kvleviTi departamenti

saqarTvelos parlamentis aparati

analitikuri ganyofileba

`samcxe-javaxeTis administraciul-teritoriuli

danawileba~

uZvelesi werilobiTi wyaroebis mixedviT, istoriuli

mesxeTis ukidures samxreT nawilSi Zv.w. II aTaswleulis miwu-

ruls muSqbes igive mesxebs sakuTari samefo hqoniaT. Zv. w. VI s-

is I naxevarSi muSkTa samefos urartuelebma da amierkavkasiaSi

SemoWrilma kimerielebma mouRes bolo. amis Semdeg mesxTa tomo-

brivma gaerTianebebma samxreTidan ufro CrdiloeTiT gadainacv-

les da Zv, w. VI s-Si ukve istoriuli mesxeTis teritoriaze

mosaxleoben.

Zv.w. III saukuneSi farnavazma Tavis Zalauflebas damor-

Cilebuli erTiani saqarTvelo rva saerisTavod da erT saspaspe-

tod dahyo. es teritoriuli da administraciuli dayofa mesxeT-

sac Seexo. igi sam teritoriul-administraciul erTeulad _

saerisTavod daiyo: wundis, oZraxesa da klarjeTis sae-

risTavod. wundis saerisTavo gadaWimuli iyo faravnidan vidre

mtkvris satavemde da mis farglebSi moeqca javaxeTi, kola da

artaani. oZraxes saerisTavos teritoria taSiskaridan iwyeboda

da arsianis mTamde vrceldeboda. oZraxes saerisTavoSi Sedioda

samcxe da aWara. rac Seexeba klarjeTis saerisTavos, igi ar-

sianis mTidan samxreT-dasavleTiT vrceldeboda da Sav zRvamde

aRwevda.

droTa ganmavlobaSi am saerisTavoTa sazRvrebi xSirad

icvleboda. magaliTad, javaxeTis didi saerisTavos arsebobis

dros, misi sazRvrebi Tanamedrove javaxeTTan erTad kolas

olqsa da Crdilisi tbis Semogarens moicavda.

vaxtang gorgaslis periodSi wundisa da oZraxes erisTavTa

Zalaufleba sakmaod SezRudulad gamoiyureboda, radganac maTi

administraciuli centrebi erTdroulad samefo rezidenciasac

warmoadgendnen.

arabebis Semosevis Sedegad ganadgurda cixe-qalaqebi arta-

nuji, oZraxe da wunda.

maTi gandevnis Semdeg qveyana ganaxlebis gzas daadga. IX

saukunis dasawyisSi tao-klarjeTSi `qarTvelTa samefo~

Camoyalibda. daviT kurapalatis dros (Xs-s II naxevari), mis saz-

RvrebSi iyo _ samcxe, javaxeTi, artaani, kola, klarjeTi,

SavSeTi, tao, aWara, basiani, speri.

adrefeodaluri epoqis miwurulidan oZrxes nacvlad Tan-

daTan winaurdeba axalcixe, romelsac vaxuStis mixedviT lomsi-

ana unda rqmeoda. `matiane qarTlisais~ erTi cnobis mixedviT,

IXs. tao-klarjeTis mflobels guaram mamfals axalcixeSi didi

citadeli, axali cixesimagre augia, romlis Semdeg es qalaqi

samcxisa da javaxeTis administraciuli centri gaxda.

saqarTvelos Zlierebis xanaSi samcxe-javaxeTi saqarTvelos

samxreTi forposti iyo. monRolTa batonobis dros `inju i xas-

sad~ Sewyalebuli feodalis samflobeloSi `divnis~ moxeleni,

xarkis amkrefni ver Sediodnen. aqedan gamomdinare aseT xass ma-

mulebs didi SeRavaTebi eZleodaT da maRali ekonomikuri mdgo-

mareobaiyo. xasi feodali, romelic ekonomikurad romelime mon-

Roli yaenis Tu ufliswulis sakuTrebas Seadgenda, bunebrivia

politikuradac farTo damoukideblobiT sargeblobda. mefe

siuzerens CamoCorebuli erTerTi aseTi moxele-feodali iyo

sargis jayeli meWurWleTuxucesi, samcxis mTavari da spasalari.

1266 wlidan misi samTavro xasinjud iqca da TviTon uSualod

deqvemdebara yaenis mmarTvelobas. samTavros sazRvrebSi er-

Tiandeboda saqarTvelo taSiskaridan karnu-qalaqamde (kari-

namde): samcxe, aWara, SavSeTi, klarjeTi, tao, kola, artaani,

javaxeTis nawili.

giorgi brwyinvelem SemoierTa samcxe-saaTabago.

XV s-is II naxevarSi samcxis samTavro srulad damoukide-

belia. amieridan jayelebis am samflobelos `samcxe-saaTabago~,

xolo jayelebs aTabagebi ewodebaT, zogjer `mefeebic~ ki.

1578 wels Turqebma mTeli mesxeTi daipyres da dapyrobil

teritoriaze axalcixis safaSo Seqmnes, 1595 wels dapyrobili

mxare aRweres da gurjistanis vilaieTis didi davTari

Seadgines. 1625 wels samcxe-saaTabagom, rogorc politikurma

erTeulma, arseboba Sewyvita.

`gurjistanis vilaieTis~ administraciuli danawileba

Semdegnairi iyo: vilaieTi danawilda ZiriTad samxedro-

administraciul erTeulebad _ livebad (sanjayi), livebi _

nahiebad (raioni) da yadiluqebad, nahiebi ki _ kariebad

(sofeli) da dasaxlebul punqtebad. sul `davTris~ mixed-

viT samcxe-saaTabago 1160 sofels moicavda [m.svaniZe, samcxe-

saaTabagos administraciuli dayofa da socialur-ekonomiuri

mdgomareoba `gurjistanis vilaieTis didi davTris mixedviT,~

Tsu Sromebi, t.121, Tb., 1967; gv.295].

`gurjistanis vilaieTis~ saTaveSi idga beglar-begi

(mir-mirani) da provinciis mTavargamgebloba mis xelT

imyofeboda. beglarbegs sulTani niSnavda da igi uSualod

mas emorCileboda. beglarbegi ganagebda samoqalaqo, samxe-

dro da, nawilobriv, samarTlis saqmeebs. vilaieTis Se-

madgenlobaSi Semavali sanjay-begebi vilaieTis beglarbegs

emorCilebodnen. Cildiris beglarbegis rezidencia axal-

cixeSi mdebareobda. (saWiroa vicodeT, rom `gurjistanis

vilaieTi~ da `Cildiris vilaieTi (eialeTi)~ erTi da igive

administraciuli erTeulia. magram, radganac misi adminis-

traciuli centri axalcixe iyo, mas axalcixis safaSosac

uwodebdnen). sanjay-begi marTavda sanjayis samoqalaqo da

samxedro saqmeebs [Cildiris eialeTis jaba davTari. 1694-1723ww.

Turquli teqsti qarTuli TargmaniT gamosacemad moamzada

c.abulaZem, gamokvleva daurTo m. svaniZem, Tb., 1979. gv. 79.;

m.svaniZe, samcxe-saaTabagos administraciuli dayofa da so-

cialur-ekonomiuri mdgomareoba `gurjistanis vilaieTis didi

davTris mixedviT,~ Tsu Sromebi, t.121, Tb., 1967; gv. 295].

vilaieTis saqmeebis gansaxilvelad beglarbegis Tavm-

jdomareobiT divani ikribeboda. religiisa da samarTlis

saqmeebs vilaieTis centrSi mjdomi yadi ganagebda. igi

marTmsajulebas SariaTis mixedviT awarmoebda. sapolicio

samsaxuri subaSebs evalebodaT [m.svaniZe, samcxe-saaTabagos

administraciuli dayofa da socilalur-ekonomiuri mdgomareoba

`gurjistanis vilaieTis didi davTris mixedviT,~ Tsu Sromebi,

t.121, Tb., 1967;; 295].

rogorc ukve iTqva, sanjayebi nahiebad da yadiluqebad

iyofoda. sadac mosaxleobis umravlesobas qristianebi

Seadgendnen _ iq nahie iyo, xolo sadac muslimebi sWar-

bobdnen _ yadiluqi. nahie Tavis sagamgebloSi ramdenime

sofels aerTianebda [Cildiris eialeTis jaba davTari. 1694-

1723ww. Turquli teqsti qarTuli TargmaniT gamosacemad

moamzada c.abulaZem, gamokvleva daurTo m. svaniZem, Tb., 1979.; 79].

`gurjistanis vilaieTis didi davTris~ mixedviT Cildiris

(axalcixis) safaSo Semdeg livebad da nahiebad iyofoda:

I. axalcixis liva: 1. mzvares, 2. Crdilis, 3. udis, 4. qvablianis, 5.

awyuris, 6. alTunkalas, 7. ocxes, 8. aspinZis, 9. WaWaraqis nahieebi.

II. xerTvisis liva: 1. xerTvisis, 2. tye-javaxeTis, 3. buzmareTis

nahieebi.

III. axalqalaqis liva: 1. akSehiris, 2. Tmogvis, 3. nialisyuris na-

hieebi.

IV. Crdilis liva: 1.janbazis, 2. qanarbelis, 3. mgelcixis nahieebi.

V. focxovis liva: 1. mzvares, 2. Crdilis nahieebi.

VI. petres liva: 1. petres, 2. qaSveTis nahieebi.

VII. didi artaanis liva: 1. mzvares, 2. Crdilis, 3. tye nahieebi.

VIII. fanakis liva: 1. fanakis, 2. qamxisis, 3. fanaskertis nahieebi

(ix. _ `gurjistanis vilaieTis didi davTari,~ III naw.).

1694-1732 wlebSi Sedgenili jaba-davTris mixedviT Cildiris

(gurjistanis) eialeTi Semdeg livebad da nahieebad iyofoda:

I. axalcixis liva: 1. axalcixis, 2. awyuris, 3. udes, 4. mzvares, 5.

Crdilis, 6. qvablianis nahieebi.

II. axalqalaqis liva: 1. akSehiris, 2. nialisyuris, 3. Tmogvis, 4.

zvares nahieebi.

III. Crdilis liva: 1. janbazis, 2. mgelcixis, 3. qanarbelis na-

hieebi.

IV. focxovis liva: 1. focxovis, 2. mzvares, 3. Crdilis nahieebi.

V. xerTvisis liva: 1. xerTvisis, 2. buzmareTis, 3. tye-javaxeTis, 4.

Crdilis nahieebi.

VI. artanujis liva: 1. artanujis, 2. iSxanis, 3. taoskaris, 4. xum-

sis nahieebi.

VII. olTisis liva: 1. bardusis, 2. anZavis, 3. Crdilis, 4. misraso-

ris nahieebi.

VIII. didi artaanis liva: 1. mzvares, 2. Crdilis, 3. tyes nahieebi.

IX. patara artaanis liva: 1. xorjevani, 2. mzvare, 3. Crdilis

nahiebi. X. fanakis liva: 1. fanakis, 2. fanasker-

tis, 3. qamxisis nahieebi.

