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INDIAN CONTRIBUTIONTO

SATELLITEAPPLICATION

By :-Paul Sourya Chatterjee (1034)

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Pioneer of the Indian Space Programme

Dr. Vikram SarabhaiFounder and Chairman Indian National Committee for Space

Research, 1962.

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SATELLITE COMMUNICATION

In 1975-76, the Satellite Instructional Television Experiment (SITE) telecast a series of educational TV programmes on health, family planning, agriculture, education to cover 2,500 Indian villages via the US satellite, ATS-6. The Satellite Telecommunication Experiment Project (STEP), conducted using Franco-German SYMPHONIE satellite during 1977-79. India also launched its own APPLE (Ariane Passenger Payload Experiment), an experimental communication satellite, in June, 1981 using the opportunity offered by the European Space Agency (ESA) to launch this satellite on board the third developmental flight of ARIANE.

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INDIAN NATIONAL SATELLITESYSTEM (INSAT)

Largest domestic communication system in the world.

Joint venture undertaken by the Department of Space, Department of

Telecommunications, India Meteorological Department and All India

Radio and Doordarshan. Serves the television and communication

needs of India. Carries with it 199 transponders and has

Very High Resolution Radiometer (VHRR) and CCD cameras for metrological imaging.

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PERFORMANCE OF INSAT Television reaches to about 85 percent of the population through over 1000 TV transmitters linked via INSAT. Educational programmes for over 100 hours are  telecast every week. INSAT system has become a powerful tool for training and developmental education  and  is  used by various agencies to provide continuing education, conduct in-situ training. A pilot project that started in November, 1996 in a tribal district of Madhya Pradesh in Central India is now in progress to educate the tribal community on various aspects of health, hygiene, family planning, women's rights, etc.

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WEATHER FORECASTING AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT

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Sl. No.

Satellite Launch Date Mission Status

1 INSAT – 1A 10 April 1982 Deactivated on 6 September 1982

2 INSAT – 1B 30 August 1983 Completed mission life

3 INSAT – 1C 22 July 1988 Abandoned in November 1989

4 INSAT – 1D 12 June 1990 Completed mission life

5 INSAT – 2A 10 July 1992 India's First Indigenous communication Satellite. Completed mission life

6 INSAT – 2B 23 July 1993 Completed mission life

7 INSAT – 2C 7 December 1997 Completed mission life8 INSAT – 2D 4 June 1997 Became inoperable on 4 October 1997

9 INSAT – 2DT In-orbit procurement

Completed mission life

INSAT Satellites

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Sl. No.

Satellite Launch Date Mission Status

10 INSAT – 2E 3 April 1999 In service

11 INSAT – 3A 10 April 2003 In service

12 INSAT – 3B 22 May 2000 In service

13 INAST – 3C 24 January 2002 In service

14 KALPANA – 1 12 September 2002 In service

15 GSAT – 1 8 May 2003 In service

16 INSAT – 3E 28 September 2003 In service

17 EDUSAT 20 September 2004 In service

18 INSAT – 4A 22 December 2005 In service

19 INSAT – 4CR 2 September 2007 In geosynchronous orbit

Contd.

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NATURAL RESOURCEMANAGEMENT

BHASKARA - 1

• BHASKARA-1Launched in June 1979

• BHASKARA-2Launched in November 1981

• Indian Remote Sensing Satellites (1988) IRS - 1A IRS – 1B IRS – 1C (Civilian RS satellite) IRS – 1D (Civilian RS satellite) IRS – P3 IRS – P4 (OCEANSAT) IRS – P5 (Cartographic applications) IRS – P6 (Resource Survey)

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Images derived from INSAT 3A and Kalpana

a) Atmospheric Motion Vector(m/s), b) Upper Tropospheric Humidity(%), c) Outgoing Longwave Radiation, d) Quantitative Precipitation Index (mm)

Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV)

GSLV at the Launch Site - Sriharikota

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GSLV – F04

GSLV-F04 at Vehicle Assembly Building

GSLV-F04 lifts off from the Second Launch Pad carrying INSAT-4CR

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Function : - Expendable launch vehicle

