satvirto gadazidvebis srulyofis ziritadi mimartulebebi ...nasromsi gadmocemulia sakonteinero...

satvirTosatvirTo

gadazidvebis srulyofisgadazidvebis srulyofis

ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi

saqarTveloSisaqarTveloSi

TbilisiTbilisi

20202020

baTumis navigaciis saswavlo universitetibaTumis navigaciis saswavlo universiteti

ekaterine Ciqovaniekaterine Ciqovani

naSromSi gadmocemulia sakonteinero gadazidvebis ganviTare-bis dinamika da satransporto qselis kvanZebSi sazRvao da sxva saxis transportis urTierTqmedebis safuZvlebi; msoflio gadazidvebSi konteinerebiT gadazidvis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove tendenciebi; agebulia saerTo satransporto kvanZebSi sxvadasxva saxeobis sa-transporto saSualebebis urTierTqmedebis marTvis maTematikuri modeli; SemuSavebulia saqarTvelos Savi zRvispireTSi mdebare sa-transporto qselis kvanZebSi, sxvadasxva saxeobis satransporto sa-Sualebebis urTierTqmedebis marTvis optimaluri modeli.

wigni gankuTvnilia umaRlesi saswavleblebis ekonomikis, logis-tikisa da biznesis specialobis studentebisa da aRniSnuli sakiTx-ebiT dainteresebul mkiTxvelTa farTo wrisaTvis.

redaqtori: redaqtori: karlo Rurwkaia - saqarTvelos teqnikuri

universitetis emeritus profesori;

recenzentebi:recenzentebi: badri geCbaia - baTumis SoTa rusTavelis

saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli

profesori;

murman bliaZe - saqarTvelos teqnikuri

universitetis profesori;

qeTevan goleTiani - baTumis navigaciis

saswavlo universitetis profesori.

baTumis navigaciis saswavlo universitetibaTumis navigaciis saswavlo universiteti

ekaterine Ciqovani _ ekaterine Ciqovani _

`̀satvirTo gadazidvebis srulyofissatvirTo gadazidvebis srulyofis

ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi saqarTveloSiZiriTadi mimarTulebebi saqarTveloSi~. gv. 142.~. gv. 142.

© © e. Ciqovani, 2020e. Ciqovani, 2020gamomcemloba „kalmosani“, 2020gamomcemloba „kalmosani“, 2020

ISBN ISBN

3

SinaarsiSinaarsi

Sesavali ........... Sesavali ........... ............................................................................................. .............................................................................................5 5

literaturis mimoxilvaliteraturis mimoxilva .................................................................... ....................................................................1212

Tavi 1. sakonteinero gadazidvebis ganviTarebis Tavi 1. sakonteinero gadazidvebis ganviTarebis

dinamika da satransporto qselis kvanZebSi dinamika da satransporto qselis kvanZebSi

sazRvao da sxva saxis transportis sazRvao da sxva saxis transportis

urTierTqmedebis safuZvlebi urTierTqmedebis safuZvlebi ...................................... ......................................2727

1.1. msoflio gadazidvebSi konteinerebiT gadazidvis 1.1. msoflio gadazidvebSi konteinerebiT gadazidvis

ganviTarebis Tanamedrove tendenciebi ganviTarebis Tanamedrove tendenciebi............................................2727

1.2. satransporto gadazidvis fasis formireba sabazro 1.2. satransporto gadazidvis fasis formireba sabazro

ekonomikis pirobebSi ekonomikis pirobebSi ........................................................ ........................................................3636

1.3. konteinerebis gadaadgilebis magistraluri 1.3. konteinerebis gadaadgilebis magistraluri

mimarTulebebis gadakveTis adgilebSi ganlagebuli mimarTulebebis gadakveTis adgilebSi ganlagebuli

portebis konkurentunarianobis da mimzidvelobis portebis konkurentunarianobis da mimzidvelobis

kriteriumebi tvirTebis sxvadasxva saxis kriteriumebi tvirTebis sxvadasxva saxis

transportiT gadazidvis dros transportiT gadazidvis dros ..................................... .....................................4343

1.4. saqarTvelos Savi zRvispireTis portebis 1.4. saqarTvelos Savi zRvispireTis portebis

konkurentunarianobisa da mimzidvelobis gazrdis konkurentunarianobisa da mimzidvelobis gazrdis

gzebi gzebi ....................................................................................... .......................................................................................5050

Tavi 2. saerTo satransporto kvanZebSi sxvadasxva Tavi 2. saerTo satransporto kvanZebSi sxvadasxva

saxeobis satransporto saSualebebis saxeobis satransporto saSualebebis

urTierTqmedebis marTvis maTematikuri urTierTqmedebis marTvis maTematikuri

modelis ageba modelis ageba .......................................................................... ..........................................................................5959

2.1. sxvadasxva saxeobis satransporto saSualebebis 2.1. sxvadasxva saxeobis satransporto saSualebebis

urTierTqmedebaSi funqcionirebis procesis urTierTqmedebaSi funqcionirebis procesis

modelirebuli algoriTmis SemuSavebis modelirebuli algoriTmis SemuSavebis

meTodologiuri safuZvlebi meTodologiuri safuZvlebi ......................................... .........................................5959

4

2.2. satransporto kvanZis imitaciuri modeli da 2.2. satransporto kvanZis imitaciuri modeli da

modelirebis instrumentis arCeva modelirebis instrumentis arCeva ............................... ...............................6969

2.3 satransporto kvanZebSi urTierTqmedebis marTvis 2.3 satransporto kvanZebSi urTierTqmedebis marTvis

modelis ageba modelis ageba ...................................................................... ......................................................................7474

Tavi 3. saqarTvelos Savi zRvispireTSi mdebare Tavi 3. saqarTvelos Savi zRvispireTSi mdebare

satransporto qselis kvanZebSi, sxvadasxva satransporto qselis kvanZebSi, sxvadasxva

saxeobis satransporto saSualebebis saxeobis satransporto saSualebebis

urTierTqmedebis marTvis optimaluri modelis urTierTqmedebis marTvis optimaluri modelis

SemuSaveba SemuSaveba .................................................................................. ..................................................................................8787

3.1. qarTul portebSi sakonteinero gadazidvebis 3.1. qarTul portebSi sakonteinero gadazidvebis

dros yvela saxis satransporto saSualebebis dros yvela saxis satransporto saSualebebis

muSaobis gamocdilebis analizi muSaobis gamocdilebis analizi .................................... ....................................8787

3.2. satransporto qselis kvanZebSi transportirebis 3.2. satransporto qselis kvanZebSi transportirebis

procesis uzrunvelyofis organizebis amsaxveli procesis uzrunvelyofis organizebis amsaxveli

imitaciuri modelis SemuSaveba saqarTvelos Savi imitaciuri modelis SemuSaveba saqarTvelos Savi

zRvispireTSi zRvispireTSi ....................................................................... .......................................................................9898

3.3. konteinerebis damuSavebis procesis 3.3. konteinerebis damuSavebis procesis

modelirebisTvis monacemTa gansazRvra da modelirebisTvis monacemTa gansazRvra da

momzadeba, transportis yvela saxeobebis momzadeba, transportis yvela saxeobebis

monawileobiT monawileobiT .................................................................... ....................................................................108108

3.4 eqsperimentuli imitaciuri modelis adekvaturobis 3.4 eqsperimentuli imitaciuri modelis adekvaturobis

Sefaseba da translireba Sefaseba da translireba ............................................... ...............................................111111

3.5 saqarTvelos Savi zRvispireTSi mdebare 3.5 saqarTvelos Savi zRvispireTSi mdebare

satransporto kvanZebSi yvela saxis transportis satransporto kvanZebSi yvela saxis transportis

funqcionirebis optimizaciis modelis arCeva funqcionirebis optimizaciis modelis arCeva ...... ......117117

daskvna................daskvna................ ........................................................................................ ........................................................................................132132

gamoyenebuli literaturis nusxagamoyenebuli literaturis nusxa ............................................. .............................................138138

5

Sesavali

SesavaliSesavali

Temis aqtualoba. qarTuli transportis winaSe dais-

va amocana - uzrunvelyos evraziuli tranzitis 10%-mde

momsaxurebis SesaZlebloba da uzrunvelyos komunika-

ciebis, satransporto kvanZebis, satransporto teqnol-

ogiebisa da informaciuli sistemebis koordinirebuli

ganviTareba.

saqarTvelos regionuli ganviTarebisa da infra-

struqturis saministros monacemebis Tanaxmad, 2025

wlisTvis saqarTvelos gamiznuli aqvs, 12-15 miliardi

laris investiciis Cadeba evro-aziuri satransporto

derefnebis ganviTarebaSi. aRniSnuli gegmebis ganxor-

cielebis Sedegad unda moxdes saerTaSoriso satrans-

porto derefnebis (ssd) gaswvriv komunikaciis siCqa-

ris gazrda 20-30%-iT da 2025 wlisTvis gadazidvebis

moculobis gasammageba, rac absoluturi mniSvnelobiT

Seadgens 6-7 milion tona tvirTs weliwadSi. dagegmilia

investiciebis gazrda portebisa da sazRvao mimosvlis

ganviTarebaSi. Savi zRvis portebs aqvT perspeqtivebi

imisTvis, raTa Camoyalibdnen ara mxolod rogorc msxvi-

li portebis saxelmwifo mimwodebeli segmenti atlantis

okeanis regionSi, aramed rogorc tvirTebis gadamuSave-

bis damoukidebeli magistraluri centri. iTvleba, rom

saerTaSoriso satransporto arteriebs, romlebic Sav

zRvaze gadian, uaxloes momavalSi eqnebaT yvela Sesa-

Zlebloba, gadaiqcen srulyofil saerTSoriso satrans-

porto derefnad, anu gaxdnen azia-evropis satranspor-

to habi.

6

satvirTo gadazidvebis srulyofis ZiriTadi

mimarTulebebi saqarTveloSi

am miznis misaRwevad aucilebelia satransporto

qselis Semadgeneli yvela komponentis drouli da para-leluri ganviTareba gamgzavnidan mimRebis CaTvliT. wi-naaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, satransporto jaWvis romelime elementSi warmoqmnili Seferxeba, iqneba es saporto misasvleli gzebi Tu sabaJos muSaoba, gamoiwvevs mTeli sistemis muSaobis Sedegebis daqveiTebas da Seamcirebs sistemis funqcionire-bis efeqtianobas, rac mas ara-konkurentunarians gaxdis.

satransporto sistemis efeqtianobis RonisZiebebis asamaRleblad, romelic mimarTulia mTlianad satrans-porto sistemis ganviTarebaze, aucilebelia satrans-porto sistemis optimizaciis variantebis winaswari mod-elirebisTvis instrumentebis SemuSaveba, maTi danergvis efeqtis prognozirebisa da analizis Catarebis mizniT.

satransporto qseli warmoadgens rTul sistemas, ro-melsac aqvs cvladi parametrebis didi moculoba, SemTx-veviTi procesebisa da funqcionirebis mravalferovani variantebis didi raodenoba. garda amisa, rogorc wesi, arsebobs sistemis Sesaxeb informaciis nakleboba, rac arTulebs masTan muSaobas. maTematikuri modelireba saSualebas gvaZlevs, vimuSaoT aseT rTul sistemasTan, maT Soris informaciis naklebobis pirobebSic. aqedan gamomdinare, amgvari rTuli sistemis mxridan reagirebis prognozirebisTvis, agreTve misi muSaobis optimizaciis mizniT, mizanSewonilia gamoiyenoT maTematikuri mod-elirebis meTodebi, kerZod meTodi ̀ imitaciuri meTodis gamoyeneba~.

kvlevis mizani da amocanebi. naSromis mizans war-moadgens satransporto kvanZebSi momijnave saxeobis satransporto saSualebebis marTvis meTodologiuri

7

Sesavali

safuZvlebis SemuSaveba maTi urTierTqmedebebis sruly-ofis mizniT, rac xorcieldeba Tanamedrove logistiku-ri midgomebis safuZvelze.

mocemuli miznis misaRwevad dasaxul iqna Semdegi amocanebi: momijnave satransporto saSualebebis urTierTq-

medebebis sawarmoo procesebis analizi regionuli satransporto qselis kvanZebSi;

msoflioSi, saqarTveloSi, Savi zRvisa da atlantis okeanis regionSi (aor) sakonteinero transportis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove tendenciebis analizi;

satransporto qselis, rogorc sistemis Semadgene-li elementis, sistematizacia da misi funqcioni-rebis procesebis analizi;

satransporto qselis modelirebis programu-li algoriTmebis Seqmna, arsebuli modelirebis meTodebis analizisa da modelirebis adekvaturi meTodis SerCevis safuZvelze;

satransporto sistemis imitaciuri mTliani mod-elis SemuSaveba, romelic moicavs urTierTdakav-Sirebuli kvanZebis kompleqss;

Savi zRvispira regionSi sazRvao, sarkinigzo, saavtomobilo, sahaero satransporto qselis fun-qcionirebis Sesaxeb informaciuli bazis Seqmna im formatiT, romelic aucilebelia Savi zRvispira regionSi satransporto qselis imitaciuri model-is Sesaqmnelad;

Savi zRvispira regionSi satransporto qselSi moZ-raobis marTvis imitaciuri modelis ganxorciele-

ba, romelic gamiznulia sxvadasxva satranspor-

to saSualebebiT, Savi zRvispira mxareSi mdebare

8



portebis meSveobiT, konteinerebis importisa da

tranzitis ganxorcielebisaTvis;

Savi zRvispira mxareSi arsebuli satransporto

qselis transportirebis sistemaSi gardaqmnis

RonisZiebebis SemuSaveba;

satransporto kvanZebSi momxdari procesebis for-

malizaciis meTodi, romelic dafuZnebulia fun-

qciuri elementebisa da nakadebis stoqastikuri

parametrebis sistemur midgomaze.