XI. mamirvanis liva: 1. mamirvanis, 2. axas nahieebi.

XII. WaWaraqis liva.

XIII. aspinZis liva.

XIV. alTunkalas (oqroscixes) liva.

XV. ocxes liva.

XVI. zemo aWaris liva.

XVII. qvemo aWaris liva.

XVIII. livanis liva.

XIX. SavSeTis liva.

XX. nisfi livanas liva.

XXI. ferTeqreqis liva.

XVIII s-is pirveli naxevris osmaluri wyaroebis cnobebiT

(aini ali, koCibei gorijeli, ali CauSi, evlia Celebi) Cildiris

eialeTi 13 sanjayisagan Sedgeboda: 1) olTisi, 2) xerTvisi, 3)

artanuji, 4) didi artaani, 5) WaWaraqi, 6) focxovi, 7) maWaxeli, 8)

aWara, 9) fanaki, 10) ferTeqreqi, 11) livana, 12) nisfi livana, 13)

SavSeTi.

rogorc vxedavT, Cildiris eialeTis sanjayTa raodenoba

TandaTan gaizarda, es ki gamowveuli iyo ara Cildiris eialeTis

teritoriuli zrdiT, aramed arsebuli sanjayebis danawilebiT.

am mxriv yvelaze meti cvlilebebi axalcixis livam ganicada.

ase, magaliTad _ ,,gurjistanis vilaieTis didi davTris" mixed-

viT, axalcixis livaSi Semavali WaWaraqi, aspinZa, alTunkala da

ocxe nahieebia, ,,jaba davTris" monacemebiT isini cal-calke

livebadaa gamoyofili. yuradRebas imsaxurebs is faqti, rom

XVIII saukunis I naxevris Turqul wyaroebSi araa axalqalaqisa

da Crdilis livebi, maSin, rodesac ,,gurjistanis davTarsa" da

,,jaba davTris" mixedviT, isini damoukidebel livebad ixsenie-

bian. XVII s-is I naxevris monacemebiT, aWara erTi sanjayi iyo,

,,jabas" mixedviT ki or livad iyofa. ,,jaba davTarSi" araa da-

mowmebuli petres liva. es imiT aixsneba, rom 1639 wlis zaviT es

mxare (amJamindeli borjomis xeoba) osmaleTs Camoscilda da

kvlav qarTlis samefos SemadgenlobaSi Sevida. [Cildiris

eialeTis jaba davTari. 1694-1723ww. Turquli teqsti qarTuli

TargmaniT gamosacemad moamzada c.abulaZem, gamokvleva daurTo

m. svaniZem, Tb., 1979.; 81].

gamahmadianebuli qarTveli begebisaTvis boZebuli iurTlu-

kisa da ojaklikis sanjayebi kerZo mflobelobaSi iyo boZebuli,

ar iyo aRwerili da davTarSi gatarebuli. swored amiT aixsneba

is faqti, rom oTxi sanjayi _ ferTeqreqi, livana, nisfi livana

da SavSeTi ar aris Setanili ,,gurjistanis vilaieTis did dav-

TarSi", miuxedavad imisa, rom isini axalcixis safaSos Se-

madgenlobaSi imyofebodnen [Cildiris eialeTis jaba davTari.

1694-1723ww. Turquli teqsti qarTuli TargmaniT gamosacemad

moamzada c.abulaZem, gamokvleva daurTo m. svaniZem, Tb., 1979.; 85].

ruseT-TurqeTis 1828-1829 ww. omis win axalcixis safaSo 24

sanjayad iyofoda: 1. axalcixe, 2. awyuri, 3. ocxe anu abasTumani,

4. qvabliani, 5. zemo aWara, 6. qvemo aWara, 7. livana, 8. qiskimi, 9.

narimani, 10. olTisi, 11. fanaki, 12. kola, 13. Crdili, 14. ax-

alqalaqi, 15. xerTvisi, 16. aspinZa, 17. WaWaraqi, 18. focxovi, 19.

maWaxeli, 20. taos-kari, 21. imerxevi, 22. SavSeTi, 23. artanuji, 24.

artaani [z. cincaZe, Woroxis auzis teritoriul-

administraciuli dayofa XIX saukunesa sa XX saukunis dasawy-

isSi, samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos Zeglebi, IX, Tb., 1980. gv.

291-292].

1828-1829 ww. osmaleTis winaaRmdeg warmoebuli omis Sedegad

ruseTma samcxe-saaTabagos (axalcixis safaSos) Crdilo-

aRmosavleTi nawili SemoierTa, romelic ZiriTadad mtkvris

zemo welis da mis Semdinare wylebis auzs moicavda [z. cincaZe,

Woroxis auzis teritoriul-administraciuli dayofa XIX sau-

kunesa sa XX saukunis dasawyisSi, samxreT-dasavleT saqarT-

velos Zeglebi, IX, Tb., 1980; 292].

saqarTvelos daubrunda Svidi sanjayi mTlianad: 1. axal-

cixis, 2. qvablianis, 3. abasTumnis (ocxe), 4. aspinZis, 5. awyuris,

6. xerTvisis, 7. WaWaraqis, xolo sami sanjayi – Crdilis,

focxovis da axalqalaqis, nawilobriv. focxovis sanjayis didi

nawili _ dasavleTi focxovi (mzvares nahie) da mniSvnelovani

nawili aRmosavleTi focxovisa (Crdilis nahie) darCa osmaleTs,

ruseTs mxolod Crdilis raionis Crdilo-aRmosavleTi mxare

ergo Semdegi soflebiT: Warali, yudra, wyalTbila, jayi da

jayismani, aseve or nawilad gaiyo Crdilis (Cildiri) sanjayic.

am sanjayis ZiriTadi nawili _ mgelcixisa da mzvares raionebi

(nahiebi), darCa TurqeTis farglebSi, Crdilis sanjayis Crdilo-

aRmosavleTi mxare ki, qanerbilis raioni (nahie), daubrunda

saqarTvelos Semdegi soflebiTurT: xozapini, karwaxi, sulda,

mrakvali, xaveTi, erinja, oloRa, dadeSi, dlivi. axalqalaqis

sanjayis udidesi nawili akSehiris raioni, Tmogvis raioni da

nialisyuris raionis (nahies) mniSvnelovani nawili. osmaleTs

mxolod nialisyuris raionis (nahies) umniSvnelo nawili darCa,

romelSic Sedioda soflebi: zaqi, kotasi, anfuri, petrisi,

ColeTi, mgelcixe, Camardo, TaTaleTi. SemoerTebul teritorias

axalcixis provincia ewoda [z. cincaZe, Woroxis auzis terito-

riul-administraciuli dayofa XIX saukunesa sa XX saukunis

dasawyisSi, samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos Zeglebi, IX, Tb., 1980;

294].

axalcixis aRebisTanave general-feldmarSalma paskeviCma

1828 wlis 16 agvistos mimarTa ra mcxovreblebs, rom amieridan

ruseTis armia daicavda maT keTildReobas, adaTsa da pirad sa-

kuTrebas, Seqmna axalcixis safaSos dapyrobili mxarisaTvis ax-

ali saolqo droebiTi mmarTveloba, romlis ufrosad dainiSna

generali Tavadi vasil bebuTovi [S. lomsaZe, samcxe-javaxeTi

(XVIIIs-is Sua wlebidan XIXs-is Sua wlebamde), Tb., 1975. gv. 202].

axalcixis droebiTi mmarTveloba Sedgeboda Semdegi ganyo-

filebebisagan: aRmasrulebeli, saerTo-safinanso da samo-

samarTlo (cal-calke samoqalaqo da sisxlis samarTlis

dargebSi). adgilebze aRmasrulebel organoebs warmoadgendnen

sanjaybegebi da sakomendantoebi TavianTi aparatiT. rac Seexeba

qalaq axalcixes, iq Seiqmna saqalaqo policia saerTo

dadgenilebis safuZvelze, romelTanac aseve Camoyalibda gad-

mosaxlebulTa komiteti, safaSos ufrosis xelmZRvanelobiT.

axalcixis mxridan winaswari zogadi monacemebis gacnobis

Semdeg, saqarTvelos mTavarmmarTebelma baronma rozenma gadawy-

vita moexdina cvlilebebi axalcixis safaSos mmarTvelobis

struqturaSi da 1833 wels axalcixis droebiT mmarTvelobas

daavala 1834 wlis oqtombramde warmoedgina safaSos mmarTvelo-

bis gadaxalisebis proeqti. am droisaTvis rozens ukve xelT

hqonda saqarTvelos samoqalaqo gubernatoris falavandovis

mier axalcixis mxareSi Sekrebili masalebi, ris safuZvelzec

droebiT mmarTvelobas avalebda, rom proeqtis Sedgenisas gaT-

valiswinebuli yofiliyo sanjayebad danawevrebuli mxaris

gamsxvileba or olqad da or qalaqad. eseni iqnebodnen axal-

cixis da axalqalaqis olqebi. axalcixis olqSi Sevidoda:

focxovis, awyuris, qvablianis, WaWaraqis, abasTumnis, aspinZis da

axalcixis sanjayebi. xolo axalqalaqis olqSi _ axalqalaqis,

xerTvisis da Cildiris sanjayebi. amgvari dayofiT axalcixis da

axalqalaqis olqebi TavianTi sivrciTa da mosaxleobiT TiTqmis

toli iqneboda. 1834 wlis 30 seqtembers droebiTi mmarTvelobis

ufrosma oranskim rozens warudgina safaSos gardaqmnis pro-

eqtis ori varianti. safaSos ufrosi urCevda mTavarmmarTebels,

rom ori olqis nacvlad Seqmniliyo ori mazra: axalcixisa da

axalqalaqisa, da Caricxuliyo igi Cveulebrivi wesiT saqarT-

velos guberniaSi. baron ganis mier Catarebuli reviziiT wamo-

yenebul iqna winadadeba, romlis ZaliTac sanjaybegebi unda

SeecvalaT komendantebiT da yofili sanjaybegebisaTvis daeniS-

naT pensiebi; magram 1840 wlis 10 aprilis dadgenilebis safuZ-

velze, administraciuli cvlilebebis Sedegad saerTod gauqmda

axalcixis safaSos droebiTi mmarTveloba da mis nacvlad

Seiqmna axalcixis erTi mazra, romelic saqarTvelo-imereTis

guberniaSi Sevida. axlad Seqmnili mazra dayves sam ubnad: ax-

alqalaqis, xerTvisis da abasTumnis ubnebad [S. lomsaZe, samcxe-

javaxeTi (XVIIIs-is Sua wlebidan XIXs-is Sua wlebamde), Tb., 1975;

209].

1846 wlis axali administraciuli gadanawilebis dros,

rodesac amierkavkasiaSi Seiqmna 4 gubernia, erzerumidan

Camosaxlebuli kolonistebisa da zogierTi didvaWar-

markitantebis gavleniT, mTavrobam axalcixis mazras Camoacila

axalqalaqis ubani da es erTi administraciuli erTeuli orad

gayo. orad gayofili provinciis erTi didi nawili, axalcixis

mazris saxeliT, Sevida quTaisis guberniaSi, xolo meore nawili

_ axalqalaqis ubani _ Tbilisis guberniaSi, magram ara rogorc

damoukidebeli axalqalaqis mazra, aramed, rogorc aleqsandro-

polis mazris erTi ubani. ase xelovnurad da dausabuTeblad

moiwadines viTomc eTnikurad somxuri mazris Seqmna saqarT-

velos istoriul miwa-wyalze. aRsaniSnavi is iyo, rom aseTi

SeerTebis sababs ar iZleoda arc am ori raionis ekonomikuri

kavSiri, arc maTi meurneobis xasiaTi da daniSnuleba.

mTavroba male mixvda, rom am ugunuri nabijiT mTeli

mxaris istoriulad Camoyalibebul sameurneo urTierTobas didi

ziani miayena da male, axali administraciuli gadanawilebis

dros, es Secdoma gamoaswora. 1849 wels aleqsandropolis mazra

SeuerTes axlad Seqmnil erevnis gubernias, axalqalaqis ubani ki

daubrunda axalcixis mazras [Шахатунян А, Административный пере-дель Закавказского краяб Тфл., 1918, ст. 89].

amrigad, SemoerTebuli mesxeTi moicavda axalcixisa da ax-

alqalaqis mazrebs da artaanis da olTisis okrugebs. mTlianad

teritoria udrida 14,006 kvadratul kilometrs [Кавказский кален-дарь, ст. 88;].

1867w. 31 dekembers gamoqveynda mefisnacvlis brZaneba

kavkasiis mTavar sammarTvelos, sagubernio da samazro sammarT-

veloebisadmi. igi acnobebda morCil moxeleebs, rom imperatorma

daamtkica mxaris marTva-gamgeobis reorganizaciis kanondebuleba

da imave imperatoris survilia axali kanoni moqmedebaSi Sevides

1868 wlis 1 ianvridan [scssa, f.13, anaw.10, saq.737, furc.1-4;].