Manufacturer : - ISRO Country of origin : - India Height : - 49 m (160 ft) Diameter : - 2.8 m (9.1 ft) Mass : - 402,000 kg (886,000 lb) Stages : - 3 Payload to LEO : - 5,000 kg

(11,000 lb) Payload to GTO : - 2,500 kg

(5,500 lb) Status : - Active

FEATURES OF GSLV

Launch sites : - Sriharikota Total launches : - 5 Successes : - 4 Failures : - 1 Maiden flight : - 18 April 2001 Boosters : - 4 Engine : - L40H Vikas, S139, GS2

Vikas, RD-56M Specific impulse : - 262s, 166s,

295s, 406s Burn time : - 160 s, 100 s, 150 s,

720 s Fuel : - N2O4/UDMH, HTPB

(solid), LOX/LH2

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Vehicle Variant Date of Launch Launch Location Payload Mission Status

D1 GSLV Mk.I(a) 18 April 2001 Sriharikota GSAT-1 Success,

Developmental Flight.

D2 GSLV Mk.I(a) 8 May 2003 Sriharikota GSAT-2 Success,

Developmental Flight

F01 GSLV Mk.I(b)

20 September 2004 Sriharikota EDUSAT Success, First

operational flight.

F02 GSLV Mk.I(b) 10 July 2006 Sriharikota INSAT-4C

Unsuccessful; both rocket and satellite had to be destroyed over the Bay of Bengal after the rocket's trajectory veered outside of permitted limits.

Launch History

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Planned LaunchesVehicle Variant Date of

LaunchLaunch

Location Payload

F?? GSLV MK.?? 2009 Sriharikota HealthsatTAUVEX-2

F?? GSLV MK.?? 2009 Sriharikota Insat-3D

F?? GSLV MK.?? 2012 SriharikotaAditya (space craft)

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SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING

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TYPES OF REMOTE SENSINGThere are two types of remote sensing :-I. Passive Remote Sensing:- Sensors detect natural

radiation that is emitted or reflected by the object or surrounding area being observed. Example:- infra-red, charge-coupled devices.

II. Active Remote Sensing:- Active collection emits energy in order to scan objects and areas whereupon a passive sensor then detects and measures the radiation that is reflected or backscattered from the target.

RADAR is an example of active remote sensing.

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Applications Of Remote Sensing DataConventional radar is mostly associated with aerial traffic

control and large scale meteorological data. Types of active collection includes plasmas in the ionosphere. Interferometric synthetic aperture radar is used to produce precise digital elevation models of large scale terrain.

Laser and radar altimeters on satellites have provided a wide range of data. By measuring the bulges of water caused by gravity, they map features on the seafloor to a resolution of a mile or so. By measuring the height and wave-length of ocean waves, the altimeters measure wind speeds and direction, and surface ocean currents and directions.

LIDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) - is well known in the examples of weapon ranging, laser illuminated homing of projectiles. LIDAR is used to detect and measure the concentration of various chemicals in the atmosphere, while airborne LIDAR can be used to measure heights of objects and features on the ground more accurately than with radar technology.

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This image reveals the spatial extent of river sediments on the Louisiana shelf after a cold front passage event. Red, green and blue channels are continued in this "true colour" enhancement (Feb 23, 2003).

Satellite Image from the Terra-1 Modis

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Ocean Chlorophyll Parameter

Image shows chlorophyll-a distribution on the Louisiana shelf on 22 March 2003. The image was captured by the Oceansat-1 ocean colour monitor.

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SEA ICE EXTENT

Image from the SeaWiFs onboard SeaStar satellite. Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper

image of the Cape Adare region.

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GOOGLE EARTH Imagery from Google Earth is provided by a company called DigitalGlobe. A new spacecraft known as WorldView is now launched. The new ‘craft’ provides high definition satellite, which means more accuracy for us users. Together with the company’s existing Quickbird satellite, it offers half-meter resolution and collects over 6 million km2 of imagery each day, up from the current collection of that amount each week.

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Satellite Image of San Francisco from LANDSAT