Savi zRvispira regionis satransporto qselis im-

itaciuri modelis SemuSavebis principebi, romel-

ic exeba Savi zRvispira mxareSi mdebare portebSi

konteinerebis imports;

Savi zRvispira mxareSi mdebare satransporto qse-

lis funqcionirebis sqemebi, maTi muSaobis mod-

elirebis Sedegebis upiratesobebisa da uaryofiTi

mxareebis analizis Sesabamisad.

kvlevis sagani da obieqti. naSromis kvlevis obi-

eqtebs warmoadgens satransporto kvanZebi da mimdebare

(momijnave) satransporto qselebi. kvlevis sagans warma-

dgens satransporto kvanZebSi da momijnave satranspor-

to qselebis monakveTebSi mimdinare procesebi. midgoma

SemuSavebul iqna Savi zRvispira mxaris satransporto

qselSi gamosayeneblad.

Temis Seswavlis mdgomareoba. satransporto da

gadatvirTvis centrebis, portebis da sarkinigzo sad-

gurebis muSaobis avtomatizaciis Teoriisa da praqtikis

SemuSavebaSi Setanili wvlili, agreTve satransporto

logistikaSi, multimodaluri da intermodaluri ga-

dazidvebis problemebis da sxvadasxva saxis transpor-

9

Sesavali

tis urTierTqmedebebis SeswavlaSi mniSvnelovani roli Seasrules Semdegma avtorebma: i. birmani, d. jonsoni, l. dereviCi, i. neruSi, s. rezeri, n. averil lou, hong-en lini, rokko zito, a. maikli, p.teilori, ronald h. balou, j. ku-peri, j. koili, j. bardi, j. langfordi, riCard l. dafti, r. granti, t. troi, s. herci, m. petersi, m. gordoni, r. ka-plani, u. kapaCino, m. bazermani, r. klemani, n. kulatilaka, j. cmiTi, r. klemani, h. raifa, l. trigeorgisi da sxvebi.

avtorebi ganixilaven zRvispira regionebis satrans-porto sistemis muSaobis kontrolis avtomaturi marT-vis sistemis Seqmnis aucileblobas; saqarTvelos da zogadad zRvispira regionis satransporto sistemis muSaobis Taviseburebebs; aqvT SemoTavazebuli satrans-porto sistemis funqcionirebisadmi blok-midgoma; aseve mo-cemulia satransporto kvanZSi sazRvao da sarkinig-zo transportis urTierTqmedebis operatiuli marTvis sistemis analizis meTodologia. avtorebi detalurad aRweren logistikur cnebebs, maT Soris informaciul nakadebs logistikasa da dasawyobebas da axdenen maT struqturirebas. garda amisa, ganixilaven lojistikuri sistemebis efeqtianobis, efeqtianobis maCveneblebis da saimedoobis cnebebs.

bevri avtori sakuTar naSromebSi Seiswavlis uwyveti dagegmvis sistemebis optimizaciis sakiTxebs sazRvao sa-transporto kvanZebSi. isini agvareben gemis momsaxure-bis dros portis resursebis Tanabari ganawilebis amo-canas, agreTve gem-misadgomebisa da maTi aRWurvilobis optimaluri raodenobis gansazRvras. maT naSromebSi ga-moyenebulia albaTobis Teoriis meTodebi.

garda amisa, uyuradRebod ar aris darCenili arc

informaciul sistemebsa da transportSi avtomaturi

10



marTvis sistemebis sferoc. kerZod, avtorebi kriti-

kulad aanalizeben arsebuli sainformacio sistemebis

uamrav naklovanebas; ganixilaven, konteinerebis trans-

portirebis marTvis avtomatizaciis upiratesobebs

sxvadasxva sferoSi, kerZod: teqnikuri saSualebebis

marTvis avtomatizacia, informaciuli uzrunvelyofa,

sakonteinero punqtebis da konteinerebis gadazidvis

procesis marTva.

dabolos, avtorTa rigi asabuTebs TviTorganizebis

procedurebis gamoyenebis aucileblobas kontrolis

obieqtebis modelebis agebisa da gadawyvetilebis miRe-

bis dros.

naSromis mecnieruli siaxle mdgomareobs SemdegSi:

1. Sesrulebulia satransporto kvanZebSi momxdari

procesebis formalizacia, rac saSualebas iZleva

prototipTan aucilebeli xarisxiT miaxloebuli

modelis Sesaqmnelad;

2. SemuSavebulia standartuli funqciuri blokebis

erToblioba da maT Soris kavSirebi, romelic aR-

wers calkeul procesebs, romlebic mimdinareobs

satransporto kvanZebSi da satransporto qselis

momijnave monakveTebSi;

3. Seqmnilia satransporto qselis imitaciuri mod-

eli, romelic saSualebas gvaZlevs, winaswar gan-

sazRvroT da SeafasoT satransporto kvanZebSi

transportis sxvadasxva saxeobebis muSaobis efeq-

turoba;

4. SemuSavebulia midgomebi regionuli gamanawilebe-

li centris mSeneblobisadmi.

11

Sesavali

kvlevis meTodologia. dasaxuli miznis misaRw-

evad gamoyenebul iqna sistemuri analizis meTodebi,

albaTobis Teoria da maTematikuri statistika, masiu-

ri momsaxurebis Teoria da grafebi, gadawyvetilebis

miRebis Teoria, imitaciuri modelirebis meTodebi da

mravalkriteriumiani optimizaciis meTodebi.

naSromis Teoriuli da praqtikuli mniSvneloba.

warmodgenili naSromi aviTarebs satransporto kvanZeb-

Si momxdari procesebis modelirebisa da optimizaciis

Teoriul safuZvlebs da meTodologias. sainteresoa sa-

transporto kvanZebis formalizaciisa da modelis age-

bis meTodikisadmi SeTavazebuli midgoma.

naSromSi SemuSavebulia satransporto kvanZebis mod-

elis agebis meTodi, romelic saSualebas gvaZlevs, oper-

atiulad ganvaxorcieloT ZiriTadi komponentebisgan

Semdgari nebismieri konfiguraciis modelis Sekreba.

SemuSavebuli imitaciuri modeli saSualebas gva-

Zlevs, SeviswavloT sistemis mgrZnobeloba gare garemo-

Si momxdari sxvadasxva cvlilebebis mimarT.

kvlevis Sedegebis gamoyeneba satransporto kvan-

Zebis muSaobis organizebis etapze xels Seuwyobs maTi

muSaobis efeqturobis gazrdas, drois, Rirebulebisa da

saimedoobis parametrebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

imitaciuri modelirebis meTodis mixedviT Sedege-

bis gamoyenebiT ekonomikuri efeqtis miReba SesaZlebe-

lia satransporto sistemaSi mimdinare procesebis opti-

mizaciiT da misi funqcionirebis efeqturobis gazrdiT.

uzrunvelyofilia regionuli gamanawilebeli cen-

tris modelis ganxorcieleba Savi zRvispira mxaris sa-

transporto qselSi.

12



literaturis mimoxilvaliteraturis mimoxilva

satransporto da gadatvirTvis centrebis, portebis

da sarkinigzo sadgurebis muSaobis avtomatizaciis

Teoriisa da praqtikis SemuSavebaSi Setanili wvlili,

agreTve satransporto logistikaSi, multimodaluri da

intermodaluri gadazidvebis problemebis da sxvadasxva

saxis transportis urTierTqmedebebis SeswavlaSi mniS-

vnelovani roli Seasrules Semdegma avtorebma: birmani

i., dereviCi l., jonsoni d., neruSi i., rezeri s. da sxvebi.

ronald h. balou ganixilavs Savi zRvispira regionis

(da ara marto) satransporto sistemis muSaobis kontro-

lis avtomaturi marTvis sistemis Seqmnis aucileblobas.

ganixileba saqarTvelos Savi zRvispira regionis trans-

portis sistemis muSaobis Taviseburebebi. SemoTava-

zebulia satransporto sistemis funqcionirebisadmi

blok-midgoma. aseve mocemulia satransporto kvanZSi

sazRvao da sarkinigzo transportis urTierTqmedebis

operatiuli marTvis sistemis analizis meTodologia.

ronald h. baloum SeimuSava agreTve sazRvao-savaW-

ro portebSi saporto gadasaxadebis sistemis formire-

bis sakiTxebisadmi axali midgoma, romelic xels uwyobs

saxelmwifos interesebis gatarebas da zrdis qveynis

portebis konkurentunarianobas.1

j. kuperi, m. brauni da m. petersi detalurad aRweren

logistikur cnebebs, maT Soris informaciul nakadebs

logistikasa da dasawyobebas da axdens maT struqturi-

1 Ballou, Ronald H. Business Logistics Management. Prentice-Hall In-ternational, Inc. 2009. - 681 c.

13

literaturis mimoxilva

rebas. garda amisa, ganixilavs logistikuri sistemebis

efeqtianobis, efeqtianobis maCveneblebis da saimedoo-

bis cnebebs.2

uiliam kopaCino sakuTr naSromebSi Seiswavlis uwyve-

ti dageg-mvis sistemebis optimizaciis sakiTxebs sazRvao

satransporto kvanZebSi. igi agvarebs gemis momsaxurebis

dros portis resursebis Tanabari ganawilebis amocanas,

agreTve gem-misadgomebisa da maTi aRWurvilobis opti-

maluri raodenobis gansazRvras. naSromSi avtors gamoy-

enebuli aris albaTobis Teoriis meTodebi.3

j. koili, e. bardi, s. langli ikvleven informaciul

sistemebsa da transportSi avtomaturi marTvis siste-

mebs (ams). kerZod, avtorebi kritikulad aanalizeben ar-

sebuli sainformacio sistemebis uamrav naklovanebas.

naSromSi ganxilulia agreTve konteinerebis transpor-

tirebis marTvis avtomatizaciis upiratesobebi sxva-

dasxva sferoSi, - es aris teqnikuri saSualebebis marTvis

avtomatizacia, informaciuli uzrunvelyofa, sakon-

teinero punqtebis da konteinerebis gadazidvis proce-

sis marTva.4

d. rezeris mier dasabuTebulia TviTorganizebis

procedurebis gamoyenebis aucilebloba kontrolis ob-

2 Cooper J., Browne M., Peters M. European Logistics: markets, man-agement, and strategy. Oxford, Blackwell Pub-lishers, 2011.-331 c.

