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Dr. John R. JensenDr. John R. JensenDepartment of GeographyDepartment of Geography

University of South CarolinaUniversity of South CarolinaColumbia, SC 29208Columbia, SC 29208

Multispectral Remote Sensing SystemsMultispectral Remote Sensing Systems

Jensen, 2000Jensen, 2000

Overview Overview


Remote Sensing Raster (Matrix) Data FormatRemote Sensing Raster (Matrix) Data Format0127255Brightness value

range (typically 8 bit)

Associatedgray-scale

10151720151618211718202218202224123415432Columns ( j) Bands (k ) 1234X axisPicture element (pixel) at location Line 4, Column 4, in Band 1 has a Brightness Value of 24, i.e., BV4,4,1 = 24 .

blackgraywhite21232225Lines or rows (i)


Types of Detector Configurations Used for Types of Detector Configurations Used for Multispectral and Hyperspectral Remote SensingMultispectral and Hyperspectral Remote Sensing

Scanning Mirror

and Discrete Detectors

LensScan mirrorLinear Array “pushbroom”Objective b.Dispersing

elementLensCollimatorSlitObjectiveHyperspectral

Area Array d. a. c.Linear Array“whiskbroom”Dispersing

elementLensCollimatorObjective

apertureScan mirrorBlueNIRBlueNIR e.Lens andfiltration

Digital Frame Camera Area

Arrays

Detectors(multiple arrays)

Detectors

Jensen, 2000

Detector Configurations Detector Configurations Used for Panchromatic, Used for Panchromatic,

Multispectral and Multispectral and Hyperspectral Remote Hyperspectral Remote

SensingSensing


Chronological Launch and Retirement History of the Landsat Satellite SeriesChronological Launch and Retirement History of the Landsat Satellite Series


Landsat Multispectral Scanning System (MSS)Landsat Multispectral Scanning System (MSS)


Attitude-control subsystem

Wideband recorder electronics

Attitudemeasurement

sensor

Multispectral Scanner (MSS)Return Beam

Vidicon (RBV) cameras (3)

Data collection

antenna

Solar array

Inclination of the Landsat Orbit to Inclination of the Landsat Orbit to Maintain A Sun-synchronous OrbitMaintain A Sun-synchronous Orbit


N

S

Landsat Multispectral Scanning System (MSS) OrbitLandsat Multispectral Scanning System (MSS) Orbit


Orbit 16, day 2Orbit 2, day 1Orbit 15, day 2Orbit 1, day 1185 km wide2875 km at equator159 km


Orbit Tracks of Landsat 1, 2, or 3 Orbit Tracks of Landsat 1, 2, or 3 During A Single Day of CoverageDuring A Single Day of Coverage


Landsat 4 and 5 Worldwide Reference SystemLandsat 4 and 5 Worldwide Reference System

Components of the Components of the Landsat Multispectral Landsat Multispectral

Scanner (MSS) System Scanner (MSS) System on Landsat 1 Through 5on Landsat 1 Through 5



Landsat MSS BandwidthsLandsat MSS Bandwidths


Terrestrial Images Terrestrial Images of Goleta, CA of Goleta, CA

Obtained on March Obtained on March 4, 1972 Using the 4, 1972 Using the

Landsat MSSLandsat MSS

Band 4 (0.5 - 0.6 Band 4 (0.5 - 0.6 m)m)

Band 5 (0.7 - 0.8 Band 5 (0.7 - 0.8 m)m)


Relationship Between the Original 79 x 79 m IFOV Relationship Between the Original 79 x 79 m IFOV of the Landsat MSS and the Rate at Which It of the Landsat MSS and the Rate at Which It

Was Resampled (every 9.95 Was Resampled (every 9.95 s)s)


Landsat 4 and 5 Platform with Associated Landsat 4 and 5 Platform with Associated Sensor and Telecommunication SystemsSensor and Telecommunication SystemsHigh-gain

antennaMultispectral

Scanner (MSS)Solararraypanel

Thematic Mapper

(TM)

