sarah m. page-ramsey, md associate professor obstetrics ... · hemorrhage •uterine blood flow is...
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Obstetric Emergencies
Sarah M. Page-Ramsey, MDAssociate Professor
Obstetrics and Gynecology
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Normal Pregnancy
Placenta• Gas exchange• Excretion
Umbilical Cord• Contains fetal blood• 2 arteries
(deoxygenated)• 1 vein (oxygenated)
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Normal Pregnancy
• Increasing size of uterus
• Vena cava compression
• BP decreases
• HR increases
• Plasma volume increases
• Soft tissue changes
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Obstetric Emergencies
• Normal Delivery
• Shoulder Dystocia
• Breech Delivery
• Umbilical Cord Prolapse
• Hemorrhage
• Eclampsia
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Normal Delivery
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Normal Delivery
First Stage Dilation
Second Stage Delivery
Third Stage Placenta
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Imminent Delivery
• Crowning
• Urge to push
• Rectal/pelvic pressure
• Contractions every 2 minutes
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Normal Delivery
• Position patient
• Towels
• Emergency delivery pack
• Coach through pushing
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Step 1: Deliver Head
• Support
• Place hand on perineum
• Check for cord
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Step 2: Delivery the Shoulders
• Face down (Occiput Anterior)
• Rotation
• Place hands
• Gentle downward and then upward
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Step 3: Deliver the Body
• Usually comes out easily
• Slippery
• Stimulation
• Suction Mouth and Nose
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Step 4: Stimulate Neonate
• Stimulation
• Warming
• Suction of Mouth/Nares
• Clamp/Cut Cord
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Step 5: Placenta
• No traction
• Gently guide
• OK to keep in place
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Breech Delivery
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Breech Delivery
• Guide
• Do NOT pull
• Assist
• Keep head flexed
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Breech Delivery
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Umbilical Cord Prolapse
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Umbilical Cord Prolapse
• Elevate presenting part away from cord
• Keep pressure off of cord
• Try not to palpate or hold cord
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Umbilical Cord Prolapse
• Trendelenburg
• Consider knee-chest
• Keep presenting part elevated
• Oxygen
• Backfill bladder 500 cc
• Avoid upright/standing
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Eclampsia
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Eclampsia
• Preeclampsia• Hypertension• Proteinuria• Edema
• Top 3 causes of maternal death• Fetal hypoxia or death• Placental abruption• Ultimate treatment is delivery
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Eclampsia
• Nulliparity
• Maternal age ≥ 35 years
• Obesity
• African American race
• Multifetal gestations
• Hx preeclampsia in previous pregnancy
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Eclamptic seizure
• 1/1000 to 1/2000 deliveries• Most common in the last
trimester • Usually within 24 hours of
delivery • Can be seen up to 10 days post
partum
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Eclamptic Seizure
• Maintain airway
• Padded tongue blade
• Suction airway, lateral position
• Control convulsions; MgS04
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Magnesium Sulfate
• 4-6 g IV loading dose (not to exceed 1 g/min)
• 10 g IM (5 g each buttocks)
• 1-3 g IV per hour
• Monitor patellar reflexes
• Monitor urine output
• Mg levels 4-6 mEq/liter
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Magnesium Sulfate
• Diminishing Reflexes
• Respiratory Depression
• Mental Status Changes
• Calcium gluconate can reverse
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Blood Pressure Control
• Treat BP > 160/110
• Labetalol
• Hydralazine
• Ideally keep BP 140-150 / 90 - 100
• Avoid hypotension
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Obstetric Hemorrhage
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Obstetric Hemorrhage
• Miscarriage
• Ectopic Pregnancy
• Placenta Previa
• Placental Abruption
• Uterine Atony (after delivery)
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Hemorrhage
• Uterine blood flow is 20% of cardiac
output at term
• Acute blood loss causes hypovolemia
• Can occur anytime during pregnancy or
puerperium
• Can threaten both mother and fetus
• Common cause of maternal death
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Hemorrhage
• Two large bore IVs
• Fluid
• Blood products
• Bladder catheter
• Airway support
• O2
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Hemorrhage
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Hemorrhage
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Uterine Atony
• Boggy uterus
• Profuse bleeding
• Most common cause after delivery
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Hemorrhage
• IV access• Fluids!• Mechanical
compression and massage
• Place catheter• Adequate
personnel; call for blood
• Examine for retained placenta
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Uterine atony
• Oxytocin (20-60 u) in 1000 cc LR or NS at 150-200 ml/hr
• Methylergonovine (Methergine) 0.2 mg IM (contraindicated with hypertension)
• Hemabate (carboprost thiomethamine) 250 mcg IM
• Misoprostol 800-1000mcg rectal
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Shoulder Dystocia
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Shoulder Dystocia
• Shoulder lodged behind pubic bone
• Downward traction does not deliver shoulder
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Shoulder Dystocia
• Downward traction
• Flexion at hips (McRobert’s maneuver)
• Suprapubic pressure
• Turn to all 4s (Gaskin maneuver)
• Rotational maneuvers
• Delivery of posterior arm
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Shoulder Dystocia
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Shoulder Dystocia