IN DEGREE PROJECT TECHNOLOGY,FIRST CYCLE, 15 CREDITS

, STOCKHOLM SWEDEN 2018

Sanitation and Waste to Value for Informal SettlementsA field study in Johannesburg, South Africa

KRISTIN HOLMLUND

JOHANNA WINDH

KTH ROYAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGYSCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT

Sammanfattning Människors levnadsstandard i underutvecklade områden kan förbättras genom att möjliggöra

tillgång till adekvat sanitet och ren förnybar energi. Det kan också generera positiva effekter

såsom minskad arbetslöshet och bättre hälsa vilket i sin tur leder till minskad kriminalitet och

segregation i samhället.

Detta kandidatexamensarbete utfördes inom det större projektet “Sanitation and Waste to

Value for Informal Settlement Project” som en förstudie i Johannesburg, Sydafrika. Syftet

med arbetet var att ta fram ett underlag om rådande situation i studieområdet för att i ett

senare skede kunna utveckla och implementera ett sanitetssystem som möter samhällets

behov och utvinner förnybar energi från avfall. Målet med sanitetssystemet är att det ska bidra

till en bättre levnadsstandard i samhället genom att införa ett lokalt kretslopp som innefattar

energi, sanitet och socioekonomi.

Målet med denna studie var att identifiera de styrkor, (S- strength), svagheter, (W-

weaknesses), möjligheter, (O- opportunities), och hot, (T- threats), som implementationen av

ett nytt sanitetssystem står inför genom en så kallad SWOT-analys. Undersökningar utfördes

för att identifiera nuvarande använda energikällor, sanitetsfaciliteter och den socioekonomiska

situationen i studieområdet. För att kunna besvara studiens frågeställning inhämtades data

genom en omfattande enkätundersökning och genom en workshop med en fokusgrupp.

Från SWOT-analysen identifierades de huvudsakliga fördelarna och nackdelarna med den

kommande vidareutvecklingen och implementeringen av sanitetssystemet. Resultatet visade

på att de största hoten och svagheterna är kopplade till acceptansen och viljan hos invånarna i

området att införa ett nytt sanitetssystem, medan de centrala styrkorna och möjligheterna

grundar sig i att förbättra människors nuvarande låga levnadsstandard. Det sistnämnda

innebär att det finns potential till att öka människors välmående genom att angripa de problem

som råder i samhället idag med hjälp av att implementera ett förbättrat sanitetssystem som

utvinner förnybar energi från biologiskt avfall.

Abstract

Access to adequate sanitation and renewable clean energy can improve the living standards in

developing communities in informal settlements. This can also generate effects such as

reduced unemployment and better health, which in turn can contribute to less violence and

less segregation.

This work was conducted as a pre study within a bigger project which includes development

of a new sanitation system intended to provide renewable energy, proper toilets and create job

opportunities in Jackson, an informal settlement in Gauteng, South Africa. The objectives of

this study was to identify the strengths, (S), weaknesses, (W), opportunities, (O) and threats,

(T) that an implementation of a new sanitation system could face from a sustainability point

of view. Investigations were made to define currently used energy sources, sanitation facilities

and the socio-economic situation. To be able to reach the objectives of the research question,

data were collected through a workshop with a focus group and distributions of questionnaires

in the study area was made.

Through the sustainability SWOT-analysis, the main advantages and disadvantages which the

continuance of the project can face were identified. The results indicate that the biggest

threats and weaknesses are strongly connected to the people’s acceptability of a new

sanitation system, while the opportunities and strengths are linked to the possibilities to

increase the present low living standards in Jackson.

Acknowledgement

We would like to express our very great appreciation to the University of South Africa,

especially the Institution for the Development of Energy for African Sustainability who

hosted us and were very helpful during our stay in Johannesburg. Regarding funding for this

study, we would like to thank Åforsk and Palmefonden for their financial support.

We would also like to thank Sten Stenbeck at RISE for introducing us to this project and the

company Mundati for letting us onboard on the project. We are particularly grateful for all the

guidance that our supervisor, Daniel Franzén, has provided us with for the progress of our

work.

List of figures

Figure 1. Circular economy of the Sandati™ system (Nersjö et al., 2018) .............................. 9

Figure 2. The design of the future sanitation facilities (Nersjö et al., 2018) ........................... 11

Figure 3. Jackson, Johannesburg (Google Earth, 2018) ........................................................ 14

Figure 4. Households and road conditions in Jackson ........................................................... 15

Figure 5. sSWOT model based on the original idea from Metzger, et al., (2012) .................. 18

Figure 6. Use of energy sources in Jackson .......................................................................... 19

Figure 7. Paraffin use per week ............................................................................................ 21

Figure 8. Accessibility and collection of water ..................................................................... 22

Figure 9. Construction of toilet............................................................................................. 23

Figure 10. Satisfaction of current toilets ............................................................................... 24

Figure 11. Experience of criminality regarding toilets .......................................................... 24

Figure 12. Experience of going to toilet at night ................................................................... 25

Figure 13. Willingness to pay for a new sanitation facility ................................................... 26

Figure 14. sSWOT idenfied from defined system ................................................................. 28

Figure 15. sSWOT identified from Q and S .......................................................................... 29

Figure 16. sSWOT identified from the workshop ................................................................. 30

Figure 17. sSWOT identified from Q, W and S .................................................................... 31

Figure 18. sSWOT identified from Q, W and S .................................................................... 32

List of tables

Table 1. Data outcome of question regarding worries about usage of energy sources ..... 20

Table 2. Importance of different improvement areas regarding sanitation facilities ........ 26

Table of content 1 Introduction .........................................................................................................................................8

1.1 Aim and objective............................................................................................................... 8

2 Background ..........................................................................................................................................9 2.1 The sanitation system ......................................................................................................... 9

2.1.1 First phase ................................................................................................................... 10 2.1.2 Second phase → Sandati™ .......................................................................................... 10

2.2 Socio-economic situation in South Africa ......................................................................... 11 2.3 Energy and environmental situation in South Africa ......................................................... 12

3 Methodology...................................................................................................................................... 14 3.1 Site description ................................................................................................................ 14 3.2 System definition .............................................................................................................. 15 3.3 Field work and questionnaires ......................................................................................... 15

3.3.1 Questions ..................................................................................................................... 16 3.4 Workshop with focus group .............................................................................................. 16 3.5 sSWOT based on defined system, questionnaires and workshop ........................................ 17

3.5.1 Threats and Opportunities ............................................................................................ 18 3.5.2 Strengths and Weaknesses ........................................................................................... 18

4 Results ................................................................................................................................................ 19 4.1 Results from questionnaires ............................................................................................. 19

4.1.1 sSWOT-analysis based on defined system .................................................................... 28 4.1.2 Socio-economic sSWOT-analysis based on questionnaires ........................................... 29

4.2 Results from the workshop with focus group ..................................................................... 30 4.3 Final sSWOT-analysis ...................................................................................................... 31

5 Discussion .......................................................................................................................................... 33 5.1 Interpretation and analysis of results ............................................................................... 33

5.1.1 Consequences with providing renewable energy........................................................... 33 5.1.2 Quality of life .............................................................................................................. 34 5.1.3 Project Management .................................................................................................... 35 5.1.4 Willingness and acceptance.......................................................................................... 35

5.2 Limitations and significance ............................................................................................. 37

6 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... 39 6.1 Future work ..................................................................................................................... 39

7 Reference List ................................................................................................................................... 40

Appendix A………………………………………………………………………...............................................................44

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1 Introduction South Africa is a country of 56 million people inhabitants (UNCTADstat, 2018). Statistics

shows that 22.3 % of the households of South Africa are non-formal dwellings and that 22.1

% do not have access to improved sanitation, meaning facilities that are hygienical enough for

non-human contact with human excreta (Statistics South Africa, 2013). Informal settlements

are often unplanned and illegal, inhabited by poor people, these areas are highly disposed to

inadequate sanitation and solid waste management systems (UNHabitat, 2003). Hence, the

lack of proper hygienic facilities could cause serious health and safety issues (Mwanza,

2003).