3 Copacino, William C. Supply Chain Management. The Basics and Be-yond. APICS, 2007. - 204 c.

4 Coyle J.J., Bardi E.J., Langley C.J Jr. Zarzadzanie logistyczne, PWE, Warszawa, 2012.C. 24-33.

14



i eqtebis modelebis agebisa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis

dros.5

jon u. langfordi aanalizebs flotis ganviTare-

bis istorias da aRwers Semdgomi ganviTarebis perspeq-

tivebs, arsebuli gamocdilebis safuZvelze. naSromSi

gamoyenebulia statistikis maTematikuri meTodebi.6

nikolas mori sakuTr naSromebSi ikvlevs dokumen-

tebis brunvas sistemebSi `sazRvao porti - sarkinigzo

sadguri~ saerTaSoriso gadazidvebis SemTxvevaSi, daka-

vebulia eqsort-importis tvirTebis gadazidvaSi sabaJo

gaformebis problemebiT, roca tvirTebis gatareba xde-

ba portebis meSveobiT, agreTve portisa da sarkinigzo

transportis gadakveTis wertilSi logistikuri prob-

lemebiT.7

j. Sapirom SeimuSava sazRvao navsadguris konkuren-

tunarianobis uzrunvelyofis marTvis organizaciuli

meqanizmi. naSromSi gamoyenebulia maTematikuri mod-

elirebis meTodebi. avtori aRwers evropuli da aziuri

portbis muSaobas da maTi funqcionirebis Tavisebure-

bebs. gamoTvlilia navsadguris ganviTarebis scenarebi

(meqanizacia).8

5 International Journal of Operations and Production Management. -2012.-vol.5.-C.18.

6 Langford, John W. Logistics: Principles and Applications. -Mc-Graw-Hill, Inc. 2005. 567 c

7 Mohr, Nicolas. Distribution for the small business. Biddies Limited, Guilford. 2010. - 184 c.

8 Shapiro, J.F. Modeling the Supply Chain. DUXBURY, Thomson Learn-ing, 2011. - 586 c.111.

15


SeviswavleT APICS (The Association for Operations Man-agement, Chicago, USA - operaciuli menejmentis asocia-cia, Cikago, aSS) egidiT momzadebuli naSromebis krebu-

li. amerikeli mecnier-mkvlevarebis naSromebi eZRvneba

portebis ganviTarebis sakiTxebs da navsadgurebis marT-

vis problemebs.9

riCard daftma10 SeimuSava satransporto kvanZebSi

gadazidvis procesis marTvis problema, xolo robert

granti ki dainteresda intermodaluri gadazidvebis

sakiTxebiT.11

m. porterma da g. bondma SeimuSaves struqturu-

li sqema da SemogvTavazes logistikuri satransporto

sistemis ganzogadebuli maTematikuri modeli. amave

dros, SemuSavebuli meTodika ar aris gankuTnili sa-

transporto sistemebis mSeneblobis, modelirebisa da

analizisTvis.12

9 1) APICS Certified Supply Chain Professional: Learning System: Ver-sion 2.2. Module 1. Supply Chain Management Fundamentals. - Chi-cago: APICS, 2017. - 227 p. - Bibliography: p. 204-208. - Cumulative Cource Index: p. 208-227. - 2183-13. http://www.apics.org/creden-tials-education/credentials/cscp

2) APICS Certified Supply Chain Professional: Learning System: Ver-sion 2.2. Module 2. Building Competitive Oper-ations, Planning and Logistics. - Chicago: APICS, 2011. - 301 p. - Bibliography: p. 279-281. - Cumulative Cource Index: p. 282-301. - 2183-13. http://www.apics.org/credentials-education/credentials/cscp

10 Daft, Richard L. Management, 2018. – 863 с. 11 Grant Robert M. Contemporary Strategy Analysis, 2012. - 537 c. 12 Porter M., Bond G. Innovative Capacity and Prosperity: the Next Com-

petitiveness Challenge in the Global Com-petitiveness Report. – NY, 2011.

16



m. kristoferma SeimuSava vagonebis dajgufebis al-

goriTmi si-tuaciisaTvis, roca gansazRvrulia Tavisu-

fali sarkinigzo xazebis raodenoba, rac emsaxureba mane-

virebis samuSaoebis minimizacias. 13

xolo i. ansoffma ki daamuSava datvirTva-gadmot-

virTvis molodinSi myofi gemebis an vagonebis gacden-

ebis statistika da gaaanaliza igi. am naSromSi avtorma

gamoiyena ТМО-s meTodebi (masiuri momsaxurebis Teo-ria). samecniero kvleviTi naSromis angariSis daskvna-

Si Seswavlilia faqtorebi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen

vagonebis gadatvirTvis punqtebSi gatarebul (daxar-

jul) droze, maTi Semosvlis momentidan, datvirTvamde

misvlisa da satvirTo operaciebis dasrulebis Semdeg

transportirebis punqtidan tvirTis gasvlamde.14

troi T. qirbis SemuSavebuli aqvs meToduri debule-

bebi, romlebic exeba dagrovili vagonebis optimaluri

raodenobis dadgenas. naSromi gamoyenebulia TMO (masiuri

momsaxurebis Teoria) meTodebi.15

13 M. Christopher: Logistics & Supply Chain Management: creating val-ueading networks, Prentice Hall 2010.

14 Strategic management, H. Igor Ansoff, Wiley, New York, 1979. No. of-pages: 236.

15 Troy T. Kirby. The Duke of Wellington and the Supply System During the Peninsula War, CreateSpace Independ-ent Publishing Platform 2014.

16 Smith, J.E. and Nau, R.F. «Valuing risky projects: option pricing theory and decision analysis», Management Sci-ence, 41, 795-816, 2015.

15 Troy T. Kirby. The Duke of Wellington and the Supply System During the Peninsula War, CreateSpace Independ-ent Publishing Platform 2014.

17


j. e. smiTi da r. f. nau ganixilaven satvirTo sad-

gurebSi manevrirebis samuSaoebis optimizaciis sakiTx-

ebs. amisaTvis avtorebs gamoyenebuli aqvT TMO-s meTodebi,

grafikul-analitikuri meTodebi, dinamiuri program-

irebis meTodi da sxva.16

TMO–s, statistikis, sistemebis Teoriasa da albaTo-bis Teoriis SemuSavebasa da ganviTarebaSi mniSvnelovani

wvlili Seitanes Semdegi avtorebis naSromebma:

l. trigeorgisi ganixilavs masiuri momsaxurebis Te-

oriis rig amocanebs da albaTobis ganawilebis kanonebs,

romlebic gamoiyeneba satransporto kvanZebis menejmen-

tSi sxvadasxva SemTxvevebis modelirebis dros.17

h. raiffa sakuTar naSromebSi aRweren satransporto

kvanZebis modelirebisa da sxvadasxva saxeobis trans-

portis urTierTqmedebis tipebs, uerTiqerTqmedebis

procesSi warmoqmnili problemebis mogvarebis zogad

midgomebs (masiuri momsaxurebis sistemebi), amocanebis

tipebs da maTi mogvarebisaTvis da gadawyvetilebaTa

miRebisadmi saWiro midgomebis ganmasxvavebel niSnebs.18

evropuli saerTaSoriso konferenciis „evropuli

satransporto politika 2030 wlisTvis“ masalebSi ganx-

ilulia rTuli sistemebis modelebis didi raodenoba

da maTi agebis meTodebi. warmodgenili modelebi gamoi-

16 Smith, J.E. and Nau, R.F. «Valuing risky projects: option pricing theory and decision analysis», Management Sci-ence, 41, 795-816, 2015.

17 Trigeorgis, L. Real Options, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2017.18 Raiffa, H. Decision Analysis, Addison-Wesley, 2018.

18



yeneba teqnikaSi, fizikaSi, kompiuterul qselebSi da so-

cialur-ekonomikuri procesebis modelirebaSi.19

reinfeld n. did yuradRebas aqcevs maTematikuri

modelirebis gamoyenebas, maT Soris transportSic. man

aRwera transportSi sistemis problemebis mogvarebis

ramdenime midgoma. amave gamocemaSi p. potgofs moyavs

masobrivi momsaxurebis sistemis gamoyenebis uamravi

magaliTi, romlebic detalurad aris ganxiluli da aRw-

erili. misi yvela magaliTi emyareba realur eqsperimen-

tebs da saSualebas gvaZlevs maTi Sedegebi gamoviyenoT,

rogorc eqsperimentulad aprobirebuli monacemebi.

xolo j. gigi ki ganixilavs rTuli sistemebis proble-

mebs. am avtorebma, jamSi, SemogvTavazes rTuli siste-

mebis sqemebis aRwerisa da optimizaciis meTodologiis

modelirebebi.20

b. koguti da n. kulatilaka ikvlevdnen imitaciuri

modelirebis sistemebis modelirebas, maTSi investire-

basa da modelirebis avtomatizaciis sakiTxebs. ker-

Zod, naSromSi aRwerilia sistemebis optimizaciis nei-

roqseluri algoriTmebi da investirebis formebi da

wyaroebi.21

19 Supply Chain Councel; White Paper. European transport policy for 2030: Time to Decide.-Luxembourg: Commis-sion of the European Communities, 2019. — 109 p.197.

20 Containerisation International Regional Review: North American Ports -August 2013

21 Kogut, B. and Kulatilaka, N. «Options thinking and platform invest-ments: investing in opportunity», California Management Review, 36: 52-71, 2014.

19


transportSi modelirebis sakiTxebis SeswavlaSi

mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitanes Semdegi mecnierebis naS-

romebma: veisblati b., zildmani v., pocmani m., raia s. da

sxvebma.

j.kuperi, m. brauni, m. petersi sakuTar naSromebSi

swavlobdnen sazRvao transportSi arsebul sakontro-

lo sistemas da ganixiles am sistemis Semowmebis Catare-

bis mravali meTodi, agreTve marTvis sakontrolo

sistemis modelis agebis meTodebi. maT mier SemoTavaze-

buli modelebi agebulia sistemuri midgomis principeb-

ze da Sedgeba modulisgan, maT Soris arsebuli kavSire-

bisgan da aRweren sazRvao transportis marTvis sistemis

zogadi maxasiaTeblebis monacemebs. am avtorebma Seqmnes

TiTqmis sruli logistikuri jaWvis da gaaanalizes igi

rogorc srulad, ise calkeuli kvanZebis mixedviT, rom-

lebSic xdeba sxvadasxva tipis satransporto saSuale-

bebis gadakveTa da urTierTqmedeba.22

u. kopaCino aseve ikvlevs statistikur modelebs da

sazRvao transportSi TandarTuli korelaciis mod-

elebis gamoyenebas roca xdeba portSi gemis momsaxure-

bis xangrZlivobis gamoangariSeba. maT SemogvTavazes

mTeli rigi gafarToebuli algoriTmebi gemis pirsze

yofnis drois modelirebisTvis.23

ronald balou asabuTebs analitikuri-albaTo-

bis modelis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas tvirTbrunvis

22 Cooper J., Browne M., Peters M. European Logistics: markets, man-agement, and strategy. Oxford, Blackwell Pub-lishers, 2011.-331 c.

23 Copacino, William C. Supply Chain Management. The Basics and Be-yond. APICS, 2007. - 204 c.

20



punqtebSi muSaobis optimizaciis mizniT. man SeimuSava

muSaobis efeqturobis Sefasebis mTeli rigi kriteriume-

bi. SemuSavebulia urTierTqmedebis modelebi Semxvedri

transportis nakadebisTvis da tvirTebis gadatvirTvis

sawyobis muSaobisTvis. naSromSi aRniSnulia imitaciuri

modelirebis Sesaxeb, romelic aris arasakmarisad uni-

ficirebuli da modelirebisTvis mouxerxebel tips war-

moadgens.24

amerikeli mkvlevarebi suzan herci da monika ander-

soni aRweren transportis muSaobis maTematikuri mod-

elirebis zogad maxasiaTeblebs.25 xolo j. f. Sapiro ki

gvTavazobs sakonteinero terminalis optimaluri te-

qnikuri parametrebis gansazRvris analitikur models,

romelSic gaTvaliswinebulia optimalurobis rigi kri-

teriumebi.26

r. grosi ganixilavs sarkinigzo da sazRvao trans-

portis urTierTqmedebis maTematikur, programulad

ganxorcielebul models britaneTis portebSi 1945

wlidan dRemde. modelirebis Sedegad man miiRo sakon-

teinero terminalis moculobis damokidebuleba gemis

tevadobasa da gemebis moZraobis intensiurobaze. mecn-

ieri ikvlevs navsadgurSi gemis midgomasa da damuSavebas

24 Ballou, Ronald H. Business Logistics Management. Prentice-Hall In-ternational, Inc. 2009. - 681 c.

25 Hertz, Susanne; Monica Alfredsson. “Strategic development of third party logistics providers”. Industrial Marketing Management (Elsevier Science) 32 (2): Р. 139-149.