1868 wlis 10 Tebervals ZalaSi Sevida mefisnacvlis in-

struqcia sagubernio da samazro sammarTveloebis Sinagani

mowyobisa da policiis organizaciis Sesaxeb. garkveuli cvli-

lebebi xdeboda mazrebis administraciul dayofaSi. 1867 wels

mefisnacvali imperators swerda, rom axali sasamarTlo wesde-

bis SemoRebisa da policiis sasamarTlo funqciebisagan gan-

Tavisuflebis Semdeg, agreTve imis gamo, rom Camoyalibda sof-

lis sazogadoebrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebi, saubno sam-

marTveloebis uwyebaSi myofi saqmeebi Zalian Semcirda da amde-

nad mazrebis sapolicio ubnebad dayofa zedmeti xdeba. sakmari-

sia viqonioT sapolicio xelisuflebis ori instancia _ sagu-

bernio da samazro. magram aseTi Sekveca-gamartiveba SeiZleba

mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mazrebis teritoriebi ar iqneba

Zalian vrceli [scssa, f.13, anaw.10, saq.737, furc.1-4;]. mefisnacv-

lis es winadadeba dakmayofilda da amis Sedegad Seiqmna ax-

alqalaqis mazra da Tbilisis guberniaSi Sevida. dawesda mazris

ufrosis TanaSemwis Tanamdeboba. am postze daniSnuli piri

sxvadasxva davalebiT igzavneboda adgilebze, asrulebda moZravi

sapolicio organos xelmZRvanelis rols. mazrebis sapolicio

ubnebad dayofa gauqmda.

amierkavkasiaSi mazris ufrosebs igive ufleba-movaleoba

ekisreboda, rac centralur ruseTSi, magram imis gamo, rom am

mxareSi erobebi jer ar iyo SemoRebuli, aqaur mazris ufrosebs

daekisraT saerobo saqmis warmoeba da saTanado angariSebis

Sedgena mosaxleobis mier fuladi saerobo gamosaRebis Setanisa

da naturaluri valdebulebis moxdis Taobaze. mazris ufrosebi

saqmeTa aRsrulebis dros iyenebdnen policiis moxeleebs da sa-

soflo mmarTvelobis Tanamdebobis pirebs.

magram 1867 wlis administraciuli reformis gatarebis

praqtikam cxadyo, rom sapolicio ubnebisa da msajulTa insti-

tutis gauqmeba, adgilobrivi xelisuflebis mazris ufrosTa

xelSi koncentrireba ar iyo swori. gubernatorebis azriT,

samazro qalaqSi mTeli sapolicio Zalebis Tavmoyra, saubno

msajulebis Secvla mazris ufrosTa TanaSemweebiT, mxolod im

SemTxvevaSi uzrunvelyofda sapolicio zedamxedvelobis sa-

Tanado dones, Tu mazris teritoria da mosaxleoba ar iqneboda

didi da soflis sammarTveloebi qmediT daxmarebas gauwevdnen

sapolicio xelisuflebas.

am sakiTxis ganxilvisas wamoyenebul iqna winadadeba mazre-

bis sapolicio ubnebad dayofis aRdgenis Sesaxeb, magram es wi-

nadadeba ver gavida.

axali mmarTvelobiTi cvlileba moxda saqarTveloSi 1881

wlis 22 noembers aleqsandre III-is brZanebiT, romlis ZaliTac

amierkavkasiam dakarga administraciuli TviTmmarTveloba. gau-

qmda avtonomiuri xelisuflebis mefisnacvlis instituti. am

brZanebis Sedegad mefis mTavrobis administraciis xelmZRvaneli

mTavarmmarTebeli gaxda, romelic Tavisi uflebamosilebiT di-

dad CamorCeboda mefisnacvals [S. vaniSvili, amierkavkasia

ruseTis mmarTvelobis sistemaSi 1864-1917w., Tb., 1989. gv. 54].

ministrTa komitetis 1882 wlis 29 ianvris dadgenilebis me-3

punqtis Tanaxmad, TbilisSi Seiqmna specialuri komisia, romel-

sac daevala kavkasiis marTva-gamgeobis axali kanondebulebis

Sedgena. kavkasiis marTva-gamgeobis reorganizaciis proeqti da

winadadebebi gadaeca saxelmwifo sabWos.

kavkasiis marTva-gamgeobis reorganizacia or etapad

ganxorcielda. pirveli kanoni miRebul iqna 1883 wels, meore

dasrulebul-dazustebuli kanondebuleba ki imperatorma

daamtkica 1885 wlis ianvars. 1886 wels ki igi peterburgSi gamo-

qveynda [S. vaniSvili, amierkavkasia ruseTis mmarTvelobis siste-

maSi 1864-1917w., Tb., 1989. gv. 69].

kanonis mixedviT kavkasiis centralur mmarTvelobas war-

moadgendnen: kavkasiis samoqalaqo nawilis mTavarmmarTebeli da

misi TanaSemwe; mTavarmmarTeblis sabWo; sxvadasxva uwyebis

calkeul nawilTa sammarTveloebi. adgilobrivi adminis-

traciuli dawesebulebebi iyo: 1) sagubernio da saolqo, 2)

samazro da saokrugo, 3) saqalaqo da sasoflo. calke mo-

qmedebdnen sasamarTlo dawesebulebebi.

1888 wlis 10 maiss gamoqveynda kanoni, ,,amierkavkasiis gu-

berniebSi samazro policiis reorganizaciis Sesaxeb”, romlis

Tanaxmad amierkavkasiis 5 gubernia daiyo 37 mazrad da 125

sapolicio ubnad. am RonisZiebas Sinagan saqmeTa ministri grafi

tolstoi amarTlebda im motiviT, rom mosaxleobis mravaltomo-

brivoba yoveli maTganis Taviseburi adaT-Cveulebani da mo-

qalaqeobrivi ganuviTarebloba moiTxovda sapolicio Zalebis

mudmiv yofnas mazris sxvadasxva punqtSi, rac meti iqneboda po-

liciis sayrdeni wertilebi, miT ukeT iqneboda daculi sa-

zogadoebrivi uSiSroeba da wesrigi. aseTi iyo ministris azri

[scssa, f.13, anaw.10, saq.737, furc.1-4].

amrigad, guberniebi dayofil iqna mazrebad. mazris ufross

hyavda TanaSemwe, mdivani, saqmis mwarmoebeli, Tarjimani, mazrebi

iyofoda sapolicio ubnebad, romlebsac boqaulebi ganagebdnen.

sapolicio ubanSi Sedioda ramdenime sasoflo sazogadoeba,

romlebic, Tavis mxriv, ramdenime sofels da dasaxlebul punqts

aerTianebdnen. soflis sazogadoebis mmarTvelobis umaRles

ganmkargulebel organos soflis yriloba warmoadgenda. mis

funqciebSi Sedioda sasoflo mmarTvelobis Tanamdebobis pirTa

arCeva, soflidan mavne da damnaSave pirebis gansaxlebis Taobaze

dadgenilebis miReba, sazogadoebriv saWiroebebze zemdgomi in-

stanciebis winaSe Suamdgomlobis aRZvra, saxazino da saerobo

gadasaxadebis komlTa Soris ganawileba da sxv. [S. vaniSvili,

amierkavkasia ruseTis mmarTvelobis sistemaSi 1864-1917w., Tb.,

1989. gv. 80].

soflis sazogadoebis mmarTvelobis aRmasrulebeli

xelisufali iyo mamasaxlisi, romelsac glexTa yriloba

irCevda. mis funqciebSi Sedioda: gzebis, xidebis, wyalsadenebis

SenarCunebisaTvis meTvalyureoba; kameralur aRweraTa Catarebis

xelmZRvaneloba da kontroli; saxelmwifo, saerobo da saadgil-

mamulo gadasaxadTa droulad akrefis uzrunvelyofa. masve,

garkveuli formalobis dacviT, glexebisaTvis unda mieca

sasoflo sazogadoebidan gaSvebis mowmobebi da saSovarze

wasvlis sanebarTvo bileTebi.

saglexo reformis Semdeg saqarTveloSi swrafi tempiT vi-

Tardeboda kapitalizmi. misi ganviTarebis paralelurad Zlier-

deboda burJuazia, magram es ukanaskneli moklebuli iyo

politikur uflebebs, ris gamoc ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamda. mo-

salodneli garTulebebis Tavidan asacileblad, mefis mTavroba

iZulebuli gaxda daTmobaze wasuliyo da 1870 wlis saqalaqo

debulebiT burJuaziisaTvis misi moqmedebis mTavar asparezze _

qalaqebSi, mieniWebina SezRuduli TviTmmarTvelobis ufleba.

1870 wlis debuleba burJuaziuli xasiaTisa iyo. igi mxed-

velobaSi ar iRebda mosaxleobis wodebriv dayofas da saarCevno

Tanrigebs safuZvlad udebda ara moqalaqeTa socialur warmo-

Sobas, aramed ekonomikur mdgomareobas. amis Sesabamisad qalaqSi

yalibdeboda sami Tanrigi, sami saarCevno kreba. pirvelSi Sedi-

odnen msxvili mesakuTreni, meoreSi _ saSualo SeZlebis mo-

qalaqeni, mesameSi _ is wvrili mesakuTreni, romlebic ixdidnen

garkveul gadasaxads [i. gvenetaZe, axalcixis saqalaqo mmarT-

veloba 1876-1917ww., `macne,~ istoriis seria, #4, Tb., 1979. gv. 91].

qalaqis sazogadoebrivi TviTmmarTveloba ar iTvleboda

adgilobrivi xelisuflebis organod. marTalia, igi debulebiT

gansazRvrul CarCoebSi damoukideblad moqmedebda, magram imave

debulebis sxva muxlebi mniSvnelovnad zRudavdnen TviTmmarT-

velobebs da administraciis kontrols amyarebdnen mis saqmiano-

baze. miuxedavad amisa, TviTmpyrobelobis pirobebSi qalaqebisaT-

vis TviTmmarTvelobis miniWeba mainc progresul movlenas war-

moadgenda, radgan ramdenadme ilagmeboda saxelmwifo biurok-

ratiuli aparatis TviTneboba da iqmneboda progresuli Zalebis

moqmedebis asparezi.

saqalaqo debulebis gatareba saqarTvelos qalaqebSi

sxvadasxva dros moxda. 1875 wlis Tebervlidan aRniSnuli de-

bulebis gatarebisaTvis mzadeba axalcixeSic daiwyes (manamde

qalaqs policia ganagebda). 1876 wels moewyo amomrCevelTa

pirveli kenWisyra. arCevnebSi mosaxleobis mcire nawili

monawileobda. qalaqis 14.000 mcxovrebidan xmis uflebiT sarge-

blobda mxolod 258 kaci, anu mTeli mosaxleobis 1,8% [i. gve-

netaZe, axalcixis saqalaqo mmarTveloba 1876-1917ww., `macne,~ is-

toriis seria, #4, Tb., 1979. gv. 91].

1876 wlis ivnisSi axalcixeSi sabolood Camoyalibda

TviTmmarTvelobis organoebi. arCeul iqna saTaTbiro, qalaqis

Tavi da gamgeoba [i. gvenetaZe, axalcixis saqalaqo mmarTveloba

1876-1917ww., `macne,~ istoriis seria, #4, Tb., 1979. gv. 91].

narodovolcebis mier aleqsandre II-is mokvlis Semdeg,

reaqcia Setevaze gadavida. axalma imperatorma aleqsandre III-m

da misi biurokratiuli aparatis didmoxeleebma 60-iani wlebis

reformebi Secdomad gamoacxades da kontrreformis gatareba

daiwyes [S. vaniSvili, amierkavkasia ruseTis mmarTvelobis siste-

maSi 1864-1917w., Tb., 1989. gv. 99].

axali administraciuli danawilebis mcdeloba iyo somxebis

mxridan 1913 wels. maT axalqalaqis mazra somxeTis miwa-wylad

gamoacxades da am mazris Tbilisis guberniis sazRvrebidan ga-

moyofa moiTxoves. maTi mizani iyo axalqalaqis mazra danarCen

somxur mazrebTan SeeerTebinaT da am gziT erTi mTliani

somxuri saerobo TviTmmarTveli olqi SeeqmnaT. es azri wamo-

yenebul iqna somxebis mier 1913 wels, rodesac kavkasiaSi mefis

moadgiled somexTa mwyalobeli grafi voroncov-daSkovi iyo.

maTi wadili rom ufro samarTlianad da obieqturi mosazrebiT

nakarnaxevad sCveneboda adamians, somxebma sabuTad isic ki wa-

moayenes, viTomc javaxeTi anu axalqalaqis mazra ekonomikurad

tfilisis ki ara, gumbris (aleqsandropoli) guberniasTan iyo

dakavSirebuli [Шахатунян А, Административный передель Закавказско-го края Тфл., 1918, ст. 70-72].