Implementing new sanitation systems in informal settlements will provide the communities

with renewable clean energy, job opportunities as well as adequate and secure sanitation. This

will not only increase the human well-being in rural areas but also have an impact towards

reaching the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals. (Amigun et al., 2012).

1.1 Aim and objective

This work was conducted as a part of a pilot project with the goal to develop a new sanitation

system for rural areas called Sanitation and waste to value for informal settlements. The

purpose is to contribute to better living standards in underdeveloped communities as it will

generate effects, such as reduced unemployment and better health, which in turn will

contribute to less violence and segregation.

This bachelor thesis aimed to provide useful data for future development of the sanitation

system to meet the needs of the people in an informal settlement, Jackson, South Africa. The

goal was to deliver a sSWOT analysis (sustainability aspects of the Strength, Weaknesses,

Opportunities and Threats identified). Hence, following research question was developed:

What are the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats regarding

implementation of a new sanitation system in an informal settlement?

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2 Background Firstly a definition of the sanitation system is presented, followed by a theoretical background

describing the sanitation, socio-economic, energy and environmental situation in South

Africa.

2.1 The sanitation system

A pilot project called Sanitation and Waste to value for informal settlements was initiated

during 2017 with the vision to create a circular economy system that will produce low-cost

renewable energy and increase job opportunities while providing clean, safe and sustainable

sanitation, see Figure 1. The initiator of the project is the company Mundati which develop a

sanitation system named Sandati™, facilities intended to be implemented in areas where there

is no supportive infrastructure and no adequate sanitation system. The purpose with the

implementation is to contribute to better living standards in underdeveloped communities as it

will generate effects, such as reduced unemployment and better health, which in turn will

contribute to less violence and segregation. (Nersjö et al., 2018).

Figure 1. Circular economy of the Sandati™ system (Nersjö et al., 2018)

The research institute RISE is one partner in the project together with the University of South

Africa (UNISA) and Water Research Commission (WRC). The country of South Africa has a

great need for new sanitation solutions and have therefore been selected as the test site for the

pilot project. The great knowledge and good cooperation climate that South Africa and

UNISA/WRC can provide was an important factor in the choice of a test site. (Nersjö et al.,

2018)

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2.1.1 First phase

The first stage of the project aimed at collecting data to design a successful and accepted

system for a particular research area named Jackson, an informal settlement in South Africa.

For this part of the project, UNISA was the main stakeholder as the local representative. Their

role was to work as project leader with front-end responsibility towards the Jackson

community and the research needed from the area. (Nersjö et al., 2018)

2.1.2 Second phase → Sandati™

Once the required data from Jackson is compiled and analyzed, the next phase of the project

will consist of implementing public simple sanitation cabinets and a biogas facility in the

area. The aim of this phase is to conduct a user study that will be necessary for the final

design of the Sandati™ system. The end user facilities will be provided with energy from

built-in solar panels that will be connected to lightning and radio modules. (Nersjö et al.,

2018)

The intended final system is planned to make use of the human waste collected in the

Sandati™ cabinets through digestion to create biogas and organic fertilizers, see Figure 3. Job

opportunities are hoped to increase as a collection of sanitation sludge is needed. The

fertilizers produced as a residue from the biological and chemical treatment is required to be

100% contamination free and could contribute to a new market, including job creation where

chemical fertilizers can be partly phased out with organic fertilizers. Sandati™ aims to be a

social accepted sanitation system which will address all human needs regarding sanitation and

the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (United Nations Sustainable

Development, 2018). The goal is to generate effects by improving living standards, with

increased employment rates and well-being, that could lower the occurrence of crime and

segregation. (Nersjö et al., 2018)

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Figure 2. The design of the future sanitation facilities (Nersjö et al., 2018)

2.2 Socio-economic situation in South Africa

Most of the informal settlements in South Africa appeared during the post-Apartheid period

which mean that people living in these areas have different cultural backgrounds and various

socio-economic conditions. Some of the people live in the informal settlements for a short

period of time, while others stay in the area their whole lives which can complicate cohesion

creation within the community. (Mels et al., 2009).

Richard et al., (2007) identified the key factors contributing to the quality of life in an

informal settlement outside Johannesburg, being employment status, having access to

entertainment, clean streets, roads, and services, such as flush toilets and community services.

Dissatisfaction was found to be clearly connected to crime and violence, along with drug

abuse and the lack of government officials to deal with these problems. In addition, stress,

low number of employment opportunities and being unhealthy were factors that were found

having a strong influence on the quality of life (Richard et al., 2007).

Mwanza (2003) further points out the important linkage between water and sustainable

development, poverty, health, and energy. The lack of having access to adequate sanitation

systems and water supply is a clear source of communicable diseases, which in turn reduce

vitality and economic productivity. Hence, Mwanza (2003) means that this connection

between hygiene and socio-economic development can either reinforce each other to improve

the development or become a vicious circle where poor socio-economics inhibits the access to

safe water.

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Due to the lack of resources in informal settlements, sanitation systems are often shared

among several households (Mels et al., 2009). Conflicts between households, regarding

maintenance care of the sanitation system therefore often appear and lead to vandalism,

damage, and destruction of the systems. (Mels et al., 2009). Another result of having shared

sanitation systems and toilets far from the house is that people refuse to go to the toilet

because they are afraid of being assaulted or robbed on their way to the facilities (Hangulu et

al., 2017).

To encourage people to use sanitation facilities it is important to have in mind the cultural and

social aspects while designing new systems (Hangulu et al., 2017). A helpful parameter would

be to involve members from the communities in the design phase to create sustainable

sanitation (Hangulu et al., 2017).

2.3 Energy and environmental situation in South Africa

The use of biofuels is low in South Africa and 77 % of the electricity is generated from coal,

making South Africa the 6th biggest user of coal for electricity (Jain et al., 2017).

Implementing biogas technology requires a contribution from the government, such as

financial incentives and supportive policies (Boyd, 2012). The effects that these technologies

could offer are vital for sustainable development where human well-being could be improved,

unemployment rates could decrease and resources could be spared (Boyd, 2012). Sibanda et

al. (2013) verifies the above said, the use of biogas as a primary source of energy will

increase the human well-being through better indoor air quality and improved human living

standards. The bio-digester also produces organic fertilizers which could be used as an

alternative to chemical fertilizer and could in turn reduce the costs from imported fertilizers

(Gautam et al., 2009). The crop productivity could therefore increase as the soil’s biological,

chemical and physical attributes enhances from the organic fertilizer (Surendra et al., 2014).

Despite the positive aspects of biogas implementation, political support and incentives in

South Africa are poor to favor the usage of biogas, unlike countries which have been steered

towards renewable energy sources through feed-in tariffs and CO2 taxes (Boyd, 2012). In

addition, there is an economic barrier for widespread implementation of biogas technology as

the high costs are out of reach for rural households regarding financial assets (Surendra et al.,

2014).

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A study conducted to address sanitations problems in rural areas made by Sibanda et al.

