i

THE LITTLE RED BOOK OF

SANSKRIT PARADIGMS

Essential Grammatical Tables for Students

Sixth Edition

McComas Taylor 2009

ii

Preface The key to the successful study of Sanskrit lies in knowing where to look things up, in dictionaries, grammars and tables of paradigms. First as a student, and lat-er as a teacher, I used the grammatical tables in the texts written by Macdonell, Coulson, Bucknell and Egenes. Each of these has its strengths, yet none is par-ticularly well suited to the needs of the beginning student. To meet this need, I have compiled from the above sources all the most common and useful para-digms that a student is likely to encounter in the first few years of study. I have attempted to present the information clearly and unambiguously, concentrating on common forms, and omitting rarely encountered ones. While acknowledging my great debt to all my kind teachers, I dedicate this slim volume to my dear students.

iii

1. gaja elephant. Nominal stems in a masculine 1

2. phala fruit. Nominal stems in a neuter 2 3. sen army. Nominal stems in feminine 3 4. muni sage. Nominal stems in i masculine 4 5. uci pure. Nominal stems in i neuter 5

6. ruti scripture. Nominals stems in i feminine 6 7. guru elder. Nominal stems in u masculine 7 8. mdu soft. Nominal stems in u neuter 8 9. dhenu cow. Nominal stems in u feminine 9

10. dh intellect. Nominal stems in feminine, monosyllabic 10 11. nad river. Nominal stems in feminine 11 12. str woman ( irregular). Nominal stems in feminine 12 13. bh earth. Nominal stems in feminine, monsyllabic 13

14. vadh woman. Nominal stems in feminine 14 15. rjan king. Nominal stems in an masculine 15 16. tman self. Nominal stems in an masculine 16

iv

17. nman name. Nominal stems in an neuter 17 18. kart maker. Nominal stems in masculine 18

19. pit father. Nominal stems in masculine 19 20. svas sister. Nominal stems in feminine 20 21. mt mother. Nominal stems in feminine 21 22. bhagavat blessed. Nominal stems in at/ant masculine 22

23. bhagavat blessed. Nominal stems in at/ant neuter 23 24. sumanas benevolent. Nominal stems in as masculine/feminine 24 25. manas mind. Nominal stems in as neuter 25 26. hastin elephant. Nominal stems in in masculine 26

27. dhanin rich. Nominal stems in in neuter 27 28. marut wind. Nominal stems with consonant endings masculine 28 29. vc speech. Nominal stems with consonant endings feminine 29 30. mad/asmad I/we 30

31. tvad/yumad you 31 32. tad he masculine (also ya, ka) 32 33. tad it neuter (also yat, kim) 33

v

34. tad she feminine (also y, k) 34 35. ayam this masculine 35

36. ayam this neuter 36 37. ayam this feminine 37 38. asau that masculine 38 39. asau that neuter 39

40. asau that feminine 40 41. nayant leading. Present active participles in at/ant masculine 41 42. nayant leading. Present active participles in at/ant neuter 42 43. Class 1, 4, 6 and 10, n lead, parasmaipada/active endings 43

44. Class 1, 4, 6 and 10, n lead, tmanepada/middle endings 44 45. Class 2 (root class), dvi hate, parasmaipada/active endings 45 46. Class 2 (root class), dvi hate, tmanepada/middle endings 46 47. Class 2 (root class), as be, parasmaipada/active endings 47

48. Class 2 (root class), han kill, parasmaipada/active endings 48 49. Class 3 (reduplicated class), hu sacrifice, parasmaipada/active 49 50. Class 3 (reduplicated class), hu sacrifice, tmanepada/middle endings 50

vi

51. Class 5 (u class) , su press, parasmaipada/active endings 51

52. Class 5 (u class) , su press, tmanepada/middle endings 52 53. Class 7 (nasal infix class), rudh obstruct, parasmaipada/active 53 54. Class 7 (nasal infix class), rudh obstruct, tmanepada/middle endings 54

55. Class 8 (u class), k do, parasmaipada/active endings 55 56. Class 8 (u class), k do, tmanepada/middle endings 56 57. Class 9 (n class), kr buy, parasmaipada/active endings 57 58. Class 9 (n class), kr buy, tmanepada/middle endings 58

59. Perfect paradigms, parasmaipada/active endings 59 60. Perfect paradigms, tmanepada/middle endings 60 61. Sandhi rules: vowels 61 62. Sandhi rules: consonants 62

vii

The Alphabet

a i u

e ai o au

ka

kha

ga

gha

ca

cha

ja

jha

viii

a ha a ha a

ta tha da dha na

pa pha ba bha ma

ya ra la va a a sa ha

ix

Tricky Combinations

tra ja va dda dya tta ka ra dra ddha kta kra ca d r pta a ha h ru

x

Generic endings for nominals

Sing. Dual Plur.

M. F. N. M. F. N. M. F. N.

Nom.

Acc.

Inst.

Dat.

Abl.

Gen.

Loc.

Voc.

-

-am

-

-e

-a

-a

-i

-

-

-

-

-e

-a

-a

-i

-

-au

-au

-bhym

-bhym

-bhym

-o

-o

-au

-

-

-bhym

-bhym

-bhym

-o

-o

-

-a

-a

-bhi

-bhya

-bhya

-m

-su

-a

-i

-i

-bhi

-bhya

-bhya

-m

-su

-i

xi

Vowel strength

Simple (weak) a, i, u, ,

gua (middle) a e o ar al

vddhi (strong) ai au r --

Use/meaning of cases

Nominative subject of sentence Accusative direct object of main verb Instrumental with, by (with saha and vin)

Dative for and indirect object Ablative from Genitive s indicated possession Locative in, on, at (location)

Vocative direct address

1

1. gaja elephant. Nominal stems in a masculine

Sing. Dual Plur.