voroncovis survilis Tanaxmad, imave wels gaica brZaneba,

rom Tbilisis guberniis axalqalaqis samazro komisia Sem-

dgariyo da gamoerkvia, SeiZleboda Tu ara, da ramdenad xel-

sayreli iqneboda, rom axalqalaqis mazra Tbilisis gubernias

Camoscileboda da gumbrisas (aleqsandropolis) mimateboda, rom

masTan erTad calke, gansakuTrebiT somxebiT dasaxlebuli gu-

bernia Semdgariyo. komisiaSi TavmjdomariTurT sul 14 kaci

iRebda monawileobas, romelTagan 8 kaci rusi iyo (Tavmjdomare

mazris ufrosi podpolk. kalinini, momrigebeli mickeviCi, fosta-

telegrafis kantoris ufrosi delibaSi, samazro beiTali

toropovi, saubno boqaulebi Capligini da lazarevi, duxobore-

bis warmomadgenlebi al. uglovi da vas. gremiakini), 4 qarTveli

(gadasaxadTa inspeqtori T-di mayaSvili da memamuleTa warmo-

madgenlebi qarTveli _ mahmadianebi mamed-ali-begi da mustafa-

begi falavandiSvilebi, baraleTis ubnis mcxovrebTa warmo-

madgeneli murjikneli) da 2 somexi (qalaqis mamasaxlisi menatu-

nianci da bogdanovkis ubnis mcxovrebTa warmomadgeneli kar-

oianci).

bWobis Semdgom samazro komisiam erTxmad uaryo javaxeTis

anu axalqalaqis mazris tfilisis guberniisagan CamoSoreba da

gumbrTan (aleqsandropoli) SeerTeba. Tavisi azris dasasabuTe-

blad komisia, sxvaTa Soris, pirvelad swored am kuTxis eko-

nomikursa da mimosvlis sakiTxs Seexo da daadgina: `Semcdari

azria, viTomc axalqalaqis mazra q. aleqsandropolTan yofili-

yos dakavSirebuli, mTeli vaWroba da yvela saWirboroto in-

teresi mcxovreblebs gansakuTrebiT tfilisTan aerTebs, sadac

isini Tavis saqonels, sanovagesa da adgilobriv nawarms asaReben

da saiTganac moaqvT saqoneli da yvelaferi saxmari mTeli maz-

risaTvis. amasTanave saqonlis gadatan-gadmotana mTeli wlis

ganmavlobaSi, zafxulSiac da zamTarSic, warmoebs axalcixe-

borjom-bakurianis SaragziT, agreTve rodionovka-walka-

manglisze mokle, pirdapiri saurme gziT, romelic zamTarSiac

ki ar ikvreba xolme. aleqsandropolTan ki zamTarSi, namqerebis

gamo, xolo gazafxulze wyaldidobisa da talaxebis gamo, mTeli

TveobiT yovelgvari kavSiri, safostoc ki srulebiT Sewyvetilia

xolme. zafxulSi ki, rodesac aleqsandropolis gza gaxsnilia,

mTeli savaWro saqoneli javaxeTidan mainc axalcixeze, bakuri-

anSi midis da mxolod am mazris bogdanovkis ubnis samxreT

nawils, zogierTi saqoneli, metadre brinji, zafxulobiT

aleqsandropolidan modis xolme~.

axalqalaqis samazro komisiis aRniSnuli erTmxrivi

dadgenileba 1914 wlis 24 ianvars tfilisis gansakuTrebulma

sabWom erTxmad daamtkica [iv. javaxiSvili, saqarTvelos saz-

Rvrebi, Tb., 1996. gv. 36-37].

1917 wlis Tebervlis burJuaziul-demokratiuli

revoluciis Sedegad petrogradSi droebiTi mTavroba Seiqmna.

martis dasawyisisaTvis droebiTma mTavrobam saxelmwifo saTaT-

biros wevrebisagan Seqmna warmomadgenloba amierkavkasiis

xalxTa saxelmZRvanelod da uwoda mas `amierkavkasiis gansa-

kuTrebuli komiteti~(ozakomi).

1917 wlis oqtomberSi moxda saxelmwifo gadatrialeba da

gaimarjva bolSevikebis partiam; damyarda sabWoTa xelisufleba

da garekil iqna droebiTi mTavroba. amierkavkasiis gansakuTre-

bulma komitetma, romelic bolomde droebiTi mTavrobis erT-

guli rCeboda, uari Tqva sabWoTa xelisuflebis cnobaze da sa-

pasuxod 1917 wlis 15 noembers s. gegeWkoris meTaurobiT

Camoayaliba axali mTavroba _ amierkavkasiis komisariati. say-

uradReboa, rom es axali mTavroba Tavis Tavs mainc ruseTis im-

periis nawilad Tvlida [S. lomsaZe, mesxebi, axalcixuri qroni-

kebi, II, Tb., 1997, gv. 251-253.; z. avaliSvili, saqarTvelos damou-

kidebloba 1918-1921 wlebis saerTaSoriso politikaSi, tf. 1925.

gv. 24].

male komisariatma axalcixeSi mdgari 116-e polki erovnuli

da religiuri monacemebis mixedviT daSala. amasTan, axlad Seqm-

nili sajariso nawilebi adgilze daanawila. rus jariskacTa

umravlesoba saxlebSi gabrunda. darCenili nawili ruseTidan

TeTrgvardieli generlebis gankargulebas eloda.

axalcixe-axalqalaqis mazrebSi ganlagdnen rogorc qar-

Tuli, ise somxuri da muslimanuri nawilebi. manamde mazraSi

mdgari osTa da inguSTa sapolicio razmebi Sesabamisad daemor-

Cilnen qarTul polks da abasTumanSi mdgar muslimanTa polks.

axalcixeSi ganlagda qarTuli polki da somxuri aTaseuli da

artaanSi _ ramdenime qarTuli aseuli [S. lomsaZe, mesxebi, ax-

alcixuri qronikebi, II, Tb., 1997, gv. 254].

mdgomareobis gamosworebis mizniT jer kidev 1917 wlis

noemberSi komisariatma axalcixis mxarisaTvis daawesa e.w. sagen-

eralgubernatoro, rac imas niSnavda, rom aq sagangebo wesebi

iqneboda SemoRebuli. general-gubernatoris gankargulebaSi

Sedioda mxaris rogorc samxedro, ise samoqalaqo saqmeebi.

pirvel general-gubernatorad dainiSna 166-e polkis rwmunebu-

lad namsaxuri, samxedro akademiadamTavrebuli axalgazrda ofi-

ceri S. maRlakeliZe. sageneralgubernatoros mohyva adgilze

samazro komitetebis, anu rogorc eZaxdnen komisariatebis Seqmna.

axalcixis samazro komisariatSi, general-gubernatorTan erTad,

mTavar wevrebad Sevidnen: mazris ufrosi rotmistri gudievi,

skolebis inspeqtori mitrofanovi da sxvani.

rac Seexeba aRmasrulebel komitets iq Tavmjdomared ar-

Ceul iqna adgilobrivi maswavlebeli, awyureli begi omar faiki

(yifiani), xolo mis moadgiled, misive disSvili ahmed-beg fefi-

novi (fefinaSvili), orive renegati da Turqofili.

aRsaniSnavia, rom komisariatis SeqmnisTanave mesxeTSi wi-

naaRmdegobebma iCines Tavi, aTeuli wlebiT pan-islamuri da pan-

Turquli propagandiT mowamlulma mesxeTis zeda fenam (beg-

aRalarebma), am dros TviTSemecnebis da amis safuZvelze TviTga-

morkvevis magivrad, Turqi emisrebis karnaxiT, samahmadiano

saqarTvelos momavlisaTvis brZola daukavSires religiur pan-

islamur da pan-Turqul principebs, ar scnes axlad Seqmnili

mTavroba komisariatis saxiT da ganudgnen mas.

saqarTvelos samxreT raionebSi ukve 1917 wlis Semodgomaze

SesamCnevi gaxda muslimanTa bandebis gaaqtiureba, rac pirdapiri

Sedegi iyo omamdeli da omisdroindeli jaSuSuri saqmianobisa,

rasac aq Turqi emisrebi eweodnen, islamis dacvis, sarwmunoebis

dacvisa da yvela mahmadianis gaerTianebis lozungiT. am dros

moqmedeba daiwyes `CeTebma~.

mokled, samxreT saqarTveloSi atexili e. w. `CeTebis~ moZ-

raobis raobaze da miznebze: `CeTe~ Turquli sityvaa da ewodeba

partizanebis iseT mcire razms, romelsac SeuZlia saWiroebis

SemTxvevaSi awarmoos partizanuli omi. XV-XIX saukuneebSi CeTe-

bis partizanuli moZraoba farTod iyo gavrcelebuli bal-

kaneTis naxevarkunZulze, maSin igi mimarTuli iyo dampyrobTa

winaaRmdeg, sakuTari qveynisa da religiis (qristianobis) dasa-

cavad. XIX s-is 20-ian wlebSi serbTa nacionalur-

ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolis yvela monawiles ,,CeTniki” erqva da

,,CeTis” wevrad iTvleboda, rac yvela serbisaTvis saamayo iyo.

XX s-is 10-ian wlebSi am wminda wylis antiTurqul da an-

timuslimur moZraobas osmalebma Tavdapirveli Sinaarsi

Seucvales. igi panislamisturi ideebis samsaxurSi Caayenes da

sarbielad TurqeTis ganapira mxareebi, maT Soris samxreT da

samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelo miuCines, sadac am droisaTvis

ZaliT gamahmadianebuli da ukve Rrma fanatizmSi gadasuli

mesxeTis ,,ierli” cxovrobda (`ier~ _ Turquli sityvaa da

adgils niSnavs, ierli _ adgilobrivs). axla viTom maT TavianTi

CaTebiT unda exsnaT islami qristiani moZaladeebisagan [S. lom-

saZe, mesxebi, axalcixuri qronikebi, II, Tb., 1997, gv. 250-251].

,,CeTebis” moZraobis gaaqtiureba, rogorc Cans, dakavSire-

buli iyo TurqTa mxridan erzinjanis droebiTi zavis darRvev-

asTan momgebiani ,,faqtiuri mdgomareobis” SeqmnisaTvis. samcxe-

javaxeTSi amas xels uwyobda isic, rom axalcixeSi mdgari

rusTa saTadarigo 166-e polki moiSala. xolo mis adgilze Seqm-

nili erovnuli samxedro nawilebi jer sakmaod sustni iyvnen. am

viTarebiT isargebles renegatma begebma da Turqi emisrebis kar-

naxiT, adgilze Seqmnili ,,CeTebi” daZres; 1917 wlis noemberSi,

axalcixeSi mdgar samxedro nawilebianad, maT qalaqi alyaSi

moaqcies [sjimxf, e.#4641, furc.14].

bandebis e. w. ,,CeTebis” saerTo xelmZRvanelobas eweoda re-

negati omar faiki (yifiani). ajanyebulebma alyaSemortymuli ax-

alcixisa da iq mdgomi samxedro SenaerTebisagan danebeba da

iaraRis Cabareba moiTxoves. alyaSi moqceuli axalcixisaTvis

garedan qristianTa soflebs raime daxmareba rom ar gaewiaT,

SeTqmulebma yvelgan TavianTi piketebi daayenes da misasvleli

gzebi Caketes. rac Seexeba qristian qarTvelTa yvelaze did

sofel udes, SeTqmulebma isic alyaSi moaqcies da iaraRis

Cabareba moiTxoves [S. lomsaZe, mesxebi, axalcixuri qronikebi, II,

Tb., 1997, gv. 256].

am ambebTan dakavSirebiT samcxe-javaxeTis imdroindeli

samxedro da samoqalaqo saqmeebis rwmunebulTan, general-

gubernator maRlakeliZesTan, sami qarTveli mahmadiani begis

TanxlebiT gamocxadda uravlis ubnis boqauli zia-beg abaSiZe

da warudgina sruliad moulodneli, Svidpunqtiani moTxovna: 1.

axalcixe gamocxaddes samcxe-javaxeTisa da artaanis mTavar

qalaqad; 2. saxeli ,,axalcixe” Seicvalos Turqizebuli formiT

da ewodos ,,ahiska”. 3. qalaqSi darCenili Tavisufali yazarmebi

gadaeces mahmadianur mosaxleobas. 4. oficerTa sakrebulos

Senoba mieces mahmadianTa polks; 5. garnizonis ufrosad qarT-

veli oficris nacvlad dainiSnos mahmadiani yajari, romelic

komisariatma ganawesa me-8 polkis ufrosad da romelsac gen-

eral-gubernatori mesxeTSi Sesvlis uflebas ar aZlevda. 6. gen-

eral-gubernatori Tavisi StabiT qalaqidan gadavides rabaTSi

da iq cixis teritoriaze ganlagdes; 7. am winadadebis miuReblo-

bis SemTxvevaSi mahmadianTa SeiaraRebuli razmebi iZulebulni

iqnebian SeiWrnen qalaqSi [S. lomsaZe, mesxebi, axalcixuri

qronikebi, II, Tb., 1997, gv. 257].