(2013), showed that biogas from human waste as primary source of energy could involve

savings of wood and paraffin. It could also lead to reduced CO2 emissions and therefore

decrease the environmental impact (Sibanda et al., 2013). A high percentage of South Africa’s

population does not have access to adequate sanitation systems which is a primary source for

human well-being and an improved system could increase the quality of life (Richard et al.,

2007).

Areas that are disposed to inadequate sanitation systems are mostly informal settlements due

to poor maintenance of the facilities. A crucial parameter for maintenance of sanitation

systems is the accessibility. A study named “Sanitation services for the informal settlements

of Cape Town, South Africa” made by Mels et al., (2009) shows that due to flooding prone

areas and lack of infrastructure, only 22% of the settlements are reachable for trucks and

tankers to empty toilet waste. In addition, a numerous of settlements are situated on private

land which means that service staff will need permission to enter and to perform their duties.

(Mels et al., 2009).

A system that extracts biogas energy from human waste collected from sanitation facilities

could have an impact on rural areas that addresses the United Nations’ Sustainable

Development Goals by reducing poverty and inequality, increasing health and wellbeing by

providing clean energy and sanitation, as well as promoting environmental sustainability

(Amigun et al., 2012).

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3 Methodology The bachelor’s thesis consisted of gathering the Energy & Environmental and Socio-

Economic aspects to create a sustainability SWOT-analysis. The methods that were used

were dialogues with the company Mundati to define the sanitation system, distribution of

questionnaires to people living in Jackson, Johannesburg, along with a workshop with a focus

group which will be described further in this chapter.

3.1 Site description

The field study took place in Jackson which is an informal settlement located in Gauteng,

South Africa. Jackson is surrounded by farming and consists of approximately 1500

households, see Figure 3.

Figure 3. Jackson, Johannesburg (Google Earth, 2018)

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The community is built on private land which makes it an illegal settlement. The people live

in shacks which do not have access to electricity and the infrastructure, such as roads and

sewage systems is poor in the area (Figure 4).

Figure 4. Households and road conditions in Jackson

3.2 System definition

The sanitation system was defined through dialogues, meetings and email conversations with

the company Mundati.

3.3 Field work and questionnaires

Questionnaires were handed out in Jackson, Johannesburg, to investigate the socio-economic,

sanitation, energy, and environmental situation in the area. The involved parties in the

questionnaires were researchers, PhD students, master’s students, and bachelor’s students

together with Mundati. The questionnaires were designed by participants from the Institute

for the development of Energy for African Sustainability at UNISA to suit all areas of

interest.

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To process the questionnaires, UNISA had established contact with Elethu Themba Public

high school situated next to Jackson. A class of students got to hand out the UNISA made

questionnaires a couple of times to neighbors and family two weeks before the main

distribution of questionnaires was held in Jackson. Seminars were held together with the high

school to discuss the accuracy of the findings from the first questionnaires and to awaken

interest of students in sustainability and technology. This way the questionnaires could be

tested, and changes could be made to adjust the questions to be more understandable and

clear. The final questionnaire can be found in Appendix A. The purpose of having the

children help handing out the questionnaires was to collect many responses and to build trust

between the community in Jackson and the research group. The data from the questionnaires

were compiled in Google Forms and Excel before they were analyzed

3.3.1 Questions

The main issues regarding energy, environment, sanitation and socio-economic aspects that

address the research question of the study in Jackson were evaluated through the questions

below:

1. What are the energy sources used for cooking, lightening, heating of house and

boiling water?

2. What are the worries and thoughts about the energy sources (Paraffin, Gas, Wood,

Coal, Generator/petrol, Electricity) used in the household?

3. What are the cost of buying the energy source used in the household?

4. What are the living conditions regarding sanitation, water accessibility and waste

management in Jackson?

5. What are the experience of using current sanitation system?

3.4 Workshop with focus group

A workshop was held with a focus group consisting of PhD students, master students and

researchers, from the Institution for the Development of Energy for African Sustainability at

UNISA. The aim was to create discussions that would lead to a conclusion of what the

strengths (S), weaknesses (W), opportunities (O) and threats (T) are with implementing a new

Sanitation system in Jackson, which could be used for evaluation of the sSWOT made based

17

on the questionnaires. Additional purposes of the workshop were to widen the perspective and

get more input that might not have been covered by the questionnaires.

The workshop started with an introduction of how a sSWOT-analysis is conducted and how

the project could gain from using the tool. Before initiating the group discussion, all

participants got to create a sSWOT individually to make sure everyone got the chance to

reflect on their own opinions and avoid influence other participants. During the individual

task, the questions below were displayed for the participants to have in mind when writing

down their own reasoning.

● The current sanitation system in Jackson?

● The current use of energy in Jackson?

● The current solid waste handling system in Jackson?

● What will be changed with the new implementation of the planned sanitation system in

Jackson?

3.5 sSWOT based on defined system, questionnaires and workshop

An analysis was made to highlight the S, W, O and T identified from the system definition,

questionnaires and the workshop with a focus group. It addressed sustainability factors

regarding the current sanitation systems in use and the intended system which will be

implemented in the future, named a sustainability SWOT-analysis. The purpose with this twist

on the traditional framework of SWOT-analysis is to encourage and challenge the project

team and other external stakeholders to have in mind the environmental aspects which may

have impact on business risks or opportunities (Metzger et al., 2012). The methodology of the

sustainability SWOT is illustrated in Figure 5, where the first step is to evaluate

environmental challenges and big trends to continue further with the sSWOT-analysis. Once

the sSWOT is finalized a prioritization can be made and then one can act accordingly.

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Figure 5. sSWOT model based on the original idea from Metzger, et al., (2012)

The analysis based on the questionnaire data was compiled in three sSWOTs, one based on

the defined sanitation system and one containing the results from the questionnaires. One

additional sSWOT with the same structure were created based on the analysis of the

workshop. The three sSWOTs were compiled in one final sSWOT to present the most crucial

parameters for making a future prioritization and act accordingly. The main factors of the

analysis will be explained further in the following two sections.

3.5.1 Threats and Opportunities

The startup of the analysis consisted of identifying the main parameters with an external point

of view to highlight threats and opportunities. The investigation of threats was based on

finding obstacles with direct and indirect impact for implementation of a new sanitation

system in Jackson, Johannesburg. Once the threats were identified opportunities were listed to

eliminate the challenges (Metzger et al., 2012).

3.5.2 Strengths and Weaknesses

The strengths and weaknesses were discovered through an investigation of internal aspects

within the project. The strengths were identified as the core competencies in implementing a

new sanitation system in Jackson, Johannesburg. To find the weaknesses within the project,

vulnerabilities, obstacles, risks and blind spots were analyzed. (Metzger et al., 2012).

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4 Results The outcome of the field study in Jackson was 104 fully or partly answered questionnaires.

The findings from the questionnaire are explained further in the following chapters. 49% of

the respondents were women and 25% were men, the remaining percentage did not answer

the question about gender. Among the respondents who answered the question about gender,

48% have an education level lower than grade 10. The currency used to describe prices is

South African Rand, 1 rand (R1) equals 0.70 Swedish Krona (VA Finans, 2018).

4.1 Results from questionnaires

The findings are explained further in the next couple of chapters.

1. What are the energy sources used for cooking, lightening and heating of house?

The statistics presenting the usage of energy sources are shown in Figure 6. The most

common energy source used for cooking is paraffin with a percentage of 69.9%, followed by

gas with a percentage of 33%. Regarding heating the households, the most common energy

sources are wood, coal and paraffin heater. Candles are the main source used for lighting.

Figure 6. Use of energy sources in Jackson

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2. What are the worries and thoughts about the energy sources (Paraffin, Gas, Wood,

Coal, Generator/petrol, Electricity) used in the household?

