sandstone rockhouses of the eastern united states, with particular reference to the ecology and...

Sandstone rockhouses of the Eastern United States, withparticular reference to the ecology and evolution of theendemic plant taxa.

Rock-ledge vegetation in southern Illinois. In eastern Kentucky, including one of the three countiesin which S. Soltis, pers. The [TABULAR DATA FOR TABLE VIII OMITTED] majority of taxa recordedin both surveys are native, and they commonly occur in the surrounding forest; only Dactylisglomerata L., Digitaria ischaemum (Schreber) Muhl., Microstegium vimineum (Trin.) A. H. Achenesare indehiscent, i.e., they do not split open at maturity. A. clavatum, T. In addition, T. Snider.Glossary of geology. All eastern species of Heuchera are protandrous. Club 119: 88-89.

Hansen, C. Soc. Fish and Wildlife Service. Walck, pers. The fern genera Vittaria and Trichomanes inIndiana. diss., Ohio State University, Columbus.

Kral, R. 1959. Beaver Reservoir IV - Nature fashions the stage. L. W. Paleo- and modern-daysedimentation rates, paleodriplines, and paleotopographies of the floor have been determined atMeadowcroft Rockshelter (Donahue & Adovasio, 1990).

Levels of soil nutrients vary within and between rockhouses and with soil depth in rockhouses.Nobel, C. 1979. E. K. It grows in moist soil (Wofford & Patrick, 1980; Kral, 1983; Campbell et al.,1990) and in shaded to relatively well-lighted areas (Wofford & Patrick, 1980; Campbell et al., 1990).Floristics floÂ·ristÂ·icsÂ Â

n. , Knoxville.

Gardner, J. Walck, pers. Smith. parviflora, but most occurrences are on limestone, with a few ondolomite dolomiteÂ (d?`l?m?t', d?l`?-).

1 Mineral, calcium magnesium carbonate, CaMg (CO3)2. Percentages of silt, clay, sand, and largerfractions vary depending on depth of strata (Cowan et al., 1981; Morris, 1986; Donahue & Adovasio,1991), and they are dependent on the mechanism of sedimentation: rockfall, attrition, sheet wash,flooding (Donahue & Adovasio, 1990), and eolian eÂ·oÂ·liÂ·anÂ also aeÂ·oÂ·liÂ·an Â

adj.

Relating to, caused by, or carried by the wind.

[From Aeolus. groenlandica (variety undetermined) is disjunct disÂ·junctÂ Â

adj.

1. . Chromosome numbers of goldenrods, Euthamia and Solidago (Compositae: Astereae). Surv. W. &G. Fish and Wildlife Service, Atlanta.

Ugent, D., M. B. E. Preliminary reports on the flora of Wisconsin No. Floristically and vegetationally,gorges in the Shawnee Hills of western Kentucky are similar to those in the Cumberland andUnglaciated Allegheny Plateaus. 49: 113-135.

Iwatsuki, K. The pioneers in North America prepared it by soaking the kernels in weak wood lyeuntil the hulls floated to the top. parviflora [H. 1970. Trichomanes intricatum ranges southward fromsouthern New Hampshire New Hampshire,Â one of the New England states of the NE United States.It became known for its abundant bluegrass and became famous for breeding fine horses; thecalcium-rich soil imparts its . F. The Sipsey Fork discharges into the Mulberry Fork. Â and attritioncontribute to the enlargement of the recess. Solidago albopilosa occurs in rockhouses containinglittle leaf litter (Medley, 1980) and grows in almost all possible moisture regimes, aspects (Campbellet al., 1989), and light regimes (J. In summer, when temperatures are optimum, photosynthesis islimited to ca. [2n = 14 (Soltis, 1980)] (Wells & Bohm, 1980; Wells, 1984; but see Rosendahl et al.,1936), which occurs on shaded rocks, ledges, and shallow rocky soil. D. Hist. Wyss. Anthrop. Bot. &J. 1925. (eds.), Flora of North America north of Mexico. Bull. Oversize oÂ·verÂ·sizeÂ Â

n.

1. Soc. Harper, N. Publ. M. A revision of Ageratina (Compositae: Eupatorieae) from eastern NorthAmerica. Compared to T. Life-forms of Kentucky flowering plants. 826.

Redfearn, P. Variety alabamensis is smaller than the typical variety, and it has a linear (vs. 1921.Algal algal

pertaining to or caused by algae.

algal infection

is very rare but systemic and udder infections are recorded. Kentucky Nature PreservesCommission, Frankfort.

Parks, J. The geology of Hocking State Park. Syst. 1970. albopilosa and S. 2, Vol. Â germinationcharacteristics do not explain why A. The taxonomic status of Ageratina luciae-brauniae (Fern.) King& H. 1993. , thinner and narrower leaves, life form (winter annual), and flowering time (Weaver,1970; Wofford & Smith, 1980).

Solidago albopilosa Braun is a semi-rosette hemicryptophyte perennial with vegetative reproductionby rhizomes (Gibson, 1961; Andreasen & Eshbaugh, 1973). meadia by abrupt ecospeciation. Rep.Bull. Flora

Algae algaeÂ (?l`j?)Â [plural of Lat. Tennessee Acad. No. Having no evident sex or sex organs;sexless.

2. 1985. A study of the filmy fern Trichomanes boschianum. (used with a sing. 2000 km from thetype locality in Alabama, was identified as var. G. Midl. Sci. Ohio Biol. Jarosz. R. An annotated list ofthe vascular plants of the gorges of the Fall Creek Falls State Park Fall Creek Falls State ResortPark, located between Pikeville and Spencer, is a state park in middle Tennessee. Club 97: 150-153.

Maguire, B. Report submitted to U.S. Rhodora 85: 83-92.

Fassett, N. appalachiana in Ohio. Differences in gemmae form and gametophytegametophyteÂ (g?m?`t?f?t'), phase of plant life cycles in which the gametes, i.e., egg and sperm, areproduced. Sable sable,Â species of marten, Martes zibellina, found in Siberia, N European Russia,and N Finland. The life-forms of the flowering plants of Illinois. Briggs, L. 54:349-350 + plates 40-41.

Collins, H. R. B. 1989. H. state of Mississippi. Central States Archaeol. L. Studies in theCaryophyllaceae - V. New Phytol phyÂ·tol

n.

A liquid alcohol used in the synthesis of vitamins E and K. E. 1990, Evolution of sandstonerockshelters in eastern North America; a geoarchaeological perspective. In 1999 the U.S. 2. Otherspecies of Trichomanes and Vittaria that occur in eastern United States are not related closely to T.Major. Castanea 48: 50-55.

Soltis, D. The study of the conditions and processes by which organisms become fossilized.

2. rotundifolia, S. Ordovician System. Fifth Int. a downward slope.

Noun 1. W. Ph.D. Natural bridges of Tennessee. 1868. The occurrence of crassulacean acidmetabolism Crassulacean acid metabolism, also known as CAM photosynthesis, is an elaboratecarbon fixation pathway in some photosynthetic plants. Ph.D. Carr, J. Alabama Geol. Further, Boivin(1944) observed, "Fruits and stamens of the Kentucky specimens tend to be larger [than those of T.Campbell et al. However, hybrids have been observed in Tennessee (Furr, 1971) and in Ohio andKentucky (A. A botanical survey of the Sugar Grove region. groenlandica [n = 10 (Weaver, 1970)], adensely tufted perennial of arenaceous rock exposures from Greenland to Labrador, south to thecrests of the Appalachian Mountains in Virginia, North Carolina, and Tennessee (Maguire, 1951;Wofford & Kral, 1979). The tap root of Silene rotundifolia often exceeds 6 ft (1.8 m) in length, andthus it reaches water in joints and bedding planes (Heaslip, 1948; Wolfe et al., 1949). flexicaulis]."Based on chromosome number and on garden transplants, Beaudry (1959) concluded that S.Cooperative inventory of endangered, threatened, sensitive and rare species, Daniel Boone NationalForest, Berea Ranger District. 11: 36-43.

Raine, C. J. Trans. University of California Press "UC Press" redirects here, but this is also anabbreviation for University of Chicago Press

University of California Press, also known as UC Press, is a publishing house associated with theUniversity of California that engages in academic publishing. diss, University of Louisville See also

The University of Louisville Cardinal Singers

The University of Louisville Collegiate Chorale

History of Louisville, Kentucky

McConnell Center

References

1. Surv. Biol. Ser. O. Cicerello, B. Distribution and biohistory of the endemic flora of the mid-Appalachian shale barrens. One of two or more words that have the same sound and often the samespelling but differ in meaning, such as bank (embankment) and bank (place where money is kept).

2.

a. The species is restricted to the watershed of the Big South Fork of the Cumberland River The Big

South Fork of the Cumberland River is a major drainage feature of the Cumberland Plateau, a majortributary of the Cumberland River system, a world-class whitewater canoeing and kayaking stream,and the major feature of a Big South Fork National River and Recreation Area. Caves of Tennessee.Â Houtt. The Logan Plateau, a young physiographic region in West Virginia, Kentucky, Virginia, andTennessee. A. 1992. Bot. Ecol. Geol. conÂ·specÂ·tusÂ·es

1. However, we are unaware of any published studies on bacteria, fungi, or lichens in rockhouses.

A. 1987. The species grows at 560-3000 ft (171-914 m) a.m.s.l. All rights reserved.

. frenchii a holoschizoendemic with a possible vicariad taxon in western United States Noun 1. .1980. Hist. Â cespitosum Blume, Rumex aceto-sella L., and Stellaria media Stellaria media,

n See chickweed.

Stellaria media

the widespread weed called chickweed, member of the family Caryophyllaceae, which may causenitrate-nitrite poisoning. As of 2000, the population was 70,226. Rhodora 93: 189-191.

Tobe, J. A cytotaxonomic study of French's shooting star shooting star, in astronomy

shooting star,Â in astronomy: see meteor.

shooting star, in botany

shooting star,Â in botany: see primrose. Medley & S. Torrey Bot. Bot. alabamensis Iwatsuki(Iwatsuki, 1964)] is a perennial, evergreen fern with rhizomes that produces spores year-round; it isthe only taxon of Thelypteris in southeastern United States lacking an indusium (Crawford, 1951;Kral, 1983). The species does not occur in Wisconsin as reported by Fassett (1944) and others (Iltis& Shaughnessy, 1960). 2. S. Indiana Geol. The dripline forms where water and sheet-washsediments fall from the outermost outÂ·erÂ·mostÂ Â

adj.

Most distant from the center or inside; outmost.

outermost

Adjective

furthest from the centre or middle

Adj. The similarity of D. Vascular flora of Georgia, an annotated checklist. Separate lists were keptfor all 15 sites of A. D. Kral. R8-TP 2.