SeiaraRebuli ,,CeTebiT” garSemortymuli axalcixe yovel

wuTs eloda Setevis dawyebas. `qarTuli Stabis” erT-erT TaT-

birze gadawyda Tavdasxmis da Setevis dawyeba, rasac unda mo-

exdina axalcixis garSemo Tavmoyrili ,,CeTebis” uvnebelyofa.

marTlac, 1917 wlis dekembris meore naxevarSi, qarTuli polkis

meomrebi, romelTac mxars umagrebda agreTve somxuri aTaseuli,

Setevaze erTdroulad gadavidnen sami mimarTulebiT. micemuli

brZanebiT, maTi mTavari mizani iyo mahmadianTa Sekrebili razme-

bis gafantva da dacla ise, rom mosaxleobas araferi daSave-

boda. Seteva daiwyo awyuris mimarTulebiT ganlagebul omar

faikis da ahmed fefenovis winaaRmdeg. aqve iyo mowinaaRmdegis

mTavari Stabic. ,,CeTebi” daamarcxa da gandevna qarTvel ofi-

cerTa razmma kapitan abaSiZis meTaurobiT. ,,CeTebi” aseve damar-

cxebul iqnen axalcixis sxva misadgomebTanac. qarTuli Stabis

gonivruli da drouli moqmedebis wyalobiT, rasac main-

cadamainc didi msxverplic ar mohyolia, ,,CeTebma” axalcixis

aReba ver SeZles [S. lomsaZe, mesxebi, axalcixuri qronikebi, II,

Tb., 1997, gv. 260].

1917 w. noemberSi CeTebis damarcxebiT saqme ar damTavre-

bula. mahmadianTa begebma samxreT saqarTvelos momavlis sakiTxi

gansaxilvelad abasTumanSi daniSnul mahmadianTa specialur

yrilobaze gaitanes, romelsac eswrebodnen warmomadgenlebi:

samcxidan, javaxeTidan, artaanidan, aWaridan, SavSeTidan da yar-

sidan. yriloba naxevrad konspiraciuli iyo. misi saorganizacio

komitetis winaswari gancxadebiT iq unda ganxiluliyo mxolod

kulturul-sarwmunoebrivi sakiTxebi. magram, roca yriloba gaix-

sna dRis wesrigi arsebiTad Secvlili aRmoCnda: delegatebi

religiur-kulturuli sakiTxebis nacvlad samxreT da samxreT-

dasavleT saqarTvelos rogorc socialur-politikuri, ise

teritoriuli sakiTxebis garCevas Seudgnen da yvelasaTvis mou-

lodneli erTob Sesazari dadgenileba miiRes: axalcixe-

axalqalaqis mazrebi, focxovi, aWara, artaani, SavSeTi mTeli

Tavisi teritoriiTa da xalxiT, viTarca sunas mimdevari da erT-

morwmune, unda gaerTianebuliyo erTi avtonomiuri mmarTvelobis

qveS yarsis mxaresTan. unda gamoyofoda amierkavkasiis komisari-

ats da gasuliyo Tbilisis guberniidan [S. lomsaZe, mesxebi, ax-

alcixuri qronikebi, II, Tb., 1997,gv. 261].

sxvaTa Soris, abasTumnis yrilobas, rogorc meTvalyure-

warmomadgeneli, eswreboda mxaris general-gubernatori maR-

lakeliZec, romelmac Tavis gamosvlaSi yrilobis gadawy-

vetileba sruliad aSkarad dagmo da protesti gamoucxada mas.

aRelvebulma brbom maRlakeliZe tribunidan Camoagdo, xolo

saRamos, roca is sam Tanmxleb pirTan erTad axalcixisken gae-

marTa yaCaRurad gzaSi dauxvdnen, srola autexes da erTi mxle-

beli moukles. general-gubernatorma Tavs gaqceviT uSvela. ni-

Sani micemuli iyo, mesxeTis fanatikosi beg-aRalarebi mTavro-

basTan aSkara konfliqtSi ebmebodnen. momaval brZolaSi begebs

TavianTi `CeTebis~ imedi hqondaT. mesxeTSi mZime samoqalaqo omi

iwyeboda, romelic religiur-Sovinistur mimarTulebas iRebda.

abasTumnis yriloba da `CeTebis~ amoZraveba erTimeores daemTxva.

rogorc Cans, SeTqmulTa mier Sedgenili programiT es asec unda

yofiliyo. etyoba am mizniT iqna Setyuebuli yrilobaze axal-

cixe-axalqalaqis gubernatori, ramac adgilze darCenil aRmas-

komis avantiurist wevrebs TviTneburi sxdomebis Catarebis saSu-

aleba misca, romelzec antiqarTuli da antisaxelmwifoebrivi

dadgenilebebi gamoitanes. mag., axalcixis aRmaskomis unebarTvod

mowveul sxdomaze ahmed-beg fefinovis daJinebuli moTxovniT

ganixiles sakiTxi q. axalcixis saxelis gadarqmevis Sesaxeb da

gamoitanes dadgenileba, rom amieridan axalcixes wodeboda

`ahiska~. ahmed-beg fefinovi sxdomis monawileebs arwmunebda, rom

`ahiska~ iyo misi Tavdapirveli saxeli da Semdeg qarTvelebma

gadaakeTes axalcixedo. imave dReebSi mazraSi saxeli Seucvales

zogierT dasaxlebul punqts. mag., sofel abs uwodes `sulTanie~,

xolo sofel xaks _ `meCeTie~.

mxareSi saerTo areulobiT isargebles axalqalaqis

samazro komitetSi mokalaTebulma daSnakebmac. maT imave pe-

riodSi unebarTvod moiwvies aRmaskomis sxdoma da bevrad ufro

Tavxeduri dadgenileba gamoitanes imis Sesaxeb, rom upiratesad

somxebiT dasaxlebuli axalqalaqis mazra gamosuliyo Tbilisis

guberniidan da Sesuliyo erevnis guberniaSi. yvelaferi es xde-

boda qarTuli Stabisa da mxareSi SemoRebul sageneralguberna-

toros gverdis avliT, romlis gareSec maT aseTi sxdomebis Ca-

tarebis ufleba ar hqondaT. rodesac general-gubernatori maR-

lakeliZe abasTumnis yrilobidan mobrunda da samazro aRmasko-

mebis danaSaulebriv saqmianobas gaecno, mixvda, rom Zalis gamo-

yenebis gareSe im etapze arc erTi frTis daSoSmineba da damS-

videba ar SeiZleboda.

1918 wlis 28 marts, CeTebi Seesivnen javaxeT-eruSeTis

sazRvarze mdgar or qarTul sofels: zeda Tmogvsa da agaras.

aikles is da mosaxleoba daarbies. 5 aprils 800-ma SeiaraRe-

bulma mahmadianma ieriSi miitana zekaris gadasasvlelze da

Caketa imereTidan samcxeSi mimavali erTaderTi gza. cota ufro

adre awyurelma mahmadianebma Caketes axalcixidan borjomisken

mimavali gza. axalqalaqis mazraSi mcxovrebma Taraqamebma baku-

riansa da TrialeTze mimavali gzebi gadaWres. amasTan, moSales

yovelgvari satelefono kavSiri TbilisTan. `39 dRe garSemorty-

muli viyaviT mtriT. 43 dRe fosta ar muSaobda. am xnis ganmav-

lobaSi vuZlebdiT yovelgvar gasaWirs. vuZlebdiT im imediT,

rom adre Tu gvian gveRirseba ganTavisufleba Cvenda sasarge-

blod.~ _ werda zaqaria didimamiSvili 1918 wlis 4 ivniss [S.

lomsaZe, mesxebi, axalcixuri qronikebi, II, Tb., 1997, gv. 397].

samwuxarod, im dRes qarTvelTa imedebi daimsxvra. baTumSi

xelmowerili xelSekrulebiT TurqeTis xelSi gadadioda 10.000

kv. km. teritoria 350.000 mcxovrebiT. saqarTvelo kargavda ara

marto 1878 wels dabrunebul Tavis istoriul miwa-wyals, aramed

1829 wels SemoerTebul samcxe-javaxeTsac.

6 ivniss gubernatoris gamocemuli brZanebiT uqmdeboda ko-

mendantis saaTi q. axalcixeSi. 7 ivniss Turq cxenosanTa

sapolicio aseuli Sevida axalcixeSi da quCebSi marSiT gaiara.

8 ivniss axalcixe datova somxurma batalionma. awyurisaken mi-

maval nawilebs bevri moqalaqec gayva. SeTanxmebis mixedviT 11

ivniss axalcixe unda daetovebina qarTul polksac da iqidan

abasTumanSi gadasuliyo. magram rogorc gairkva, abasTumansa da

awyurs iq gamagrebuli adgilobrivi begebi ar Tmobdnen. am

mdgomareobiT sargeblobda gen. mayaSvili da axalcixidan ar ga-

modioda. magram mxareSi Turquli wes-Cveulebebi mainc myarde-

boda. dampyroblebma saqme samazro mmarTvelobis SecvliTa da

axali samoxeleo aparatis SeqmniT daiwyes. mmarTvelobis sa-

TaveSi samoqalaqo da samxedro xelisuflebiT aRWurvili, aq

ganlagebuli jarebis (diviziis) sardali xaliT-faSa daayenes.

xaliT-faSas xelisufleba yofili gimnaziis SenobaSi moTavsda.

faSas hyavda Tavisi muTaserifi, kaimakami, mudiri, baS mudiri,

muxTari, baS muxTari. yvela sofels hyavda Tavisi muxTari an

iuzbaSi. isini baS muxTars emorCilebodnen. baS muxTari

ganagebda ramdenime sofels da udrida rusul `starSinas~.

ufrosi muxTari (baS muxTari) emorCileboda mudirs, mudiri _

kaimakams, es ukanaskneli _ muTaserifs da a.S. Turquli samox-

eleo aparati bevrad ufro gazrdili iyo, vidre rusuli. samox-

eleo aparatis Seqmnamde da xaliT-faSas mosvlamde aq komendan-

tad daniSnuli iyo Stabs-kapitani baki-faSa [S. lomsaZe, mesxebi,

axalcixuri qronikebi, II, Tb., 1997, gv.287].

11 ivniss baki-faSas brZanebiT gauqmda axalcixis yofili

milicia da mis magivrad daarsebul iqna Turquli policia,

romlis gankargulebaSi iyo erTi cxenosani da erTi fexosani

aseuli. sapolicio razmebi ZiriTadad adgilobrivi mahmadiane-

biT iyo dakompleqtebuli [S. lomsaZe, mesxebi, axalcixuri

qronikebi, II, Tb., 1997, gv. 287].

15 ivniss axalcixeSi Sevida diviziis ufrosi, mxaris samxe-

dro da samoqalaqo mmarTveli xaliT-faSa. misi qalaqSi Sesvla

aRiniSna zar-zeimiT. imave dRes daiwyo axalcixis dacla. axalma

administraciam samcxe-javaxeTis oficialur enad Turquli ga-

moacxada. amis SesabamisadAquCebsa da warmoeba-dawesebulebis

yvela warwera gamoicvala. Turqul enaze gadavida saqmis war-

moebac, ris gamoc adgilobriv qristianul mosaxleobas gau-

Wirda samsaxuri [S. lomsaZe, mesxebi, axalcixuri qronikebi, II,

Tb., 1997, gv. 289].

1918 wlis (14) 27 ivlisidan axalcixe saolqo qalaqad

gadakeTda. axalcixeSi baTumidan Cavida olqis muTaserifi (vice-

gubernatori) [S. lomsaZe, mesxebi, axalcixuri qronikebi, II, Tb.,

1997, gv.431].

