santrock: chapter 4 feldman: modules 4-1 & 4-2 injury and illness through the lifespan
TRANSCRIPT
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Santrock: Chapter 4Feldman: Modules 4-1 & 4-2
• Injury and Illness through the Lifespan
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Children
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Influences on Physical Growth & Health – Infectious Diseases
• 70% of deaths in children under age 5 are due to infectious diseases
• 99% are in developing countries and are related to malnutrition
• Most death due to diarrhea can be prevented by oral rehydration therapy (ORH)
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Children’s Health - Prevention
• Immunization– Meningitis, measles, rubella, mumps, chicken pox,
polio
• Accidents– Poisonings, falls, drowning, choking
• Poverty– Good medical care, nutrition, living conditions
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Influences on Physical Growth & Health - Immunization
• Immunization has caused a dramatic decline in childhood diseases in the industrialized world
• 24% of American preschoolers lack essential immunizations (40% in poverty)– Availability of care– Misconceptions (MMR & autism)
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Influences on Physical Growth & Health – Otitis media
• 70+% of American children have had at least one bout by age 3
• Xylitol may be a preventative• Tubes remain controversial• Child-care settings should control infection• May cause problems in language
development due to hearing problems
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Health - Middle to Late Childhood
• This is generally a healthy time• The most common vision problem (25%) is
myopia (nearsightedness), which progresses more rapidly during the school year.
• Otitis media becomes less prevalent.
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Asthma
• 19% of N.A. children have chronic diseases and conditions
• Asthma accounts for 1/3 of chronic illness and is the most common reason fro school absence
• Incidence has increased dramatically, 8% of U.S. children—boys, low SES, parents smoke, born underweight most at risk
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Injuries in Early Childhood
• Leading cause of childhood mortality in industrialized countries.
• Motor vehicle collisions are the most frequent source of injury at all ages & the leading cause of death among children over 1 year old
• Auto accidents, drownings and burns are the most common accidents of early childhood
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Injuries in Middles to Late Childhood
• The rate of injury fatalities increases into adolescence with rates for boys rising considerably above those for girls.
• MV accidents are still the leading cause of death, with bicycle accidents next.
• Parents often overestimate children’s safety knowledge and behavior
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A Problem for All Ages
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Obesity: U. S. & Western Nations
There has been a marked rise in obesity in the U.S. and other Western nations. Percentage doubled since 1980;
quadrupled since 1965
U.S. may have 2nd highest rate15% of U.S. children 6-11 overweight
Less common in African American than white children; trend reverses in adolescence
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Causes of Obesity
• Genetics• SES (diet); high fat, low-cost
foods• Family stress (comfort food)• Pastimes (TV, videogames) and
lack of exercise• Fast-food and busy schedules• Learned food preferences (school
cafeterias)
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Middle Adulthood: Illness & Disability
• Cancer & cardiovascular disease are the leading causes of death. Cancer alone among women.
• Motor vehicle collisions decline, falls resulting in fractures & death nearly double.
• Personality traits that magnify stress, especially hostility and anger, are serious threats to health.
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Cardiovascular Disease• First detected factors may be high blood
pressure, high cholesterol, and atherosclerosis (a buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries).
• Heart attack: blockage of blood supply to an area of the heart (50% die before reaching the hospital, 15% during treatment)
• Other conditions include arrhythmias and angina pectoris
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Cancer – Middle Adulthood• The death rate multiplies tenfold from early to
middle adulthood.• Lung cancer has dropped in men (fewer smoke) and
increased in women.• Cancer occurs when a cell‘s genetic program is
disrupted, leading to uncontrolled growth.• Damage to the p53 gene is involved in 60% of
cancers. This gene stops defective DNA from multiplying.
• Having the BRCA1 or BRCA2 tumor-suppressing gene is protection against breast cancer.
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Cancer
• 40% of people with cancer are cured.• Breast cancer is most prevalent for women,
prostate cancer for men.• Lung cancer is next, followed by colon/rectal
cancer.
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Adult-Onset Diabetes• Causes abnormally high levels of blood
glucose• Incidence doubles from middle to late
adulthood• Effects 10% of the elderly• Inactivity and abdominal fat deposits greatly
increase risks• Treated with controlled diet, exercise, and
weight loss
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Arthritis• Osteoarthritis: most common and involves
deteriorating cartilage on the ends of bones of frequently used joints
• Rheumatoid arthritis: an autoimmune response leading to inflammation of connective tissue, especially the membranes that line the joints
• Effects 45% of American men and 52% of women over 65. Rises to 70% in women at age 85.
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Nutrition – Obesity in Adulthood
• Adult obesity correlated with increased risk of hypertension, diabetes, & cardiovascular disease
• May be a genetic propensity for obesity. It tends to run in families. (May also be learned eating patterns.)
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Health & Disease in Older Adulthood
• Generally a continuation and intensification of problems that began in middle adulthood.
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Physical Disabilities• Cardiovascular illness and cancer increase
dramatically and remain the leading causes of death
• Respiratory diseases also rise sharply– Emphysema, mostly from smoking– Pneumonia, 50 types
• Stroke is the 4th most common killer– Hemmorage or blockage of blood flow in the brain
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Chronic Conditions of Older Adulthood
ArthritisHypertensionHearing impairmentHeart diseaseDiabetesAsthmaOsteoporosis
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Osteoporosis• Major age-related bone loss• 12 to 20 % of patients die within a year of a
major break such as a hip• Patients are advised to:– Take calcium and vitamin D– Engage in weight-bearing exercise– Take HRT/ERT– Take bone-strengthening medications
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Unintentional Injury• At age 65 and older, the death rate from
unintentional injuries is at an all-time high• Due to MV accidents and falls• Older adults have higher rates of traffic violations,
accidents, and fatalities per mile driven than any other age group
• 30% of people over 65 and 40% of those over 80 have experienced a fall in the last year
• Declines in vision, hearing and mobility make it harder to avoid hazards and keep one‘s balance