Global positioningsystem antenna

Attitude controlmodule

Propulsionmodule

Power module


Components of the Components of the Landsat 4 and 5 Landsat 4 and 5

Thematic MapperThematic Mapper


Spectral and Spatial Resolution of the Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS), Spectral and Spatial Resolution of the Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS), Landsat 4 and 5 Thematic Mapper (TM), Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Landsat 4 and 5 Thematic Mapper (TM), Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic

Mapper Plus (ETMMapper Plus (ETM++), SPOT 1, 2, and 3 High Resolution Visible (HRV), and ), SPOT 1, 2, and 3 High Resolution Visible (HRV), and SPOT 4 High Resolution Visible Infrared (HRVIR) Sensor SystemsSPOT 4 High Resolution Visible Infrared (HRVIR) Sensor Systems


Seven Bands of Landsat Seven Bands of Landsat Thematic Mapper Data of Thematic Mapper Data of Charleston, SC, Obtained Charleston, SC, Obtained

on February 3, 1994on February 3, 1994


Reflectance of the Upper Surface of A Reflectance of the Upper Surface of A Sycamore Leaf at Different Moisture ContentsSycamore Leaf at Different Moisture Contents

Jensen, 2000

Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus

Landsat 7 Image of Landsat 7 Image of Palm Spring, CA Palm Spring, CA

30 x 30 m 30 x 30 m (bands 4,3,2 = RGB)(bands 4,3,2 = RGB)


Landsat 7 Image of Landsat 7 Image of Palm Spring, CA Palm Spring, CA

30 x 30 m 30 x 30 m (bands 7,4,2 = RGB)(bands 7,4,2 = RGB)


First Landsat 7 ETMFirst Landsat 7 ETM++ Image Obtained Image Obtained over Sioux Falls, SD on April 18, 1999over Sioux Falls, SD on April 18, 1999

Jensen, 2000

Schematic of the Landsat Enhanced Schematic of the Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETMThematic Mapper Plus (ETM++))

Jensen, 2000

GOES East and West CoverageGOES East and West Coverage140˚E 180˚E 20˚E Useful GOES

coverage Communication

range GOES

West GOES

East 140˚W 100˚W 60˚W 20˚W GOES

West GOESEast

GOES Imager Optical ElementsGOES Imager Optical ElementsD D D D D Visible detectors (8) Spectral balance filter Dichroic beamsplitter (Db) Db Collimating lens Mirror Primary mirror Secondary mirror Mirror Mirror Db focuslens vacuumwindow cooler window 10.7 12 6.75 3.9 Colliating

lens filter filter filter Depolarizer Visible bandpass filter Radiant flux (Φ)fro the terrain

4 5 3 2 1 filter 0.52 – 0.72


GOES East and West CoverageGOES East and West Coverage

GOES East GOES East InfraredInfrared

August 25, 1989August 25, 1989

GOES East GOES East VisibleVisible

August 25, 1989August 25, 1989


GOES East GOES East August 25, 1989August 25, 1989

GOES East InfraredGOES East Infrared GOES East VisibleGOES East Visible

GOES East GOES East Water VaporWater Vapor


Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) Data Acquisition Characteristics(AVHRR) Data Acquisition Characteristics

Satellite or local zenith

angle

Zenith line

Solar zenith angle

typical scan pointEarth

(center)SunNOAA Polar

OrbiterSatellite

scan angleSatellite subpoint (nadir)


Advanced Very High Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) Bandwidths(AVHRR) Bandwidths


Advanced Very High Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer Resolution Radiometer

(AVHRR) Imagery(AVHRR) Imagery


Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) Mosaic of the Conterminous United States(AVHRR) Mosaic of the Conterminous United States


Global Normalized Difference Vegetation Index Global Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) Image Produced Using Advanced Very High (NDVI) Image Produced Using Advanced Very High

Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) ImageryResolution Radiometer (AVHRR) Imagery


Characteristics of the Daedalus Airborne Multispectral Scanner (AMS)Characteristics of the Daedalus Airborne Multispectral Scanner (AMS)