Kruckeberg, A. Ohio Biol. Ser. Only Andropogon sp., Digitaria ischaemum, Microstegium vimineum,Muhlen-bergia schreberi J. Eggert, H. (U.S. Ninety occurrences containing an estimated 45,000stems were reported by the U.S. B. Gardner & R. R. Gray's manual of botany. (Tokyo) 78: 36-42.

Keener, C. state of Kentucky. VI. A. Natl. University of Georgia Press The University of Georgia

Press or UGA Press is a publishing house and is a member of the Association of American UniversityPresses.

Founded in 1938, the UGA Press is a division of the University of Georgia and is located on thecampus in Athens, Georgia, USA. Â stratum with low plant cover and an occasional tree (adult,juvenile, and/or seedling), shrub, and/or woody vine. J. 59.

Shaw, J. Hannah & A. Â may have evolved in this species because of the unreliability of insectpollination pollination,Â transfer of pollen from the male reproductive organ (stamen or staminatecone) to the female reproductive organ (pistil or pistillate cone) of the same or of another flower orcone. Tennessee Div. The city of Nashville and Davidson County operate under a unifiedgovernment. R. Relating to or based on evolutionary development or history. Plenum Press, NewYork.

----- & J. C. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1993a). 1. Yatskievych et al. The county is named for RichardHickman Menefee, U.S. Trichomanes intricatum and Vittaria appalachiana have been recorded froma variety of noncalcareous rocks - sandstone/quartzite, conglomerate, grauwhacke,metaconglomerate, coal, schist schistÂ (sh?st), metamorphic rock having a foliated, or plated,structure called schistosity in which the component flaky minerals are visible to the naked eye.1985. An atlas and annotated list of the vascular plants of Arkansas. Lateral erosion of basal orintercalated, less resistant rocks forms a recess during stream/valley incision; rockfall and attritioncontribute to enlargement of the recess. Swayne. Apparently, plants are not capable of growingwhere irradiances are much higher than about 6-10% of full sunlight; at high irradiances, leaves turnbrown and little growth occurs (Melampy & Hayworth, 1980). 95% quartz and little or no silt- orclay-size matrix (Rice, 1984)] and quartz-pebble conglomerate (e.g., Jacobson, 1992; Chesnut, 1992)(Table IV). University of Minnesota Press The University of Minnesota Press is a university pressthat is part of the University of Minnesota. Amer. Plants of Mississippi: A list of flowering plants andferns. Sci. Variety arkansana (Rydb.) E. A new Heuchera from Missouri together with some notes onthe Heuchera parviflora group. parviflora is self-compatible. villosa were derived from H. villosa arerecognized. However, in winter, due to the absence of leaves in the surrounding forest canopy,illuminance increased to ca. (used with a sing. & J. External seed morphology of Arenaria(Caryophyllaceae) of the southeastern United States, Syst. luciae-brauniae] probably could notwithstand the impact of heavy rain." The bicellular foliar foliar

pertaining to or having the quality of leaves.

Â secretory secretoryÂ /seÂ·creÂ·toÂ·ry/ (se-kreÂ´tah-re) (seÂ´kre-tor?e) pertaining to secretion oraffecting the secretions.

seÂ·creÂ·toÂ·ry

adj.

Relating to or performing secretion. Regional overview. Additional counts with comments oncytogeography. A plunge basin may be present at the dripline. Further, Sussenbach (1990)[TABULAR DATA FOR TABLE II OMITTED] reported a mean density of 0.79 [+ or -] 0.75 rockhouses[(100 ac).sup.-1] [(40 ha).sup.-1] in eastern Kentucky; the large standard deviation reflects highvariation between survey units and stream drainages.

Rockhouses can occur anywhere from the base of the gorge adjacent to stream bottoms almost toridgecrest (Sussenbach, 1990). Chromosome numbers in Compositae from Canada and the U.S.A.

Abrell, J. Botany Self-fertilization in plants.

2. Glick, W. 1985. Pages 495-520 in W. altissima germinate only at high temperatures in light, andnone germinate in darkness (i.e., they are conditionally dormant). R. 2: 43-48.

Gibson, D. to No. meadia L. 24: 60-76.

Coy, F. amethystinum arrived in Illinois from western North America during the Pleistocene and thatpresent-day populations of this species are relicts of a former widespread distribution during theSangamonian Stage or during the Wisconsinan Stage. Hassler & M. Syst. The fern genera Vittariaand Trichomanes in the northeastern United States. A. 1.

Quarterman, E. The species first was described by E. Herb. H. Mussels are able to move slowly bymeans of the muscular foot. var. Physiological plant ecology. characterized by tetraploidy.

2. B., L. D. Â remains left by human occupants of rockhouses.

Algae and bryophytes are common on the backwall. Field Studies Map MF-1291.

McFarlan, A. parviflora could have diverged from a H. T. O. Army Corps of Engineers, NashvilleDistrict, Nashville, Tennessee.

Gastony, G. Campbell, M. Proc. albopilosa is colonizing new rockhouses in its range. 1996a. Inaddition, gametophytes of T. albopilosa (J. Banks & R. Cicerello. Â in Winston County, AlabamaWinston County is a county of the U.S. Abbott, R. Missouri Acad. Butters & O. Although not recordedin Table VIII, Farrar's (1992) data indicate the occurrence of Trichomanes intricatum in a rockhousewith S. 1960. 1922. Surv. intricatum is found at sites subject to more desiccation desÂ·icÂ·caÂ·tion

n.

The process of being desiccated.

des icÂ·ca Â than those of V. For example, the initial development of the Meadowcroft Rockshelter insouthwestern Pennsylvania occurred during the Sangamonian Stage, and after the middle LateWisconsinan Stage (ca. virginianus (Handley)], Rafinesque's big-eared bat The Rafinesque's Big-Eared Bat (Plecotus rafinesquii) is a species of vesper bat in the Vespertilionidae family. Rhodora 42:47-51.

-----. R. Additional chromosome numbers of taxa of the genus Solidago. Â Gorge, Jessamine County,Kentucky Jessamine County is a county located in the U.S. The students come from 50 states andover 100 foreign countries. 1961. taxa), in biology, a term used to denote any group or rank in theclassification of organisms, e.g., class, order, family. They also have been impacted heavily by theremoval of ashes left from fires of Native Americans for use as fertilizer (Funkhouser & Webb,1930); mining of saltpeter saltpeterÂ or saltpetre:Â see potassium nitrate. Naturalist.

Weaver, R. Pages 235-265 in C. 1992. Towles, J. intricatum Farrar

THELYPTERIDACEAE

Thelypteris pilosa (Mart. Life form and growth form spectra for each of the two surveys werecompared to the Kentucky state flora (Gibson, 1961). Profess. Bull. H. Stratigraphic correlation chart

of Pennsylvania. (Cranfill, 1980, 1991). The region contains Kentucky's best agricultural land andthus became the first area to be settled. Population extinctions of Trichomanes boschianum havebeen attributed to changes in the rockhouse environment caused by logging (Shaver, 1954). 97.

Jennings, J. Â in rockhouses [i.e., moderated temperatures, constant moisture, year-round growingseason (Farrar, 1971)]. comm.).

Thalictrum mirabile is difficult to distinquish from T. The inability of Trichomanes intricatum andVittaria appalachiana to produce sporophytes is fixed genetically and thus is not due entirely to theenvironment (Farrar, 1971). Lasca & J. Plant communities of southern Illinois. Rep. 1928. D. A.Canad. 1972. Valentine (ed.), Taxonomy phytogeography and evolution. In addition, Hitchcock andMaguire (1947) suggested that S. Â on all substrates.

The gametophyte and gemmae are more tolerant of desiccation or freezing than are the sporophytesof other taxa in Trichomanes and Vittaria (Farrar, 1985). Doubleday and Co., Garden City, New YorkGarden City, New York is a village in central Nassau County, New York in the USA, which wasfounded by multi-millionaire Alexander Turney Stewart in 1869. Naturalist 16:517-565.

-----. (eds.), Flora of North America north of Mexico. Bot. The highest concentration of endemic taxaoccurs in the Red River and Cumberland River drainages on the Cumberland Plateau.

All 11 endemics are perennials. The two species have identical chloroplast chloroplastÂ (kl?r`?pl?st',klÃ´r`-), a complex, discrete green structure, or organelle, contained in the cytoplasm of plant cells.1993a. villosa (Fernald, 1950). U.S. W. C. Sandstone units of the Lee Formation and related strata ineastern Kentucky. The number of plants at a site ranges from [less than or equal to]6 clumps tothousands of clumps (Wofford & Smith, 1980; U.S. Compositae, tribe Astereae. Gen. meadia, whichhas a thick capsule wall.

The distribution, and in some respects the habitat, of Dodecatheon frenchii is similar to that of D.Remarkable range extension for Minuartia groenlandica (Retz.) Ostenf. 1979. 6.

-----. Encyclopedia of plant physiology. & J. Solidago albopilosa Braun, a little known goldenrod fromKentucky. amethystinum. Lassetter & J. Amer. One of the fundamental processes of evolution,speciation may occur in many ways. 1993. T. Fern J. E. 47: 93-95.

-----. Of, relating to, or containing gelatin.

2. Amer. Kentucky Acad. mirabile is more delicate and lax, and has longer achene stipes, straighterdorsal achene margins, and shorter filaments (Small, 1900; Keener, 1976).

Keener (1976) concluded that "Population studies are needed to assess the comparative differencesbetween this species [Thalictrum mirabile] and T. Ed. Geology of the Goreville quadrangle, Johnsonand Williamson counties, Illinois. McInerney, J. Gardner. luciae-brauniae and for 17 of the 28 sites ofS. Trichomanes intricatum: The independent Trichomanes gametophyte in the eastern United States.1980. Pitts. Rivers of change: Essays on early agriculture in eastern North America. A total of 85taxa was recorded in the 28 rockhouses with Solidago albopilosa, and the number of taxa observedin each of the 17 rockhouses for which separate floristic lists were made ranged from 4 to 31 (mean[+ or -] SE = 15 [+ or -] 2). flexicaulis] complex into a single species."

Solidago albopilosa is cross compatible with S. W. Â studies are done, it is best to consider T. Similararrangements exist between the City of Lynchburg and Moore County, as well as the City of

Hartsville and Trousdale County.

State Abbr. 35: 28-35.

-----. 1974. Fern J. (King & Robinson, 1970)] is a proto-hemicryptophyte perennial without runners(Gibson, 1961). Â (L.) Villars are non-native.

Percentage of the 15 (and 28) rockhouses in which a taxon occurred was calculated, and each wasassigned to one of five presence classes (Cain & Castro, 1959): 1 (1-20%); 2 (21-40%); 3 (41-60%); 4(61-80%); and 5 (81-100%) (Table VIII). M. In Tennessee, 20 of these are within 2 mi (3 km) of eachother, and all 27 are within 25 mi (40 km) of each other. & N. In the Red River Gorge of easternKentucky, Studlar and Snider (1989) recorded 41 mosses and 22 hepatics in sandstone "caves"(crevices, rockhouses, under arches). Bryophytes of the Red River Gorge of Kentucky: Floristics andphytogeography. No. Boyce & A. 1975. boschianum occur in nature. Likewise, plants near thedripline appear to be intermediate between S. villosa (Soltis, 1985).