26 Shapiro, J.F. Modeling the Supply Chain. DUXBURY, Thomson Learn-ing, 2011. - 586 c.111.

21


(midgoma, gemis gad-motvirTva), agreTve dasawyobebis

operaciebs. namuSevrebi gamoiyeneba situaciuri marTvis

meTodi. SemuSavebuli modeli emyareba tvirTis nakadis

warmodgenas orientirebuli grafis saxiT, tvirTis

gadaadgilebis mimarTulebebis Sesabamisad; mwvervali -

aris tvirTis garkveul mdgomareobaSi arseboba, rkale-

bi (naxevarwre) - aris teqnologiuri gadasvlebi erTi md-

gomareobidan meoreSi. rkalebSi iqmneba tvirTis nakadis

intensivoba, mwvervalebSi - tvirTis gamtarunarianoba.

garda amisa, Seqmnilia gemis damuSavebis procesis marT-

vis sistema. modelis naklovaneba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom

masSi ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli satransporto saSuale-

bebis xarisxi.27

Cineli, koreeli da iaponeli mecnierebi Cen-Cang Cou,

gi-Ti Teo, dong-vuq songi, hui-huang Tai, CerngCvan hvan-

gi, masahiko furuiki sakuTar kvlevebSi ganixilavdnen

aziuri portebis da mimdebare teritoriebis eqsplu-

ataciis optimizaciis meTodebs, konkurentunarianobis

TvalsazrisiT. aRniSnulma avtorebma SeimuSaves mTeli

rigi kriteriumebi satransporto sistemis funqcioni-

rebis efeqturobis Sesafaseblad, agreTve maT mier Se-

moTavazebulia stoqastikuri da arazust logikaze

dafuZnebuli modelebi, romlebic saSualebas iZleva

Sefasdes satransporto sistemis muSaobis efeqturoba.

Cineli mecnierebi ziJian guo, qsiang-kun songi, peng

Jangi ganixilaven portis farglebSi, adaptiuri marT-

vis reJimSi myofi konteineruli qselebis optimizaci-

27 Goss R. British ports policies since 1945// j. Transport, economy and policy. 2008. - № 1, 326 gv.

22



is ramdenime algoriTms. avtorebis mier SemuSavebuli

algoriTmi saSualebas iZleva satransporto qselis

farglebSi moxdes optimaluri marSrutebis efeqturad

identificireba. maT namuSevrebSi damtkicebulia ko-

relaciis arseboba qveyanasa da misi mosaxleobis kontein-

er-brunvas Soris da Semotanili iqna am damokidebulebis

koeficientic. garda amisa, maT mier SemuSavda portis

konteinerbrunvis prognozirebis meTodika. am samuSaoe-

bis Sedegebi saSualebas gvaZlevs mivawodoT ports kon-

teinerebis brunvis savaraudo prognozi. namuSevrebSi

gamoyenebulia maTematikuri statikis meTodebi.

azieli mecnierebi sakuTar naSromebSi erTmaneTs

adareben portis muSaobis efeqturobis gamoTvlis or

algoriTms (analitikuri da stoqastikuri). naSromebSi

aRwerilia am algoriTmebis upiratesobebi da maTi gam-

oyenebis sferoebi. mecnierebs Catarebuli aqvT kvleva

konteinerebis gadazidvisTvis saWiro satransporto

saSualebis saxeobis arCevis Sesaxeb. transportirebis

tipis arCevis dros SemuSavda stoqastikuri modeli,

tvirTis tipisa da rigi parametrebis mixedviT.azielma

mkvlevarebma SeimuSaves agreTve modeli, romelic da-

fuZnebulia mkafio logikis principebze, tvirTis mi-

wodebis sqemis arCevis dros. SemoRebulia satransporto

sqemis funqcionirebis efeqturobis Sefasebis 4 krite-

riumi: Rirebuleba, dro, usafrTxoeba da saimedooba.28

d. kenemansa da a. tverskis moyavT Semxvedri satrans-

porto nakadebis urTierTqmedebis modelebi isini

muSaoben stoqastikur modelebTan procesesatranspor-

28 Trans Press: magazine of VR Ltd. 2017, 2018, 2019

23


to modelirebis aziur kvlevebze dayrdnobiT. siste-

mebis zogadi Teoriis TvalsazrisiT, mkvlevrebma aages

modelebi masiuri momsaxurebis Teoriis gamoyenebiT.29

imitaciuri modelirebis zogadi kiTxvebiT dakave-

bulebi iyvnen: lou averil m., Sennon r., Smidti b., Sra-

iberi t. j. lou averil m. da sxvebi detalurad ganix-

ilaven imitaciuri modelis principebs, iZlevian rig

gansazRvrebebs, varaudoben modelis mSeneblobis prin-

cipebs, gviCveneben, rom stoqastikuri kanonebi gamoi-

yeneba imitaciuri modelirebisTvis; SeimuSaves modelis

verifikaciisaTvis (Semowmeba) eqsperimentebis dagegmvi-

sa da Catarebis wesebi. lou averil m. aseve axorcieleb-

da modelirebis rigi saSualebebis SedarebiT analizs

da imitaciuri modelirebis gamoyenebis mraval praqti-

kul magaliTs. warmodgenili naSromebis avtorebi, gar-

da avtorisa, Cveulebriv eyrdnobian GPSS modelire-bis sistemas. mocemuli sistema gamiznulia imitaciuri

modelebis Sesaqmnelad da modelirebis Casatareblad.

magram, mas aqvs rigi uaryofiTi mxareebi: igi ar iZle-

va modelis vizualuri da grafikuli warmodgenis Ses-

aZleblobas, radgan modeli iqmneba programuli kodis

saxiT. am programis xelmisawvdomi versiebi arasrulia

(sademonstracio versiebi).30

robert kaplanisa da robin kuperis naSromebi exe-

ba masobrivi momsaxurebis sistemebis Teoriis, petris

29 Kahneman, D. and Tversky, A. «Prospect theory: an analysis of deci-sion under risk», Econometrica, 47: 262-90, 2019.

30 Object Management Group / Business Process Management Initiative (OMG BPMN) http: // www.bpmn.org

24



qselebs da imitaciuri modelis zogad sakiTxebs, rac ga-

moyenebulia transportSi. muSaobaSi ZiriTadi aqcenti

gakeTebulia GPSS sistemaSi muSaobis meTodebze. Cvens mier gamoyenebuli naSromi aRwers satransporto siste-

mebis modelebis agebis principebs (gemebis muSaoba buq-

sirebis xazze da navmisadgomTan midgomis da masTan Cab-

mis mowyoba da a.S.). 31

a. estaSma da J. de rusma SeimuSaves satransporto

kvanZis funqcionirebis imitaciuri modeli da Caatares

modelTan muSaobis eqsperimentebis seria. avtorebma

aseve SeimuSaves portis mimdebare sadgurSi tvirTis mi-

wodebis optimizaciis programuli uzrunvelyofa mul-

tiagenturi optimizaciis meTodiT. mocemuli modeli

SemuSavebulia Carlstonis portisaTvis da ganixilavs

portis mimdebare teritoriidan sarkinigzo transpor-

tiT tvirTebis moZraobas gemis mimarTulebiT. modeli-

rebis procesSi daisva tvirTis portSi mitanis optimi-

zaciis amocana. estaSma transportis saqalaqo moZraobis

nakadis imitaciur modelSi gamoiyena moduluri mSeneb-

lobis principi. mTavari yuradReba naSromSi eqceva moZ-

raobis marSrutebis arCevas. naSromSi ar aris ganxiluli

tvirTebis gadaadgilebis dros transportis saxeobebis

urTierTqmedeba.32

31 Robert S. Kaplan and Robin Cooper, Cost & Effect: Using Integrated Cost Systems to Drive Profitability and Per-formance (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2017), 303c.

32 Privatization and regulation of transport infrastructure: guidelines for policymakers and regulators // Edited by A. Estache, G. de Rus, The Washington D.C.: The World Bank, 2010. 332 p

25


portis muSaobis imitaciuri modeli, garkveuli

ele mentebiT, dadgenili moculobiT da am elementebis

ganlagebiT sakuTar naSromSi warmoadgina a. branCma.

mTavar parametrebad avtorma airCia TiToeuli operaci-

is mixedviT damuSavebis dro da navmisadgomebis gam-

tarunarianoba. modelis muSaobis Sedegs warmoadgens

monacemebi elementebis datvirTvis xangrZlivobisa da

Seferxebebis (rigebis) Sesaxeb. amasTan, avtori, sakuTri

imitaciuri modelis SemuSavebis dros, ar iTvaliswineb-

da sawyobSi tvirTis maragis arsebobas. garda amisa, sawy-

isi monacemebad unda gamoyenebuliyo navsadgurisken mi-

mavali gemebis grafiki an Tanmimdevroba, rac yovelTvis

ar aris mosaxerxebeli. avtors ar ganuxilavs ramdenime

gemis erTdrouli midgomis SesaZlebloba, mas ganxilu-

li aqvs imitaciuri modelebis agebis zogadi principe-

bi. naSromSi satransporto sistemebi warmodgenilia,

rogorc ciklurad momuSaveebi. detalurad aRwerilia GPSS da QSB paketebTan muSaoba.33

transportSi modelirebis sakiTxs sakmaod didi

yuradReba daeTmo ucxour literaturaSi, rasac ver

vityviT qarTvel mkvlevarebze. amerikeli, evropeli da

azieli mkvlevarebis mier SemuSavebulia satransporto

sistemebis modelebis mTeli rigi. amavdroulad unda

aRiniSnos, rom ver moiZebna naSromebi satransporto

qselebis, rogorc erTiani satransporto saSualebis

kompleqsuri (integrirebuli) modelebis Sesaxeb, rome-

33 Branch А.Е. Elements of port operation and management/London, New York: Chapman and Hall, 2006. 265 p.2. Cargo Systems № 7 2003

26



lic moicavs sarkinigzo, saavtomobilo, sahaero da saz-

Rvao transportis urTierTqmedebis procesebs.

gavecaniT bevr naSroms imitaciuri modelirebis Ses-

axeb.

imitaciuri modelireba sakmaod efeqturi da Tana-

medrove instrumentia, romelic saSualebas iZleva, mox-

des transportis muSaobis optimizacia. magram, es Tema

dRes, Tanamedrove teqnologiebis arsebobisa da glo-

balizebuli satransporto qselebis pirobebisaTvis qa-

rTveli mkvlevarebis mier Zalian Seuswavlelia, xolo

80-iani wlebis mTeli rigi kvlevebi ukve moralurad moZ-

velda.

amjerad, saWiro gaxda Tanamedrove ekonomikur

situaciaSi Camoyalibebuli gamowvevebis Seswavla, ganx-

ilva da gaanalizeba.