Nom.

Acc.

Inst.

Dat.

Abl.

Gen.

Loc.

Voc.

gaja

gajam

gajena

gajya

gajt

gajasya

gaje

gaja

gajau

gajau

gajbhym

gajbhym

gajbhym

gajayo

gajayo

gajau

gaj

gajn

gajai

gajebhya

gajebhya

gajnm

gajeu

gaj

gaja 1, phala 2, sen 3, muni 4, uci 5, ruti 6, guru 7, mdu 8, dhenu 9, dh 10, nad 11

str 12, bh 13, vadh 14, rjan 15, tman 16, nman 17, kart 18, pit 19, svas 20, mt 21

2

2. phala fruit. Nominal stems in a neuter

Sing. Dual Plur.

Nom.

Acc.

Inst.

Dat.

Abl.

Gen.

Loc.

Voc.

phalam

phalam

phalena

phalya

phalt

phalasya

phale

phala

phale

phale

phalbhym

phalbhym

phalbhym

phalayo

phalayo

phale

phalni

phalni

phalai

phalebhya

phalebhya

phalnm

phaleu

phalni

bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined., manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vc 29, mad/ asmad 30, tvad/yumad 31, tad/sa/ya/ka 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 41

3

3. sen army. Nominal stems in feminine

Sing. Dual Plur.

Nom.

Acc.

Inst.

Dat.

Abl.

Gen.

Loc.

Voc.

sen

senm

senay

senyai

seny

seny

senym

sene

sene

sene

senbhym

senbhym

senbhym

senayo

senayo

sene

sen

sen

senbhi

senbhya

senbhya

sennm

sensu

sen

gaja 1, phala 2, sen 3, muni 4, uci 5, ruti 6, guru 7, mdu 8, dhenu 9, dh 10, nad 11

str 12, bh 13, vadh 14, rjan 15, tman 16, nman 17, kart 18, pit 19, svas 20, mt 21

4

4. muni sage. Nominal stems in i masculine

Sing. Dual Plur.

Nom.

Acc.

Inst.

Dat.

Abl.

Gen.

Loc.

Voc.

muni

munim

munin

munaye

mune

mune

munau

mune

mun

mun

munibhym

munibhym

munibhym

munyo

munyo

mun

munaya

munn

munibhi

munibhya

munibhya

munnm

muniu

munaya

bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined., manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vc 29, mad/ asmad 30, tvad/yumad 31, tad/sa/ya/ka 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 41

5

5. uci pure. Nominal stems in i neuter

Sing. Dual Plur.

Nom.

Acc.

Inst.

Dat.

Abl.

Gen.

Loc.

Voc.

uci

uci

ucin

ucine

ucina

ucina

ucini

uci

ucin

ucin

ucibhym

ucibhym

ucibhym

ucino

ucino

ucin

ucni

ucni

ucibhi

ucibhya

ucibhya

ucnm

uciu

ucni

gaja 1, phala 2, sen 3, muni 4, uci 5, ruti 6, guru 7, mdu 8, dhenu 9, dh 10, nad 11 str 12, bh 13, vadh 14, rjan 15, tman 16, nman 17, kart 18, pit 19, svas 20, mt 21

6

6. ruti scripture. Nominals stems in i feminine

Sing. Dual Plur.

Nom.

Acc.

Inst.

Dat.

Abl.

Gen.

Loc.

Voc.

ruti

rutim

ruty

rut-yai/-aye

rut-y/-e

rut-y/-e

rut-ym/-au

rute

rut

rut

rutibhym

rutibhym

rutibhym

rutyo

rutyo

rut

rutaya

rut

rutibhi

rutibhya

rutibhya

rutnm

rutiu

rutaya

bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined., manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vc 29, mad/ asmad 30, tvad/yumad 31, tad/sa/ya/ka 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 41

7

7. guru elder. Nominal stems in u masculine

Sing. Dual Plur.

Nom.

Acc.

Inst.

Dat.

Abl.

Gen.

Loc.

Voc.

guru

gurum

guru

gurave

guro

guro

gurau

guro

gur

gur

gurubhym

gurubhym

gurubhym

gurvo

gurvo

gur

gurava

gurn

gurubhi

gurubhya

gurubhya

gurm

guruu

gurava

gaja 1, phala 2, sen 3, muni 4, uci 5, ruti 6, guru 7, mdu 8, dhenu 9, dh 10, nad 11 str 12, bh 13, vadh 14, rjan 15, tman 16, nman 17, kart 18, pit 19, svas 20, mt 21

8

8. mdu soft. Nominal stems in u neuter

Sing. Dual Plur.

Nom.

Acc.

Inst.

Dat.

Abl.

Gen.

Loc.

Voc.

mdu

mdu

mdun

mdune

mduna

mduna

mduni

mdo

mdun

mdun

mdubhym

mdubhym

mdubhym

mduno

mduno

mdun

mdni

mdni

mdubhi

mdubhya

mdubhya

mdnm

mduu

mdni

bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined., manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vc 29, mad/ asmad 30, tvad/yumad 31, tad/sa/ya/ka 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 41

9

9. dhenu cow. Nominal stems in u feminine

Sing. Dual Plur.

Nom.

Acc.

Inst.

Dat.

Abl.

Gen.

Loc.

Voc.

dhenu

dhenum

dhenv

dhenvai

dhenv

dhenv

dhenvm

dheno

dhen

dhen

dhenubhym

dhenubhym

dhenubhym

dhenvo

dhenvo

dhen

dhenava

dhen

dhenubhi

dhenubhya

dhenubhya

dhennm

dhenuu

dhenava

gaja 1, phala 2, sen 3, muni 4, uci 5, ruti 6, guru 7, mdu 8, dhenu 9, dh 10, nad 11

str 12, bh 13, vadh 14, rjan 15, tman 16, nman 17, kart 18, pit 19, svas 20, mt 21

10

10. dh intellect. Nominal stems in feminine, monosyllabic

Sing. Dual Plur.