TurqTa parpaSi samxreT saqarTveloSi didxans ver

gagrZelda. 1918 wlis 30 oqtombers inglisis kreiser `aga-

memonze~, mudrosis navsadgurSi (egeosis zRva) xeli moaweres

zavs, romlis ZaliT osmaleTi inglisis mowyalebas miendo. mud-

rosis droebiTi zavis ZaliT TurqeTs ukan unda daexia 1914

wlis sazRvrebSi. amasTan, inglisis jaris mosvlamde, maTi

jaris erTi mesamedi unda darCeniliyo okupirebul olqebSi [S.

lomsaZe, mesxebi, axalcixuri qronikebi, II, Tb., 1997, gv. 293].

daubrundeboda Tu ara samcxe-javaxeTi Tavis istoriul pa-

trons _ saqarTvelos, ra politikur gzas airCevdnen aq ing-

liselebi, kanonierad scnobdnen Tu ara baTumis xelSekrulebas,

romelic scildeboda ara marto 1914 wlamde arsebul sazRvars,

aramed brest-litovskis xelSekrulebiT dadgenil sazRvarsac,

rogor urTierTobas daamyarebdnen isini saqarTvelosTan da mis

mezoblebTan (TurqeTi, somxeTi, azerbaijani, ruseTi) da sxva. ai

sakiTxebi, romlebic maSin aRelvebda yvelas.

amasTan dakavSirebiT, moZraoba daiwyes mesxeTis moRalate

begebmac. aTasnairad midgnen-modgnen da erTiani azris

SesamuSaveblad 1918 wlis 3 noembers, vidre Zalaufleba jer

kidev Turqebis xelT iyo, axalcixis cixeSi gamarTes kreba, ro-

melsac TurqeTis mxridan daeswrnen xaliT-bei, baki-bei da jemal

ximSiaSvili. krebaze begebs xaliT-faSisaTvis uTqvamT: Tqveni

wasvlis Semdeg mxare Cven dagvitoveT da ingliselebTan Cven

TviTon gavawyobT saqmeso. xaliT-faSa maSin uarze damdgara.

radgan es mazrebi Cven qarTvelebma Cagvabares, isev qarTvelebs

unda CavabaroTo. kamaTi gamwvavebula politikuri orientaciis

sakiTxebzec. begebis yvelaze reaqciuli nawili moiTxovda Zveli

mesxeTis teritoriaze axali saxelmwifo erTeulis Seqmnas da

mis saqarTvelodan Camocilebas. meore, SedarebiT loialuri

nawili Tvlida, rom aucilebeli ar iyo mesxeTis gamoyofa

saqarTvelodan Tu igi masSi Sevidoda avtonomiuri uflebiT.

begTa Soris TiTo-orola (mag., baxSi-beg maCabeli) iseTic aR-

moCnda, romelic SesaZleblad Tvlida sruliad saqarTvelosTan

SeerTebas yovelgvari gamoyofisa da avtonomiis gareSe. suls-

wrafma begebma veRar moiTmines, 5 noembers axali mTavroba

Seadgines da portfelebi erTmaneTSi gainawales. ministr-

prezidentis Tanamdeboba ergo mesxeTis begTa SeTqmulebis

upirveles monawiles omar faiks (yifians), samxedro ministris

portfeli miiRo server-beg jayelma, qoblianelma. miwaTmoqmede-

bis ministri gaxda zia-beg avaliSvili, xolo Sinagan saqmeTa da

finansTa ministris Tanamdeboba, orive erTad miitaca avantiur-

istma lekma murxan musakievma. ar arsebuli saxelmwifos kabi-

netis Sesaxeb meore dRes ukve mTelma mesxeTma icoda. dawyebul

moZraobaSi qalaqis TviTmmarTvelobam da piradad axalcixis

Tavma zorianma, romelsac sakmaod gamaxvilebuli hqonda

politikuri situaciis grZnoba, avantiurist begebTan

TanamSromlobis axali Sesaferisi pozicia gamoimuSava: 8 noem-

bers mowveul sxdomaze zorianma da misma jgufma begebs

ganucxades, rom dawyebul brZolaSi dadgebodnen maT gverdiT

da yvelafers gaakeTebdnen, imisaTvis, rom mesxeTi menSevikur

mTavrobas aRar SeerTeboda [S. lomsaZe, mesxebi, axalcixuri

qronikebi, II, Tb., 1997, gv. 294].

samcxe-javaxeTis mmarTvelobisaTvis, saomar moqmedebasTan

dakavSirebiT, 1918 wlis 2 noembers Seiqmna da 1919 wlis 28

maisamde iarseba Tbilisis guberniis axalcixe-axalqalaqis

droebiTma sageneral-gubernatorom, romlis mTavarsardals

samxedro xelisuflebasTan erTad samoqalaqo xelisuflebac

emorCileboda. mis mmarTvelobaSi Sedioda TiTo warmomadgeneli

qalaqebis TviTmmarTvelobebidan da or-ori glexTa sabWodan,

qalaqebis mcxovrebTagan da gaxiznulTa komitetidan. axalcixe-

axalqalaqis mazrebis droebiTi general-gubernatori iyo jer

generali mayaSvili, Semdeg generali kvinitaZe. am ukanasknelma

1919 wlis 28 maiss Zalaufleba gadasca samoqalaqo-samazro

mmarTvelobebs [scssa, f.1946, anaw.1, saq.17, furc.384.; scssa, f.1946,

anaw.1, saq.22, furc.15,18,25,30].

male cnobili gaxda, rom dekembris pirvel ricxvebSi

saqarTvelos respublikis jari unda Sesuliyo axalcixeSi. zogi

aqa-iq miimala, xolo zogma Tavis gadarCenisaTvis daiwyo sir-

bili. 1 dekembers awyurSi Casuli murxan musakievi general ma-

yaSvils begebisaTvis feodaluri privilegiebis SenarCunebas, pa-

tiebas da uSiSroebis garantias sTxovda. 2 dekembers man es

moTxovnebi warudgina ukve nirwamxdar xmosanTa krebasac. 1918

wlis 3 dekembers, diliT adre, server-beg qoblianeli da baRSi-

beg maCabeli axalcixidan aWarisaken gaiparnen [sjimxf, e.#111,

furc.76].

4 dekembers, dRis pirvel saaTze, axalcixeSi Sevida qar-

Tuli jari general gelovanis meTaurobiT, samxedro musikis

TanxlebiT. ase samarcxvinod damTavrda avantiuristi mesxi bege-

bis pirveli SeTqmuleba, romelsac saTaveSi edga renegati,

naqarTvelari, omar faiki neman-zade (yifiani) [S. lomsaZe,

mesxebi, axalcixuri qronikebi, II, Tb., 1997, gv. 295].

ingliselTa Semosvlis Semdeg, miuxedavad imisa, rom

TurqeTma ukan daixia da mesxeTi saqarTvelos jarma daikava,

TurqeT-saqarTvelos sakiTxi kvlav gadauWreli rCeboda.

revoluciis SiSiT enver-faSas politikis mimdevari samxedro

pirebi veRar dabrundnen saxlebSi da darCnen amierkavkasiis

musulmanebTan, rogorc Turqi emisrebi. aseTi emisrebis ricxvi

gansakuTrebiT SesamCnevi iyo artaanis, qvablianis da focxovis

raionebSi, romelTac mxars uWerdnen adgilobrivi begebi da

aRalarebi. kavkasiaSi darCenil am samxedro jgufebs daxmarebas

uwevdnen TurqeTis samxedro wreebi stambolidan, romelnic

inglisis karnaxiT moqmedebdnen.

1919 wlis dasawyisSi `amierkavkasiis osmaleTis~ Seqmnis

lozungiT am jgufebma moqmedeba daiwyes. es axali e. w. `saxelm-

wifo,~ rogorc idea Tavis gansaxierebas eZebda daaxloebiT

Zveli samcxe-saaTabagos sazRvrebSi. mas saxelad unda rqmeoda

`samxreT-dasavleT kavkasiis mTavroba~, romlis centri iqneboda

qalaq yarsSi. misi teritoria unda Semdgariyo: yarsis, artaanis,

baTumis olqebisa da axalcixe-axalqalaqis mazrebisagan, e.i. im

teritoriisagan, romelic mudrosis SeTanxmebis ZaliT unda

daecalaT Turqebs da gadaecaT gamarjvebuli inglisisaTvis. [S.

lomsaZe, mesxebi, axalcixuri qronikebi, II, Tb., 1997, gv. 297].

am axali `samxreT-dasavleT kavkasiis mTavrobis~ Tavmjdo-

mared daniSnul iqna axalcixe-axalqalaqis mazrebis droebiTi

komisari, Turqebis emisari, server-beg aTabagi jayeli, qoblian-

eli. mas, rogorc Cans, azrad hqonda mTavrobis erovnul safuZ-

velze mowyoba. administracia Caabara ter-aruTinovs, vinme

tomaSeviCi _ dediT qarTveli, dainiSna Sinagan saqmeTa minis-

trad da mTavrobis Tavmjdomaris amxanagad (is qarTvelebs mfar-

velobda). finansebis mowesrigeba miendo marqarians; rukini

dainiSna xarjTamkrefad; kortalovi _ sursaTis ministrad; mur-

Taz-beg falavandiSvili _ iusticiis ministrad. mTavrobis

aparats komisariati uwodes [sjimxf, e.#3428, furc.8.;].

1919 wlis 12 Tebervals axalcixeSi server-begis jari

Sevida. amis Sesaxeb gaz. `erToba~ iuwyeboda: `12 Tebervals

server-begi qoblianskis meTaurobiT focxovis jarebi Sevidnen

axalcixeSi. aRlums xelmZRvanelobda awyuris yofili ufrosi

laTib-bei. jarebis Semosvlis dros datusaRebul iqnen yvela

moxeleni da adgilobrivi miliciis wevrebi, romelTac ver moes-

wroT qalaqidan wasvla~ [gaz. `erToba~, #63, 1919w.].

`samxreT-dasavleT kavkasiis mTavrobam~ gamoacxada mobili-

zacia da jaris organizeba miando polkovnik mironovs. Tumca

jaris Sekreba ver moxerxda, radgan xalxi mxars ar uWerda maT.

komisariatis marTva-gamgeobam 27 dRes gastana. generalma kvini-

taZem erTi dakvriT daamxo `samxreT-dasavleT kavkasiis mTav-

roba~ [sjimxf, e.#3428, furc.8.;]. generlebma kvinitaZem da arTme-

laZem daikaves axalcixe, focxovi, axalqalaqi da artaani [Кви-нитадзе Г. Мои воспоминания в годы независимости Грузии 1918-1921,

Paris, 1985. ст. 103-104]. artaanis aRebiT mesxeTSi weliwadnaxevri-

ani samoqalaqo omi damTavrda.

es simSvide didxans ar gagrZelebula. 1921 wlis Tebervlis

Sua ricxvebSi, erTi mxriT, moskovis bolSevikuri da, meore

mxriT, ankaris qemalisturi mTavrobebis saidumlo garigebis sa-

fuZvelze saqarTvelos erTsa da imave dros Semoesivnen bol-

Sevikebica da qemalistebic. qemalistebma maSin istoriuli

saqarTvelos samxreTi olqebi, maT Soris artaani daipyres,

xolo bolSevikebma _ mTeli saqarTvelo. am veraguli SeTanxme-

bis gamJRavneba cota gvian 1921 w. 16 marts moskovis konferenci-

aze moxda, rac Semdeg imave moskovidan miRebuli diqtatis sa-

fuZvelze, amierkavkasiis federaciulma mTavrobam yarsis kon-

ferenciaze daadastura 1921 wlis 13 oqtombers [S. lomsaZe,

mesxebi, axalcixuri qronikebi, II, Tb., 1997,; 305]. saqarTveloSi

sabWoTa xelisuflebam administraciuli dayofis Zveli forma

SeinarCuna. istoriuli samxreTi saqarTvelodan saqarTvelos

sazRvrebSi mxolod samcxe-javaxeTi anu axalcixis da ax-

alqalaqis mazrebi darCa.

rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, 1878 wlidan SemoerTebuli mesxeTi

moicavda axalcixisa da axalqalaqis mazrebs, artaanis da

olTisis okrugebs.

axalcixis mazris teritoria mTlianad udrida 2658,4 kv.

kilometrs. masSi Sedioda 3 sapolicio ubani: awyuris, qvab-

lianis da uravelis, romelTa farTobi Sesabamisad iyo: 848,7; 980

da 829,7 kv. kilometri.

awyuris sapolicio ubani, Tavis mxriv, iyofoda: awyuris

idumalas da kldis sasoflo sazogadoebad. awyuris s/s-Si

Sedioda soflebi: agara, awyuri, dviri, dgvari, zikilia,

qvabisxevi, kopaZe, moqcevi, sakvirike, sayuneTi, taZrisi, Tiseli,

tyemlana, winubani, wrioxi (sul 15 sofeli).

idumlis sasoflo sazogadoebaSi gaerTianebuli iyo 19

sofeli: aspinZa, blorZa, idumala, indusa, yamza, kolTaxevi

(kvalTaxevi), laSixevi, minaZe (davTarSi araa), orfola, oTa,

zemo oSora, qvemo oSora, feriscixe, rusTavi, tamala, toba,

wyalTbila, Wala, WeWereqi (WaWaraqi).