27

Tavi 1. sakonteinero gadazidvebis ganviTarebis dinamika da satransporto qselis

kvanZebSi sazRvao da sxva saxis transportis urTierTqmedebis safuZvlebi

Tavi 1. sakonteinero gadazidvebisTavi 1. sakonteinero gadazidvebis

ganviTarebis dinamika daganviTarebis dinamika da

satransporto qselis kvanZebSisatransporto qselis kvanZebSi

sazRvao da sxva saxis transportis sazRvao da sxva saxis transportis

urTierTqmedebis safuZvlebiurTierTqmedebis safuZvlebi

1. 1 msoflio gadazidvebSi1. 1 msoflio gadazidvebSikonteinerebiT gadazidvis ganviTarebiskonteinerebiT gadazidvis ganviTarebis

Tanamedrove tendenciebiTanamedrove tendenciebi

msoflio satvirTo nakadebi koncentrirebulia

msoflios sam savaWro-samrewvelo centrs Soris mimar-

Tulebaze, esaa: evropa, CrdiloeTi amerika da azia-wyn-

ari okeane, agreTve am centrebis SigniT arsebul mimar-

Tulebebze.

sxvadasxva mizezis gamo, tvirTebis nakadebi ufro

midrekilia sazRvao transportirebisken. magaliTad, ev-

rokavSiris sagareo savaWro tvirTebis daaxloebiT 70%

sazRvao transportiT gadaitvirTeba. CrdiloeT ameri-

kasa da azia-wynari okeanis regionSi sazRvao transpor-

tiT gadaziduli tvirTebis wili kidev ufro metia.

msoflioSi tvirTis daaxloebiT 68%-is gadazid-

va konteinerebiT xdeba. konteinerebis tvirTbrunvis

globaluri zrda weliwadSi 350 milion TEU-s34 uaxlo-vdeba da weliwadSi daaxloebiT 10-12%-is farglebSi

meryeobs.

34 TEU – Twenty Foot Equivalent Unit, 20-futiani konteineris eqvivalenti. xelmisawvdomia:

28



konteinerizaciis procesi sazRvao seqtorSi 1950-

iani wlebis bolos daiwyo. es iyo maRali xarisxis sa-

transporto momsaxurebaze moTxovnilebis gazrdaze

pasuxi da agreTve 1950-ian wlebSi saqonlis msoflio

gadazidvebis moculobis zrdaze. mas Semdeg konteiner-

izaciis process aqvs zrdis mdgradi tendencia.

amave periodSi iqna SemoRebuli erTiani unificire-

buli taris cneba. erTiani unificirebuli taris gamoy-

eneba dainerga msoflio vaWrobaSi da mis upiratesobas

warmoadgens:

- miwodebis siCqare,

- transportirebis simartive,

- tvirTis usafrTxoebis maRali xarisxi,

- mcire da gafantuli tvirT-nakadebis masStabebis

konsolidaciis gziT miRebuli ekonomia,

- gadazidvebis tarifebis dabali Rirebuleba sa-

transporto ciklis Semcirebis gamo.

garda amisa, konteinerebis transportirebaSi gamoy-

enebuli egreT wodebuli xazovani momsaxureba mosaxerx-

ebelia gemTmflobelebisTvis da tvirTebis gadamzidav-

ebisTvis, radgan es saSualebas iZleva gemebi daitvirTos

orive mimarTulebiT. rodesac xdeba nayari da Txevadi

tvirTebis gadazidva, gemi xSirad brundeba dautvir-

Tavi, radgan Znelia tvirTis povna ukana gzaze, es ki, ra

Tqma unda, damatebiT xarjebs iwvevs gemTmflobeli kom-

paniebisTvis.

zemoxsenebulma upiratesobebma uzrunvelyo kon-

teinerizaciis swrafi gavrceleba mTel msoflioSi. sa-

konteinero gadazidvebis intensiuri zrda dafiqsirda

gasuli saukunis jer 1950-ian, xolo Semdeg 1970-80-ian

29



wlebSi. msoflioSi mxolod 75 navsadguri iyo, romelTac

SeeZloT konteinerebis damuSaveba, da maTi meSveobiT ga-

daizida 4,3 milioni TEU-mde. 1980 wels ukve arsebobda 269 aseTi navsadguri, xolo konteinerebiT tvirTebis

transportirebis moculoba gaizarda 34.8 milion TEU-mde.

amJamad sakonteinero gadazidvebis msoflio bazarze

gamoCnda transSifmentis (gemidan gemze gadatvirTvebi)

mkafiod gamoxatuli portebi. ase, pusanis navsadguris

administraciam 2015 wels miiRo gadawyvetileba, ara mx-

olod Seamciros saporto mosakreblebi, aramed kompen-

sacia gadauxados im xazebs (mimarTulebebs), romlebic

gazrdian portis meSveobiT transportirebis (transSif-

mentis) moculobas 3% -iT.

garda amisa, gamoCnda egreT wodebuli satransporto

habebi. habebis muSaobis Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb arsebu-

li ganmartebebis safuZvelze, CamovayalibeT habis Sem-

degi ganmartebebi:

habi aris:

1. satransporto qselis didi kvanZi, romelic mde-

bareobs magistraluri satransporto mimarTule-

bebis gadakveTaze, emsaxureba am mimarTulebas da

habis mimdebare teritoriebs;

2. mravalfunqciuri Tanamedrove terminalis komp-

leqsi, romelic funqcionirebs rogorc lojis-

tikuri satransporto gamanawilebeli centri,

uzrunvelyofs sxvadasxva saxis satransporto sa-

Sualebebis koordinaciasa da urTierTqme-debas,

romlebic asruleben savaldebulo procedurebis

da sxvadasxva servisebis srul kompleqss: momsax-

30



urebas, komerciul, saganmanaTleblo, gasarTob

servisebs da sxva;

3. saerTaSoriso bazarze kargad pozicionirebuli

saqmiani satransporto centri, romelic flobs

muSaobis konkurentunarian teqnologiebs, Tana-

medrove sawarmoo infrastruqturas, kargad mowes-

rigebul logistikur sistemas, profesiul menej-

ments, warmomadgenlobiTi ofisebis moqmed qsels,

muSaobs aRiarebuli iuridiuli formiT da aqvs sa-

tarifo politikis gansaz-Rvris SesaZleblobebi.

Cl-online-is monacemebis Tanaxmad, 2025 wels kontein-er-mzidebis msoflio floti gaizrdeba 1 018 420 TEU da miaRwevs 8 189 833 TEU. 2030 wlisTvis ki msoflios sakon-teinero floti 10 milion TEU gadaaWarbebs.

fideruli (miwodebis) segmenti aseve ver igrZnobs

deficits. 2025 wlisTvis mxolod CineTis gemTmSenebeli

qarxnebidan gamova 110-ze meti konteinermzidi gemi, ro-

melTa saSualo tevadoba Seadgens 1100 TEU. 2019 wlis 28 martis mdgomareobiT msoflioSi yvelaze didi kontein-

ermzidi gemi Cosco Guangzhou - 95,000 TEU Seadgens. Chine Shipping Container Line-is eqspertebis gamoTv-

lebis mixedviT, rodesac xdeba 1 800 - 3 000 TEU tevado-bis gemebidan konteiner-mzid gemebze gadasvla, romel-

Ta tevadoba Seadgens 5 600 TEU, aziasa da evropas Soris gadazidvebis dros erTi konteineris transportirebis

TviTRirebuleba SeiZleba Semcirdes 150-200 dolariT.

xolo damatebiTi mogeba 9 000 TEU tevadobis gemebiT konteinerebis transportirebis pirobebSi iqneba 300-400

aSS dolari erTeulze (konteinerze) gadaangariSebiT.

31



satvirTo (safraxto) tarifebis swrafi zrdis Semdeg,

romelic 2003 wels daiwyo, amJamad SeiniSneba tvirTebis

safraxto ganakveTis vardna; amgvarad, 2015 wlis seqtem-

bris mdgomareobiT, safraxto kontraqtebis Rirebuleba

2015 wlis dasawyisTan SedarebiT (gemebis tevadobis 2015

wlis maCveneblis mixedviT) Semcirda saSualod 22%-iT.

2015 wels msoflio skonteinero gadazidvebis biznesis

brunvam 1 trilion dolars miaRwia - sazRvao, terminal-

uri da lojistikuri operaciebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

dRes msoflioSi konteinerebiT gadaizideba sa-

konteinero tvirTebis daaxloebiT 55%. 2025 wlisT-

vis mocemuli maCvenebeli arsebulis 70%-is farglebSi

aris prognozirebuli. magaliTad, izrdeba konteiner-

mzidebis floti; intensiuri zrda moxda agreTve 2000-

2015 wlebSi, rodesac 2000 welTan SedarebiT, flotiis

Semadgeneli erTeulebis raodenoba 200%-iT gaizarda.

konteinermzidebis flotis raodenobam Seadgina 14.3

milioni erTeuli. gafarTovda specialuri daniSnulebis

konteinermzidebis flotic.

uaxloes wlebSi eqspertebi elodebian sakontein-

ero gadazidvebis zrdas saSualod 7.7%-iT yovelwli-

urad, gansakuTrebiT azia-wynari okeanis regionSi, rac

metwilad ganpirobebulia CineTisa da indoeTis ekono-

mikuri da industriuli (samrewvelo) zrdiT. 2015 wlis ESCAP-is (The United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific -gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis ekonomikuri da socialuri komisia) prognozis mixedviT

msoflio sakonteinero gadazidvebi miaRweven 577 mil-

ion TEU-s.

32



diagrama 1. msoflioSi mTavari sakonteinero

gadazidvebSi evropis, CrdiloeT amerikisa da

azia-wynari okeanes wili

evropis wili

CrdiloeT amerikis wiliazia-wynari okeanes wilidanarCeni

amJamad msoflioSi mTavari sakonteinero gadazid-

vebi modis evropaze, CrdiloeT amerikasa da azia-wynar

okeaneze. mocemuli centrebis wili msoflio kontei-

nerebis tvirTbrunvis 95%-s Seadgens. amave dros, aziaze

modis msoflio sakonteinero brunvis 59% , evropis wili

Seadgens 23%-s, xolo CrdiloeT amerikis wili 13%-s (di-

agrama 1).

saerTaSoriso sakonteinero gadazidvebis bazris

ganviTarebis tendenciebis analizze dayrdnobiT, Sesa-

Zlebelia Semdegi daskvnebis gamotana:

- SeimCneva msoflio sakonteinero gadazidvebis

brunvis moculobis stabiluri zrda;

- izrdeba saqonlis konteinerizacia;

- izrdeba gemebis tonaJi,

- mcirdeba flotis saSualo asaki;

33



- viTardeba erovnuli flotebi;

- SeimCneva ryevebi fraxtebis ganakveTebSi;

- viTardeba lojistikuri centrebi da habebi.

amgvarad, globaluri sakonteinero gadazidvebis ba-

zari msoflioSi yvelaze swrafad mzardi satransporto

bazaria. bazris ganviTarebis tendenciebis analizi sa-

Sualebas gvaZlevs gavakeToT prognozi da gaviTvalis-

winoT misi Semdgomi zrda mTel msoflioSi. sakonteine-

ro gadazidvebis moculoba evropas, CrdiloeT amerikas

da azia-wynari okeanis regionebs Soris mudmivad izrde-

ba da amavdroulad izrdeba Semosavlebi am satranspor-

to industriidan. saqarTvelos geografiuli mdebareo-

ba gansazRvravs satranzito servisebis ganviTarebisa da

satransporto momsaxurebis eqsportis aucileblobas.

Tavdapirvelad saqarTveloSi sakonteinero ga-

dazidvebi samxedro miznebisTvis gamoiyeneboda. qarTu-

li satransporto koridorebis sakonteinero gadazid-

vebisaTvis aqtiuri gamoyeneba gasuli saukunis 60-iani

wlebis dasawyisSi moxda. 80-iani wlebis Sua periodisTvis

ssrk-s sazRvao satransporto flots ukve hqonda 40-ze

meti sakonteinero gemi. 1985 wels qarTuli portebis sa-

konteinero brunvam Seadgina 2,5 milioni TFE. sakonteinero

gadazidvebis brunvis zrdam 1984 welTan SedarebiT Sead-

gina 25%, rac ramdenjerme aRemateba msoflio maCveneb-

lebs (8-10%). sazRvao sakonteinero gadazidvebis zrda

ganxorcielda baTumisa (+34%) da foTis (+23%) portebis

gavliT konteinerebis gatarebis gazrdis meSveobiT.

sarkinigzo transportiT saerTaSoriso gadazidve-

bis meSveobiT gadatvirTulia 0.726 milioni TEU, ramac Seadgina 9.2%-iani zarda. gadazidvebis yvelaze mniS-

34



vnelovani zrda dafiqsirda navTobproduqtebSi (5.4-

jer), samSeneblo masalebSi (2.8-jer), qaRaldis gadazid-

vaSi (2.5-jer), samrewvelo saqonelSi (2.2-jer), qimiuri

nawarmSi (2-jer), xe-tyis tvirTebSi (+ 70%), sasursaTo

tvirTebSi (+ 58%), Sav, ferad metalurgiasa, feroSe-

nadnobebsa da liTonnakeTobaSi (+86%), mowyobilobebSi

(+95%). moculobis maqsimaluri Semcireba dafiqsirda

(konteinerebis meSveobiT sasuqebis gadazidvaSi (-47%).

dRes saqarTvelos mTavari savaWro partniorebi ar-

ian evropa (44%) da TurqeTi, Semdeg modis azia-wynari

okeane (34%) da aSS (12%), samxreTi da centraluri amer-

ika (8%), afrika da avstralia (maT Soris axli zelandia

da okeania) 1%. transportis sxva saxeobebTan SedarebiT,

sazRvao transportze modis sakonteinero gadazidvebis

ufro didi moculobebi. 2017 wels sazRvao transpor-

tze modioda saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso kavSirebSi yve-

la sakonteinero gadazidvebis 58%, 2001 wels aRniSnuli

maCvenebeli Seadgenda 65%-s, xolo 2002 wels - 71%-s.