Nom.

Acc.

Inst.

Dat.

Abl.

Gen.

Loc.

Voc.

dh

dhiyam

dhiy

dhiye/yai

dhiya/y

dhiya/y

dhiyi/ym

dh

dhiyau

dhiyau

dhbhym

dhbhym

dhbhym

dhiyo

dhiyo

dhiyau

dhiya

dhiya

dhbhi

dhbhya

dhbhya

dhiym/nm

dhu

dhiya

bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined., manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vc 29, mad/ asmad 30, tvad/yumad 31, tad/sa/ya/ka 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 41

11

11. nad river. Nominal stems in feminine

Sing. Dual Plur.

Nom.

Acc.

Inst.

Dat.

Abl.

Gen.

Loc.

Voc.

nad

nadm

nady

nadyai

nady

nady

nadym

nadi

nadyau

nadyau

nadbhym

nadbhym

nadbhym

nadyo

nadyo

nadyau

nadya

nad

nadbhi

nadbhya

nadbhya

nadnm

nadu

nadya

gaja 1, phala 2, sen 3, muni 4, uci 5, ruti 6, guru 7, mdu 8, dhenu 9, dh 10, nad 11

str 12, bh 13, vadh 14, rjan 15, tman 16, nman 17, kart 18, pit 19, svas 20, mt 21

12

12. str woman ( irregular).. Nominal stems in feminine

Sing. Dual Plur.

Nom.

Acc.

Inst.

Dat.

Abl.

Gen.

Loc.

Voc.

str

strm/striyam

striy

striyai

striy

striy

striym

stri

striyau

striyau

strbhym

strbhym

strbhym

striyo

striyo

striyau

striya

str/striya

strbhi

strbhya

strbhya

strm

stru

striya

bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined., manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vc 29, mad/ asmad 30, tvad/yumad 31, tad/sa/ya/ka 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 41

13

13. bhearth. Nominal stems in feminine, monsyllabic

Sing. Dual Plur.

Nom.

Acc.

Inst.

Dat.

Abl.

Gen.

Loc.

Voc.

bh

bhuvam

bhuv

bhuve/vai

bhuva

bhuva

bhuvi/m

bh

bhuvau

bhuvau

bhbhym

bhbhym

bhbhym

bhuvo

bhuvo

bhuvau

bhuva

bhuva

bhbhi

bhbhya

bhbhya

bhuvm/nm

bhu

bhuva

gaja 1, phala 2, sen 3, muni 4, uci 5, ruti 6, guru 7, mdu 8, dhenu 9, dh 10, nad 11,

str 12, bh 13, vadh 14, rjan 15, tman 16, nman 17, kart 18, pit 19, svas 20, mt 21

14

14. vadhwoman. Nominal stems in feminine

Sing. Dual Plur.

Nom.

Acc.

Inst.

Dat.

Abl.

Gen.

Loc.

Voc.

vadh

vadhm

vadhv

vadhvai

vadhv

vadhv

vadhvm

vadhu

vadhvau

vadhvau

vadhbhym

vadhbhym

vadhbhym

vadhvo

vadhvo

vadhvau

vadhva

vadh

vadhbhi

vadhbhya

vadhbhya

vadhnm

vadhu

vadhva

bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined., manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vc 29, mad/ asmad 30, tvad/yumad 31, tad/sa/ya/ka 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 41

15

15. rjan king. Nominal stems in an masculine

Sing. Dual Plur.

Nom.

Acc.

Inst.

Dat.

Abl.

Gen.

Loc.

Voc.

rj

rjnam

rj

rje

rja

rja

rji/rjani

rjan

rjnau

rjnau

rjabhym

rjabhym

rjabhym

rjo

rjo

rjnau

rjna

rja

rjabhi

rjabhya

rjabhya

rjm

rjasu

rjna

gaja 1, phala 2, sen 3, muni 4, uci 5, ruti 6, guru 7, mdu 8, dhenu 9, dh 10, nad 11,

str 12, bh 13, vadh 14, rjan 15, tman 16, nman 17, kart 18, pit 19, svas 20, mt 21

16

16. tman self. Nominal stems in an masculine

Sing. Dual Plur.

Nom.

Acc.

Inst.

Dat.

Abl.

Gen.

Loc.

Voc.

tm

tmnam

tman

tmane

tmana

tmana

tmani

tman

tmnau

tmnau

tmabhym

tmabhym

tmabhym

tmano

tmano

tmnau

tmna

tmana

tmabhi

tmabhya

tmabhya

tmanm

tmasu

tmna

bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined., manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vc 29, mad/ asmad 30, tvad/yumad 31, tad/sa/ya/ka 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 41

17

17. nman name. Nominal stems in an neuter

Sing. Dual Plur.

Nom.

Acc.

Inst.

Dat.

Abl.

Gen.

Loc.

Voc.

nma

nma

nmn

nmne

nmna

nmna

nmni/nmani

nma/nman

nmn/nman

nmn/nman

nmabhym

nmabhym

nmabhym

nmno

nmno

nmn/nman

nmni

nmni

nmabhi

nmabhya

nmabhya

nmnm

nmasu

nmni

gaja 1, phala 2, sen 3, muni 4, uci 5, ruti 6, guru 7, mdu 8, dhenu 9, dh 10, nad 11,

str 12, bh 13, vadh 14, rjan 15, tman 16, nman 17, kart 18, pit 19, svas 20, mt 21

18

18. kart maker. Nominal stems in masculine

Sing. Dual Plur.

Nom.

Acc.

Inst.

Dat.

Abl.

Gen.

Loc.