Heuchera parviflora and H. 1952. have the [C.sub.4] pathway.

Life forms of spermatophytes (sensu Raunkiaer, 1934) and growth forms (trees, shrubs, woody vines,forbs, graminoids, ferns) were determined for each taxon from information in Gibson (1961). 1938.Surv. R. Congr. W. Walck et al., unpubl.) show that S. A. Cusick, E. lineata and V. MacGregor, R.regia Sims (2n = 48) and the western North American species S. (Adovasio et al., 1984).

For the most part, prehistorically occupied rockhouses differ little from unoccupied ones, except indistance to chert chert:Â see flint. It is located in Golden Gate Park in San Francisco. 52: 85-86.

Clewell, A. 11, Bull. The life forms of plants and statistical plant geography. Howard. Habitats andPhysical Environmental Factors

Three distinct habitats occur in rockhouses: ceiling, backwall, and floor [ILLUSTRATION FORFIGURE 4 OMITTED]. Â and central Vermont to [TABULAR DATA FOR TABLE XI OMITTED]northern Georgia, northern Alabama, southern Illinois, and central Indiana (Farrar, 1992). Remnantsof whiskey stills, saltpeter mining equipment, and houses still are present in some rockhouses (e.g.,Gardner, 1986).

Besides noting prehistoric and historic artifacts in rockhouses, archaeologists also have analyzedfaunal and floral remains to better understand resource utilization (Cowan, 1979; Hoffman, 1987),cultural processes (Sussenbach, 1990), and paleovegetation outside of rockhouses (Cowan et al.,1981; Adovasio et al., 1984). Medley. W. The Cloudsplitter Rockshelter, Menifee County, KentuckyMenifee County is a county located in the U.S. Bull. Philipp. parviflora is an adaptation to a moresevere ecological setting and tighter energy budget. It was rediscovered upstream in 1972, andpresently occurs along a 3.25 mi (5.25 km) segment of the West Sipsey Fork in Winston County,Alabama (Short & Freeman, 1978; Gunn, 1991). It was formed in 1793. Geogr. Natl. clavatum maybe in eastern Asia. Geol. The species occurs at ca. 1980. 75: 286-305.

Baskin, J. E, Medley, L. Pucelle Press, Cincinnati, Ohio.

Rydberg, P. Amer. 1963. alabamensis. , oxidation, and dissolution of various minerals) weathering(Vento, 1985; Donahue & Adovasio, 1990). No. Since the Paleo-Indian Period (13,000-10,000 Y.B.P.),humans have utilized rockhouses as temporary bivouacs, special-activity loci loci

[L.] plural of locus.

lociÂ Plural of locus, see there , seasonal and long-term encampments, and burial sites (Funkhouser& Webb, 1929; Pace et al., 1986; Donahue & Adovasio, 1990). Historic site and feature descriptions.Powell. Habitat and distributional notes on selected mosses of the Interior Highlands of NorthAmerica. In addition, the two ferns grow on boulders and occasionally on bases of trees (Farrar &Mickel, 1991; Farrar, 1992). 1986. Bull. & Gal.) Crawford var. On the other hand, S. The winter-green herbaceous flowering plants of Ohio. pulchellum was based on the preference of D. Thejeweled shooting star (Dodecatheon amethystinum): A postglacial postÂ·glaÂ·cialÂ Â

adj.

Relating to or occurring during the time following a glacial period.

postglacialÂ Â

Relating to or occurring during the time following a glacial period.

Adj. Its county seat is Iuka6. 1954. . Endemism in the flora of the Canary Islands. Syst. 1. This multi-layered elevation effect corresponds to the stratigraphy stratigraphy,Â branch of geology specificallyconcerned with the arrangement of layered rocks (see stratification). Brittonia 23: 123-143.

Coates, F. Genet genet:Â see civet. Univ. Even though T. Achenes of A. Arenaria cumberlandensis [n= 10 (Wofford & Kral, 1979)] is related most closely to A. John Wiley, New York.

Dean, B. 1986. Twenty-seven occurrences are known in Tennessee and one in Kentucky. 1996. F.1954, Geology of Chautauqua County, New York Chautauqua County is a county located in the U.S.The geology and geoarchaeology of the Bay Springs Rockshelters, Tishomingo County, MississippiTishomingo County is a county located in the U.S. Of or concerning the north wind.

3. 2. Surv. Water Resources Ser. Arenaria cumberlandensis differs from A. Release of rockfragments, which is greatest in the initial stages of rockhouse formation, is attributed to the gradual

widening of joints and bedding planes by groundwater discharge, freeze-thaw conditions, rootgrowth, and/or the thermal contraction and expansion of sandstone in response to daily and seasonaltemperature changes. Carboniferous outcrops of Mississippi. Two ferns exist exclusively asgametophytes reproducing by gemmae. ex Kunze) Rosend., Butt. T. Â (Smith, 1981). Hoffman (eds.),An archaeological reconnaissance and testing of indirect impact areas within selected developmentsites of the Big South Fork National River and Recreation Area. 2. Mickel. Archaeol. 1970. Its countyseat is Double Springs. T. luciae-brauniae grown from seed in the greenhouse expressed the samephenotype as those in populations in nature (Wofford, 1976). 1950. appalachiana (Farrar & Mickel,1991; Farrar, 1992). comm.).

Clewell and Wooten (1971) included "luciae-brauniae" in the geographically highly variableAgeratina altissima var. 1984. As of the 2000 census, the population was 83,955. & R. Bull. C. AUtah flora. A. French's shooting star in southern Illinois. boschianum tend to be smaller and lessrobust than polyploids of this species, and thus polyploids more closely resemble T. subsp. meadia(Thompson, 1953)].

Dodecatheon frenchii grows on the floor and on ledges in rockhouses (Olah & DeFilipps, 1968;Mohlenbrock, 1978; Harker et al., 1981; Cranfill, 1991) and at the bases of cliffs with little or nooverhang (Tucker, 1984). 1983. obs.), and Sullivantia sullivantii (T. Bartonia No. 94: 245-268 +colored map of the natural regions of Indiana by M. The type locality was destroyed by bridgeconstruction and by flooding associated with the Lewis Smith Dam. Mohlenbrock and Voigt (1959)suggested that "the leaves of the filmy fern [T. Torrey Bot. W. Solidago albopilosa Braun and S. W.Some rockhouses have few or no plants growing inside them. Ageratina altissima occurs in the forestoutside of rockhouses (Wofford & Patrick, 1980). Published by the author, Fayetteville, Arkansas.

Solecki, M. In addition, rockhouses occur on the sides of longitudinal ridges of the dip slope onmonoclinal mountains, such as the Cumberland Mountains (Braun, 1935; J. U.S.D.A. obs.). C.Approximately 100 sites are known in Tennessee and Kentucky (Campbell et al., 1994), andpopulations range from three flowering stems in four clumps (Wofford & Patrick, 1980) to "1000s ofEupatorium plants, of good vigor" (Palmer-Ball et al., 1988). To produce or cause to produce hybrids;crossbreed.

2. The sandstone "cave" bryofloras in eastern Kentucky (Studlar & Snider, 1989) and the Ozarks(Redfearn, 1987) contain Tertiary/Pleistocene-relict taxa with boreal boÂ·reÂ·alÂ Â

adj.

1. Plecotus rafinesquii.

Â [Plecotus rafinesquii (Lesson)], and small-footed myotis Myotis

genus of bats. 43.

Evers, R. 6, Vol. A cytotaxonomic study in the genus Eupatorium. J. The endemic ferns are mostlikely Tertiary relicts derived from tropical taxa. One of the premier botanical gardens in the UnitedStates, it spans some 240 acres of Bronx Park in the borough of The Bronx and is home to some ofthe , Bronx.

Gould, K. Â CAM fern Pyrrosia longifolia (Polypodiaceae). albopilosa Kentucky

Life form

Phanerophyte 39.1 51.4 16.3

Chamaephyte 1.1 2.9 1.4

Hemicryptophyte 37.9 28.6 51.2

Cryptophyte 12.6 10.0 15.3

Therophyte 9.2 7.1 15.8

Growth form

Trees 19.0 26.7 7.7

Shrubs 10.0 14.0 6.8

Woody vines 7.0 4.7 2.5

Forbs(a) 40.0 20.9 61.9

Graminoids 10.0 16.3 16.8

Ferns 13.0 17.4 4.3

a Includes all herbaceous spermatophytes, except graminoids.

VIII. Â canadensis L., Lycopodium porophilum Lloyd & Underw. 73: 33-38.

-----. 1992. E. 1934. [Melandryum rotundifolium (Nutt.) Rohrb. smooth) achenes (Kral, 1983),glabrous glabrousÂ /glaÂ·brous/ (glaÂ´brus) smooth and bare.

glaÂ·brous

adj.

Having no hairs or projections, especially on body parts that normally have hair; smooth. Currentpolicy in the Daniel Boone National Forest in Kentucky prohibits logging from the base of the cliffdownslope to the nearest break in the slope or to 50 ft (15 m) from the dripline; the forest above thecliff is maintained as needed as neededÂ prn. However, A. R. 1964. Freeman. M. Bot. Formed mostlyin Mississippian- and Pennsylvanian-age rocks, rockhouses vary in size but are largest at heads ofgorges. Techn. 1984. esculentum, P. H. Midl. Profess. Quart. state of Kentucky. meadia tetraploid (n= 44). E. Achenes cold stratified stratifiedÂ /stratÂ·iÂ·fied/ (stratÂ´i-fid) formed or arranged inlayers.

stratÂ·iÂ·fied

adj.

Arranged in the form of layers or strata. In addition, Scopelophila cataractae (Mitt.) Broth., which isa "metal moss" endemic to substrates containing high levels of copper, zinc, lead, and/or iron, hasbeen recorded in rockhouses in Kentucky (Studlar & Snider, 1989) and under an overhanging

sandstone ledge in Tennessee (Shaw, 1987).

[TABULAR DATA FOR TABLE VII OMITTED]

Mohlenbrock and Voigt (1959) listed four mosses and five hepatics associated with Trichomanesboschianum in southern Illinois, and Farrar (1978) noted that H. Temperatures of groundwaterflowing from the backwall in rockhouses in northeastern Ohio averaged 8-9 [degrees] C year round(Cusick, 1983); in southern Illinois, groundwater temperature in a rockhouse with Trichomanesboschianum was 57 [degrees] F (13.9 [degrees] C) on 11 August (Mohlenbrock & Voigt, 1959).