2018-2019 wlebSi igi ganagrZobda zrdas.

saqarTvelos sazRvao portebSi yvela sakonteinero

gadazidvebis 3/4 gadmotvirTva xdeba avtotransportze.

baTumisa da fineTis portebis meSveobiT xdeba tvirTebis

gadamuSaveba da avtotransportiT xdeba TiTqmis yvela

saxis konteinerebiT gadazidva.

saavtomobilo transportiT mniSvnelovnad naklebi

tvirTis gadazidva xorcieldeba. es, pirvel rigSi, daka-

vSirebulia regionSi arsebul ganuviTarebel sagzao in-

frastruqturasTan, rac ar exeba saqarTvelos. saubaria

mezobel qveynebze - somxeTsa da azerbaijanze. amdenad,

35



amierkavkasiis regionSi konteinerebis umetesoba trans-

portirebulia rkinigzis meSveobiT.

sakonteinero brunvis ZiriTadi nawili modis Savi

zRvis auzze. imis miuxedavad, rom azia-wynari okeanis

regioni msoflioSi yvelaze swrafad mzardi sakontein-

ero gadazidvebis bazaria, saqarTvelos portebis wili

qveynis mTliani sakonteinero gadazidvebis brunvaSi

ukiduresad mcirea; portebis meSveobiT ganxorcielebu-

li importi 4.4-jer naklebia, vidre importi transpor-

tis sxva saxeobebis meSveobiT.

Cveni prognoziT, imisTvis, rom saqarTvelom SeZlos

azia-wynari okeanis sakonteinero gadazidvebis bazarze

Sesvla, rogorc SesamCnevma monawilem, aucilebelia

sazRvao sakonteinero gadazidvebis moculobis gazrda

portebis meSveobiT 7 milion TFE-mde, rac Seadgens azia-wy-

nari okeanis sakonteinero brunvis daaxloebiT 5%-s.

germanuli sakonsultacio kompaniis TransCare-is prognozis Tanaxmad, saqarTveloSi konteinerebis

gadzidvis mTlianma moculobam 2022 wels SeiZleba

Seadginos da miaRwios minimum 7 milion TEU-s, 2015 wels arsebul daaxloebiT 2.5 milion TEU-sTan SedarebiT. prognozirebuli 7 milionidan, daaxloebiT 5 milioni TEU, eqspertebis SefasebiT, portebis meSveobiT iqne-ba gadatvirTuli. amavdroulad, saqarTvelos Soreuli

aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT konteinerebis gadazidva

dagegmilia 1-1,2 milioni TEU-s moculobiT, aqedan 1 mil-ioni TEU Savi zRvisa da kaspiis portebis gavliT.

Sav zRvaSi konteineruli tvirTebis nakadis Semd-

gomi zrda garTulebulia garemos ekologiasTan dakav-

Sirebuli seriozuli SezRudvebiT, Sav zRvasa da kaspiis

36



zRvebSi ar aris sakmarisi Tavisufali teritoriebi, rom-

lebic Sesaferisia saporto simZlavreebis ganviTarebi-

sTvis, amasTanave bosforis srutis gamtarunarianobac

SezRudulia.

azia-wynari okeaniis baseinis qveynebSi konteiner-

ebis gadazidvis moculobis gazrdisTvis aucilebe-

lia satransporto infrastruqturis ganviTareba da

transportis sxvadasxva saxeobebis urTierTqmedebis

optimizacia. konteinerebis nakadebis Semdgomi zrda

unda moxdes saqarTvelos Savi zRvispireTis, rogorc

geografiulad yvelaze xelsayreli regionis teritori-

is satransporto sistemis ganviTarebis Sedegad.

1.2. satransporto gadazidvis1.2. satransporto gadazidvisfasis formireba sabazrofasis formireba sabazro

ekonomikis pirobebSi ekonomikis pirobebSi

am paragrafSi ganvixilavT sabazro ekonomikis

pirobebSi satransporto momsaxurebaze faswarmoqmnas.

cnobilia, rom mis safuZvels miwodebisa da moTxovnis

kanonebi warmoadgens. miwodeba da moTxovna erTad gan-

sazRvravs mravali saqonlisa da momsaxurebis fass. fasi

ki is signalia, romelic resursebis ganawilebas warmar-

Tavs. Tuki sabazro ekonomikas adam smitiseuli `uxila-

vi xeli~ marTavs, maSin ekonomikuri orkestris sadiri-

Jorod igi swored fasebis Rilaks iyenebs.

bazris kontrahentebi dapirispirebuli interese-

bis fonze, cdiloben Camoayalibon wonasworoba miwode-

ba-moTxovnas Soris, romlis Sedegicaa konkurentuli

37



fasebi. faswarmoqmnis msgavsi sistema awesrigebs urT-

ierTdamoukidebeli gamyidvelebisa da myidvelebis

garigebebs, magram miuRebelia jgufSi gaerTianebuli

asocirebuli pirebis mimarT, romlis farglebSic ganx-

orcielebul garigebebze zegavlenas axdens mxolod

jgufis wevrTa Soris arsebuli urTierTobebis xasiaTi.

satransporto gadazidvis fasi - Sigasafirmo fa-

sia. satransporto gadazidvis fasis fesvebi firmis

struqturuli qvedanayofebs Soris ekonomikur urT-

ierTobebSi unda veZeboT. Tu ganvixilavT kompanias,

rogorc biznes-erTeulebis erTobliobas, romelTagan

TiToeuli maTgani asrulebs Tavis sakuTar funqcias da

Seaqvs Tavisi wili saerTo damatebiT RirebulebaSi, maSin

cxadi xdeba, rom erTi kompaniis farglebSi mimdinareobs

saqonlisa da momsaxurebis mudmivi gacvla. Sida (saanga-

riSsworebo) fasi, romliTac anxorcieleben qvedanay-

ofebi saqonlisa da momsaxurebis gacvlas urTierTSo-

ris satransfero fasis saxeliT aris cnobili es sistema

moiTxovs kompaniis saqmianobis danawevrebas pasuxismge-

blobis centrebad da TiToeuli maTganis efeqtiano-

bis gansazRvras calkcalke. satranspor-to gadazidvis

faswarmoqmna im wesebis erTobliobaa, romelsac bizne-

subieqtebi iyeneben, raTa gaanawilon erToblivad gamo-

muSavebuli Semosavali pasuxismgebel centrebs Soris.

satransporto gadazidvis faswarmoqmnis ZiriTadi

principebi ganxilulia r. entonis da j. dirdenis naS-

romSi. maT daamtkices, rom transferuli faswarmoqmna

gansazRvravs sawarmoTa Soris saqonlisa da momsaxure-

bis miwodebis moculobas da sixSires, zegavlenas axdens

Semosavlebsa da danaxarjze, radgan gamyidvelisTvis igi

38



Semosavalia, xolo myidvelisaTvis-danaxarji, amasTan

es fasi TiToeuli sawarmos integraciul struqturaSi

monawileobidan finansuri Sedegis gaangariSebis Sesa-

Zleblobas iZleva.

satransporto gadazidvis faswarmoqmnis problemis

ekonomikur-maTematikuri interpretacia SemuSavebuli

aqvs j. xirSleifers, romelmac ganixila orproduqtiani

firma. j. xirSleiferis kvlevebma daamtkica, rom sa-

transporto gadazidvis faswarmoqmna unda Seesamebodes

rogorc calkeuli sawarmos, ise im integrirebuli arxis

strategias, romelSic igi aris gaerTianebuli. SeiZleba

gamoiyos sawarmoTa mier satransporto gadazidvis fase-

bis gamoyenebis mizanTa ori didi jgufi: korporaciis

Sida da gare motivebi. satransporto gadazidvis fasebis

gamoyenebis Sida korporaciis mizania:

• saerTo mogebaSi qvedanayofebis wvlilis gan-

sazRvra da materialuri stimulirebis sistemis

SemuSaveba;

• qvedanayofebis muSaobis efeqtianobis da pro-

duqciis konkurentunarianobis amaRleba.

es ukavSirdeba im garemoebas, rom struqturul qve-

danayofebSi Zlierdeba warmoebis danaxarjebis Semcire-

bis da produqciis xarisxis amaRlebis stimuli. msoflio

ekonomikis praqtikaSi cnobilia satransporto gadazid-

vis faswarmoqmnis 3 saxe:

• sabazro fasebis safuZvelze - „xelgaSlilobis“

principi;

• „TviTRirebuleba +“,

• saxelSekrulebo fasebi.

39



sabazro fasebis safuZvelze satransporto gadazid-

vis fasebis Camoyalibeba ufro metad gamoiyeneba jgufis

decentralizaciis maRali donis pirobebSi. am dros qve-

danayofebi Tavisufalni arian arCevanSi: miawodon pro-

duqcia gare momxmarebels, Tu Sida momxmarebels.

dRes msoflio satransporto gadazidvebis praqti-

kaSi gavrcelebulia meTodi `TviTRirebuleba +~. igi ga-

moiyeneba saboloo profiluri momsaxurebis warmoebaSi

Cabmuli yvela qvedanayofis mier. am meTodiT danaxar-

jebs emateba Sesabamisi danamati, romelic asaxavs moge-

bis normas produqciis erTeulze.

satransporto gadazidvis fasebi holdingebis mier

gamoiyeneba menejerTa qcevis motivaciis amaRlebis

miznebisaTvis, agreTve dagegmvis, gadawyvetilebis miRe-

bis, resursebis ganawilebis saqmianobasTan dakavSirebiT

biznes-subieqtis saukeTeso interesebidan gamomdinare.

korporaciis gare motivebi saerTaSoriso satrans-

porto gadazidvis faswarmoqmnas exeba, romelic uka-

vSirdeba organizaciis mier dadebul fasebs, roca

saqoneli an momsaxureba gadaaqvT amave organizaciasTan

dakavSirebul struqturebSi, romlebic gansxvavebu-

li sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobiT regulirdeba. moge-

ba koncentrirdeba im kontrolirebad struqturebSi,

romelnic imyofebian SeRavaTiani dabegvris pirobebis

mqone qveynebSi. Sedegad miiReba sagadasaxado tvirTis

Semcireba da saerTo mogebis zrda. warmoebuli saqoneli

realizdeba Semcirebuli fasebiT sawarmoze, romelic

imyofeba SeRavaTiani dabegvris pirobebis mqone qveya-

naSi. SemdgomSi es ukanaskneli axdens am saqonlis real-

izacias normalur, sabazro fasebSi.