Voc.

kart

kartram

kartr

kartre

kartu

kartu

kartari

kartar

kartrau

kartrau

kartbhym

kartbhym

kartbhym

kartro

kartro

kartrau

kartra

kartn

kartbhi

kartbhya

kartbhya

kartm

kartu

kartra

bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined., manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vc 29, mad/ asmad 30, tvad/yumad 31, tad/sa/ya/ka 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 41

19

19. pit father. Nominal stems in masculine

Sing. Dual Plur.

Nom.

Acc.

Inst.

Dat.

Abl.

Gen.

Loc.

Voc.

pit

pitaram

pitr

pitre

pitu

pitu

pitari

pitar

pitarau

pitarau

pitbhym

pitbhym

pitbhym

pitro

pitro

pitarau

pitara

pitn

pitbhi

pitbhya

pitbhya

pitm

pitu

pitara

gaja 1, phala 2, sen 3, muni 4, uci 5, ruti 6, guru 7, mdu 8, dhenu 9, dh 10, nad 11

str 12, bh 13, vadh 14, rjan 15, tman 16, nman 17, kart 18, pit 19, svas 20, mt 21

20

20. svas sister. Nominal stems in feminine

Sing. Dual Plur.

Nom.

Acc.

Inst.

Dat.

Abl.

Gen.

Loc.

Voc.

svas

svasram

svasr

svasre

svasu

svasu

svasari

svasar

svasrau

svasrau

svasbhym

svasbhym

svasbhym

svasro

svasro

svasrau

svasra

svas

svasbhi

svasbhya

svasbhya

svasm

svasu

svasra

bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined., manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vc 29, mad/ asmad 30, tvad/yumad 31, tad/sa/ya/ka 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 41

21

21. mt mother. Nominal stems in feminine

Sing. Dual Plur.

Nom.

Acc.

Inst.

Dat.

Abl.

Gen.

Loc.

Voc.

mt

mtaram

mtr

mtre

mtu

mtu

mtari

mtar

mtarau

mtarau

mtbhym

mtbhym

mtbhym

mtro

mtro

mtarau

mtara

mt

mtbhi

mtbhya

mtbhya

mtm

mtu

mtara

gaja 1, phala 2, sen 3, muni 4, uci 5, ruti 6, guru 7, mdu 8, dhenu 9, dh 10, nad 11

str 12, bh 13, vadh 14, rjan 15, tman 16, nman 17, kart 18, pit 19, svas 20, mt 21

22

22. bhagavat blessed. Nominal stems in ant/vant/mant masculine

Sing. Dual Plur.

Nom.

Acc.

Inst.

Dat.

Abl.

Gen.

Loc.

Voc.

bhagavn

bhagavantam

bhagavat

bhagavate

bhagavata

bhagavata

bhagavati

bhagavan

bhagavantau

bhagavantau

bhagavadbhym

bhagavadbhym

bhagavadbhym

bhagavato

bhagavato

bhagavantau

bhagavanta

bhagavata

bhagavadbhi

bhagavadbhya

bhagavadbhya

bhagavatm

bhagavatsu

bhagavanta

bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined., manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vc 29, mad/ asmad 30, tvad/yumad 31, tad/sa/ya/ka 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 41

23

23. bhagavat blessed. Nominal stems in ant/vant/mant neuter

Sing. Dual Plur.

Nom.

Acc.

Inst.

Dat.

Abl.

Gen.

Loc.

Voc.

bhagavat

bhagavat

bhagavat

bhagavate

bhagavata

bhagavata

bhagavati

bhagavat

bhagavat

bhagavat

bhagavadbhym

bhagavadbhym

bhagavadbhym

bhagavato

bhagavato

bhagavat

bhagavanti

bhagavanti

bhagavadbhi

bhagavadbhya

bhagavadbhya

bhagavatm

bhagavatsu

bhagavanti

Note: feminine bhagavat is declined like nad.

gaja 1, phala 2, sen 3, muni 4, uci 5, ruti 6, guru 7, mdu 8, dhenu 9, dh 10, nad 11

str 12, bh 13, vadh 14, rjan 15, tman 16, nman 17, kart 18, pit 19, svas 20, mt 21

24

24. sumanas benevolent. Nominal stems in as masc/fem

Sing. Dual Plur.

Nom.

Acc.

Inst.

Dat.

Abl.

Gen.

Loc.

Voc.

suman

sumanasam

sumanas

sumanase

sumanasa

sumanasa

sumanasi

sumana

sumanasau

sumanasau

sumanobhym

sumanobhym

sumanobhym

sumanaso

sumanaso

sumanasau

sumanasa

sumanasa

sumanobhi

sumanobhya

sumanobhya

sumanasm

sumanasu

sumanasa

bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined., manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vc 29, mad/ asmad 30, tvad/yumad 31, tad/sa/ya/ka 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 41

25

25. manas mind. Nominal stems in as neuter

Sing. Dual Plur.

Nom.

Acc.

Inst.

Dat.

Abl.

Gen.

Loc.

Voc.

mana

mana

manas

manase

manasa

manasa

manasi

mana

manas

manas

manobhym

manobhym

manobhym

manaso

manaso

manas

mansi

mansi

manobhi

manobhya

manobhya

manasm

manasu

mansi

gaja 1, phala 2, sen 3, muni 4, uci 5, ruti 6, guru 7, mdu 8, dhenu 9, dh 10, nad 11

str 12, bh 13, vadh 14, rjan 15, tman 16, nman 17, kart 18, pit 19, svas 20, mt 21

26

26. hastin elephant. Nominal stems in in masculine

Sing. Dual Plur.

Nom.

Acc.

Inst.

Dat.

Abl.

Gen.

Loc.