The respondents were asked to rate their worry for usage of their particular energy sources on

a scale from 0 to 5, 0 being not worried and 5 being very worried every time I use it. The

result from these questions is shown in Table 1 below.

Table 1. Data outcome of question regarding worries about usage of energy sources

0 1 2 3 4 5

Paraffin 20,3% 1,4% 0,0% 1,4% 4,1% 73,0%

Coal 33,3% 6,7% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0% 60,0%

Wood 43,9% 5,3% 0,0% 1,8% 1,8% 47,4%

Gas 52,5% 2,5% 2,5% 0,0% 0,0% 42,5%

Candles 13,1% 6,6% 0 3,3% 3,3% 73,8%

If the respondents experienced worry when using their energy source, they were asked to

explain the reasons further. 73% of the respondents are very worried every time they use

paraffin and the most common explanations was the disliking of smoke and that the paraffin

affects eyes, lungs and the food cooked by it. People also shared their worries about having

children mistaking the paraffin for water and drinking it.

“My small children can harm and they can also drink it”.

“It smells and it is not good for people’s health, it also causes headache”.

Coal users have worries about the smoke and the risk of fire spreading. 66.2% of the wood

users get their wood by collecting it from the bush. Hence, people are worried about the

distance it takes to walk there and not finding enough wood. In addition, the respondents are

worried about the smoke caused when making fire from wood.

“Hate collecting wood, there are snakes in the bush”

“It affects the chest and the smoke is harmful to your eyes”

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The data in Table 1 shows that gas users are more confident with their energy source.

Respondents explain positive parameters about gas usage, such as fast cooking and long-

lasting containers. The worries about gas were about the risk of leaking containers and

explosions.

“Like that it cooks very fast and makes light to the house and dislike that it can cause fires

if its left opened.”

“It may explode and catch up flames and it can affect you in chest pains. It is easy to

burn”

73% of the candle users are worried every time they light candles. A majority of the

respondents explain that they are scared of candles causing a fire.

“It is dangerous, if you forget to blow them out it can burn the whole house”

3. What are the cost of buying the energy source used in the household?

The majority of paraffin users (86%) uses 1-5 liters of paraffin per week, 11.6% uses 6-10

liters and remaining respondents use 11-16 liters per week (Figure 7).

Figure 7. Paraffin use per week

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The cost of paraffin per liter is R10 according to 54% of the respondents. However, the data

compiled regarding the cost of paraffin, coal and wood was highly scattered.

4. What are the living conditions regarding sanitation, water accessibility and waste

management in Jackson?

The result from the questionnaires says that it is most common to have 2-4 persons living in

each household in Jackson and only 34.7% (95 responses) share their yard with other

households. It is common that 1-7 people stay in the same yard and 86% (43 responses) say

they share one toilet. The drinking water is mostly collected from taps located outside the

houses (70.1%) or community taps (23.7%) and 6.2% (97 responses) have their tap for

drinking water inside the house (Figure 8). Regarding accessibility of water, 77.4% ( 93

responses) does not experience any problem while the remaining percentage do (Figure 8).

Figure 8. Accessibility and collection of water

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93.8% ( 96 responses) have a non-flushing toilet and 90.5% (95 responses) have a pit toilet.

The toilets were built by the government according to 95.8% (96 responses) and the

remaining amount was built by the family or previous owner of the house (Figure 9).

Figure 9. Construction of toilet

93.7% (95 responses) get their toilet waste collected by the municipality and the frequency is

according to 54.7% of the respondents once a month. The distance the respondents have to

their toilet is most commonly 5-10 steps (66.7%) or 10-20 steps (26%), (96 responses).

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5. What are the experiences of using the current sanitation system?

The satisfaction rate identified was that 47.2% (89 responses) is not satisfied while the rest is

very satisfied with their current toilet (Figure 10).

Figure 10. Satisfaction of current toilets

35.2% (54 responses) has experienced criminals who steal or break things in the toilets

(Figure 11).

Figure 11. Experience of criminality regarding toilets

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An issue that could be identified was that 60.8% (97 responses) does not feel safe enough to

use their toilet at night (Figure 12).

Figure 12. Experience of going to toilet at night

The reasons for this was explained through people who feel afraid of criminals in the area and

the darkness since the toilets does not have lighting. However, most of the respondent do not

have any problem, except from the smell, of going to the toilet during daytime.

“At night time, I am scared of criminals and darkness”

“At night, it is dark and I'm having fear of being robbed”

“Yes, someone could catch me, kill me, or do anything bad to me.”

Data regarding factors that the respondents find important about a sanitation system is shown

in Table 2. On a scale from 1 to 5, 1 being not important and 5 being very important, the

respondents rated the importance of having a toilet that is smell free, close to the house, just

for your family, provided with lighting, efficiently and regularly removed from sewage, safe

and secure, not need of cleaning, clean and contamination free.

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Table 2. Importance of different improvement areas regarding sanitation facilities

1 2 3 4 5

…smell free? 3,2% 0,0% 2,1% 3,2% 91,6%

…close to the house? 24,0% 2,1% 7,3% 5,2% 61,5%

…just for your family? 7,4% 1,1% 3,2% 5,3% 83,0%

…provided with lighting? 10,4% 1,0% 4,2% 2,1% 82,3%

…efficiently and regularly removed from sewage? 4,1% 2,1% 6,2% 2,1% 85,6%

…safe and secure? 5,1% 0,0% 2,0% 5,1% 87,8%

…not in need of cleaning? 34,0% 3,1% 3,1% 4,1% 55,7%

…clean? 3,1% 0,0% 1,0% 4,1% 91,8%

…contamination free? 5,6% 0,0% 4,5% 3,4% 86,5%

From the question regarding what the people believed what a new and better toilet would cost

them, the majority of 54.3% (81 responses) answered R500 - R1000 and 59.3% (91

responses) answered Yes to the question if they would be willing to pay for it (Figure 13).

Figure 13. Willingness to pay for a new sanitation facility

The rest of the respondents who answered No were asked to give an explanation, 34.5% gave

the reason of being unemployed and other responses were that people experienced it as too

expensive or that it is the government responsibility to provide new toilets. An additional

27

question about willingness to pay for new improved toilets were about public ones that are

safe, clean and serviced with toilet paper, cleaning and waste collection. The collected data

showed that 57% (93 responses) would pay for it while the remaining percentage would not.

The respondents were asked to share their thoughts about the amount they think they would

have to pay for such toilets per month, the 52 responses were highly scattered with an interval

between R1 - R1500.