Near-infrared Band 6 (0.76 - 0.90 Near-infrared Band 6 (0.76 - 0.90 m) Airborne Terrestrial Applications m) Airborne Terrestrial Applications Sensor (ATLAS) Image of Sullivan’s Island, SC Obtained October 15, 1998Sensor (ATLAS) Image of Sullivan’s Island, SC Obtained October 15, 1998


CAMS Band 6 (0.76 - 0.90 CAMS Band 6 (0.76 - 0.90 m) data acquired on m) data acquired on September 23, 1996 and scanned at 2.5 x 2.5 mSeptember 23, 1996 and scanned at 2.5 x 2.5 m

Sun City near Hilton Head, South CarolinaSun City near Hilton Head, South Carolina

Jensen, 2000

CAMS Band 6 (0.76 - 0.90 m) at 2.5 x 2.5 m (September 23, 1996)

Scanned NAPP (0.70 - 0.90 m) at 2.5 x 2.5 m (January 22, 1994)

Color compositeRGB = CAMS, NAPP, none

Sun City near Hilton Head, South CarolinaSun City near Hilton Head, South Carolina

Jensen, 2000

Pre-dawn Thermal Pre-dawn Thermal Infrared Imagery of Infrared Imagery of the Four Mile Creek the Four Mile Creek

Plume in the Plume in the Savannah River near Savannah River near

Augusta, GeorgiaAugusta, Georgia

Jensen, 2000

Chronological Launch History of the SPOT SatellitesChronological Launch History of the SPOT Satellites

Jensen, 2000

SPOT Satellite SPOT Satellite System System

ComponentsComponents

Jensen, 2000

Courtesy of Courtesy of SPOT Image, Inc.SPOT Image, Inc.

Scanning Electron Scanning Electron Microscope Image of the Microscope Image of the Front Surface of a CCD Front Surface of a CCD Linear Array Like that Linear Array Like that

Used in the SPOT HRV Used in the SPOT HRV Sensor SystemsSensor Systems

Jensen, 2000

100 m

10 m


SPOT NADIR ViewSPOT NADIR View

Jensen, 2000

60 km swath width

3 km overlap

117 km total width

SPOT Off -NADIR ViewSPOT Off -NADIR View

Jensen, 2000

Nadir data collection

Off-Nadir Viewing

Off-nadir data

collection

Orbital track at nadir

SPOT Off -NADIR Revisit CapabilitiesSPOT Off -NADIR Revisit Capabilities

Jensen, 2000

SPOT Stereoscopic Viewing CapabilitiesSPOT Stereoscopic Viewing Capabilities

Jensen, 2000

Stereoscopic model

Pass on day DPass on day D+1

Comparison of the Detail ofComparison of the Detail of30 x 30 m Landsat TM Band 3 Data 30 x 30 m Landsat TM Band 3 Data and SPOT 10 x 10 m Panchromatic and SPOT 10 x 10 m Panchromatic

Data of Charleston, SCData of Charleston, SC

Jensen, 2000


Geographic Coverage of the SPOT HRV and Landsat Geographic Coverage of the SPOT HRV and Landsat Thematic Mapper Remote Sensing SystemsThematic Mapper Remote Sensing Systems

Jensen, 2000

Columbia Reef on Cozumel Island, Mexico

SPOT XS Band 1 SPOT XS Band 1 (0.50 - 0.59 (0.50 - 0.59 m) April 19, 1988m) April 19, 1988

Perimeter = 80,880 haPerimeter = 80,880 haArea = 398 mArea = 398 m22

Courtesy of Courtesy of SPOT Image, Inc.SPOT Image, Inc. Jensen, 2000

Portion of the First Global Portion of the First Global 10-day Synthesis Image 10-day Synthesis Image

Produced Using the SPOT Produced Using the SPOT Vegetation Sensor Vegetation Sensor

May 11-20, 1998May 11-20, 1998

Jensen, 2000Courtesy of SPOT Image, Inc.Courtesy of SPOT Image, Inc.