Voc.

hast

hastinam

hastin

hastine

hastina

hastina

hastini

hastin

hastinau

hastinau

hastibhym

hastibhym

hastibhym

hastino

hastino

hastinau

hastina

hastina

hastibhi

hastibhya

hastibhya

hastinm

hastiu

hastina

bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined., manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vc 29, mad/ asmad 30, tvad/yumad 31, tad/sa/ya/ka 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 41

27

27. dhanin rich. Nominal stems in in neuter

Sing. Dual Plur.

Nom.

Acc.

Inst.

Dat.

Abl.

Gen.

Loc.

Voc.

dhani

dhani

dhanin

dhanine

dhanina

dhanina

dhanini

dhani/dhanin

dhanin

dhanin

dhanibhym

dhanibhym

dhanibhym

dhanino

dhanino

dhanin

dhanni

dhanni

dhanibhi

dhanibhya

dhanibhya

dhaninm

dhaniu

dhanni

gaja 1, phala 2, sen 3, muni 4, uci 5, ruti 6, guru 7, mdu 8, dhenu 9, dh 10, nad 11

str 12, bh 13, vadh 14, rjan 15, tman 16, nman 17, kart 18, pit 19, svas 20, mt 21

28

28. marut wind. Nominal stems with consonant endings masc

Sing. Dual Plur.

Nom.

Acc.

Inst.

Dat.

Abl.

Gen.

Loc.

Voc.

marut

marutam

marut

marute

maruta

maruta

maruti

marut

marutau

marutau

marudbhym

marudbhym

marudbhym

maruto

maruto

marutau

maruta

maruta

marudbhi

marudbhya

marudbhya

marutm

marutsu

maruta

bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined., manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vc 29, mad/ asmad 30, tvad/yumad 31, tad/sa/ya/ka 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 41

29

29. vc speech. Nominal stems with consonant endings fem

Sing. Dual Plur.

Nom.

Acc.

Inst.

Dat.

Abl.

Gen.

Loc.

Voc.

vk

vcam

vc

vce

vca

vca

vci

vk

vcau

vcau

vgbhym

vgbhym

vgbhym

vco

vco

vcau

vca

vca

vgbhi

vgbhya

vgbhya

vcm

vku

vca

gaja 1, phala 2, sen 3, muni 4, uci 5, ruti 6, guru 7, mdu 8, dhenu 9, dh 10, nad 11

str 12, bh 13, vadh 14, rjan 15, tman 16, nman 17, kart 18, pit 19, svas 20, mt 21

30

30. mad/asmad I/we

Sing. Dual Plur.

Nom.

Acc.

Inst.

Dat.

Abl.

Gen.

Loc.

Voc.

aham

mm/m

may

mahyam/me

mat/matta

mama/me

mayi

vm

vm/nau

vbhym

vbhym/nau

vbhym

vayo/nau

vayo

vayam

asmn/na

asmbhi

asmabhyam/na

asmat/asmatta

asmkam/na

asmsu

bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined., manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vc 29, mad/ asmad 30, tvad/yumad 31, tad/sa/ya/ka 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 41

31

31. tvad/yumad you

Sing. Dual Plur.

Nom.

Acc.

Inst.

Dat.

Abl.

Gen.

Loc.

Voc.

tvam

tvm/tv

tvay

tubhyam/te

tvat/tvatta

tava/te

tvayi

yuvm

yuvm/vm

yuvbhym

yuvbhym/vm

yuvbhym

yuvayo/vm

yuvayo

yyam

yumn/va

yumbhi

yumabhyam/va

yumat/ yumatta

yumkam/va

yumsu

gaja 1, phala 2, sen 3, muni 4, uci 5, ruti 6, guru 7, mdu 8, dhenu 9, dh 10, nad 11 str 12, bh 13, vadh 14, rjan 15, tman 16, nman 17, kart 18, pit 19, svas 20, mt 21

32

32. tad he masculine (also ya, ka)

Sing. Dual Plur.

Nom.

Acc.

Inst.

Dat.

Abl.

Gen.

Loc.

Voc.

sa

tam

tena

tasmai

tasmt

tasya

tasmin

tau

tau

tbhym

tbhym

tbhym

tayo

tayo

te

tn

tai

tebhya

tebhya

tem

teu

bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined., manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vc 29, mad/ asmad 30, tvad/yumad 31, tad/sa/ya/ka 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 41

33

33. tad it neuter (also yat, kim)

Sing. Dual Plur.

Nom.

Acc.

Inst.

Dat.

Abl.

Gen.

Loc.

Voc.

tat

tat

tena

tasmai

tasmt

tasya

tasmin

te

te

tbhym

tbhym

tbhym

tayo

tayo

tni

tni

tai

tebhya

tebhya

tem

teu

gaja 1, phala 2, sen 3, muni 4, uci 5, ruti 6, guru 7, mdu 8, dhenu 9, dh 10, nad 11

str 12, bh 13, vadh 14, rjan 15, tman 16, nman 17, kart 18, pit 19, svas 20, mt 21

34

34. tad she feminine (also y, k)

Sing. Dual Plur.

Nom.

Acc.

Inst.

Dat.

Abl.

Gen.

Loc.

Voc.

s

tm

tay

tasyai

tasy

tasy

tasym

te

te

tbhym

tbhym

tbhym

tayo

tayo

t

t

tbhi

tbhya

tbhya

tsm

tsu

bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined., manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vc 29, mad/ asmad 30, tvad/yumad 31, tad/sa/ya/ka 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 41

35

35. ayam this masculine

Sing. Dual Plur.

Nom.

Acc.

Inst.

Dat.

Abl.

Gen.

Loc.