28

4.1.1 sSWOT-analysis based on defined system

The sSWOT-analysis in Figure 14 presents the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and

threats based on the defined sanitation system.

sSWOT based on defined system

STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES

• Renewable energy provider • Usage of solar panels to light up the

toilets • Usage of solar panels to connect

electronics to analyze the use of cabinets • Smell free and clean toilets • IT-system for waste management • The system will provide lighted toilets • The system will provide water for hygiene

purposes

OPPORTUNITIES THREATS

• Chemical fertilizers can be partly phased out by organic fertilizers

• Using biogas as a source for cooking, lightning and heating up water will reduce the use of paraffin, coal, wood, and candles, and reduce the environmental impact and health risks

• The system will increase job opportunities • The system will provide low cost and

renewable energy source for cooking, lighting and heating

Figure 14. sSWOT idenfied from defined system

29

4.1.2 Socio-economic sSWOT-analysis based on questionnaires

The sSWOT-analysis in Figure 15 presents S, W, O and Ts related to the socio-economic,

energy and environmental factors of the user study collected from the questionnaires.

sSWOT based on questionnaires STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES

• Lighted toilets are considered very important by the community

• 86.5% of the community finds it very important that their toilet is contamination free

• One of the biggest dissatisfaction factor is the odor of the current toilets

• The people of Jackson already have an accepted and free of charge sanitation system

• 61.5% of the respondents find it very important to have nearby toilets*

• 43% would not pay for a public toilet that is safe, clean and serviced*

• 83% of the households find it very important to have a toilet only for the family

• 40.7% would not pay for a better private toilet because they are unemployed and cannot afford it

• The community of Jackson already has an accepted and free of charge sanitation system

OPPORTUNITIES THREATS

• A majority of the people are worried every time they use their current energy sources: paraffin, candles, wood and coal

• The current gas users like the fast heating for cooking

• 82.3% of the respondents would like to improve their toilet with lighting

• 47.2% of the respondents is not satisfied with their current sanitation system

• 87.8% of the respondents finds it very important to have a safe and secure toilet

• The majority of the community members want to improve the solid waste handling in the area

• Littering and the waste handling system is an issue in Jackson

• 26.8% of the community throws other waste than toilet paper in the toilet

• Rats are common in the area and damage properties

• High occurrence of murders, robberies and people being locked inside toilets prevent people from using toilets at night

• Majority of the people wish to have a flushing toilet

* Refers to the implementation of a public sanitation system

Figure 15. sSWOT identified from Q and S

30

4.2 Results from the workshop with focus group

Two master students, one PhD student and three researchers working within the project

participated in the workshop. The findings are presented in Figure 16.

sSWOT based on workshop STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES

• Good relationships and partnerships • Real need for new toilets • Currently used energy sources are poor • Multidiscipline: civil engineers, chemical

engineers, mechanical engineers and social scientist can provide different aspects on the project

• Positive Involvement of the community: through the high school students

• People are excited

• A big test site consisting of 1500 households • Uncertainties regarding where to build the

bio-digester — need space and permission • Residents who are not willing or do not have

the resources to pay for a toilet • The project does not have a clear project

management, dedicated team and resources to manage the progress

• Low level of education within the community

OPPORTUNITIES THREATS

• Possible employment opportunities • Possibility for clean environment to reduce

health issues • Better facilities that will reduce

contamination of water and environment • Provide clean energy — reduce the carbon

footprint • The project can get subsidies • Improve current sanitation • Improve safety regarding energy use —

gas as substitute for paraffin • Educating the community regarding

renewable energy, health and sustainability in connection to the implementation

• Understanding how to conduct similar projects in other places in the future

• Catalyze economic activities — circular economy, keep the resources within the project and community

• There is an existing identified source for biomass to produce renewable energy

• Safety of the proposed sanitation facility — the risk of theft of toilet parts

• Could be a bad attitude towards the new sanitation system since people might be satisfied with current system

• Community issues — criminality, lack of cohesion

• Municipality might not be willing to have the project installed

• No acceptability due to cultural issues • Legal constraints • Lack of interest of people to get involved • The community might not be able to

understand the objectives of the project • Natural disasters: floods and hail storms • Disappointment of the people if the

expectations are not met, for example job opportunities, sanitation and energy

• People within the community might not have work ethics to take ownership of daily job

Figure 16. sSWOT identified from the workshop

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4.3 Final sSWOT-analysis

The final Strengths and Weaknesses that was compiled as the most crucial parameters from

the defined sanitation system [S], questionnaires [Q] and workshop [W] are presented in

Figure 17. The compiled Opportunities and Threats are presented in Figure 17 below.

sSWOT

STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES

• Renewable energy provider [S, W] • Usage of solar panels to light up the

toilets [S] — lighting is considered very important by the community [Q]

• Smell free and clean toilets [S] — one of the biggest dissatisfaction factors is the odor of the current toilets [Q]

• Poor energy sources — a majority of the people are worried every time they use their current energy sources: paraffin, candles, wood and coal [Q, W]

• Multidiscipline: civil engineers, chemical engineers, mechanical engineers and social scientist can provide different aspects on the project

• Positive involvement of the community: through the high school students [W]

• The people in Jackson already have an accepted and free of charge sanitation system [Q, W]

• 61.5% of the households finds it very important to have nearby toilets* [Q]

• 83% of the households finds it very important to have a toilet only for their family* [Q]

• 43% would not pay for a public toilet that is safe, clean and serviced* [Q] • 40.7% would not pay for a better private

toilet because they are unemployed and cannot afford it [Q, W]

• A big community for a pilot project (1500 households) [W]

• The project does not have a clear project management system, a dedicated team and resources to manage the progress [W]

• Some of the current gas users are worried about explosions and leakages [Q]

* Refers to the implementation of a public sanitation system

Figure 17. sSWOT identified from Q, W and S

32

sSWOT

OPPORTUNITIES THREATS

• There is an existing identified source for biomass to produce renewable energy [W]

• Chemical fertilizers can be partly phased out by organic fertilizers [S]

• Possible employment opportunities [S, W] • Possibility for clean environment to reduce

health issues [W] • Better sanitation facilities that will reduce

contamination of water and environment [S] — 86.5% of the community find it very important that their toilet is contamination free [Q, W]

• Provide clean, low cost, and safe energy — reduce the carbon footprint — Using biogas as a source for cooking, lighting and heating will reduce the use of paraffin, coal, wood, and candles, and reduce the environmental impact and health risks [Q, S, W]

• Educating the community regarding renewable energy, health and sustainability in connection to the implementation [W]

• Catalyze economic activities — circular economy, keep the resources within the project and community [S, W]

• The current gas users like the fast heating for cooking [Q]

• 82.3% of the respondents would like to improve their toilet with lighting [Q]

• 47.2% of the community are not satisfied with their current sanitation system [Q]

• 87.8% of the households find it very important to have a safe and secure toilet [Q]

• Littering and the waste handling system is an issue in Jackson [Q]

• Safety of the proposed sanitation facility —the risk of theft — Community issues — criminality, disliking of neighbors [Q, W]

• Could be a bad attitude towards the new sanitation system since some of the people are satisfied with their current system [Q, W]

• Municipality might not be willing to have the project installed [W]

• No acceptability due to cultural issues [W] • Legal constraints [W] • Lack of interest of people to get involved in

the project [W] • The community might not be able to

understand the objectives of the project [W] • Low level of education within the

community [W] • Disappointment of the people if the

expectations are not met, for example job opportunities, sanitation and energy improvements [W]

• High occurrence of murders, robberies and people being locked inside toilets prevent people from using toilets at night [Q]

• Majority of the people wish to have a flushing toilet [Q]

• 26.8% of the community throws other waste than toilet paper in the toilet [Q]

* Refers to the implementation of a public sanitation system

Figure 7. sSWOT identified from Q, W and S

33

5 Discussion This chapter contains an analysis and interpretation of the results of the study, it also explains

the limitations and significance of the research and results. The first part highlights the aims

and objectives of the study, what the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats are

regarding the implementation of a new sanitation system in Jackson, Gauteng. The

limitations, reliability and validity are presented in the second part.

5.1 Interpretation and analysis of results

This user study was conducted with the purpose to gain understanding of an area to be able to

proceed to the next step of the project, the design phase of a new sanitation system. The

findings from the three methodologies could be used to reply to the research question about

what the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats are with implementing a new

sanitation system in Jackson. From the results, three main areas could be identified as

particularly important for the continuance of the project.