40



SesaZloa arsebobdes sxva variantic, rodesac sa-

transporto momsaxurebis mwarmoebeli kompania imyofe-

ba dabegvris ufro SeRavaTian pirobebSi. amitom miyidis

savaWro sawarmos metad maRal fasSi, amiT mogebis kon-

centracia mwarmoebeli sawarmos doneze xdeba da Rebu-

lobs sagadasaxado SeRavaTs.

analogiuri meqanizmis erTi qveynis farglebSi gam-

oyeneba SesaZlebelia maSin, roca mogebis koncentracia

xdeba im kompaniaSi, romelzedac vrceldeba sagadasaxa-

do dabegvris SeRavaTiani pirobebi. Semdeg akumulire-

buli mogeba SesaZloa gadanawildes jgufis danarCen

monawileebze fuladi saxsrebis, dividendebis, sesxebis

gacemis, sawesdebo kapitalis gadidebis da sxva gziT.

saxelmwifo satransporto gadazidvis faswarmoqm-

nas sakuTari fiskaluri interesebis darRvevad ganix-

ilavs im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki faswarmoqmna miznad isaxavs

sagadasaxado tvirTis Semcirebas. aseT SemTxvevebSi

erovnul kanonmdeblobaSi Tu saerTaSoriso SeTanxme-

bebSi, saxelmwifo adgens normebs, riTac koreqtirebas

ukeTebs sagadasaxado bazas.

gadasaxadebis optimizaciis miznebisaTvis satrans-

porto gadazidvis faswarmoqmnis gamoyenebis pirvel

mcdelobas adgili hqonda jer kidev 1897 wels, rode-

sac Zmebma vestebma Seqmnes saxelSekrulebo urTierTo-

bebis sistema sakuTar kompaniebs Soris ise, rom mogebis

udides nawils ofSorul iurisdiqciebSi tovebdnen.

satransporto gadazidvis faswarmoqmnis Sesaxeb we-

sebi kanonmdeblobaSi gaTvaliswinebul iqna 1915 wels

did britaneTSi, 1917 wels aSS-Si. miuxedavad amisa, es

Tema ar iyo ase aqtualuri. misadmi interesi gaizarda

41



1960 wels, radgan am droidan msoflio ekonomikaSi warm-

arTveli Zala xdeba transerovnuli korporaciebi.

1970 wlidan qveynebma daiwyes satransporto gadazid-

vis faswarmoqmnis sagadasaxado sakiTxebis saerTaSori-

so regulireba. 1979 wels, xolo Semdeg 1984 wels eTgo-m gamosca egreT wodebuli `rekomendaciebi satranspor-

to gadazidvis fasTan dakavSirebiT~ (Guide to the cost of transportation and taxes). es rekomendaciebi ganaxlebul iqna 1995 wels da mas Semdeg axldeba regularulad. eTgo-s

modeluri konvencia Tavdapirvelad gamoiyeneboda or-

magi dabegvris Tavidan asacileblad. droTa ganmavloba-

Si misi moqmedebis sfero kidev ufro gafarTovda da mo-

gebis gadasaxadisagan Tavis aridebis sakiTxebic moicva.

evrokomisiam CarTo transferuli faswarmoqmna

qcevis kodeqsSi (`Codes of conduct~ by the EU Council). man Sei-muSava `Guidelines on low-value-adding intra-group services~, rome-lic miRebul iqna 17 maiss, 2011 wels. gaero-m gamoaqveyna

angariSi 1988 wels ` International Income Taxation and Developing Countries~. eTgo-s modelur konvenciaSi Setanil iqna cvl-ilebebi 2017 wels. igi daukavSirda proeqts BEPS(Base erosion and profit shifting, BEPS)- sagadasaxado bazis eroziis da dabegvrisagan mogebis gadatanis samoqmedo gegmas.

am proeqtma gaaerTiana saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis

Zalisxmeva mogebis ofSorebSi gadatanis da mogebis ga-

dasaxadis Tavidan acilebis problemasTan brZolaSi.

2017 wlis mdgomareobiT masSi 110 qveyana monawileobs,

amasTan man Seiqmna `inkluziuri safuZveli~, ganviTare-

badi qveynebis proeqtSi CarTvisaTvis.

saerTaSoriso satransporto gadazidvebis faswar-

moqmna saqarTveloSi aqtualuria 2011 wlis 1 ianvridan,

42



roca qarTul kanonmdeblobaSi pirvelad ganisazRvra

am TemasTan dakavSirebuli principebi, Tumca uSualo

instruqcia miRebul iqna 2013 wlis 18 dekembers. am Te-

mas eZRvneba saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsis 126-129

muxlebi da saqarTvelos finansTa ministris 2013 wlis

18 dekembris N423 brZaneba. igi dafuZnebulia ekonomiku-

ri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizaciis 2010

wlis satransfero faswarmoqmnis saxelmZRvanelos mi-

TiTebebze, romelic mieZRvna multi-nacionalur kom-

paniebs da sagadasaxado organoebs (eTgos saxelmZRvane-

lo). eTgo-s saxelmZRvanelo sarekomendacio xasiaTs

atarebs, magram praqtikaSi igi warmoadgens kontroli-

rebuli operaciebis Sefasebis saerTaSoriso standarts.

eTgo-s modeluri konvenciis mixedviT ganisazRvra aso-

cirebuli pirebi. asocirebul pirebad CaiTvlebian kom-

paniebi Semdegi pirobebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi:

• Tu sawarmo, pirdapir an iribad monawileobs sxva

sawarmos kontrolSi, marTvaSi an kapitalSi.

• erTi da igive piri pirdapir an iribad monawileobs

orive sawarmos marTvaSi, kontrolsa da kapitalSi.

saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsSi msgavsi urTier-

Tobebis aRsaniSnavad SemoRebulia termini urTierT-

damokidebuli pirebi. gansazRvrul iqna kontrolire-

badi operacia - garigebis erT-erTi mxare warmoadgens

SeRavaTiani dabegvris mqone/ofSoruli qveynis rezi-

dents; an es aris saTao ofissa da mis mudmiv dawesebule-

bas Soris ganxorcielebuli operacia. kontrolirebuli

operaciebi moicavs rogorc saqonlisa da momsaxurebis

gayidvis an Sesyidvis operacias, finansur operacias, an

aramaterialuri aqtivTan dakavSirebul operacias. saqa-

43



rTvelos Semosavlebis samsaxuri kontrolirebuli op-

eraciebis Sefasebisas misaRebad Tvlis fasebs, romelic

dgindeba `xelgaSlilobis~ principis safuZvelze.

daskvnis saxiT gvinda SevajamoT da vTqvaT, rom

saxelmwifoebrivma regulaciebma satransporto ga-

dazidvebis faswarmoqmnis sferoSi xeli unda Seuwyos

saerTaSoriso vaWrobis ganviTarebas, investiciebis wax-

alisebas, sagadasaxado organoebs Soris konfliqtebis

Semcirebas, zogadad qveynis ekonomikur zrdas. satrans-

porto gadazidvebis faswarmoqmnis sistema struqturu-

li qvedanayofebis motivaciis gazrdis mizniT gamosay-

enebelia saqarTveloSic.

1.3. konteinerebis gadaadgilebis magistraluri 1.3. konteinerebis gadaadgilebis magistraluri

mimarTulebebis gadakveTis adgilebSi ganlagebuli mimarTulebebis gadakveTis adgilebSi ganlagebuli

portebis konkurentunarianobis da mimzidvelobis portebis konkurentunarianobis da mimzidvelobis

kriteriumebi tvirTebis sxvadasxva saxiskriteriumebi tvirTebis sxvadasxva saxis

transportiT gadazidvis drostransportiT gadazidvis dros

satransporto qselis nebismieri nawilis, marSr-

ut e bis konkurentunarianoba damokidebulia mis yvela

Semadgenel komponentze. konteinerebis brunvis umete-

si nawili portebSi xdeba, amitom navsadgurebi warmoad-

genen sakonteinero gadazidvebis bazarze konkurenciis

yvelaze mniSvnelovan rgols.

warsulSi portebs Soris konkurencia ar arsebobda.

navsadguris arCevis dros, gadamzidvelebi pirvel rig-

Si xelmZRvanelobdnen misi adgilmdebareobiT tvirTis

daniSnulebis adgilTan mimarTebaSi. portis mier gaweu-

44



li momsaxurebebis raodenoba SezRuduli iyo, magram

mniSvnelovnad ar gansxvavdeboda. amJamad arsebobs mo-

nopolisti portebi, romlebic warmoadgenen erTaderT

SesaZlo damakavSirebel rgols nebismieri satranspor-

to qselSi. amgvari portebis muSaobis konsolidireba mx-

olod imperatiulad kontrolirebads warmoadgens.

amJamad portebis umetesoba moqmedebs uwyveti

konkurenciis pirobebSi. es ganpirobebulia imiT, rom

isini funqcionireben satransporto qselTan kavSirSi,

romelic maT gars akravs. qseli tvirTis gadamzidavs sa-

Sualebas aZlevs gamoiyenos sxvadasxva marSruti tvir-

Tis daniSnulebis bolo adgilamde misatanad, agreTve

gamoiyenos sxvadasxva alternatiuli porti.

portebi, rogorc satransporto qselis kvanZebi,

iZulebulni arian, ibrZolon tvirTebis gadazidvisTvis.

satransporto qselis SigniT warmoiqmneba konkurentu-

li garemo, rac, Tavis mxriv, TiToeuli konkretuli por-

tisagan moiTxovs gemTmflobelisTvis sakuTri portis

mimzidvelobis gazrdas.

konkurenciis donis TvalsazrisiT, msoflios sa-

transporto qseli ar aris erTgvarovani: misi sxva-

dasxva segmentebi xasiaTdeba konkurenciis sxvadasxva

masStabebiT, xolo bazris monawileebs aqvT konkuren-

tunarianobis gansxvavebuli done. portebi SeiZleba dai-

yos rogorc:

- konkurenciaSi myofebi saerTaSoriso satranspor-

to bazarze;

- konkurenciaSi myofebi qveynis Sida bazarze;

- romlebic ar arian CarTuli konkurenciaSi.

45



konkurenciis gansakuTrebuli tipebi moicavs konku-

rencias satransporto portebsa da mimwodebel portebs

Soris.

sabazro konkurenciis fundamenturi principia momx-

mareblisaTvis produqtis an momsaxurebis mimzidvelo-

bis uzrunvelyofa. amasTan dakavSirebiT, sainteresoa

Semdeg kiTxvebze pasuxi:

- ras warmoadgens portis mimzidveloba potenciuri

ucxoeli gadazidavebis TvalTaxedviT?

- rogor unda Sefasdes saqarTvelos Savi zRvispire-

Tis portebis mimzidveloba tvirTebis potenciuri

gadazidvebisaTvis?

bolo aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi qarTuli navsad-

gurebis mimzidvelobis sakiTxi satransporto sazoga-

doebis mniSvnelovani yuradRebis qveS moeqca.

1990 wels, gaerTianebuli erebis organizaci-

am da saerTaSoriso savaWro organizaciam saporto

konkurenciis tipebis klasifikaciaSi Seitanes:

1. portebis jgufebs Soris konkurencia (jgufebi

ganlagebulia sxvadasxva sanapiroze), magaliTad,

Sanxai-koaSingi;

2. konkurencia sxvadasxva qveynis portebs Soris, mag-

aliTad, pusani da iaponiis portebi;

3. qveynis SigniT arsebul calkeul portebs Soris

konkurencia, magaliTad, duvri-glazgo;

4. portis SigniT arsebuli konkurencia damsaqmebel

kompaniebs Soris;

5. navsadguris mier mowodebuli transportirebis

sxvadasxva meTods Soris konkurencia.

46



zogadad, saporto konkurencia SeiZleba daiyos

portebs Soris konkurenciad, portis SigniT arsebul da

infrastruqturul konkurenciad, anu navsadguris gar-

emomcvel infrastruqturebs Soris konkurenciad - ese-

nia portis Sesasvlelebi, gadasasvlelebi, gadatvirTvis

sadgurebi da a.S.

navsadguris arCevis dros, tvirTis gadamzidavi xe-

lmZRvanelobs rigi kriteriumebiT. im kriteriumebis

gacnobiereba, romliTac tvirTebis gadmzidavi irCevs

ports, sabolood SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos portis opti-

mizacias. bolo ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi, araerTma

mkvlevarma imuSava tvirTis mflobelisTvis navsadguris

mimzidvelobis kriteriumebis da sistematizaciis dasa-

dgenad.

taivanelma profesorma Ceng-Cvan hvingma 2016 wels

SeimuSava da gamoaqveyna mTeli rigi kriteriumebi, rac

misi azriT, mniSvnelovania tvirTebis gadmzidavebisT-

vis portebis SerCevis dros. kvlevis procesSi eqspertTa

mTelma rigma gaanaliza es kriteriumebi da Seafases maTi

mniSvnelobis xarisxi 5-quliani skaliT (1 qula - yvelaze

nakleb mniSvnelovani, 5 qula - yvelaze mniSvnelovani).

miRebuli monacemebi damuSavda da Sedegad gamoTvlil

iqna mTeli rigi indikatorebi (cxrili 1).