Voc.

ayam

imam

anena

asmai

asmt

asya

asmin

imau

imau

bhym

bhym

bhym

anayo

anayo

ime

imn

ebhi

ebhya

ebhya

em

eu

gaja 1, phala 2, sen 3, muni 4, uci 5, ruti 6, guru 7, mdu 8, dhenu 9, dh 10, nad 11

str 12, bh 13, vadh 14, rjan 15, tman 16, nman 17, kart 18, pit 19, svas 20, mt 21

36

36. ayam this neuter

Sing. Dual Plur.

Nom.

Acc.

Inst.

Dat.

Abl.

Gen.

Loc.

Voc.

idam

idam

anena

asmai

asmt

asya

asmin

ime

ime

bhym

bhym

bhym

anayo

anayo

imni

imni

ebhi

ebhya

ebhya

em

eu

bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined., manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vc 29, mad/ asmad 30, tvad/yumad 31, tad/sa/ya/ka 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 41

37

37. ayam this feminine

Sing. Dual Plur.

Nom.

Acc.

Inst.

Dat.

Abl.

Gen.

Loc.

Voc.

iyam

imm

anay

asyai

asy

asy

asym

ime

ime

bhym

bhym

bhym

anayo

anayo

im

im

bhi

bhya

bhya

sm

su

gaja 1, phala 2, sen 3, muni 4, uci 5, ruti 6, guru 7, mdu 8, dhenu 9, dh 10, nad 11

str 12, bh 13, vadh 14, rjan 15, tman 16, nman 17, kart 18, pit 19, svas 20, mt 21

38

38. asau that masculine

Sing. Dual Plur.

Nom.

Acc.

Inst.

Dat.

Abl.

Gen.

Loc.

Voc.

asau

amum

amun

amumai

amumt

amuya

amumin

am

am

ambhym

ambhym

ambhym

amuyo

amuyo

am

amn

ambhi

ambhya

ambhya

amm

amu

bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined., manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vc 29, mad/ asmad 30, tvad/yumad 31, tad/sa/ya/ka 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 41

39

39. asau that neuter

Sing. Dual Plur.

Nom.

Acc.

Inst.

Dat.

Abl.

Gen.

Loc.

Voc.

ada

ada

amun

amumai

amumt

amuya

amumin

am

am

ambhym

ambhym

ambhym

amuyo

amuyo

amni

amni

ambhi

ambhya

ambhya

amm

amu

gaja 1, phala 2, sen 3, muni 4, uci 5, ruti 6, guru 7, mdu 8, dhenu 9, dh 10, nad 11, str 12 bh 13, vadh 14, rjan 15, tman 16, nman 17, kart 18, pit 19, svas 20, mt 21

40

40. asau that feminine

Sing. Dual Plur.

Nom.

Acc.

Inst.

Dat.

Abl.

Gen.

Loc.

Voc.

asau

amm

amuy

amuyai

amuy

amuy

amuym

am

am

ambhym

ambhym

ambhym

amuyo

amuyo

am

am

ambhi

ambhya

ambhya

amm

amu

bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined., manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vc 29, mad/ asmad 30, tvad/yumad 31, tad/sa/ya/ka 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 41

41

41. nayant leading. Present active participles in at/ant masc

Sing. Dual Plur.

Nom.

Acc.

Inst.

Dat.

Abl.

Gen.

Loc.

Voc.

nayan

nayantam

nayat

nayate

nayata

nayata

nayati

nayan

nayantau

nayantau

nayadbhym

nayadbhym

nayadbhym

nayato

nayato

nayantau

nayanta

nayata

nayadbhi

nayadbhya

nayadbhya

nayatm

nayatsu

nayanta

gaja 1, phala 2, sen 3, muni 4, uci 5, ruti 6, guru 7, mdu 8, dhenu 9, dh 10, nad 11

str 12, bh 13, vadh 14, rjan 15, tman 16, nman 17, kart 18, pit 19, svas 20, mt 21

42

42. nayant leading. Present active participles in at/ant neuter

Sing. Dual Plur.

Nom.

Acc.

Inst.

Dat.

Abl.

Gen.

Loc.

Voc.