5.1.1 Consequences with providing renewable energy

The sSWOT-analysis highlights the system advantages that could have an improved effect on

living conditions for the people of Jackson. The current living situation in Jackson is primitive

with no access to electricity, adequate sanitation, infrastructure, and a high level of

unemployment. The intended system is supposed to provide renewable energy and create a

circular economy to keep the money within the areas of the project. Job opportunities that

follow the implementation of the system could mean that the people of Jackson get a steady

income which in turn could increase the living standards. An effect of this could be that

people now will afford to move to proper settlements or settle down even more in the illegal

settlement of Jackson. The latter could be considered as a threat for the Government who

might want to take actions to prevent the implementation since the people of Jackson are

considered as illegal occupants of privately owned land (Mels et al., 2009).

The effects that the production and distribution of renewable energy could have are firstly a

reduced ecological footprint as resources such as wood, paraffin, and coal will be spared

(Boyd, 2012). Secondly, people would get access to a new, healthier and less riskful source of

energy for cooking through biogas. Biogas as a substitute for the current energy sources in use

34

could increase human well-being by improved indoor air quality (Sibanda et al. 2013). The

worries in the area about the use of current energy sources such as paraffin, coal, and wood

are proved to be high through the questionnaires. This could be a contributing factor for

people’s willingness to implement a new energy system in the community which can be

considered as an opportunity for the implementation. But on the other hand, people are afraid

and worried about using gas as an energy source for cooking, which will be a disadvantage

for the implementation of biogas in Jackson.

The worries about using gas for cooking and heating might be based on the low level of

education within Jackson, shown from both questionnaires and workshop and is strengthened

by Webb and Ronan (2014). The education level might also be a threat to the project, not

having people understand the long-term objectives of the implementation of a new sanitation

system which was pointed out at the workshop. Hence, an opportunity for the project could be

to educate and make people in Jackson understand the importance of renewable energy,

health, and sustainability in connection with the implementation of the new sanitation system.

This would not only increase the level of education within the community but could also

contribute to reducing the ecological footprint (Lambert & Kao Cushing, 2017).

5.1.2 Quality of life

Adequate sanitation is considered as an important contributing factor for quality of life since

poor sanitation might lead to communicable diseases, low vitality rates and low economic

productivity (Mwanza, 2003). One definition of adequate sanitation is a facility hygienical

enough for benefiting human health (World Health Organization, 2018). This parameter is

something that could be seen as an opportunity for the implementation, to provide a

contamination-free system for the community which was also proved to be desired by the

people of Jackson through the administration of the questionnaires. Another fact identified

through the questionnaires is that people living in Jackson throw other waste than toilet paper

in their current toilets. This could be seen as a threat to the implementation and use of the

biogas system since having non-organic waste in the biodigester might obstruct the

production of biogas (National Energy Education Development, 2018). A solution could be to

integrate a solid waste handling system with the sanitation facilities to reduce littering in the

community and to prevent people from throwing other waste than toilet paper in the toilets

(Scorgie et al., 2015).

35

5.1.3 Project Management

From the workshop, it was revealed that the management system of the project was more or

less non-existent through the explanation that different roles of the project and its main phases

have not yet been defined. This is an important threat to take into consideration for future

plans as the time consumption will be longer if people are not completely committed to the

project and do not have clear goals to work towards (Lindgren et al., 2014). The students and

researchers at UNISA have so far conducted their part of the project on the side of their day-

to-day work and no person in South Africa dedicates full-time work for the project. To make

this project work and be accepted by the people it is important to not give out false hopes and

disappoint the community of Jackson which could be a result of long waiting for change,

while nothing happens. As explained in The more things change the more they remain the

same by Darkey and Visagie (2012) to avoid disappointment it is also important to develop,

plan and implement the sanitation system with the people in Jackson and it should not be

imposed on the community.

However, a high level of commitment can be found within the project where for example high

school students have a positive attitude to make their contribution to the project and learn

about renewable energy. Additionally, there are postgraduate students involved from different

areas of studies such as civil, mechanical, and chemical engineering which is an opportunity

for the project to be provided with multidisciplinary perspectives on the implementation.

Thus, the need for a clear project management is important with this high number of people

involved in the project’s progress. It is also important to have a clear project management and

a project plan to motivate the involved people and avoid disappointment since they are

sacrificing and spending their time on the project (Lindgren et al., 2014).

5.1.4 Willingness and acceptance

A big issue for the implementation of the system is about the acceptance and willingness of

the people to be provided with a new system. The implementation is more or less dependent

on people wanting to work and having an improved system to make sure that the sanitation

systems stay maintained, fresh and clean. The investigation of this issue through the

questionnaires gave the result that some people are not willing to pay for a new system,

mostly due to unemployment. This economic restriction could be considered as a weakness

for the implementation. In addition, the households of Jackson have already been provided

36

with free pit latrines from the government. The people complain about the smell and the

desires that could be identified through the questionnaires regarding the improvement of

sanitation were that people would like to have a private toilet that could flush. Hence, one

weakness that could be identified is that the first test implementation of the system might not

meet these desires as the plan is to first provide the community with dry public toilets.

In addition, the identification of criminality in the area can be considered as a threat since

people have experienced getting parts of their toilets stolen and are afraid of going to the toilet

at night, which is also strengthened by Hangulu, L and O. Akintola (2017). Public toilets

might increase the risk of thefts and amplify the fear of using the toilets after sunset.

However, the toilets are planned to be safe, secure, and provided with lighting that might

simplify the usage of toilets during nighttime, but will not reduce the fear of walking to the

toilets at night since there are no street lights and the criminality rate is high in Jackson.

Crime and violence occur as a cause of dissatisfaction with life and low living standards

(Richard et al., 2007). The dissatisfaction rates in Jackson could be decreased by

implementing a new sanitation system that is intended to catalyze economic activities within

the area. As a result, there will be improved sanitation systems and the unemployment rates

could be decreased, which in turn will increase the quality of life and decrease criminality

(Richard et al., 2007).

As mentioned above, some of the weaknesses and threats that could be identified in the result

are highly connected to human acceptability and willingness to implement a new sanitation

system. Jackson is a community with approximately 1500 households which makes it a

challenge to implement a pilot project without creating jealousy within the area. Jealousy

could occur as a result of the selective choice of households for the first implementation

which might lead to worsening of community cohesion, an increased threat level of vandalism

of the facilities and higher criminality rates. Another contributing factor for acceptability is

honesty about the implementation and avoidance of making promises to the community that

cannot be held to prevent people from getting disappointed (Darkey & Visagie 2012).

37

The result gave the indication that 49.4% of the people are satisfied with their current

sanitation facilities, 83% would like to have a private toilet only for the family and 61.5%

would like a toilet that is close to their house. To make the people in Jackson willing to use

the new facilities instead of their current toilets this has to be taken into account when

developing the first test cabinets. Other things to have in mind when designing the facilities

for the first phase is the risk of theft and the high criminality rate in the community. Since the

inhabitants of Jackson would like to improve their solid waste management system and

experience pests, such as rats as a big issue, the system could approach this problem with

integrating recycling waste management in the sanitation system.

5.2 Limitations and significance

The research was limited to three methodologies consisting of a user study, conducted by

questionnaires, system definition and a workshop with focus group. The thesis highlights

socio-economic, energy and environmental aspects with implementing a sanitation system

through an sSWOT-analysis. Investigations that were not included in the scope of this thesis,

were among others: energy system analysis, how the criminality and violence rates could be

decreased in Jackson, how the intended fertilizers will affect and be used in the surrounded

farming and what impact the regulations and laws in South Africa will have on the

implementation. These investigations are important for the future implementation of the

sanitation system, due to the limitation of time and resources; this were not be covered in this

work.