Voigt and Swayne (1955) reported higher relative humidity relative humidity

n.

The ratio of the amount of water vapor in the air at a specific temperature to the maximum amountthat the air could hold at that temperature, expressed as a percentage. The flora and vegetation ofJessamine jessamine:Â see jasmine. 1(8): 1-5.

Willman, H. 1992. Knight & W. Rhodora 36: 214-233.

-----. frenchii were more similar to D. parviflora are smooth and not echinate like all other easternHeuchera species, and the leaves in the inflorescence are viscid viscidÂ /visÂ·cid/ (visÂ´id) glutinousor sticky.

visÂ·cid

adj.

1. Soils are composed of ca. villosa (Wells & Bohm, 1980). Ease of access, rather than visibility ofrockhouses, was correlated significantly with degree of disturbance (Ferguson & Gardner, 1986). E.glacial?) conditions and has since become isolated and restricted to local and specialized habitats."Schwegman (1984) proposed that D. Correlation chart for units on the geologic map of Kentucky.The typical variety occurs mostly on sandstone, but it has been recorded on granite in Georgia,gneiss in North Carolina (Furr, 1971), and limestone in Kentucky (Martin et al., 1979) and Missouri(Steyermark, 1934; Rosendahl, 1951). 1979. D. Pap. Kentucky Nature Preserves Commission Sci.1983. Proc. Castanea 57: 77-109.

Tucker, G. alabamensis (Crawford) Wherry (Wherry, 1964); Stegnogramma pilosa (Mart. Thesteepest part of the floor in some rockhouses occurs at an active spring or at the beginning of astream course. As far as it is possible to judge, with only the original description at hand, the fruitsof T. Â shells, bone, charred and uncharted wood, calcareous calcareousÂ /calÂ·carÂ·eÂ·ous/ (kal-karÂ´e-us) pertaining to or containing lime; chalky.

calÂ·carÂ·eÂ·ous

adj. H. Consisting of four; in fours. Biomass allocation to seeds is similar to that in T. These speciesor their ancestors probably originated as allopolyploids, rather than as autopolyploids (Heaslip,1951). Soc. Baker, J. Rockhouses are geologically stable structures (Young & Young, 1992), andrarely does the roof of one collapse (Sussenbach, 1990). altissima (Curtis & Lersten, 1986; Lersten& Curtis, 1986) are similar to those in A. Bot. Fed. Cold-stratified achenes also germinate to highpercentages at low temperatures in light, but to only 0-1% in darkness. Tennessee Acad. Highest

levels of genetic diversity are found among populations, and isolated populations are moregenetically distinct than are those occurring in close proximity to others.

Thalictrum mirabile Small is a semi-rosette hemicryptophyte without runners (Gibson, 1961) thatoccurs in eastern and western Kentucky and possibly in northwestern Alabama (Boivin, 1944;Keener, 1976; Cranfill & Medley, 1981; C. Geology of the Ewing quadrangle, Kentucky and Virginia.villosa grows chiefly on granite and gneiss, and H. Cowles (eds.), Starved Rock State Park and itsenvirons. . Bonney, J. 1940. Regist. (Lancaster) 49: 65-115.

King, R. ex Kunze; H. Illinois Geol. Sci. R. 1939. Wells, and B. These two species exist only asgametophytes (Farrar, 1978, 1992); however, Farrar (1978) observed abortive sporophytes of V.1987. In addition, a few sites are very near water, where they are likely to be inundated duringseasonal floods (Gunn, 1991). 1951. Ping. Banks & R. The flora has a higher percentage ofphanerophytes and lower percentages of hemicryptophytes and therophytes than the Kentucky stateflora. 1961. & M. J. 1968. Surv. S. Ageratina luciae-brauniae differs from A. parviflora are rounderand thinner than those of H. H. Â conditions (Morris, 1986)] and with geographic location [e.g.,freeze-thaw conditions are more intense in northern than in southern latitudes (Vento, 1985)].

The landscape contains rockhouses at various stages of development, including vertical cliffs, slightoverhangs, large overhangs ("rockhouses"), and deep recesses resembling caves (Carman, 1946;Bart, 1961). Â of the Cumberland Plateau and Shawnee Hills (Quarterman & Powell, 1978).

Thousands of rockhouses at varying densities may occur in the landscape. and T. 1973. Surv.Vascular flora of the Obed Wild and Scenic River, Tennessee. 2 vols. Forest communities of theCumberland Plateau of Tennessee. Phys. & A. No. Among the S. & J. However, fruit shape, sepallength, and flower color of D. Hymenophyllaceae, Caryophyllaceae, and Asteraceae each contain twotaxa; all other families contain one taxon. Mississippi Geol. Kuhn, D. Graham, 1993). ) stems, andcordate-deltoid (vs. MacGregor, L. A man whose employment is to drive, or to convey goods in, a caror car. When first described, one specimen each collected from Sonora and Chihuahua, Mexico, ca.Hickman (ed.), The Jepson manual: Higher plants of California. parviflora is restricted to heavilyshaded ledges and rock undercuts on sandstone. Fern J. Castanea 59: 79-80.

Darling, T., Jr. Notes on the flora of Kentucky: New and interesting plants in Kentucky. B.rotundifolia] which germinate rapidly over a short period of time." However, this probably is not thecase, since freshly matured seeds of some widespread species are nondormant (Baskin & Baskin,1988).

Thelypteris pilosa (Mart. 1979. & J. Map GQ-1663.

-----, E, G. , Athens.

Eaton, S. L. - II. & J. 8.

-----, J. E., Jr. alabamensis Crawford

RANUNCULACEAE

Thalictrum mirabile Small

CARYOPHYLLACEAE

Arenaria cumberlandensis Wofford & Kral Silene rotundifolia Nutt.

PRIMULACEAE

Dodecatheon frenchii (Vasey) Rydb.

SAXIFRAGACEAE

Heuchera parviflora Bartling var. MacGregor & R. 27.

Thom, R. 1992. Post. J. Photosynthesis and respiration rates of ferns. 43: 110-126.

Hinkle, C. Vegetation outside rockhouses varies depending on elevation and aspect, but rockhousesare recorded in hemlock hemlock,Â any tree of the genus Tsuga, coniferous evergreens of the familyPinaceae (pine family) native to North America and Asia. rotundifolia seeds are conditionallydormant (sensu Baskin & Baskin, 1985) at maturity, and that cold-stratified seeds germinate tohigher percentages in light and in darkness than do nonstratified ones. 1980. 1981. S. Smith occursin Arkansas. Braun (1942) remarked that the leaves of S. Geol. Pages 57-107 in O. A., D. 96: 429-434.

Young, R. Connecticut Geol. Vascular flora of the Chauga River Gorge, Oconee County, SouthCarolina. Boivin (1944) states that T. 2.2

Mean 11.2 2.5 2.7

Floor area ([m.sup.2])

N - 911 54

Range - 2-1850 12-144(h)

Mean - 68.4 -

a Rockhouses in Menifee (Webb & Funkhouser, 1936; Wyss & Wyss,

1977), Lee (Funkhouser & Webb, 1929), Wolfe, and Powell (Funkhouser

& Webb, 1930) counties in the Cliff Section of the Cumberland

Plateau (sensu Braun, 1950).

b Rockhouses in McCreary County (Hoffman, 1987) in the Cliff Section

of the Cumberland Plateau (sensu Braun, 1950).

c Rockhouses in Breathitt County (Sussenbach, 1990) in the Low Hills

Belt of the Cumberland Plateau (sensu Braun, 1950).

d Based on 115 rockhouses previously occupied by humans on 6000 ac

(2428 ha) (Wyss & Wyss, 1977).

e Based on 958 rockhouses previously occupied and unoccupied by

humans (Hoffman, 1987) on 720.7 ha (Ferguson et al., 1986).

f Based on 61 rockhouses previously occupied and unoccupied by

humans on 7222 ac (2923 ha) (Sussenbach, 1990).

g - = no data.

h Over 50% = [less than]44 [m.sup.2].

Three factors appear to be essential for the development of sandstone rockhouses: 1) thick-beddedsandstone; 2) basal or intercalated, less resistant rocks in the sandstone sequence; and 3) rapidvalley incision through the sandstone sequence, causing development of a vertical cliff. W. 1978. 57:16-41.

Koch, A. Status report on Eupatorium luciae-brauniae Fernald. micrantha-like ancestor. Castanea54: 133-152.

Sussenbach, T. 1959. meadia L. M. Bot. As of 2000, the population was 129,313.

Franklin County was created on September 9, 1784 from part of Cumberland County and named inhonor of Benjamin Franklin. 1982. F., Jr., M. The Tom's Brook Site - 3J01, A preliminary report.Pages 347-369 in H. M. Physics

a. 1989. Sci. The geology of Powell County, Kentucky. Facts and Figures

Area, 52,586 sq mi (136,198 sq km). Fish and Wildlife Service, Jackson, Mississippi.

Haley, B. 1971. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC.

Quinn, J. . Amer. Rhodora 44: 341-405, 416-452, 457-479 + plates 717-744.

-----. clavatum "evidently belongs to the same section [Physocarpum] as all these eastern Asiaticspecies but it is not especially closely related to any of them. 1955. Today, the most obvious signs ofvisitation or occupation by prehistoric humans are hominy hominyÂ [Algonquian], hulled corn withthe germ removed and served either ground or whole. It is found only in United States. W. virginicais related closely to the western species S. Olson. frenchii and D. Wofford for providing informationused in this paper.

XIII. Fern J. Attrition or granular disintegration of sand-sized sediment is likely due to physical andchemical (hydrolysis hydrolysisÂ (h?dr?l`?s?s), chemical reaction of a compound with water, usuallyresulting in the formation of one or more new compounds. 1993. R. 1990. verb)

The statistical analysis of data obtained from genetic, biochemical, and other observational studiesto assess the taxonomic relationships of organisms or populations, especially within an Â study of thesubsections Villosae and Micranthae of the genus Heuchera from the southeastern United States.Fish and Wildlife Service, 1996a).

This species grows on the floor and ledges of rockhouses and overhanging cliffs and in "solutionpockets" on cliffs; it occurs only on sandstone. leaf blade longer than petiole) (Gleason & Cronquist,1991), somewhat smaller heads, hairy-ribbed (vs. U.S. Risk. Gray, D. However, the largestrockhouses are located at the heads of gorges, where groundwater sapping is most active (Vaughn,1989). The county was formed on September 30, 1836 and named for James Madison, President ofthe United States. 47: 1-93.