Indian Remote Sensing Indian Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS-1D) Satellite (IRS-1D)

Panchromatic Image of Panchromatic Image of Downtown San Diego, Downtown San Diego,

CA at 5 x 5 mCA at 5 x 5 m

Jensen, 2000

Multi-angle Imaging Multi-angle Imaging Spectroradiometer Spectroradiometer

(MISR) Onboard (MISR) Onboard TerraTerra

70.5˚ Df 60˚ Cf 45.6˚ Bf 0˚ nadir 70.5˚ Da 60˚ Ca 26.1˚ Af 26.1˚ Aa 45.6˚ Ba425 – 467 nmSensorsView angle 70.5˚ 60˚ 60˚ 70.5˚ 45.6˚ 45.6˚ 26.1˚ 26.1˚ 0˚ DfCf BfAfAnAaBaCaDa 275 x 275 m 1.1 x 1.1 km 275 m x 1.1 km543 – 571 nm660 – 682 nm846 – 886 nm

Jensen, 2000

IKONOS IKONOS Panchromatic Images Panchromatic Images

of Washington, DCof Washington, DC

Jensen, 20001 x 1 m spatial resolution1 x 1 m spatial resolution

IKONOS Panchromatic Stereopair of Columbia, SC AirportIKONOS Panchromatic Stereopair of Columbia, SC Airport

November 15, 2000November 15, 2000Jensen, 2000

IKONOS Imagery of Columbia, SC Obtained on October 28, 2000IKONOS Imagery of Columbia, SC Obtained on October 28, 2000

Panchromatic 1 x 1 mPanchromatic 1 x 1 m Pan-sharpened multispectral 4 x 4 mPan-sharpened multispectral 4 x 4 m

Imaging SpectrometryImaging Spectrometry

Jensen, 2000

NASA AVIRIS: Advanced Visible Infrared Imaging Spectrometer

Jensen, 2000

Airborne Visible Airborne Visible Infrared Imaging Infrared Imaging

Spectrometer Spectrometer (AVIRIS) Datacube of (AVIRIS) Datacube of

Sullivan’s Island Sullivan’s Island Obtained on Obtained on

October 26, 1998October 26, 1998

Jensen, 2000

Hyperspectral Crop Hyperspectral Crop Classification Using Classification Using

AVIRIS DataAVIRIS Data

Jensen, 2000

Area Array Pushbroom Imaging Spectrometer ConceptArea Array Pushbroom Imaging Spectrometer Concept

Jensen, 2000

512 pixels

512 pixels

Positive Systems, Inc., ImageryPositive Systems, Inc., Imagery

GreenGreen RedRed Near-InfraredNear-Infrared

System ComponentsSystem Components Jensen, 2000Jensen, 2000

Emerge Spatial, Inc., ImageryEmerge Spatial, Inc., Imagery

GreenGreen RedRed Near-InfraredNear-Infrared

Jensen, 2000

Litton Emerge Spatial, Inc., CIR image Litton Emerge Spatial, Inc., CIR image (RGB = NIR,R,G) of Dunkirk, NY, at 1 (RGB = NIR,R,G) of Dunkirk, NY, at 1 x 1 m obtained on December 12, 1998x 1 m obtained on December 12, 1998

Natural color image (RGB = RGB) of Natural color image (RGB = RGB) of a N.Y. Power Authority lake at 1 x 1 a N.Y. Power Authority lake at 1 x 1

ft obtained on October 13, 1997ft obtained on October 13, 1997

Jensen, 2000

Digital Frame Camera Imagery of Harbour Town, Hilton Head, SCDigital Frame Camera Imagery of Harbour Town, Hilton Head, SC

1 x 1 ft 1 x 1 ft spatial spatial

resolutionresolution

SPIN-2SPIN-2

Jensen, 2000

Earth Observing System - Earth Observing System - TerraTerra Instruments Instruments

ASTERASTER - Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection - Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection RadiometerRadiometerCERESCERES - Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System - Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy SystemMISRMISR - Multi-angle Imaging Spectroradiometer - Multi-angle Imaging SpectroradiometerMODISMODIS - Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer - Moderate-resolution Imaging SpectroradiometerMOPITTMOPITT - Measurement of Pollution in the Troposphere - Measurement of Pollution in the Troposphere