For the user study, the 120 questionnaires were handed out randomly without any limitation

regarding who the respondents should have been. Having three sources of information for one

particular issue enhanced getting a broad perspective and finding strengthening reasoning

from all of the sources. However, the accuracy of the questionnaires might be discussed. One

limitation was that several areas of studies needed to be investigated which resulted in a large

questionnaire containing a high number of questions on different topics. An issue that was

identified during the collection of data was that some of the questionnaires were not fully

responded which might be an effect of having it contain a big amount of questions. The

uncompleted questionnaires resulted in unclear data regarding costs and amount of energy

sources used, which in turn lead to squatters and vague data. Additionally, it was not possible

38

to identify any trends regarding gender, age and education level that could be connected to the

experience of the people regarding energy sanitation and waste in the households.

The inhabitants of Jackson were not the direct respondents of the questionnaires, instead, the

learners noted the responses through interviewing a number of people from Jackson. This

might mean that the collected responses could have been influenced by the learners’ way of

interpreting the questions and the way of asking them to the interviewees. But not to forget,

the learners’ contribution to the project was crucial to collect that high amount of data in such

short matter of time. The high school students were also a major part in the establishment of

the relationship and trust between UNISA and the community which is, as mentioned earlier,

of great importance to gain acceptance from the inhabitants of Jackson.

The perspective on the SWOT-analysis that was revealed from the workshop was important

as the focus group consisted of locals who know the society of South Africa and are aware of

the situation in informal settlements. The outcome of the workshop was mainly parameters

that highlighted the project as whole and not specified details such as the data from

questionnaires.

Additional limitations of the study were that the system was still in the development phase

and did not have a clear definition which made it difficult to point out its strengths and

weaknesses through the findings from the questionnaires. However, thanks to having the

system undefined in the development phase, the identification of S, W O and Ts gave wide

results and enhanced that the outcome of the study can be applied to other systems and areas.

39

6 Conclusion The findings from the study indicate that the biggest threats and weaknesses are highly

connected to the acceptability of the people while the opportunities and strengths are linked to

the bad living standards in Jackson. The latter implies that the disappointment factors are the

ones to approach during the technology development to be able to implement an improved

system from the user’s point of view. Crucial disadvantages that were found from the study

are the lack of project management and knowledge of possible legal constraints. The fact that

the households in Jackson already have an accepted and free of charge sanitation system

along with people who does not want to share public toilets are also identified as central

weaknesses. Future work should be focused on prioritizing what actions should be taken next

to minimize the weaknesses and threats.

The benefits that will be gained from the implementation of the sanitation system are effects

of providing the community of Jackson with adequate sanitation, job opportunities and

renewable energy. This will not only increase the human well-being in the informal

settlement, but also have an impact towards reaching the United Nations’ Sustainable

Development Goals.

6.1 Future work

Future work should be focused on prioritizing what actions should be taken next to minimize

the weaknesses and threats that have been identified through this study. To be able to set up a

test run of toilet facilities in Jackson as a next phase of the project, it is of importance to

investigate the community acceptance and all legal issues that might be threatening to the

continuation of the project. To approach the social and cultural matters, it would be good to

analyze and review how to make the acceptance of a new system an opportunity instead of a

threat in the informal settlement. This could include research of how crime and violence may

be reduced through an improved sanitation and circular economy system.

40

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World Health Organization. 2018. Sanitation. [online] Available at:

http://www.who.int/topics/sanitation/en/ [Accessed: 2018-03-30].

Sanitation & EnergyThe University of South Africa (UNISA) is an African university that aims at shaping the future in the service of humanity. UNISA is 100% committed to the individuals and communities that it serves and has a strong commitment to community engagement projects. UNISA through the Institute for the Development of Energy for African Sustainability (IDEAS) is establishing simplified cost effective waste to energy technologies in communities to make them more energy independent, clean up the environment, lessen water pollution, reduce pests as well as create job opportunities.

The following questionnaires are part of an educational and investigative project involving students from tertiary as well as high school level. The project seeks to provide knowledge and understanding of issues related to access and use of sanitation in various community with the aim of finding practical alternatives that are cost effective, clean and environmentally friendly. In order to achieve this, we would need the following information to be provided as accurately as possible.

All answers are anonymous and all material are for research purpose and strictly confidential.

1.What do you use for cooking?Tick all that apply.

 Paraffin

 Gas

 Coal

 Electricity

 Other: 

2.What do you use for lightning at night?Tick all that apply.

 Paraffin

 Gas

 Electricity

 Candles

 Other: 

3.What do you use to heat up the house when it is cold?Tick all that apply.

 Paraffin heater

 Gas heater

 Wood

 Coal

 Electricity heater

 Other: 

4. How do you warm water for bathing?Tick all that apply.

 Paraffin

 Gas

 Wood

 Coal

 Other: 

5. If you boil water for bathing, what do you use?Tick all that apply.

 Electricity Kettle

 Wood or Coal Kettle (Hart Kettle)

 Pot

 Bucket with element

 Other: 

Appendix A

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6. Do you have electronics? (TV, Radio, Laptop, Computer..)Mark only one oval.

 YES

 No

7. If YES, where do you get power to run them?Mark only one oval.

 Electricity

 Batteries (like car batteries)

 Solar Panel

 Generator

 Other: 

GENERATOR

8. If you use a GENERATOR how many litres PETROL do you use per week? (one litre is like amedium size coke bottle )Mark only one oval.

 Less than 1 litre per week

 1­5 litres per week

 6­10 litres per week

 11­15 litres per week

 More than 16 litres per week

9.What is it that you like and dislike about using a GENERATOR?

10. Do you have any worries about using a GENERATOR?Mark only one oval.

0 1 2 3 4 5

No, I'm not worriedat all

Yes, I'm worried every time I usea GENERATOR

11. If you are worried, what are you worried about?

PARAFFIN

12. If you use PARAFFIN, how many litres do you use per week? (one litre is like a medium sizecoke bottle )Mark only one oval.

 1­5 litres per week

 6­10 litres per week

 11­15 litres per week

 More than 16 litres per week

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13. How much does it cost you to buy PARAFFINper litre?

14. What is it that you like and dislike about using PARAFFIN? 

 

 

 

 

15. Do you have any worries about using PARAFFIN?Mark only one oval.

0 1 2 3 4 5

No, I'm not worriedat all

Yes, I'm worried every time Iuse PARAFFIN

16. If you are worried, what are you worried about? 

 

 

 

 

COAL

17. If you use COAL how much do you use?Mark only one oval.

 1 bag per day

 2 bags per day

 3 bags per day

 4 bags per day

 5 bags per day

 6 bags per day

 Other: 

18. How much does it cost you to buy COAL per bag or other (Specify)? 

 

 

 

 

19. What is it that you like and dislike about using COAL? 

 

 

 

 

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20. Do you have any worries about using COAL?Mark only one oval.