Anderson, S. W. Techn. Â pattern, number of ray flowers, and trichome trichomeÂ /triÂ·chome/(triÂ´kom) a filamentous or hairlike structure.

trichome (tr??Â·k?m),

n Â morphology. A. S. Ser. Bot. intricatum and V. Â to protect the site's hydrologic characteristics(U.S. Speleol. Phillippe, R. Pap. B. Rate of photosynthesis was highest at 15 [degrees] to 25[degrees] C; however, Farrar (1971) concluded that it may be relatively constant throughout theyear. state of Kentucky. An archaeological reconnaissance and testing of indirect impact areaswithin selected development sites of the Big South Fork National River and Recreation Area.Tennessee Dept. Sci. N. Dodecatheon radicatum subsp. American Southern Publications, Northport,Alabama.

DeLong, R. Flora of the prairies and plains of central North America. Â and by teeth on floral bracts(Furr, 1971; Wells, 1984). & Kentucky Nat. Torrey Bot. Rhodora 75: 366-410.

-----. Potential ecological/geological natural landmarks on the Interior Low Plateaus. flexicaulis toindicate that it is not of very recent origin. 38: 1-12.

Baker, V. J. Geol. Thus, the primary purpose of this paper is to synthesize information on thegeographic distribution, ecology, evolutionary origin, and conservation biology of the endemic planttaxa of sandstone rockhouses in the eastern United States. Â flies (Braun, 1942; Medley, 1980; U.S.R. Patrick. 83, Suppl. 3. J. 1901. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1996a) and Solidago albopilosa andThelypteris pilosa var. Of the taxa associated with Ageratina luciae-brauniae and/or Solidagoalbopilosa, 96% have the [C.sub.3] photosynthetic pathway of carbon fixation, 4% have the [C.sub.4]pathway, and none has CAM. However, unlike the plant assemblages of other rock outcrops ofeastern United States, those of sandstone rockhouses have not been studied or documentedthoroughly in the botanical/ecological literature. Moffitt. 1995. Â (vs. 2. In eastern United States,other terms that are synonymous, or nearly so, with sandstone rockhouse are alcove (Bates &Jackson, 1980; Vaughn, 1989), bluff shelter (Willard, 1960), cliff overhang (Bates & Jackson, 1980),grotto (Wolfe et al., 1949), recess cave (Hall, 1953), rockshelter (McFarlan, 1954; Bates & Jackson,1980; Donahue & Adovasio, 1990), rockshelter cave (Carman CarÂ´man

n. 1981. , mixed oak, oak-hickory, mixed mesophytic, beech/yellow poplar, and mixed pinecommunities (Segars et al., 1951; Van Stockum, 1979; Medley, 1980; Ferguson & Gardner, 1986;Campbell et al., 1989).

IV. Bull. Conservation Biology

Three of the 11 endemic taxa are listed as federal endangered or threatened: Arenariacumberlandensis as endangered (U.S. 105: 81-88.

Olah, L. High concentrations of various iron minerals (W. As of 2000, the population was 94,174.Wells (1984) observed that seeds, when shed, adhere to the viscid plant body and remain on the

ledge with the parent plant, instead of being dispersed into the nearby forest. E. Cooperativeinventory of endangered, threatened, sensitive and rare species, Daniel Boone National Forest,Somerset Ranger District. H. Hayes. 1990. Soltis, T. , San Francisco.

-----. state of Tennessee. Amer. See prn order. Â (Semple et al., 1993). .

Barr, T. Â and sandstone (Rosendahl, 1951; Steyermark, 1934, 1963; Furr, 1971; J. A. 6: 190(abstract).

Schmalzer, P. 1980. Div. Breedlove (ed.), Flora of Chiapas. J. Geol. 65: 1-12.

-----. Â controls on drainage basin evolution in the Crawford Upland, south-central Indiana. pl. Sv.1989. S. laciniata (Wilken, 1993).

Flowers of Silene rotundifolia and S. M. 1956. Congressman. R. 1989. The parental taxa ofTrichomanes intricatum and Vittaria appalachiana either became extinct during the Late Tertiary orPleistocene or still may exist in tropical America. Div. Parks & Farrar, 1984)]. Ferguson, R. U.S.Â Press, Ames.

Strausbaugh, P. ^ [2] URL accessed on June 8 2006

3.

, Louisville, Kentucky.

Vaughn, D. Rare plants of eastern Kentucky and the Daniel Boone National Forest. R. Geol. Althoughthe gametophytes cannot be distinguished morphologically, isozyme patterns of the two species aredistinctive (Farrar, 1985, 1992). The vegetation of Pine Mountain, Kentucky. Microclimates areaffected by such factors as temperature, humidity, wind and turbulence, dew, frost, heat balance, .mirabile/clavatum is 0.8 (Melampy & Hayworth, 1980). L. E., Jr. clavatum (R. M. Habitats are moist,cool, and deeply shaded, and those in northeastern United States are more highly buffered fromclimatic extremes than are those in southeastern United States (Farrar et al., 1983). Â identified inH. Naturalist 78: 375-379.

Jillson, W. S. D. Surv. 1620.

Pace, R. & J. laciniata were interrelated through common ancestors, and that each could beclassified as an ecospecies belonging to the same cenospecies. Sci. 1987. frenchii may be adventiveadÂ·venÂ·tiveÂ Â

adj.

Not native to and not fully established in a new habitat or environment; locally or temporarilynaturalized: an adventive weed.

n.

An adventive organism. 1951. The county is named for John Hardin, a Continental Army officerduring the American Revolution. Ohio J. 1961. In fact, only those with broken (scarified) seed coatsgerminated readily. In addition, to ensure its chances of colonizing suitable but patchy habitat, thespecies produces a large number of seeds by fertilizing and maturing practically all ovules and by

producing small seeds, thereby maximizing the number of seeds per unit of energy expended. 1979.Pages 231-251 in N. Resembling gelatin; viscous. Â migrant in the Mississippi Valley. 107,650 lux).groenlandica (Retz.) Sprengel var. (Farrar, 1993a, 1993b).

These two ferns occur in rockhouses, under overhanging cliffs, under rock outcrops, and on cliffs,and in these habitats they grow on ledges, in crevices, and on cliff faces. H. C. groenlandica var.Castanea 4: 1-4.

-----. mirabile) surveyed by Melampy and Hayworth (1980) in eastern Kentucky, had [less than]50individuals. (2000) 4,012,012, a 15. Bot. Northern Ohio Geological Society, Cleveland.

Raunkiaer, C. L. Haufler. Tubular cavities in white snakeroot, Eupatorium rugosum (Asteraceae).obs.). C. Comparative achene germination requirements of the rockhouse endemic Ageratina luciae-brauniae and its widespread close relative A. J. meadia, which can occur on the summit of cliffsabove rockhouses (Fassett, 1944; Olah & DeFilipps, 1968). U.S. Protect. 1963, Flora of Missouri. .Coker (1938) reported that the pH of the granitic gneiss was 5.45 on the surface and 6.54 in theinterior. Surv. Geol. R. Lakela. Geol. T. alabamensis in Alabama could have arisen via long-distancedispersal of spores from Mexico or Central America. Pap. U.S. 1985. comm.). boschianum is adistinct taxon endemic to North America (Farrar, 1971, 1993a).

X. Rhodora 91: 201-206.

----- & D. Geol. R. Therefore, gametophytes of Vittaria appalachiana were assumed to have [C.sub.3]photosynthesis. Fish and Wildlife Service (1993a).

The species occurs almost exclusively on the floors of rockhouses (Braun, 1942; Medley, 1980) withstable ceilings (U.S. The genus Heuchera in Tennessee. The length of dormancy varies; the seed ofsome plants (e.g. Pages 439-446 in Proc. Over 50000 students are enrolled at the University ofMichigan's three campuses. Further, unlike other eastern species of Heuchera, H. Baskin & J. Thecounty seat is Huntsville. Dudash. R. The distributional history of D. Braun (1942) noted that thehabitat was similar to, but drier than, that of Ageratina luciae-brauniae; the two species have notbeen found growing together.

Solidago albopilosa is morphologically similar to S. Resources Environ. 1986. Forbs composed 33%of the taxa; trees were 22%, shrubs 10%, woody vines 5%, graminoids 15%, and ferns 15%. Silene.1. 51: 62-70.

Hill, C. C. R. ., and Tetraphis pellucida Hedw. Zhang & C. 56: 349-377.

Beaudry, J. At the backwall of a rockhouse with Trichomanes boschianum and on a boulder with T.R. meadia; however, when grown under reduced light, the leaf shape of D. Kochel. DeFilipps. Whenit opened its doors it enrolled just 225 students. Archaeological surveys record 0.021 to 1.33rockhouses [ha.sup.-1] on the Cumberland Plateau of eastern Kentucky (Table III). E. Nat. 4: 319-338.

-----. Knight. Esselman, pers. Similarities in species composition among population sites of A. Fishand Wildlife Service, 1993a) and only on sandstone. Pop. C. Logan, E. L. Koch (1976) concluded thatmoisture was the major factor influencing community composition. Source

Chiroptera Specialist Group 1996. 1963. U.S. 1951. K. Â and zooarcheology of rockshelters of theBig South Fork Area of the Cumberland Plateau, Tennessee and Kentucky. Robins. 6:128 (abstract).

----- & J. Recently, Outerbridge (1987) concluded that dissection of a portion of the CumberlandPlateau southeast of the Red River Gorge occurred during the past 1.5 million years. 1975. 1986.radicatum is diploid (n = 22), but tetraploids (n = 44) and hexaploids (n = 66) are reported in thecomplex (Beamish, 1955). The population was 10,377 at the 2000 census. Ph.D. appalachiana mayhave been eliminated by a cooling climate either at the close of the Miocene or, at latest, during theIllinoian Glaciation (Farrar, 1990).

Vittaria appalachiana [n = 120 (Gastony, 1977)] originated possibly by interspecific hybridizationinterspecific hybridization

the results of matings between members of different animal species. 1978. Topography of therockhouse floor may be level to fairly steep. Many of the endemics co-occur (e.g., Reed, 1951;Wofford & Smith, 1980); however, Heuchera parviflora var. A. L. Donahue, R. The historicCumberland Plateau: An explorer's guide. Landscape Ecology

Sandstone rockhouses occur in several physiographic physÂ·iÂ·ogÂ·raÂ·phyÂ Â

n.

See physical geography.

phys iÂ·og raÂ·pher n. & R. Some new name-combinations for southeastern ferns. Pollination ecologyof Dodecatheon arnethystinum (Primulaceae). comm.).

Most of the freshly matured achenes of Ageratina luciae-brauniae are nondormant; however, only asmall percentage of the achenes germinate in darkness. Â and tubular cavities in A. W. Amer.However, populations of endemic plants occur on private property receiving no protection.

XI. Heaslip (1951) concluded that S. Sci. 1993. frenchii. Polyploidy in plants: Unsolved problems andprospects. Tennessee Acad. Schwegman, D. Lee & S. U.S.D.A. 64: 123-129.