kldis sasoflo sazogadoebaSi Sedioda 19 sofeli: ani,

boga, giorgiwminda, Ziri (Zira), zeubani, klde, yuraTubani,

miqelwminda, mugareTi, fersa, sviri, tatanisi, wira, wnisi, Wvinta,

Coxta, Surdo, eliawminda. awyuris sapolicio ubnis adgilsa-

myofeli sof. awyuri iyo [Кавказский календарь, 1917. ст. 91;]. awyuris sapolicio ubans aRmosavleTiT Tbilisis gu-

berniis goris mazris borjomis sapolicio ubani esazRvreboda;

samxreT-aRmosavleTiT _ axalqalaqis mazris baraleTis sapoli-

cio ubani; samxreTiT _ axalcixis mazris uravelis sapolicio

ubani; dasavleTiT _ axalcixis mazris udis sapolicio ubani;

CrdiloeTiT _ quTaisis guberniis quTaisis mazris baRdadis

sapolicio ubani da amave guberniis Sorapnis mazris belagoris

sapolicio ubani, maTgan awyuris sapolicio ubani mesxeTis

qediT gamoiyofoda.

qvablianis sapolicio ubani adigenis, varxanis da udis

sasoflo sazogadoebebad iyofoda. sapolicio ubnis ufrosis

rezidencia sofel udeSi iyo.

adigenis sasoflo sazogadoeba 27 sofels moicavda. eseni

iyo: adigeni, afieTi, arZne, bolajuri, RaRvi, goderZi, gomaro,

RorTubani, gugunauri (es sofeli ,,gurjistanis vilaieTis did

davTarSi" moxsenebuli ar aris), derceli, zanavi, zarzma, zedu-

bani, kexovani, mlaSe, moxe, namniauri (`davTarSi~ aRricxuli

araa), osieTi (osiZe), flate, sairme, didi smada, patara smada,

utyusubani (,,davTarSi" sof. ZinZes erT-erT ubnadaa moxsenebuli

da Semdgom, droTa ganmavlobaSi, damoukidebel soflad

qceula), wre, cixisubani (,,davTarSi" araa aRniSnuli), WeWla da

CorCani.

varxanis sasoflo sazogadoebaSi Sedioda 20 sofeli: abas-

Tumani, benara (`davTarSi~ aRniSnulia belnaraTi), varxani

(`davTarSi~ moxsenebuli araa), qiqineTi, naqurdevi, farexa (par-

exi `davTris~ mixedviT, udis nahieSi moxsenebuli zemo farexaa),

fxero, sabuzara (`davTriT~ sabudara), unwa, xarjami, xevaSeni,

waxani, waxniswyaro, wyutajvari, Wixeli, CurCuto, Soya (`dav-

Tris~ mixedvi _ alTunyalas rabaTi), Solaveri, zemo enTeli da

qvemo enTeli.

udis sasoflo sazogadoeba Sedgeboda 17 soflisagan: amx-

eri (`davTris~ moxedviT avxeri), arali, gorguli, RorZe,

zazalo, ijareTi, yarTubani, kaxareTi, lelovani, mareli (`dav-

Tris~ Sedgenisas ori, zemo da qvemo mareli arsebobda), or-

joSani (`davTarSi~ qvemo da zemo orjoSania moxsenebuli), sa-

myre, ude, xona, xuro, warbasTubani, wyise [Кавказский календарь, 1917].

qvablianis sapolicio ubans aRmosavleTiT axalcixis maz-

ris awyuris da uravelis sapolicio ubnebi esazRvreboda,

samxreTiT _ yarsis olqis artaanis okrugis focxovis sapoli-

cio ubani; dasavleTiT _ quTaisis guberniis baTumis okrugis

zemo aWaris sapolicio ubani; CrdiloeTiT ki _ quTaisis mazris

baRdadis da ozurgeTis mazris Coxatauris sapolicio ubnebi.

uravelis sapolicio ubnis centri qalaq axalcixeSi iyo.

sapolicio ubani vales, lepisis da uravelis sasoflo sa-

zogadoebebad iyofoda.

vales sasoflo sazogadoebaSi gaerTianebuli iyo 14

sofeli: abi, arjana, aryiscixe, vale, jayismani (Zvelad jayis-

ubani), nioxrebi (naoxrebi `davTarSi~ qvemo da zemo nioxrebia),

orali, didi pamaji, patara pamaji, saZeli, sxvilisi (suflisi s.

jiqias azriT, armenizebuli formaa), xaki, winubani, Warali

(`davTarSi~ didi da patara).

lepisis sasoflo sazogadoeba 28 soflisagan Sedgeboda:

didi agara, awyvita, alanZia, artaxi, axCia, bezirxana (,,davTarSi”

araa moxsenebuli), bnela, buzmareTi (,,davTarSi~ sami sofelia:

zemo, qvemo da Sua), vani, varneTi, gaveTi (`davTarSi” araa aR-

niSnuli), giorgiwminda, dadeSi, daneTi, zeda Tmogvi, qarzameTi,

kurbala-oRli (es sofeli 1930 wels gamocemul saq. ssr admin-

istraciul-teritoriul dayofaSi aRar moixseneba), lepisi, ni-

ala, (`davTarSi~ _ qvemo da zemo), oskoria, fanaqeTi, rokeTi,

Tmogvi, TolerTa, toloSi, Colda (`davTriT~ _ ColeTi), SaloS-

eTi (`davTarSi~ _ saloSeTi).

uravelis sasoflo sazogadoeba moicavda 29 sofels:

patara agara, andriawminda, arjuli, axlaSeni, didi varneTi,

giorgiwminda, RobieTi (`davTarSi~ araa damowmebuli), Rreli,

Rrma, engikoi (Turqizebuli forma axalsoflisa, s. jiqias az-

riT engikoi anu qarTulad axalsofeli Zvel qarTul wyaroebSi

moxsenebuli axtila, axdilaa), zrzveli, kantieTi, kisaTibi,

musxi, odunda, onRora, orcefi, oxera, saxudabeli, triboni,

TxalaTubani (araa aRniSnuli arc `davTarSi~, arc saq. ssr ad-

ministraciul-teritoriul dayofaSi), uraveli, xaveTi, xriani

(`davTris~ dros ukacrielia, rogorc Cans, droTa ganmavlobaSi

aRdgenila), wyorZa, WobareTi, enTeli, erkota.

uravelis sapolicio ubans aRmosavleTiT axalqalaqis maz-

ris baraleTisa da bogdanovkas sapolicio ubnebi esazRvreboda;

samxreTiT _ yarsis olqis artaanis okrugis Cildiris sapoli-

cio ubani; dasavleTiT _ yarsis olqis artaanis okrugis

focxovis sapolicio ubnis nawili da axalcixis mazris qvab-

lianis sapolicio ubani; CrdiloeTiT _ axalcixis mazris awyu-

ris sapolicio ubani.

sul axalcixis mazraSi iyo 188 sofeli. 1917 wlis monaceme-

biT. mTlianobaSi axalcixis mazras aRmosavleTidan esazRvre-

boda Tbilisis guberniis goris da axalqalaqis mazrebi;

samxreTiT _ yarsis olqis artaanis okrugi; dasavleTiT _ qu-

Taisis guberniis baTumis okrugi; CrdiloeTiT _ quTaisis gu-

berniis quTaisis mazra.

rogorc CamoTvlili soflebis saxelebidan Cans, axalcixis

mazris toponimia `gurjistanis vilaieTis didi davTris~

Sedgenis Semdeg ar Secvlila. soflebis qarTuli saxelebi

sicocxlis unarianebi aRmoCndnen.

axalqalaqis mazra axalcixis mazraze didi iyo. misi far-

Tobi 2743 kv. kilometrs udrida. axalqalaqis mazra ori

sapolicio ubnisagan Sedgeboda. baraleTis sapolicio ubnis

farTobi 1020 kv. kilometri iyo, bogdanovkisa ki _ 1723 kv. km.

baraleTis sapolicio ubani aragvas, baraleTis, varevanis,

diliskas, kulikamis da xerTvisis sasoflo sazogadoebebisagan

Sedgeboda.

aragvas sasoflo sazogadoebaSi iyo 10 sofeli: aragva,

balxo (`davTarSi~ araa aRniSnuli), buRaSeni (`davTarSi~ araa),

gomi, zaqi ( zaki; zegani), koTelia, didi samsari, patara samsari,

trkna (`davTriT~ da qarTuliT _ dirknali), xando.

baraleTis sasoflo sazogadoebaSi gaerTianebuli iyo 11

sofeli: agana, alaTubani, balanTa (`davTris~ Sedgenis dros

gaukacrielebulia), baraleTi, beJano (`davTriT~ da qarTuli

Sesatyvisi boJano), ixtila (qarTuli formaa _ Rrtila; `dav-

TarSic~ Rrtilaa aRniSnuli. ixtila Turqizebuli da ar-

menizirebuli formaa), kaCio (`davTriT~ da qarTulad kaWio),

merenia, sirqva (`davTriT~ da qarTulad sirgvi), xumrisi (s.

jiqia `davTarSi~ aRniSnavs, rom xumrisi amJamad gaukacriele-

buliao), Wixarula (`davTarSi~ aris Wareli, rac swori araa.).

varevanis sasoflo sazogadoeba moicavda 10 sofels:

azavreTi, alastani (`davTarSi~ _ ori sofelia qvemo da zemo

alastani), burnaSeTi, vargavi, (`davTris~ dros gaukacrielebu-

lia), varevani, godolari (`davTarSi~araa), gokia (`kavkazski

kalendar~-Si mocemulia kokia, rac armenizebuli forma unda

iyos), lomaturcxi, modega (`davTarSi~ modegani; `davTris~ dros

mosaxleoba ar aris), turcxi.

diliskas sasoflo sazogadoebaSi Semavali soflebi iyo:

afnia, bavra, gogaSeni, gumurdu (armenizebuli formaa; qarTulad

_ kumurdo), diliska (`davTriT~ da qarTulad _ dilicka),

prtena, didi xospia (patara xospias sabWoTa xelisuflebis

damyarebis Semdeg daerqva martuani), Candura (qarTuli

geografiuli saxelis _ CamZvralas armenizebuli formaa). sul 9

sofeli.

kulikamis sasoflo sazogadoebaSi Sedioda 10 sofeli:

abuli, buzaveti, kartikami, korxi, kulikami, majadia (qarTuli

maWatias armenizebuli da Turqizebuli formaa. `davTarSi~ didi

da patara maWatiaa moxseniebuli), olaverdi, orja, (`davTarSi~

orjua), ToTxami, xulgumo.

xerTvisis sasoflo sazogadoebas 15 sofeli ekuTvnoda:

aljua, anakeTi, vartakani (`davTarSi~ araa), gelsunda, kvarSa,

qilda, margastani (`davTarSi~ araa), miraSxani, naqalaqevi, saro,

Toki, xerTvisi, xizabavra, CunCxeli (CunCxa _ Tanamedrove qar-

TuliT), Sadrevani.

baraleTis sapolicio ubans aRmosavleTiT esazRvreboda

Tbilisis guberniis borCalos mazris TrialeTis sapolicio

ubani da axalqalaqis mazris bogdanovkis sapolicio ubani; es

ukanaskneli samxreTidanac esazRvreboda; dasavleTiT _ axal-

cixis mazris uravelis sapolicio ubani; CrdiloeTiT _ axal-

cixis mazris awyuris da goris mazris borjomis sapolicio ub-

nebi. baraleTis sapolicio ubnis ufrosis rezidencia sof.

baraleTSi iyo.

bogdanovkis sapolicio ubanSi gaerTianebuli iyo Semdegi

sasoflo sazogadoebebi: vaCianis, ganZis, goreloes, karwaxis,

konduris, saTxis, spaskoes da eStias.

vaCianis sasoflo sazogadoebas 5 sofeli ekuTvnoda:

vaCiani, kulalisi (es SeiZleba `davTarSi~ aRniSnuli ku-

luleTia), murjaxeTi (`davTris~ dros sami murjaxeTi iyo: didi,

Sua da patara), okami, sulda.

ganZis sasoflo sazogadoebaSi sul 3 sofeli Sedioda:

ganZa (`davTris~ mixedviT ganZani), foka, saRamo.

goreloes sasoflo sazogadoeba ki mxolod sofel gore-

loes warmoadgenda.

