04.10.2010 Space & Security Vortrag - 1 -ITU Small Satellites Symposium and Workshop CZ TU, Prague, 03.03.2015

DI Dr. Norbert FrischaufÖWF – ALPHA Austria - STP

Earth ObservationSystems and Technolo-gies for civilian - andmilitary - Purposes

Satellites,Space andSecurity

Satellites,Space andSecurity

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Manhattan, 12.09.2001;IKONOS@1m

Cape Canaveral, Pad 39A, 21.04.2005;Quickbird@0,6m

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Space has always had a role as “Battlespace”: From the early beginnings…

• Beginnings– Science– Reconnaissance

• Increased military Utilisation– Navigation (GPS)– Space reconnaissance (esp. ICBMs)– Control of own ICBMs and long range guided

missiles (US/USSR)– Communication purposes– (SDI)

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… until today(even though this is not made public)

• Current Status– Space is an integral part of the US Defence

Doctrine– Part of the Strategic Command– “Domination“ is the clear ambition

• Roles– Guided missiles control– Early warning– Communication– Navigation– Weather prediction– Reconnaissance/Intelligence

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Air and space reconnaissance became reallyhot in the cold war and Corona set the stage…

• Cold War puts a prime role onreconnaissance - „Bomber/Missile Gap“

• 1954: U-2 Programme (CIA)– U-2 (SC: 25 km, 3000 NM)– Missions behind the iron

curtain as of 1956– 1.5.1960: Shot down of a U-2

(F. Powers) at Sverdlovsk (3 SA-2s)• 1955: US satellite activities are launched

– 16.03.1955: General Operational Requirement No.80 by the US Air Force

– ARS Sentry Samos Corona03.03.2015 ITU Small Satellites Symposium and Workshop - 6 -

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... with missions that could be made for athriller, lasting until today (Improved Crystal)

• Resume of Corona:– 102 out of 145 missions were successful– 860000 photos / 39000 film canisters / 750E6 sqm

• Further development of the US EO satellites:– KH-5: Argon (1962–1964; 6/12), m: 1274 kg– KH-6: Lanyard (1963; 1/3), m: 1500 kg– KH-7: Gambit (1963-1967; 36/38), m: 2000 kg, : 45 cm– KH-8: Gambit (1966-1984; 57/60), m: 3000 kg, : 45 / 15 cm– KH-9: Hexagon (1971-1986; 19/20), m: 11400 kg– KH-10: Dorian/MOL (1963-1969; 0; 1 G$)– KH-11: Kennan/Crystal (1976-1988; 9/10), m: 13500 kg– KH-12: Improved Crystal (1990- ;4/4), m: 19600 kg,

life time: 10-12 years, : 10 cm

The “civilian“ version of KH-11 is well-known,not so the five “military“ brothers

Resolution: More than a buzzword!

Improved Crystal, m: 19600 kg, : 10 cm!03.03.2015 ITU Small Satellites Symposium and Workshop - 9 -

Nowadays everyone of us can obtain“Reconnaissance satellite data“

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• IKONOS:– Launch: 24.09.1999, Athena II, Vandenberg– Operator: Space Imaging Inc. (USA)– Design: LM / Raytheon / Kodak– Mass: 726 kg; 1,8 x 1,8 x 1,6 m– Life time: 5-7 years, 900 photos/day– 4 bands, : 1m, 11 x 11 km

• Quickbird– Launch: 18.10.2001, Delta II, VB– Operator: DigitalGlobe (USA)– Design: Ball Aerospace– Mass: 950 kg; 3 x 1,6 x 1,6 m– Life time: 5-7 years– 4 bands, : 61cm, 16,5 x 16,5 km

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Space Law: Between ambitions and reality

• “Outer Space Treaty” of 1967– To govern the exploration/utilisation of space– Prohibits the occupation of celestial bodies– Bans the stationing of nuclear weapons or

WOMD in Earth orbit and beyond– Space is to be used exclusively for peaceful

purposes– International liability caused by space objects

• Reality– No prohibition to station conventional

weapons in EO– No clear distinction between airspace and

space (SDI / commercial spaceflight)

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Copernicus is an EU EO programme aimingfor socio-economic and security benefits

• Copernicus ( Global Monitoringfor Environment and Security)– ESA / EC Programme to implement

EO data in our daily lives (as of 2014)– Budget: 4.3 G€ for 2014-2020– EO data shall be used within

public projects (policy makers); Prime example: Check-up of

EU agricultural subsidies– 6 Thematic Areas:

• Land Monitoring (land use/cover change, soil, ...)

• Emergency Management (emergency response,humanitarian aid, civil protection, …)

• Marine Monitoring (MSL, currents, oil spills, …)• Atmosphere Monitoring (observation of the

atmosphere, solar radiation (UV), …)• Security (support to intelligence, early

warning and crisis management operations)

• Climate Change (climate system, reliable data)

Grantssubsidy

Forwardssubsidy

basedupon

certainconditions

Farmer

Sendsbackreport

Checksfarmer´sreportwithEO data

EOServiceProvider

FederalAgricultural

Entity

Forwardsfarmer´s report

Reports onfindings

2 3

4

5

6

1

Small is beautiful – BRITE as an AustrianHST to perform high-res EO à la KH-11?

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A

d 22.1

… Resolution … Wavelengthd … DistanceA … Aperture

• Uni-BRITE / BRITE-Austria:– Aperture: 30 mm– Distance: 800 km– Wavelength: 550 nm

= 17.9 m

Size matters (at least for EO satellites)!

• KH-11 Kennan/Crystal:– Aperture: 2340 mm– Distance: 300 km– Wavelength: 550 nm

= 8.6 cm

Seeing Observing!

“You see butyou do notobserve.”

Sir Arthur Conan Doyle:The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes

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