Hitchcock, C. 1986. Schizoendemics may be of varying ages: neoschizoendemics, which haverestricted geographic ranges due to their youth; and holoschizoendemics, which are wide-ranging,"mature" or ancient taxa (Table X; Keener, 1983).

1. Illinois Geol. Kent State Res. 511.

-----, E. McGimsey III (ed.), Arkansas archeology 1962. It followed the mold of the French EcoleNormale. Palmer. Rhodora 57: 325-332.

Wagner, W. All woody plants and ferns were assumed to have the [C.sub.3] pathway. U.S. Â uponplants. R. Endangered species endangered species,Â any plant or animal species whose ability tosurvive and reproduce has been jeopardized by human activities. However, in other rockhouses theendemic taxa (e.g., Ageratina luciae-brauniae, Solidago albopilosa) may form dense, monoculturemonÂ·oÂ·culÂ·tureÂ Â

n.

1. diss., University of Tennessee, Knoxville.

Homoya, M. Hopkins, J. state of New York. He concluded that plasticity in leaf shape was due to

reduced light and not to dripping water, with which D. 34.

----- & -----. Kentucky State Nature Preserves Commission, Frankfort.

-----, J. The main feature of the park is Fall Creek Falls, which is a 256 foot high waterfall thatplunges deep into a gorge carved out through the ages by the water. Ser. MacGregor & J. [C.sub.3]photosynthesis in the gametophyte of the epiphytic epÂ·iÂ·phyteÂ Â

n.

A plant, such as a tropical orchid or a staghorn fern, that grows on another plant upon which itdepends for mechanical support but not for nutrients. alabamensis, and Trichomanes boschianumare classified as holoschizoendemics. 1151-G.

----- & R. (Rohrbach, 1868)] is a semi-rosette wintergreen hemicryptophyte perennial withoutrunners (Beatley, 1956; Gibson, 1961) that ranges from western West Virginia and south-centralOhio to western Kentucky, south to western Virginia, northwestern Georgia, and northern Alabama(Hitchcock & Maguire, 1947; Heaslip, 1948). Â edge of the ceiling. U.S. to No. C., Jr. Logan, C.rotundifolia were 8 [degrees] and 16 [degrees] C, respectively, whereas temperatures outside ofcrevices were 1 [degree] and 23 [degrees] C, respectively [converted from [degrees]F (Wolfe et al.,1949)].

The species is related most closely to, and probably derived from, Silene virginica L., which occursin rich or open woodlands, thickets, and rocky slopes from central New York Central New York is aterm used to broadly describe the central region of New York State, roughly including the followingcounties and cities:

Cayuga County - Auburn

Cortland County - Cortland

Madison County - Oneida Â to southeastern Minnesota, south to Georgia and southeasternOklahoma. Ferguson, R. Application of pectinase and cellulase celÂ·luÂ·lase

n.

Any of several enzymes produced chiefly by fungi, bacteria, and protozoans that catalyze thehydrolysis of cellulose. Braun (1940) as E. genuinum Fassett (Fassett, 1944) [D. & J. Â stands on thefloor (Medley, 1980; Wofford & Smith, 1980; J. Â to flower (Heaslip, 1948; Wolfe et al., 1949), butthey are day-neutral (Heaslip, 1948). Fish and Wildlife Service, 1993a). The buds differentiate into arhizome rhizomeÂ (r?`z?m)Â or rootstock,Â fleshy, creeping underground stem by means of whichcertain plants propagate themselves. 54: 141-143.

Jacobson, R. Hutchison, B. In addition, syrphid flies and small bees visit flowers of S. Lersten, pers.Malott, S. 400 and 90 km, respectively, north of the Wisconsinan Glacial Boundary ([ILLUSTRATIONFOR FIGURE 2 OMITTED]; Cusick, 1983; Farrar et al., 1983). Techn. New combinations inAgeratina. L. albopilosa near the dripline in the same rockhouse was 1100 [micro]mol [m.sup.-2][s.sup.-1] (full sun = ca. Flora of West Virginia. C. 58:1459-1463.

Welsh, S. Manual of vegetation analysis. P. 420-1700 ft (128-518 m) a.m.s.l. 10: 72-84.

Vento, F. As of 2000, the population was 19,163. External link

University of Minnesota Press

, Minneapolis.

Ruchhoft, R. B. & C. 1953. Fralish. thesis, Indiana University of Pennsylvania History

IUP was founded in 1875 as a normal school by investors in Indiana County. DeSelm. In addition, H.Profess. Pages 403-570 in W. E. polygamum Muhl. Pap. Winston, a Governor of Alabama. In addition,in southern Ohio the per-season evaporation rate in a "frost pocket" in the valley below a rockhousewas five times greater than that in the rockhouse (Wolfe, 1951).

Although the inside of rockhouses is protected from direct precipitation (Wolfe, 1951), water can beblown into them during rains (Braun, 1940) and from waterfalls at a plunge basin (Farrar, 1971).Seedlings occur at densities Horse Properties Bartlett TN of 100-200+ [m.sup.-2], and it takes 2years or longer for plants to flower (S. The population was 565 at the 2000 census. IsozymeisozymeÂ /isoÂ·zyme/ (iÂ´so-zim) one of the multiple forms in which an enzyme may exist in anorganism or in different species, the various forms differing chemically, physically, orimmunologically, but catalyzing the same reaction. Centennial Special Vol. Â (Wofford, 1976), E.Army Corps of Engineers, Nashville District, Nashville, Tennessee.

Morton, J. Â north of Mexico. two) lateral vein, and a free lobe at the base of basal pinnae (Kral,1983; Smith, 1993). Fluorescent dye particles are good pollen analogs for hummingbird-pollinatedSilene virginica (Caryophyllaceae). 1970. & J. ohs.).

Wells and Bohm (1980) suggested that Heuchera parviflora and H. (Mohlenbrock & Voigt, 1959).

In Indiana, Trichomanes boschianum occurs in moist (but not wet) sites and in habitats receivingslightly more light than those of Vittaria appalachiana (Yatskievych et al., 1987). Nomenclature anddescription of the geological formations of Indiana. , G, R, Dever Jr. Caplan, D. The so-called "AshCaves" in Lee County, Kentucky Lee County is a county located in the U.S. 34:103-132.

Manning, R. W. K. Walck et al. Within a population of V. Genoways & M. Report submitted to U.S.Topogr. 12.

Thompson, H. Leaves of H. Cooperative inventory of endangered, threatened, sensitive and rarespecies, Daniel Boone National Forest, Stanton Ranger District. Austral ausÂ·tralÂ Â

adj.

Of, relating to, or coming from the south.

[Latin austr lis, from auster, austr-, south. In eastern United States, most of them occur in gorge-type topography in the Appalachian Plateaus, Interior Low Plateaus, and Ozark Plateausphysiographic provinces. covered with down or lanugo.

puÂ·besÂ·cent

adj.

http://www.getyourmemphisdreamhome.com/luxury-horse-farms-for-sale/Bartlett-TN-Equestrian-Property-For-Sale/285/skilled-assistance-and-top-assessments.html

1. Surv. O. Farrar. Hasenmueller, W. H. Â (Shaver, 1954). 86: 1-27.

Walek, J. Fairey III & L. Geol, Surv. B. Also called syngenesis. 1938. J. The most critical habitatrequirements appear to be shade, moisture, relatively constant and low temperatures, and highrelative humidity (Wofford & Smith, 1980).

No contiguous populations of a closely related, perennial Arenaria occur close to A. 35%, 10-70%was disturbed; and in ca. Holbrook & C. Sida SIDAÂ Syndrome d'immunodeficience acquise, Frenchfor AIDS, see there Â 2: 395-408.

-----. 1989. Notes on plants from southern West Virginia III. Recent fern finds in West Virginia.Varner. Â services during inclement weather, a schoolhouse (Howell, 1981), an amphitheater(Ruchhoft, 1986), and a springhouse springÂ·houseÂ Â

n.

A small storehouse constructed over a spring and used to keep food cool. The Mississippian andPennsylvanian (Carboniferous) Systems in the United States - Illinois. U.S. In press. Bot. Map GQ-1129.

Funkhouser, W. 1984. Noteworthy collections - West Virginia. (in press) concluded that acheneacheneÂ (?k?n`), dry, simple, one-seeded fruit with the seed attached to the inner wall at only onepoint. downslope - a downward slope or bend

declivity, declination, declension, fall, decline, descent

downhill - the downward slope of a hill Â from a rockhouse (J. The variety grows in similar habitatsas var. Gardner & R. Bedrock geology of the south Bloomingville quadrangle quadrangle

Rectangular open space completely or partially enclosed by buildings of an academic or civiccharacter. Naturalist 31: 455-486.

Favarger, C. Fern J. Geology of the Middlesboro north quadrangle, Kentucky. In addition, water canflow far back into the rockhouse along the underside of the ceiling, especially during a heavy rain orduring rain of long duration (Adovasio et al., 1977). H. Origin of cave saltpeter. W. Vittariaappalachiana: A name for the "Appalachian gametophyte." Amer. 80.

Cowan, C. Ohio J. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1992) concluded that the Alabama plants were distinct

from all Mexican material, Smith (1993) included the Sonoran and Chihuahuan specimens in var. &W. 44.

Farrar, D. Rhodora 44: 1-4.

-----. 1951. D. Hoffman (eds.), An archaeological reconnaissance and testing of indirect impact areaswithin selected development sites of the Big South Fork National River and Recreation Area. H.Â and adjacent northwestern South Carolina South Carolina,Â state of the SE United States. Bot.cauÂ·diÂ·ces or cauÂ·dexÂ·es

1. Sci. The petroglyphs probably date to the Mississippian Period [1100-300 Y.B.P. Fed. Webb.Phytologia 51: 323-329.

U.S. Facts and Figures

Area, 31,055 sq mi (80,432 sq km). Amer. 1991. Rep. rotundifolia (2n = 48) and S. The New YorkBotanical Garden, Bronx.

Sauer, C. Schweiz. Reeves (eds.), Handbook of Indiana geology. Donahue & R. E. diss., University ofTennessee The University of Tennessee (UT), sometimes called the University of Tennessee atKnoxville (UT Knoxville or UTK), is the flagship institution of the statewide land-grant University ofTennessee public university system in the American state of Tennessee. W. In addition, theMeadowcroft Rockshelter has yielded radiocarbon dates associated with materials of humanmanufacture as old as 19,600 Y.B.P. frenchii often is associated. state of Alabama, formerly knownas Hancock County before 1858.[0] Its name is in honor of John A. Geol. 30: 93-108.

Carman, J. Sci. . They have been impacted heavily by humans since Paleo-Indian time.

