5.5 5.5 5.3 4.0

3 3.2 3.5 2.8 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.5 3.6 3.1

4 4.6 5.3 4.0 3.5 3.4 4.0 3.7 4.0 4.3 4.2

5 5.7 6.1 8.2 5.6 6.8 8.1 4.5 4.7 4.6 4.9

6 3.1 3.0 3.0 6.9 4.9 4.8 4.4 5.6 6.1 2.7

7 3.1 6.8 0.9 4.1 4.6 3.5 3.5 4.5 3.8 3.1

8 3.2 8.8 3.1 5.0 2.0 4.0 5.8 5.4 2.9 3.7

9 6.9 6.4 6.8 6.0 6.1 6.8 8.9 8.0 8.7 7.9

10 3.7 4.2 5.0 4.8 4.7 5.0 4.5 5.0 5.4 5.0

11 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.8

12 5.7 10.7 4.9 5.5 6.2 6.5 8.7 6.1 6.2 5.6

Total 46.7 62.2 48.4 52.7 49.3 54.3 55.8 55.3 53.9 47.2

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Figure 1: Locations of SRS Meteorological Towers

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Figure 2: Daily average temperature (2m) in 2016

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Figure 3: Maximum and minimum 2m daily temperatures in 2016

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Figure 4: SRS Annual Temperatures over 1985-2016

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Figure 5: Daily rainfall totals in 2016 at CLM

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Figure 6: Rainfall totals across SRS in 2016

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Figure 7: Annual rainfall totals from 1985-2016

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Figure 8: 2016 rainfall against 30 year rainfall totals

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Figure 9: Annual flash density at SRS

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Figure 10: Lightning strikes at SRS in 2016

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Figure 11: Total number of lightning strikes per year at SRS

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Figure 12: Daily minimum RH in 2016

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Figure 13: Number of fog days observed at SRS

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Figure 14: Heat stress days at SRS in 2016

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Figure 15: Daily wind speeds in 2016

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Figure 16: 2016 seasonal wind roses for CLM tower (61 m)

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Figure 17 (a): 2016 wind roses for area towers A and C

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Figure 17 (b): 2016 wind roses for area towers L and D

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Figure 17 (c): 2016 wind roses for area towers F and K

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Figure 17 (d): 2016 wind roses for area towers H and P

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Figure 18: 2016 wind rose for CLM tower

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Figure 19: Daily average barometric pressure for 2016

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Figure 20: Daily total radiation in 2016

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Figure 21: Monthly average solar radiation in 2016 against theoretical max