nayat

nayat

nayat

nayate

nayata

nayata

nayati

nayat

nayant

nayant

nayadbhym

nayadbhym

nayadbhym

nayato

nayato

nayant

nayanti

nayanti

nayadbhi

nayadbhya

nayadbhya

nayatm

nayatsu

nayanti

Note: Feminine present active participles nayant decline like nad

43

43. Class 1, 4, 6 and 10, n lead, parasmaipada/active endings

Present Imperfect Imperative Optative

Sing. 1 naymi anayam nayni nayeyam

2 nayasi anaya naya naye

3 nayati anayat nayatu nayet

Dual 1 nayva anayva nayva nayeva

2 nayatha anayatam nayatam nayetam

3 nayata anayatm nayatm nayetm

Plur. 1 nayma anayma nayma nayema

2 nayatha anayata nayata nayeta

3 nayanti anayan nayantu nayeyu

44

44. Class 1, 4, 6 and 10, n lead, tmanepada/middle endings

Present Imperfect Imperative Optative

Sing. 1 naye anaye nayai nayeya

2 nayase anayath nayasva nayeth

3 nayate anayata nayatm nayeta

Dual 1 nayvahe anayvahi nayvahai nayevahi

2 nayethe anayethm nayethm nayeythm

3 nayete anayetm nayetm nayeytm

Plur. 1 naymahe anaymahi naymahai nayemahi

2 nayadhve anayadhvam nayadhvam nayedhvam

3 nayante anayanta nayantm nayeran

45

45. Class 2 (root class), dvi hate, parasmaipada/active endings

Present Imperfect Imperative Optative

Sing. 1 dvemi adveam dvei dviym

2 dveki adve dvihi dviy

3 dvei adve dveu dviyt

Dual 1 dviva adviva dveva dviyva

2 dviha adviam dviam dviytam

3 dvia advim dvim dviytm

Plur. 1 dvima advima dvema dviyma

2 dviha advia dvia dviyta

3 dvianti advian dviantu dviyu

46

46. Class 2 (root class), dvi hate, tmanepada/middle endings

Present Imperfect Imperative Optative

Sing. 1 dvie advii dveai dviya

2 dvike advih dvikva dvith

3 dvie advia dvim dvita

Dual 1 dvivahe advivahi dvevahai dvivahi

2 dvithe advithm dvithm dviythm

3 dvite advitm dvitm dviytm

Plur. 1 dvimahe advimahi dvemahai dvimahi

2 dvihve advihvam dvihvam dvidhvam

3 dviate adviata dviatm dviran

47

47. Class 2 (root class), as be, parasmaipada/active endings

Present Imperfect Imperative Optative

Sing. 1 asmi sam asni sym

2 asi s edhi sy

3 asti st astu syt

Dual 1 sva sva asva syva

2 stha stam stam sytam

3 sta stm stm sytm

Plur. 1 sma sma asma syma

2 stha sta sta syta

3 santi san santu syu

48

48. Class 2 (root class), han kill, parasmaipada/active endings

Present Imperfect Imperative Optative

Sing. 1 hanmi ahanam hanni hanym

2 hasi ahan jahi hany

3 hanti ahan hantu hanyt

Dual 1 hanva ahanva hanva hanyva

2 hatha ahatam hatam hanytam

3 hata ahatm hatm hanytm

Plur. 1 hanma ahanma hanma hanyma

2 hatha ahata hata hanyta

3 ghnanti aghnan ghnantu hanyu

49

49. Class 3 (reduplicated class), hu sacrifice, parasmaipada/active

Present Imperfect Imperative Optative

Sing. 1 juhomi ajuhavam juhavni juhuym

2 juhoi ajuho juhudhi juhuy

3 juhoti ajuhot juhotu juhuyt

Dual 1 juhuva ajuhuva juhavva juhuyva

2 juhutha ajuhutam juhutam juhuytam

3 juhuta ajuhutm juhutm juhuytm

Plur. 1 juhuma ajuhuma juhavma juhuyma

2 juhutha ajuhuta juhuta juhuyta

3 juhvati ajuhavu juhvatu juhuyu

50

50. Class 3 (reduplicated class), hu sacrifice, tm./middle endings

Present Imperfect Imperative Optative

Sing. 1 juhve ajuhvi juhavai juhvya

2 juhue ajuhuth juhuva juhvth

3 juhute ajuhuta juhutm juhvta

Dual 1 juhuvahe ajuhuvahi juhavvahai juhvvahi

2 juhvthe ajuhvthm juhvthm juhvythm

3 juhvte ajuhvtm juhvtm juhvytm

Plur. 1 juhumahe ajuhumahi juhavmahai juhvmahi

2 juhudhve ajuhudhvam juhudhvam juhvdhvam

3 juhvate ajuhvata juhvatm juhvran

51

51. Class 5 (nu class) , su press, parasmaipada/active endings

Present Imperfect Imperative Optative

Sing. 1 sunomi asunavam sunavni sunuym

2 sunoi asuno sunu sunuy

3 sunoti asunot sunotu sunuyt

Dual 1 sunuva/ sunva

asunuva/ asunva

sunavva sunuyva

2 sunutha asunutam sunutam sunuytam

3 sunuta asunutm sunutm sunuytm

Plur. 1 sunuma/ sunma

asunuma/ asunma

sunavma sunuyma

2 sunutha asunuta sunuta sunuyta

3 sunvanti asunvan sunvantu sunuyu

52

52. Class 5 (nu class) , su press, tmanepada/middle endings

Present Imperfect Imperative Optative

Sing. 1 sunve asunvi sunavai sunvya

2 sunue asunuth sunuva sunvth

3 sunute asunuta sunutm sunvta

Dual 1 sunuvahe/ sunvahe

asunuvahi/ asunvahi

sunavvahai sunvvahi

2 sunvthe asunvthm sunvthm sunvythm

3 sunvte asunvtm sunvtm sunvytm

Plur. 1 sunumahe/ sunmahe

asunumahi/ asunmahi

sunavmahai sunvmahi

2 sunudhve asunudhvam sunudhvam sunvdhvam

3 sunvate asunvata sunvatm sunvran

53

53. Class 7 (nasal infix class), rudh obstruct, parasmaipada/active

Present Imperfect Imperative Optative

Sing. 1 ruadhmi aruadham ruadhni rundhym

2 ruatsi aruat runddhi rundhy

3 ruaddhi aruat ruaddhu rundhyt

Dual 1 rundhva arundhva ruadhva rundhyva

2 runddha arunddham runddham rundhytam