Three distinct habitats occur in rockhouses: ceiling, backwall, and floor. W. Geomorphology andQuaternary geology of the glaciated Ohio River Valley - a reconnaissance study. An update on thestatus of Thelypteris pilosa var. rugelii (Shuttlw. However, the longest continuous frost period was373 hours in the rockhouse, compared to 246 hours in a "frost pocket" in the valley below therockhouse (Wolfe, 1951). alabamensis (Alabama streak-sorus fern). J. . W. Hoffman & J. Gneiss ischaracterized by alternating light and dark bands differing in mineral composition and havingcoarser grains than those of schist. Geol. 45: 138-142.

Daubenmire, R. & E. Amer. Midl. Surv. 1965. Census. 1932. W. 96(4): 60-62.

----- & J. parviflora and H. Esselman, pers. D. N. Pennsylvania Archaeol. Pace, J. amethystinum(Fassett) Fassett [2n = 88 (Kawano, 1965)], which consists of widely disjunct populations in easternUnited States that occur mostly on rock outcrops (Klotz & Walck, 1993). Circ. 40.

Heaslip, M. The conditions and processes of fossilization. , Indiana.

Rice, C. Kentucky Rep. Schrot. Relatively little is known about the life history ecology of theendemics.

Vicariance and adaptive radiation have played an important role in speciation of the endemic taxa,but polyploidy Polyploidy

The occurrence of related forms possessing chromosome numbers which are multiples of a basic

number (n), the haploid number. Pages 69-89 in P. Hemlock - mixed mesophytic forest communitiesin southern Indiana, western Kentucky and Highlands, North Carolina |

Highlands is an incorporated town located on a plateau in the southern Appalachian mountains,within the Nantahala National Forest, in Macon County, North Carolina (a small annexed portionalso being in neighboring Jackson County). Spring sapping and valley network development, withcase studies by R. The attainment or onset of puberty.

3. Fish and Wildlife Service, Atlanta.

Melampy, M. Gardner & R. The habitat is characterized by a combination of high relative humidity,high substrate moisture, and shade (Kral, 1983).

The typical variety of Thelypteris pilosa (n = 36) ranges from northwestern Mexico to Honduras(Smith, 1981). Castanea 50: 71-88.

Schwegman, J. B., C. Cryopreservation of seeds of Ohio native plants and related species, Seed Sci.Â and a neighboring county in Kentucky. 1110-E.

Copeland, E. Taphonomy taÂ·phonÂ·oÂ·myÂ Â

n.

1. R. R. Palis. Â provinces in the eastern United States, but most occur in the Appalachian Plateaus,Interior Low Plateaus, and Ozark Plateaus physiographic provinces (Table II). B. 6, Vol.Cytoecological studies of Silene rotundifolia Nutt., S. The floor of a rockhouse in which D. Baskin,pers. Geography. 1936. Buffalo Soc. 1984. Species and evolution in asexually reproducingindependent fern gametophytes. obs.). parviflora are reddish beneath (Rosendahl et al., 1936),which may prevent photoinhibition and increase maximum photosynthesis (cf. 1992. J. CAM isusually found in plants living in arid conditions, including cacti and pineapples. Isolation of theeastern Heuchera species may have occurred before the Pliocene uplift of the Rocky Mountains(Wells, 1984).

Heuchera parviflora shows adaptation to its habitat in flavonoid composition, morphologicalcharacters, and type of breeding system. cumberlandensis remains obscure, but for now this taxon isclassified as a neoschizoendemic.

Ageratina luciae-brauniae (Fern.) King & Robinson [Eupatorium luciae-brauniae Fern. Pages 5-54 inT. Chemotaxonomic studies in the Saxifragaceae s.l. For example, in the rockhouse shown in Figures1 and 4, the photosynthetic photon irradiance irÂ·raÂ·diÂ·antÂ Â

adj.

Sending forth radiant light.

[Latin irradi Â (PPI (1) (Pixels Per Inch) The measurement of the resolution of a monitor or scanner. ,granite, slate, and shale - and on decaying wood and soil (Parks, 1987; Farrar, 1978, 1992; Farrar &Mickel, 1991).

When the two species occur at the same site, Trichomanes intricatum hangs from the upper surfaceor vertical wall of crevices and Vittaria appalachiana grows on the lower surface of crevices; they

usually occur in different crevices. 4, Special Publ. Morin et al. H. 1994. A revision of the genusHeuchera (Saxifragaceae) in eastern North America. M.S. Esselman, pers. cumberlandensis(Wofford & Kral, 1979). Donahue and Adovasio (1990) observed that a recess 0.5 m in depthdeveloped within 26 years along an artificial drainage ditch cut to the sandstone/shale interface.

Rockfall rockÂ·fallÂ Â

n.

A fall of rocks, as from a cliff. 1991. Johansen, L. K. Percentages of phanerophytes are higher andthose of hemicryptophytes and therophytes lower in the rockhouse flora than in the Kentucky flora(Table IX). Bull. Photosynthetic and respiratory characteristics of Malayan sun and shade ferns.Further, Ageratina luciae-brauniae previously was considered a "C2" candidate for listing asendangered or threatened (U.S. 1961. 3.

Gunn, S. See also sulfobromophthalein clearance test. R. dioicum L. Algal growth on cliffs occursslowly, and large algal mats therefore require many years to develop (Koch, 1976).

Some of the most commonly mentioned mosses include Bryoxiphium norvegicum (Brid.) Mitt.,Hookeria acutifolia Hook. Anderson, pers. puberula by longer, less dense pubescencepuÂ·besÂ·cence

n.

1. The grounds of a quadrangle are often grassy or landscaped. High levels of nitrogen andphosphorus may be expected in rockhouses, since saltpeter earth occurs in them. Cady & H.triangular) leaf lobes; oblanceolate, reflexed (vs. & F. The Mississippian and Pennsylvanian(Carboniferous) Systems in the United States - Alabama and Mississippi. 58: 51144-51190.

-----. Interspecific hybridization in eastern North American Heuchera (Saxifragaceae). ArkansasArcheol. Allen & C. Keener, pers. Wolf. Surv. 1981. Archaeological site distributions on theCumberland Plateau of eastern Kentucky. History

Lee County was formed in 1870. & C. Corrections and additions for and errors found in the Manualof vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada, second edition, by Henry A.Carter and Martin (1994) reported that sporophytes of Vittaria lineata (L.) Smith have CAM, but thephotosynthetic pathway of gametophytes of this species has not been determined. Bot. , Ste. meadiaunder an open canopy were 8-300 ft-c (86-3230 lux) and 5000-6000 ft-c (53,825-64,590 lux),respectively; 10,000 ft-c (107,650 lux, or full sun) was recorded in an area with no canopy. R., E.meadia (Fassett, 1944; Iltis & Shaughnessy, 1960; but see Ugent et al., 1982), and D. K. 1991. I. L.mirabile from Alabama], but all characters overlap to some extent."

If Thalictrum mirabile is a good species, Keener (pers. 1987. an individual or cell having four sets ofchromosomes.

tetÂ·raÂ·ploid

adj. Plant life of Alabama. E. Most taxa associated with Ageratina luciae-brauniae [ILLUSTRATIONFOR FIGURE 6A OMITTED] or Solidago albopilosa [ILLUSTRATION FOR FIGURE 6B OMITTED]occurred sporadically among rockhouses. 30%, [greater than] 70% was disturbed. Profess. regia,and S. 1993b. Cytol. 1993. 1978. 1982. & T. luciae-brauniae, then, probably do not form a long-lived

(persistent) soil seed bank, but those of A. In addition, A. Ed. For example, 2080 rockhouses weredocumented in the 1641.8 ha Big South Fork Archaeological Project on the Cumberland Plateau ofKentucky and Tennessee (Ferguson et al., 1986; Hoffman, 1987). Osmond & H. 1978. WaterResources Ser. John Wiley, New York.

Bush, W. Univ. Set. A biosystematic biÂ·oÂ·sysÂ·temÂ·atÂ·icsÂ Â

n. Variety villosa ranges from western Virginia, southern Ohio, and southern Indiana south tonorthern Georgia, northern Alabama, and northeastern Mississippi, with a disjunct population inwestern New York

Western, New York is also the name of a town in Oneida County, New York.

Western New York refers to the westernmost region of New York State.

. 1951. Two varieties of H. This includes rockhouses in western Pennsylvania, southeastern Ohio,northeastern Kentucky (Hall, 1953; Ray, 1974; Donahue & Adovasio, 1990), northeastern Mississippi(Vento, 1985; Donahue & Adovasio, 1990), south-central Indiana (Miller et al., 1990), southernIllinois (Willman & Frye, 1980), and northern Arkansas (Quinn, 1958). Holoschizoendemics

Dodecatheon frenchii, Heuchera parviflora vat. Farrar & E. The initial development of a rockhousecan be rapid. A sediment analysis of three rockshelter sites within the drainage of the Big SouthFork. Anthrop. Crevices, ledges, and tafoni (cavities) are common on the ceiling and backwall. [D. E.Nat. Used of a fluid.

2. (eds.), Flora of North America The Flora of North America (FNA) is a multivolume work describingthe native plants of North America. Guilday. 82: 441-444.

Martin, J. Soc., Bot. Its county seat is Frenchburg6. P. crossbreeding; the act or process ofproducing hybrids.

2. A total of 139 vascular plant taxa have been recorded as associates of the rockhouse endemicsAgeratina luciae-brauniae and/or Solidago albopilosa. On the other hand, sporophytes of V. TorreyBot. diss., University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh.

Voigt, J. Pages 1-370 in D. To make more concise; abridge or shorten.

3. W. 25.

Schilling, E. , Hocking and Vinton Counties, Ohio. E. 1975. S., W. Baskin, pers. M. Pap. Boreal ,temperate, and tropical affinities.

B. 1993. diss., University of Illinois University of Illinois may refer to:

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (flagship campus)

University of Illinois at Chicago

University of Illinois at Springfield

University of Illinois system

It can also refer to:

, Urbana.

Wofford, B. 41: 120-123 + plate 8.

Reilly, M. Competition for light with bryophytes or other plants appears to be low (Farrar, 1978).Geol. Green and leaflike in appearance or texture. , 1946), sandstone cave (Griggs, 1914; Bates &Jackson, 1980), and shelter cave (DeLong, 1967). A. M. It is bordered by Vermont, Massachusetts,Connecticut, and the Atlantic Ocean (E), New Jersey and Pennsylvania (S), Lakes Erie and Ontarioand the Canadian province of Â (cf. Bull. acute to acuminate) tips, sinuses of the pinnule marginsreached by one (vs. Sandstone rockhouses are not unique to eastern United States; they occur alsoin Australia (Baker, 1990), Tasmania (Coates & Kirkpatrick, 1992), southwestern United States (e.g.,Welsh, 1989), and perhaps elsewhere.

Like other rock outcrops of eastern United States (e.g., shale barrens, cedar glades Glades may referto:

Glade (geography)

Glades County

See also

, granite outcrops), a number of plant taxa are endemic, or nearly so, to sandstone rockhouses(Table I), but none is endemic to limestone rockhouses. 1992. Final report submitted to U.S. A newspecies and a new variety of Solidago from Kentucky. High levels of some nutrients are associatedwith saltpeter earth or with ecofactual and artifactual arÂ·tiÂ·factÂ also arÂ·teÂ·fact Â

n.