0 1 2 3 4 5

No, I'm not worried atall

Yes, I'm worried every time Iuse COAL

21. If you are worried, what are you worried about? 

 

 

 

 

WOOD

22. If you use WOOD where do you get it?Tick all that apply.

 Buy it

 Collect it form the bush or in the neighborhodd

 Other: 

23. If you buy wood how much do you use?Mark only one oval.

 1 bag per day

 2 bag per day

 3 bag per day

 4 bag per day

 5 bag per day

 Other: 

24. If you buy WOOD how much does it cost youper bag?

25. What is it that you like and dislike about using WOOD? 

 

 

 

 

26. Do you have any worries about using WOOD?Mark only one oval.

0 1 2 3 4 5

No, I'm not worriedat all

Yes, I'm worried every time Iuse WOOD

27. If you are worried, what are you worried about? 

 

 

 

 

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GAS

28. If you use GAS, what size of gas cylinder (bottle) do you buy?Mark only one oval.

 3 kg

 9 kg

 15 kg

 Other: 

29. How long does the GAS last?Mark only one oval.

 1 week

 2 week

 1 month

 Other: 

30. What is it that you like and dislike about using GAS? 

 

 

 

 

31. Do you have any worries about using GAS?Mark only one oval.

0 1 2 3 4 5

No, I'm not worried atall

Yes, I'm worried every time Iuse GAS

32. If you are worried, what are you worried about? 

 

 

 

 

ELECTRICITY

33. If you use ELECTRICITY, how much do you buy(per week, per month...etc)

34. What is it that you like and dislike about using ELECTRICITY? 

 

 

 

 

35. Do you have any worries about using ELECTRICITY?Mark only one oval.

0 1 2 3 4 5

No, I'm not worriedat all

Yes, I'm worried every time Iuse ELECTRICITY

48

36. If you are worried, what are you worried about? 

 

 

 

 

CANDLES

37. If you have CANDLES, how many do you use per week?Mark only one oval.

 1­5 per week

 6­10 per week

 11­15 per week

 16­20 per week

 Other: 

38. What is it that you like and dislike about using CANDLES? 

 

 

 

 

39. Do you have any worries about using CANDLES?Mark only one oval.

1 2 3 4 5

No, I'm not worried atall

Yes, I'm worried every time I useCANDLES

40. If you have any worries, what are you worried about? 

 

 

 

 

Sanitation: Living conditions

41. 1. How many people live in your HOUSE?Mark only one oval.

 1

 2

 3

 4

 5

 6

 7

 8

 9

 10

 Other: 

49

42. Complete table below for the people who are living in your HOUSE. (Rel: XX, F/M, Gr/STD/N,Tert)

 

 

 

 

 

43. Do you have other families in your yard with their own houses?Mark only one oval.

 YES

 NO (please jump directly to question 7 and leave 4 to 6 blank)

44. How many people live in your yard? Including people in your family.Mark only one oval.

 1

 2

 3

 4

 5

 6

 7

 8

 9

 10

 11

 12

 13

 14

 15

 Other: 

50

45. Where is the toilet that you use in your yard?Mark only one oval.

 Each family has their own inside the house or in the yard

 We share the toilet with other families in the yard (answer question 6)

 We use public toilets outside the yard

 Other: 

46. If you share the toilet with other families in the yard how many toilet are there?Mark only one oval.

 1

 2

 3

 4

 5

 Other: 

Current sanitation system

47. The toilet that you use, what type of toilet is it?Tick all that apply.

 Pit toilet (Ventilated Improved Pit or VIP)

 Chemical toilet

 Bucket

 No toilet (plastic bags)

 Other: 

48. Does your toilet flush?Mark only one oval.

 YES

 NO

49. If you do not have a toilet, where do you emptyyour “Poo”?

50. How did you get your toilet?Mark only one oval.

 Built by my family or previous owner of the house

 Built by government

 Other: 

51. If your family built your toilet how much did itcost you to build it?

52. How far is the toilet that you are using from your house?Mark only one oval.

 Inside the house

 Outside very close to the house, it takes 5 to 10 steps to get there

 A little bit far from the house, it takes 10 to 20 steps to get there

 Far from the house, it takes more than 20 steps to get there

 Other: 

51

53. Do you feel safe to go to the toilet at night?Mark only one oval.

 YES

 NO

54. If NO, why don't you feel safe?

Maintainance

55. How is the waste (sewage) from the toilet removed?Mark only one oval.

 It is never collected

 It is collected by the truck

 Other: 

56. If it is never collected what happens when the toilet is full? 

 

 

 

 

57. If it is collected by the truck how many times do they collect it?Tick all that apply.

 Once every week

 Once every two weeks

 Once in more than two weeks

 Once in a month

 They come whenever they want

 Somebody must call them to empty it

 Other: 

Satisfaction

58. How satisfied are you with the toilet that you use?Mark only one oval.

1 2 3 4 5

I am not satisfied at all and wouldprefer a much better toilet

I am very satisfiedand everything iswell with my toilet

59. If you are not satisfied what is it that you would like to be improved on your toilet. Or what kindof toilet you would want to have? 

 

 

 

 

52

60. Is there anything that makes it difficult for you to go to the toilet during the day or at night?Please explain. 

 

 

 

 

61. Is there anything inside the toilet that makes it difficult to use it? During the day or at night?Tick all that apply.

 No water

 No door

 No roof

 Door doesn't close

 No lock

 No lights

 No seat

 Squatting

 Other: 

62. Is your toilet damaged or does it have any other problems? 

 

 

 

 

63. Are there criminals who steal or break anything in your toilet? If yes what is that they steal orbreak? 

 

 

 

 

Improvement

64. How important is it that your toilet is smell free?Mark only one oval.

1 2 3 4 5

Not important Very important

65. How important is it that your toilet is close to your house?Mark only one oval.

1 2 3 4 5

Not important Very important

66. How important is it that your toilet is just for your family?Mark only one oval.

1 2 3 4 5

Not important Very important

53

67. How important is it that your toilet has lightning?Mark only one oval.

1 2 3 4 5

Not important Very important

68. How important is it that your toilet has a efficient and regular collection of sewage?Mark only one oval.

1 2 3 4 5

Not important Very important

69. How important is it that your toilet feels secure and safe to use?Mark only one oval.

1 2 3 4 5

Not improtant Very important

70. How important is it that your toilet doesn't need cleaning?Mark only one oval.

1 2 3 4 5

Not important Very important

71. How important is it that your toilet is clean?Mark only one oval.

1 2 3 4 5

Not important Very important

72. How important is it that your toilet is contamination free?Mark only one oval.

1 2 3 4 5

Not important Very important

73. What other features do you find important in your toilet? 

 

 

 

 

74. How much do you think a better toilet you would like to have will cost you?Mark only one oval.

 R500 – R1000

 R1000­R5000

 R5000­R10000

 Other: 

75. Would you pay for it?Mark only one oval.

 YES

 NO

76. If NO, why?

54

77. Would you pay for a public toilet that is safe, clean and serviced: Toilet paper, cleaned andwaste collected. So you don’t have to do anything.Mark only one oval.

 YES

 NO

78. If YES how much do you think you would payfor it per month?

79. Any ideas on how to improve your toilet? 

 

 

 

 

80. Do you throw other waste than toilet paper in your toilet?Mark only one oval.

 YES

 NO

81. Is there anything else you would like to tell us about your toilet? 

 

 

 

 

Water usage

82. What is your drinking water source?Tick all that apply.

 Buying from neighbour

 Taps outside the house

 Lorries that supply wateer

 Rain water

 Well

 Taps inside the house

 Buying from street vendors

 Community taps

 Other: 

83. Any problems when accessing water?Mark only one oval.

 YES

 NO

84. If YES, please specify

85. Are there any water drainage (sewage) pipes?Mark only one oval.

 Yes

 No

 Other: 55

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86. Are there mosquitoes in your area?Mark only one oval.

 Yes

 No

 Other: 

87. What would you improve in terms of your water and drainage in the area? 

 

 

 

 

88. How does your family get rid of solid waste (rubbish, garbage, food waste, plastics)?Tick all that apply.

 Burn it

 Dump it inside the yard

 Dump it at a dumpsite

 Collected by municipal

 Other: 

Waste

89. Are Pests (rats, cockroaches, flies) a problem?Explain 

 

 

 

 

90. What would you improve in terms of your solid waste in the area? 

 

 

 

 

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