3 runddha arunddhm rundhhm rundhytm

Plur. 1 rudma arundhma ruadhma rundhyma

2 runddha arunddha runddha rundhyta

3 rundhanti arundhan rundhantu rundhyu

54

54. Class 7 (nasal infix class), rudh obstruct, tm./middle endings

Present Imperfect Imperative Optative

Sing. 1 rundhe arundhi ruadhai rundhya

2 runtse arunddh runtsva rundhth

3 runddhe arunddha runddhm rundhta

Dual 1 rundhvahe arundhvahi ruadhvahai rundhvahi

2 rundhthe arundhthm rundhthm rundhythm

3 rundhte arundhtm rundhtm rundhytm

Plur. 1 rundhmahe arundhmahi ruadhmahai rundhmahi

2 runddhve arunddhvam runddhvam rundhdhvam

3 rundhate arundhata rundhatm rundhran

55

55. Class 8 (u class), k do, parasmaipada/active endings

Present Imperfect Imperative Optative

Sing. 1 karomi akaravam karavi kurym

2 karoi akaro kuru kury

3 karoti akarot karotu kuryt

Dual 1 kurva akurva karavva kuryva

2 kurutha akurutam kurutam kurytam

3 kuruta akurutm kurutm kurytm

Plur. 1 kurma akurma karavma kuryma

2 kurutha akuruta kuruta kuryta

3 kurvanti akurvan kurvantu kuryu

56

56. Class 8 (u class), k do, tmanepada/middle endings

Present Imperfect Imperative Optative

Sing. 1 kurve akurvi karavai kurvya

2 kurue akuruth kuruva kurvth

3 kurute akuruta kurutm kurvta

Dual 1 kurvahe akurvahi karavvahai kurvvahi

2 kurvthe akurvthm kurvthm kurvythm

3 kurvte akurvtm kurvtm kurvytm

Plur. 1 kurmahe akurmahi karavmahai kurvmahi

2 kurudhve akurudhvam kurudhvam kurvdhvam

3 kurvate akurvata kurvatm kurvran

57

57. Class 9 (n class), kr buy, parasmaipada/active endings

Present Imperfect Imperative Optative

Sing. 1 krmi akrm krni krym

2 krsi akr krhi kry

3 krti akrt krtu kryt

Dual 1 krva akrva krva kryva

2 krtha akrtam krtam krytam

3 krta akrtm krtm krytm

Plur. 1 krma akrma krma kryma

2 krtha akrta krta kryta

3 kranti akran krantu kryu

58

58. Class 9 (n class), kr buy, tmanepada/middle endings

Present Imperfect Imperative Optative

Sing. 1 kre akri kriai krya

2 kre akrth krva krth

3 krte akrta krtm krta

Dual 1 krvahe akrvahi krvahai krvahi

2 krthe akrthm krthm krythm

3 krte akrtm krtm krytm

Plur. 1 krimahe akrmahi krmahai krmahi

2 krdhve akrdhvam krdhvam krdhvam

3 krate akrata kratm krran

59

59. Perfect paradigms, parasmaipada/active endings

d see k do vac speak dh put

Sing. 1 dadara cakara/ cakra

uvaca/ uvca

dadhau

2 dadaritha cakartha uvaktha/

uvacitha

dadhtha/

dadhitha

3 dadara cakra uvca dadhau

Dual 1 dadiva cakva civa dadhiva

2 dadathu cakrathu cathu dadhathu

3 dadatu cakratu catu dadhatu

Plur. 1 dadima cakma cima dadhima

2 dada cakra ca dadha

3 dadu cakru cu dadhu

60

60. Perfect paradigms, tmanepada/middle endings

d see k do vac speak

dh put

Sing. 1 dade cakre ce dadhe

2 dadie cake cie dadhie

3 dade cakre ce dadhe

Dual 1 dadivahe cakvahe civahe dadhivahe

2 dadthe cakrthe cthe dadhthe

3 dadte cakrte cte dadhte

Plur. 1 dadimahe cakmahe cimahe dadhimahe

2 dadidhve cakdhve cidhve dadhidhve

3 dadire cakrire cire dadhire

61

61. Sandhi rules: vowels (a space indicates a word break)

Final vowels

-a/- -i/- -u/- - -e -ai -o -au Initials

-- -ya- -va- -ra- -e - - a- -o - -va- a-

-- -y- -v- -r- -a - - - -a - -v- -

-e- -- -vi- -ri- -a i- - i- -a i- -vi- i-

-e- -- -v- -r- -a - - - -a - -v- -

-o- -yu- -- -ru- -a u- - u- -a u- -vu- u-

-o- -y- -- -r- -a - - - -a - -v- -

-ar- -y- -v- -- -a - - - -a - -v- -

-ai- -ye- -ve- -re- -a e- - e- -a e- -ve- e-

-ai- -yai- -vai- -rai- -a ai- - ai- -a ai- -vai- ai-

-au- -yo- -vo- -ro- -a o- - o- -a o- -vo- o-

-au- -yau- -vau- -rau- -a au- - au- -a au- -vau- au-

62

62. Sandhi rules: consonants (After Coulson; a hyphen indicates a join)

Final letter -k - -t -p - -n -m -/-r - -a Initial -k- -- -t- -p- -- -n- - - - -a k-/kh- -g- -- -d- -b- -- -n- - -r- - -o g-/gh-

-k- -- -c- -p- -- -- - -- -- -a- c-/ch- -g- -- -j- -b- -- -- - -r- - -o j-/jh-

-k- -- -- -p- -- -- - -- -- -a- -/ h- -g- -- -- -b- -- -- - -r- - -o -/h-

-k- -- -t- -p- -- -s- - -s- -s- -as- t-/th- -g- -- -d- -b- -- -n- - -r- - -o d-/-dh

-k- -- -t- -p- -- -n- - - - -a p-/ph- -g- -- -d- -b- -- -n- - -r- - -o b-/bh-

-- -- -n- -m- -- -n- - -r- - -o n-/m-

63

Final letter

-k - -t -p - -n -m -/-r - -a Initial -g- -- -d- -b- -- -n- - -r- - -o y-/v-

-g- -- -d- -b- -- -n- - zero1 - -o r-

-g- -- -l- -b- -- -l-2 - -r- - -o l-

-k- -- -c(ch)- -p- -- -(/ch)- - - - -a - -k- -- -t- -p- -- -n- - - - -a -/s-

-g(gh)- -(h)- -d(dh)- -b(bh)- -- -n- - -r- - -o h-

-g- -- -d- -b- -/-3 -n/nn-3 -m- -r- - -a4 vowels

-k - -t -p - -n -m - - -a zero

1. or r disappears, and if a/ i/ u precedes, this lengthens to / / 2. e.g. tn + labhasva = tl labhasva

3. Doubling occurs when the preceding vowel is short. 4. Except that a + a = o / (avagraha)