47



cxrili 1. mimzidvelobis kriteriumebi,

romlebic gavlenas axdenen gemis

mflobelze navsadguris arCevis Sesaxeb

gadawyvetilebis miRebis dros

mimzidvelobis kriteriumis wonadobis saSualo mni-

S vneloba warmoadgens kriteriumis mniSvnelobis inte-

gralur Sefasebas yvela tvirTis mflobelisTvis; saSua-

lo mniSvnelobidan saSualo gadaxra axasiaTebs tvirTis

mflobelebis mier am kriteriumebisTvis miniWebuli

wonadobis mniSvnelobebis monacemTa variaciebs.

Cinelma mkvlevarebma gamoavlines portebis mimzidv-

elobis sxvadasxva kriteriumebs Soris arsebuli damok-

48



idebuleba. mimzidvelobis ZiriTad kriteriumebad isini

ganixilaven:

- tvirTis warmoSobis centrebis siaxloves;

- portis simZlavreebs;

- terminalis muSaobis efeqturobas;

- portSi tvirTis moZraobis sxvadasxva marSrutebis

arsebobas;

- portis marTvis formas, mflobelis pirovnebas;

- magistraluri moZraobis xazebis adgilmdebareo-

bas;

- mocdenebs portSi;

- Sida satransporto kavSirebs;

- saporto xarjebs;

- ganbaJebisTvis saWiro formalobebis gavlis dros;

- msxvili gemebis mier Semosvlis miRebis SesaZleb-

lobas;

- portis Sesaxeb informaciis xelmisawvdomobas.

saeqsperto Sefasebebis Sedegad, miRebuli iqna Ti-

Toeuli kriteriumis prioritetuli matrica sxva krite-

riumebTan SedarebiT. aseve iqna miRebuli Semdegi grafi-

ki, romelic asaxavs tvirTis mflobelis prioritetebs

konkretuli portis arCevis dros (diagrama 2).

49



diagrama 2. kriteriumebis

prioritetulobis grafi

am monacemebidan gamomdinareobs, rom umTavres pri-

oritets warmoadgens portebis SerCevis Semdegi krite-

riumebi:

1. portis simZlavre,

2. magistraluri xazebis adgilmdebareoba,

3. saporto xarjebi,

4. portSi arsebuli SesaZlo Seferxebebi.

miuxedavad SerCeuli kriteriumebis garkveuli nak-

lovanebisa, kerZod, zogierTi maTganis urTierTgadam-

faravi anda urTierTSemavsebeli xasiaTisa (magaliTad,

`portSi mocdenis~ kriteriumi damokidebulia `sabaJo

formalobebis gavlis periodis kriteriumze”), unda

aRiniSnos, rom zemoT CamoTvlili kvlevebi asaxaven

portebis momsaxurebis momxmarebelTa nawilis Sexed-

ulebas sxvadasxva portis dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxa-

reebis Sesaxeb. amitom am Sexedulebebis Seswavlas udide-

si mniSvneloba aqvs navsadguris optimizaciisa da misi

mimzidvelobis gazrdisTvis.

50



Tu gavaanalizebT tvirTis mflobelisTvis portis

mimzidvelobis zemoT CamoTvlil kriteriumebs, isini

pirobiTad SeiZleba davyoT Semdeg jgufebad:

• portis dakavSirebulobis xarisxi (magistralur

xazebTan da tvirTis moxmarebis, warmoSobisa da

tranzitis centrebTan);

• tvirTis damuSavebis siCqare;

• gemis damuSavebis Rirebuleba;

• momsaxurebis xarisxi da mravalferovneba;

• subieqturi upiratesobebi.

portis muSaobis optimizacia siCqaris, Rirebulebis,

xarisxis da momsaxurebis mravalferovnebis Tvalsaz-

risiT standartul amocanas warmoadgens da am naSromSi

ar ganixileba.

miniWebuli subieqturi upiratesobebi Sesabamisad

portis arCevis kriteriumis formalizacia Znelia da

moiTxovs dazustebas TiToeul konkretul SemTxvevaSi.

1. 4. saqarTvelos Savi zRvispireTis1. 4. saqarTvelos Savi zRvispireTis

portebis konkurentunarianobisa daportebis konkurentunarianobisa da

mimzidvelobis gazrdis gzebimimzidvelobis gazrdis gzebi

saqarTvelos Savi zRvispireTSi sakonteinero ga-

dazidvebis zrda, pirvel rigSi, dakavSirebulia arsebu-

li portebis Tanamedrove ganviTarebasTn. saqarTvelos

Savi zRvispireTis Sesvla CrdiloeT amerikis, evropisa

da azia-wynari okeanis regionis sakonteinero gadazid-

vebis bazarze SeiZleba moxdes mxolod arsebul moTama-

SeebTan (iaponia, samxreT korea, CineTi, aSS, kanada, dasav-

51



leT da aRmosavleT evropis qveynebi da a.S.) konkurenciis

pirobebSi. amdenad, imisTvis, rom visaubroT saqarTve-

los Savi zRvispireTis sakonteinero gadazidvebis ba-

zarze integraciis SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb, pirvel rig-

Si, aucilebelia visaubroT am bazarze saqarTvelos Savi

zRvispireTis konkurentunarianobis Sesaxeb.

radgan saqarTvelos portebi ZiriTadad axlom-

debare evropuli da aziuri tvirTebis nakadis mom-

saxurebiT arian dakavebulni, maTi satranzito Sesa-

Zleblobebis sruli realizeba ar xdeba. naadrevia imaze

saubari, rom qarTuli portebi warmodgenilebi arian

saerTaSoriso konkurentul garemoSi. ufro sworia imis

Tqma, rom portebi emsaxureba qarTveli eqsportiorebis

monawileobas saerTaSoriso sasaqonlo-sanedleulo ba-

zrebSi. qarTuli portebis nawili saerTod ar aris Car-

Tuli konkurenciaSi, portebi warmoadgenen qarTuli

bazris aqtiur moTamaSeebs da mxolod axla iwyeben nabi-

jebis gadadgmas saerTaSoriso bazarze Sesasvlelad.

rogor ganvsazRvroT ama Tu im portis konkurenci-

is masStabebi? pasuxi SegviZlia vixiloT saporto sa-

transporto infrastruqturis masStabebSi, anu portis

satransporto qselTan integraciis doneSi da portis

momxmarebelTa CamonaTvalSi, maT raodenobaSi, warmo-

SobaSi da a.S. swored tvirTebis gadamzidavebi afaseben

portis mimzidvelobas, irCeven marSrutebs da gadazid-

vebis parametrebs.

Savi zRvispira regionis satransporto qselis mim-

dinare ganviTarebisa da optimizaciis fonze, mimzidve-

lad gamoiyureba axali satransporto gadatvirTvebis

52



centrebis Seqmnis idea, romelsac SeuZlia sakuTar Tav-

ze tvirTebis nakadis mniSvnelovani wilis aReba.

am Temaze Catarda kvlevebi organizaciebis ERINA da KOTI mier. mocemuli gamokvlevebis Sedegad, formire-bul iqna winadadebebi:

- saqarTvelos Savi zRvispireTis teritoriis gav-

liT satransporto derefnebis Seqmnis Sesaxeb;

- saqarTvelos Savi zRvispireTis satransporto

qselis satransporto sistemad gardaqmnis Sesaxeb.

Savi zRvisa da atlantis okeanes auzis satranspor-

to kompleqsis grZelvadiani ganviTarebis strategiis

nawilisTvis, mocemuli idea dafuZnebulia transportis

sam modelze:

1. pirveli modeli: Sida gadazidvebis uzrunvelyo-

fa + sawvavisa da nedleulis eqsportis grZelvadi-

ani strategia.

2. meore modeli: pirveli modeli + saerTaSoriso sa-

transporto derefnebSi monawileoba.

3. mesame modeli: meore modeli + sakuTari saer-

TaSoriso da regionuli satransporto kvanZebisa

da saqmiani satransporto centrebis Seqmna.

dReisaTvis, Savi zRvisa da atlantis okeanes auzis,

kerZod saqarTvelos Savi zRvispira portebi moqmede-

ben mocemuli modelebis pirveli nawilis farglebSi.

Tu vsaubrobT saerTaSoriso bazarze, isini `ar Canan~

da maT garSemo mobilizebulia Zlieri konkurentebi:

aSS, kanada, germania, espaneTi, italia, didi britaneTi,

TurqeTi, ruseTi, CineTi, iaponia, indoeTi, samxreT ko-

rea da sxva, romlebic sami okeanis (atlantis, indoeTis,

wynari) baseinebis sakonteinero satransporto bazris

53



42%-s ikaveben. amJamad es qveynebi qmnian saerTaSoriso

gadazidvebis struqturas, adgenen satvirTo moZraobis

marSrutebs da gansazRvraven satarifo politikas, anu

saboloo jamSi qmnian satransporto qsels. amitomac,

aseT pirobebSi ganviTarebisTvis saqarTvelos portebs

WirdebaT konkurentuli strategia saerTaSoriso ga-

dazidvebis bazarze SesvlisTvis.

portis mimzidvelobis zemoT CamoTvlili kriteri-

umebidan yvelaze sainteresoa kriteriumi „portis daka-

vSirebulobis done“, romelic SeiZleba daiyos 3 mTavar

komponentad:

- tvirTis warmoqmnis centrebis siaxlove, tvirTis

moxmareba, tvirTis gadaadgilebis magistraluri

mimarTulebebi;

- teqnikuri dakavSirebuloba, anu portSi xorciel-

deba Tanamedrove teqnikuri moTxovnebis dacva

(siRrme, mowyobiloba);

- garemomcveli satransporto qselis efeqturo-

ba (tvirTis gadanawilebis siCqare, Rirebuleba da

xarisxi).

ganvixiloT am kriteriumis TiToeuli komponenti

saqarTvelos Savi zRvispireTis portebisTvis.

portebi ganlagebulia regionis tvirT-warmoqm-

nisa da tvirT-moxmarebis msxvil centrebTan uSualo

siaxloveSi (evropis qveynebi), mTavari satvirTo magis-

tralebis marSrutebis maxloblad (evropa-azia, Crdi-

loeT amerika - azia) da aziis magistralur xazebTan uSu-

alo siaxloveSi).

rigi wyaroebis analizis Sedegad, agreTve iaponiis

mier sazRvao xomaldebis mimosvlisa da saporto siste-

54



mebis integrirebuli ganviTarebis Sesaxeb angariSSi CBA (Country Reports of Japan for the Development of an Integrated Ship-ping and Port System in the Northeast Asia Subregion). 2019 wels miRebul iqna monacemebi, romlebic warmodgenilia cx-

rilSi 2.

cxrili 2. azia-wynari okeanis

regionis sakonteinero nakadebis dinamika

(aTasi erTeuli TEU)

55



cxrilSi moyvanili monacemebis analizis Sedegad,

saSualeba gveZleva visaubroT mTeli rigi mimarTule-

bebis evropisaken gadaxraze, magram unda aRiniSnos, rom

arsebobs iseTi mimarTulebebic, rogoricaa azia - wynari

okeane - evropa, azia - wynari okeane - CrdiloeT amerika,

evropa - CrdiloeT amerikis dasavleTi sanapiro.

azia-wynari okeanes regionis qveynebTan saqarTvelos

urTierTobebi sakmaod mcire xnisaa. magram Tu gaviTval-

iswinebT im udides SesaZleblobebs, romlebsac gvaZlevs

am regionSi satransporto gadazidvebis ganxorcieleba,

maTze Rirs

satvirto gadazidvebis srulyofis ziritadi mimartulebebi ...nasromsi gadmocemulia sakonteinero...

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