DisciplineDiscipline EOS-AM InstrumentsEOS-AM InstrumentsMeasurementMeasurement

AtmosphereAtmosphere Cloud Properties Cloud Properties MODIS, MISR, ASTERMODIS, MISR, ASTERRadiative Energy FluxesRadiative Energy Fluxes CERES, MODIS, MISRCERES, MODIS, MISRPrecipitationPrecipitationTropospheric ChemistryTropospheric Chemistry MOPITTMOPITTStratospheric ChemistryStratospheric ChemistryAerosol PropertiesAerosol Properties MISR, MODISMISR, MODISAtmospheric TemperatureAtmospheric Temperature MODISMODISAtmospheric HumidityAtmospheric Humidity MODISMODISLightningLightning

Earth Observing System MeasurementsEarth Observing System Measurements



LandLand Land Cover/Land Use ChangeLand Cover/Land Use Change MODIS, MISR, ASTERMODIS, MISR, ASTERVegetation DynamicsVegetation Dynamics MODIS, MISR, ASTERMODIS, MISR, ASTERSurface TemperatureSurface Temperature MODIS, ASTERMODIS, ASTERFire OccurrenceFire Occurrence MODIS, ASTERMODIS, ASTERVolcanic EffectsVolcanic Effects MODIS, MISR, ASTERMODIS, MISR, ASTERSurface WetnessSurface Wetness




OceanOcean Surface TemperatureSurface Temperature MODISMODISPhytoplankton Phytoplankton MODIS, MISRMODIS, MISRDissolved Organic MatterDissolved Organic Matter MODIS, MISRMODIS, MISRSurface Wind FieldsSurface Wind FieldsOcean Surface TopographyOcean Surface Topography

CryosphereCryosphere Land Ice ChangeLand Ice Change ASTERASTERSea IceSea Ice MODIS, ASTERMODIS, ASTERSnow CoverSnow Cover MODIS, ASTERMODIS, ASTER

Solar RadiationSolar Radiation Total Solar RadiationTotal Solar RadiationUltraviolet Spectral IrradianceUltraviolet Spectral Irradiance


Earth Observing System - Earth Observing System - TerraTerra Instruments Instruments

MODIS - MODIS - Moderate-resolution Imaging SpectroradiometerModerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer

Spectral RangeSpectral Range 0.4 - 14.4 0.4 - 14.4 mmSpectral CoverageSpectral Coverage ++55˚, 2330 km swath55˚, 2330 km swathSpatial ResolutionSpatial Resolution 250 m (2 bands), 500 m (5 bands), 1000 m (29 bands) 250 m (2 bands), 500 m (5 bands), 1000 m (29 bands)

ASTER - ASTER - Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection RadiometerRadiometer

Spectral RangeSpectral Range VNIR 0.4 - 14.4 VNIR 0.4 - 14.4 m, SWIR 1.6 - 2.5 m, SWIR 1.6 - 2.5 m, TIR 8 - 12 m, TIR 8 - 12 mmSpatial ResolutionSpatial Resolution 15 m (VNIR : 3 bands) 15 m (VNIR : 3 bands)

30 m (SWIR: 6 bands)30 m (SWIR: 6 bands) 90 m (TIR: 5 bands) 90 m (TIR: 5 bands) Jensen, 2000Jensen, 2000

Panchromatic 3 x 3-in Image of Popular Bluff, MO Obtained Panchromatic 3 x 3-in Image of Popular Bluff, MO Obtained On February 15, 2000 at 5,000 ft AGL Using A Digital On February 15, 2000 at 5,000 ft AGL Using A Digital Array Panoramic Camera with 32,000 x 8,000 DetectorsArray Panoramic Camera with 32,000 x 8,000 Detectors

Courtesy of Image America, Inc.Courtesy of Image America, Inc.

Swath widthSwath width1.5 mi1.5 mi


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