karwaxis sasoflo sazogadoebaSi 9 sofeli iyo gaerTi-

anebuli: azmana, RarTa, davnia (`davTarSi~ naxsenebi araa),

dankali, karwaxi (`davTris~ dros oria _ didi da patara kar-

waxi), qarcebi, mrakvali, xaveTi, erinja.

konduris sasoflo sazogadoebas 7 sofeli Seadgenda: ji-

graSeni, dlivi, didi kondura, patara kondura (`davTarSi~ kon-

dura aRniSnuli araa), kuridadeSi (`davTarSi~ _ dadeSi; s. jiqia

wers: `dadeSi xuTversian da sxva rusul rukebze sof. kon-

durebsa da suldas Sua kuridadeSadaa aRniSnuli, adgilzec

gamigonia `kuridadeSi~. rodis daerTo am dadeS saxelwodebas es

kuri elementi, jerjerobiT cnobili ar aris. SesaZlebelia, es

arabuli `sofeli~ sityvis raRacnairi refleqsi iyos), mamwvara,

patara xanjali (`davTarSi~ didi da patara xanCali aRricxuli

ar aris; SesaZlebelia mosaxleoba aq SemdegSi gaCnda da

soflebma saxeli tba xanCalisagan \xanjali\ miiRes).

saTxis sasoflo sazogadoebis soflebia: didi araqali,

patara araqali (`davTris~ dros es soflebi ukve dacarielebu-

lia; Semdeg, XIX s-is 30-ian wlebSi am nasoflarebSi arzrumidan

gadmosaxlebuli somxebi dasaxldnen), orojua (orjalar _

Turqizebuli formaa, rac imiTaa gamowveuli, rom axalqalaqis

livas akSehiris nahieSi qvemo da zemo orja soflebi iyo, ro-

melTac Semdeg orjalari ewodaT, lar-mravlobiTis mawar-

moebeli sufiqsis darTviT), patkana (`davTarSi~ _ patkanani),

saTxa (`davTarSi~ aRnusxuli araa), didi xanjali, xojabeki (s.

jiqia `davTarSi~ xojabeks da bogdanovkas erTsa da imave

sofels uwodebs. 1906 da 1917 wlis `kavkasiis kalendris~ monace-

mebiT ki eseni sxvadasxva soflebia. miT umetes, rom xojabekis

mosaxleobas 749 somexi Seadgens da bogdanovkisas ki _ 389 rusi

da 9 somexi). sul 7 sofeli.

spaskoes sasoflo sazogadoeba 8 sofels moicavda: bogda-

novka, vladimirovka, efremovka, orlovka, rodionovka, spaskoe,

tambovka, troickoe. es e.w. duxoborie iyo. am soflebSi cxov-

robdnen ZiriTadad 1841_45 wlebSi gadmosaxlebuli duxoborebi.

eStias sasoflo sazogadoebaSi 6 sofeli Sedioda: yaurma,

TaxCa (`davTarSi~ aRniSnuli araa), Toria (1847 wels ukacrielia;

1887 wels ki ukve 45-komliania; `davTrisas~ _ 12 komliania),

ujmana, xorenia (Zvelad mas jvarina erqva. `davTarSi~ mocemulia

arasworad da ikiTxeba xoreniad, rac XIX s-is 30-ian wlebSi

gadmosaxlebuli somxebisaTvis ufro misaRebi forma iyo), eStio.

bogdanovkis sapolicio ubans aRmosavleTiT esazRvreboda

Tbilisis guberniis borCalos mazris aleqsandergilfis (Tri-

aleTis) sapolicio ubani; samxreTiT _ erevnis guberniis

aleqsandropolis mazra da yarsis olqis yarsis okrugis

aRbabis sapolicio ubani; dasavleTiT _ yarsis olqis artaanis

okrugis Cildiris (Crdili) sapolicio ubani da axalcixis maz-

ris uravelis sapolicio ubani; CrdiloeTiT _ axalqalaqis maz-

ris baraleTis sapolicio ubani. sul axalqalaqis mazraSi 111

sofeli iyo.

rogorc axalcixis mazraSi, ise aqac toponimia ZiriTadad

qarTulia. Tu Cven mxedvelobaSi miviRebT im istoriul-

politikur Zvrebs, romlebic samcxe-saaTabagom ganicada gansa-

kuTrebiT osmalTa Semosevis droidan, rasac Semdgom somexTa

didi gadmosaxleba mohyva XIX s-is 30-iani wlebidan, gasagebi

gaxdeba Tu rogori sirTuleebiT moaRwia Cvenamde qarTuli

soflebis qarTulma saxelebma. aRsaniSnavia, rom samcxe-

saaTabagoSi osmalTa gabatonebis Semdeg bevri qarTuli

geografiuli saxeli iTargmna Turqulad, xolo umravlesoba am

saxelebisa gaTurqebul iqna fonetikurad, amas daemata Semdgom

am saxelebis armenizeba. magram miuxedavad amisa, umravlesoba

saxelebisa mainc qarTuli darCa.

aRniSnuli periodis administraciul danawilebas Tu Sevu-

darebT `gurjistanis vilaieTis didi davTris~ periods, davi-

naxavT, rom ruseTis mmarTvelobis periodSi moxda wvrili ad-

ministraciuli erTeulebis gamsxvileba. es albaT imiT iyo ga-

mowveuli, rom muhajirobis Sedegad samxreT saqarTveloSi

mosaxleoba Semcirebuli iyo da osmaluri nebismieri terito-

riuli erTeuli ruseTis yvelaze ufro mcire mazrasac ki ver

Seedreboda mosaxleobis raodenobiTa da sididiT.

samxreT saqarTveloSi anu samcxe-saaTabagoSi vaxuStis

mixedviT Semdegi mcire da didi qalaqebi iyo: awyuri _ `qalaqi

da cixe didSeni~, axalcixe, gokia _ `mcire qalaqi~, `baraleTi

mcire qalaqi~, axalqalaqi, `mcire qalaqi kola~, `olTisi qalaqi

kargi da keTili haerovani~ da sxv. [qarTlis cxovreba, IV, s.

yauxCiSvilis red., Tb., 1973].

aRniSnuli periodisaTvis yvelaze umniSvnelovanesi qalaqi

axalcixe iyo. 1828 wels axalcixis alyasTan gadaRebuli gegmis

mixedviT S. mesxia kargad adgens axalcixis ier-saxes.

gegmis mixedviT q. axalcixe gaSenebulia md. focxovis mar-

jvena, wylisken daqanebul gorakebze. axalcixe gegmis Semdgen-

els sam nawilad aqvs dayofili: 1. citadeli, 2. cixe da 3.

qalaqi.

citadeli md. focxovis erTi totis marjvena, yvelaze

maRal napirzea gaSenebuli. mas sakuTari kedlebi aqvs. citade-

lis qvemoT, aseve SedarebiT maRal gorakzea moTavsebuli cixe.

cixis teritoria gacilebiT didia, vidre citadelisa da Tavisi

kedliT, romelic mdinaris napiramde Cadis, citadels erT

saerTo, kedlebiT SemosazRvrul teritoriaSi aqcevs. ase rom,

cixe Tavisi kedlebiTaa warmodgenili. amas garda, citadelsa da

cixes kidev mesame kedeli, koSkebiT gamagrebuli, icavs. es mesame

kedeli gasdevs mTis kalTebs da uvlis irgvliv cixis nage-

bobebs. es faqtiurad mesame kedelia, romliTac cixe-simagre

daculi iyo qalaqis mxridan. axalcixis mSeneblebs es mesame

kedelic sakmarisad ar miuCneviaT, qalaqi da cixe-simagre kidev

meoTxe kedliTac gaumagrebiaT.

citadels da cixes mdinarisaken gasasvleli ar aqvs. aqedan

igi savsebiT miuvali Cans. samagierod, cixe-simagre CrdiloeTiT

erTaderTi kariT uerTdeba qalaqs. es kari gakeTebulia qalaqis

TiTqmis Sua adgilze.

axalcixis qalaqi gadaSlilia ferdobis SedarebiT vake da

daqanebul kalTebze, cixe-simagris win, mis marjvniv da marcxniv,

naxevarwris msgavsad, CrdiloeTiT, Crdilo-dasavleTiTa da

Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT. qalaqi, cixisagan damoukideblad, er-

TaderTi xidiT md. focxovze dakavSirebulia mis marcxena

napirTan da aqedan Semomaval gzebTan. md. focxovis marcxena

napirze, axalcixis pirdapir, mosaxleoba ar Cans [S. mesxia,

saistorio Ziebani, III, Tb., 1986. gv. 311-312].

gegmiT marjvena napiri sinamdvileSi, mdinaresTan mimarTe-

biT, marcxenaa da marcxena _ marjvena.

ase, rom md. focxovis marjvena napiri, romelic 1828 wli-

saTvis dausaxlebeli iyo, 1829 wels arzrumidan gadmosaxle-

bulma somxebma daikaves.

1889 wlisaTvis ki, rogorc axalcixis saqalaqo skolis mas-

wavlebeli v. ivanovi aRwers, axalcixe ukve or nawilad iyofa.

Zveli – Zveli axalcixe, romelic rusebis dapyrobamde iyo da

axali – gvian dasaxlebuli anu md. focxovis marjvena napiri.

axalcixe iyofoda Semdeg ubnebad: rabaTi _ ebraelTa ubani

(kvartali), ori muSaTa ubani, baxCa-sarai, zemo da qvemo marda,

veri-blani da axali nawili.

`mTlianad qalaqSi 3250 Senoba-nageboba iyo, maTgan 2515

sacxovrebeli. saxlebi ZiriTadad qviT iyo naSeni. Zveli Senobe-

bis (rac umravlesoba iyo) gansakuTrebuli niSani iyo quCis

mxares fanjrebis ar arseboba. fanjrebi ZiriTadad ezos mxares

iyo. umetesoba saxlebisa erTsarTuliani da baniani iyo

[СМОМПК, VII, Тфл., 1889. ст. 164-165]. gansxvaveba qalaqis Zvelsa da axal nawils Soris didi iyo.

Zvel nawilSi mosaxleoba yovelgvari gegmis gareSe saxldeboda,

rac iwvevda did uwesrigobas. quCebi usufTao da mouvleli iyo.

gansakuTrebiT autaneli mdgomareoba iqmneboda wvimebis dros,

roca quCebSi saSineli talaxi Cndeboda. qalaqis Zvel nawilSi

Raribi xalxi cxovrobda, romelTa ricxvs ZiriTadad qarTveli

marTlmadideblebi da kaTolikeebi, ebraelebi da mcired, somexi-

grigorianelebi Seadgendnen [СМОМПК, VII, Тфл., 1889. ст.164. Загур-ский Л. Краткий очерк о поездке в Ахалихский уезд в 1872 году, ИКО-ИРГО, т.II, Тфл., 1894. cт. 54].

qalaqis axal nawilSi erzerumidan gadmosaxlebuli somxebi

cxovrobdnen. maT xelSi iyo axalcixis vaWroba da sakmaod

SeZlebulebic iyvnen. es ki TavisTavad axali nawilis ierzec

metyvelebda. quCebi swori da movlili iyo, Senobebi lamazi, ga-

remo amwvanebuli, rac mTlianobaSi qalaqis am nawils patara,

magram lamazi qalaqis saxes aZlevda. aq mosaxle somxebma axal-

cixisaTvis saxelis gadarqmeva da misTvis nor-erzerumis

darqmeva moindomes, rac Cvenda sabednierod ver ganaxorcieles

[СМОМПК, VII, Тфл., 1889. ст.166]. mTlianad qalaqSi 20 quCa iyo. maT Soris ZiriTadi iyo mil-

ionis quCa. axalcixeSi 12 eklesia iyo: 2 marTlmadidebluri, 4

somxur-grigorianuli, 2 romis kaTolikuri da 4 somxur-

kaTolikuri. aseve 2 sinagoga [СМОМПК, VII, Тфл., 1889. ст.167]. mniSvnelovani dasaxlebuli punqtebi iyo aseve: ax-

alqalaqi, awyuri, xerTvisi. ruseTis mier dapyrobis Semdeg am

qalaqebis mosaxleoba Zalian Semcirda, ekonomikurad daqveiTda

da Zveli mniSvneloba dakarga.

saqarTveloSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebis Semdeg,

samcxe-javaxeTi 6463,7 kv,km Seadgens da eqvs administraciul

raionadaa dayofili. es raionebia: borjomis, axalcixis, adi-

genis, aspinZis, axalqalaqisa da ninowmindis (adrindeli bogda-

novka).

eka abaSiSvili