1. Tennessee Div. It is an alcohol prohibition or dry county. Torrey Bot. 1973. Â with respect to light:V. One population of D. Bot. J. frenchii. frenchii to D. K. Ritter & R. Invest. The taxon first wasdiscovered in 1949, along the West Sipsey Fork of the Black Warrior River The Sipsey Fork of theBlack Warrior River is located in Alabama, USA, and is formed by the junction of Thompson andHubbard Creeks in the Sipsey Wilderness of Bankhead National Forest. Nature 378: 241-242.

Graham, A. No. & J. (1987) suggested a partial zonation zoÂ·naÂ·tionÂ Â

n.

1. Rarely does the species occur outside the dripline of a rockhouse (J. Hoffman (eds.). 1900.Â (Willard, 1960), or a loosely cemented, cross-bedded [TABULAR DATA FOR TABLE IV OMITTED]sandstone layer (Hall, 1953). Amer. Otherwise, they ultimately may become arches/bridges(McFarlan, 1954; Corgan & Parks, 1979).

Most rockhouses occur south of the Wisconsinan Glacial Boundary, in stream valleys downcut duringthe Pleistocene, especially during Illinoian and Wisconsinan Stages. Canad. Â (E. , shale, coal beds(Sussenbach, 1990), or less-resistant sandstone layers. H. The state of being pubescent.

2. Distribution of gametophytic populations of Vittaria and Trichomanes in Pennsylvania. Studies on

Solidago L. D. Raven Rocks: A specialized Late Woodland rockshelter occupation in Belmont County,Ohio Belmont County is a county located in the state of Ohio. Its county seat is Beattyville6. MusicRelating to progression by intervals larger than major seconds.

3. 1983. & Lak.; H. 1971. Donahue (eds.), Archaeological geology of North America. radicatumGreene (Welsh et al., 1993)] of western North America than to D. Cab.

Clark, M. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; review of plant and animal taxa that arecandidates for listing as endangered or threatened species. Rediscovery, distribution andphytogeographic affinities of Leptogramma pilosa in Alabama. parviflora, whereas 44 have beenidentified in H. J. Fassett (1944) and Thompson (1953) treated "frenchii" as a variety of D. U.S. Ph.D.luciae-brauniae was designated by Fernald (1942).

Ageratina luciae-brauniae occurs mostly on the floor of rockhouses (Wofford & Patrick, 1980;Campbell et al., 1991), but it also occurs at the base of a slight overhang (Wofford & Patrick, 1980).Newslett. amethystinum is more closely related to D. Some notes on the flora of the southern states,particularly Alabama and middle Tennessee. Additions to the vascular flora of Illinois. Walck.mirabile] on the sandstone cliffs accentuate the similarity" (Braun, 1950). Oxford University Press,New York.

Grant, W. In contrast, the majority of endemic flowering plants are derived from taxa that grow inforest habitats in the vicinity of rockhouses. (1996) reported that S. Voigt. diss., University ofMichigan (body, education) University of Michigan - A large cosmopolitan university in the MidwestUSA. Essai sur l'endemisme. Resource Assessment Archaeol. Pages 74-268 & G1-G42 in T. 1110-O.

Hall, J. Forest Service, in cooperation with the Kentucky Agric. Benjamin/Cummings, Menlo Park,California Menlo Park is a city in San Mateo County, California in the United States of America. .Fish and Wildlife Service, Atlanta.

----- & D. Core. 41: 15-20.

Cumings, E. 1979. pubescens Pursh (Keener, 1976)], but seeds are smaller; root/shoot ratio in T. Theceiling typically is highest at the outer edge of the rockhouse and slopes downward to form thebackwall. The glacial boundary in southern Illinois. The vegetation in most rockhouses consists of anherbaceous herÂ·baÂ·ceousÂ Â

adj.

1. frenchii plants in the transplant experiment retained the original leaf character (Mohlenbrock,1987). Stephens. 1. albopilosa and S. flexicaulis (2n = 18) occur east of a line running througheastern Ontario to New Jersey and eastern Maryland; tetraploids (2n = 36) occur west of this line(Semple et al., 1984). On the basis of total species composition, then, the majority of rockhousessurveyed had a distinct assemblage of plant taxa.

However, [SI.sub.s] values based only on the five endemic taxa at the 15 Ageratina luciae-brauniaesites and on the six endemic taxa at the 17 Solidago albopilosa sites were much higher than thosefor the entire vascular floras at these sites. 1973. Missouri Div. 1976. L. Dodecatheon frenchii.Funkhouser. radicans (Farrar, 1971). The substrate may be limestone, but it is predominantlysandstone (Heaslip, 1948; Fernald, 1950).

Even though plants of this species inhabit areas of high light that appear dry and seem to receive

little precipitation, water is not a limiting factor. 1110-L.

Austin, D. W. VASCULAR PLANTS

Vascular plants more commonly found in habitats outside than inside rockhouses are associated withendemic taxa on the floor. G. It occurs only along tributaries of the Red River, in three adjacentcounties in eastern Kentucky (Campbell et al., 1989; U.S. Walck & J. Until more phylogeneticphyÂ·loÂ·geÂ·netÂ·ic

adj.

1. Â of S. J. Sci. J. It is restricted to sandstone.

Ageratina luciae-brauniae [n = 17 (Wofford, 1976)] is related closely to A. Herbivores have beennoted to damage plants (U.S. Ennis, 1928) perennial described in 1979, even though the firstcollections were made in 1941 (Wofford & Kral, 1979). Surv. villosa var. M. Archaeol. thesis,University of Kentucky Coordinates:Â The University of Kentucky, also referred to as UK, is a public,co-educational university located in Lexington, Kentucky. Chromosome number in Silene and theneighbouring genera. rugelii Shuttlw. Petroglyphs of Powell County, Kentucky. 58: 432-435.

Iltis, H. 1983. Pages 1-83 in C. (Wofford & Patrick, 1980), Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw., L. Bot. 2.L., C. R. Nat. McComb & J. A. & W. Frye. The work is expected to fill 30 volumes when completed.Forest Service, Southern Forest Exp. Farrar. D. Status report on Solidago albopilosa E. complex [D.thesis, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois.

Harker, D. Â in Kentucky (Wyss & Wyss, 1977) and in the Big South Fork National River andRecreation Area Big South Fork National River and Recreation Area:Â see National Parks andMonuments (table). Surv. . frenchii remained distinct over three growing seasons in a commongarden experiment under various light regimes and in a reciprocal transplant experiment, whereasin shaded conditions leaves of D. Most rockhouses occur in stream valleys cut during thePleistocene. 43. The other populations contain 20-600 individuals (Gunn, 1991).

Plants are rooted in crevices or fissures in sandstone or directly to rough rock surfaces on theceilings of rockhouses, on ledges beneath overhangs, and on flat, exposed cliff faces. Â of southernIllinois and Pleistocene glaciation effect as indicated by modern distribution of disjunct species,French's shooting star, and cane. 1991. It is noted for its law and business schools. , Columbus.

-----. Soc. albopilosa recolonized disturbed areas once they were left undisturbed (U.S. Soil consistsmostly of sand, and pH generally is low. 1950. meadia (Fassett, 1944).

Fassett (1944) reported that when grown under increased light and longer photoperiodphotoperiodÂ /phoÂ·toÂ·peÂ·riÂ·od/ (foÂ´to-per?e-od) the period of time per day that an organism isexposed to daylight (or to artificial light).photoperiodÂ´ic

phoÂ·toÂ·peÂ·riÂ·od

n. C. Today, about 3500 plants of S. Final report submitted to U.S. villosa in having rounded (vs. . &Gal.) Underw. luciae-brauniae S. No. In addition, diploid plants of T. 1947. American Thalictra andtheir old world allies. A. pulchellum (Raf.) Merr. Mississippian stratigraphy of Alabama. Patton, C.W. F. There are also campuses at Lima, Mansfield, Marion, and Newark. 75.

Beveridge, T. Freshly matured achenes of A. 150-1800 m a.m.s.l. parviflora var. 1966. Whiledifferences in gemmae form are maintained in culture, differences in robustness and gemmaeproduction are not (Farrar, 1978, 1990).

Farrar (1978) found that gametophytes of Vittaria appalachiana were more cold hardy than arethose of two tropical species, V. N. & B. Pages 187-189 in N. It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean (E),South Carolina and Georgia (S), Tennessee (W), and Virginia (N). Endangered and threatenedwildlife and plants; review of plant taxa for listing as endangered or threatened species. comm.). 45:232-236.

Reed, C. Castanea 24: 53-54.

-----. Photosynthetic pathways were inferred from information at the familial and/or generic level fortaxa whose pathways had not been determined. Fertile diploids (2n = 72), tetraploids (2n = 144),and sterile triploids of this species have been identified: Diploids occur in Arkansas, Illinois, andwestern Kentucky, and polyploids occur primarily east of these states (Farrar, 1971, 1993a).

Trichomanes boschianum is epipetric and occurs mostly on the backwall of sandstone rockhousesand overhangs (e.g., Wherry, 1939; Reed, 1951; Evers, 1961; Dean, 1964), but it also has beenrecorded on a vertical cliff (Darling, 1955), in a crevice creviceÂ /crevÂ·ice/ (krevÂ´is) fissure.

gingival creviceÂ the space between the cervical enamel of a tooth and the overlying unattachedgingiva.

crevÂ·ice

n. 1959. G. Towles. 1934. 1980. Seneca Books, Grantsville, West Virginia Grantsville is a town inCalhoun County, West Virginia, in the United States. PALEOENDEMICS

A paleoendemic is an ancient relict RELICT. Since dispersal of gemmae is greatly restricted, thepresent geographical ranges of these two species indicate dispersal by spores when sporophyteswere present. A., T. 1: 239-306.

Furr, R. 1958. F. clavatum more than those of any other species except T. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

Blackburn, K. Holbrook & J. Pennsylvania Bur. Pap. This carnivorous mammal is highly valued for itsthick, soft fur, which is dark brown or black, sometimes with white underparts and sometimesflecked with silver. Thalictrum L. White-haired goldenrod recovery plan. They considered that if itwere an old species, glaciation could account for its absence in rockhouses in Ohio, but not inTennessee. Esselman, D. 1992. Hist. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Covered with a sticky coating. External link

University of Tennessee Press

, Knoxville.

Martin, C. A. Indiana Department of Conservation Publ. Tidskr. However, the endemic taxa have amuch greater tendency to form a distinct plant assemblage than does the flora as a whole.

Eleven taxa belonging to 8 families and 10 genera are endemic, or nearly so, to sandstonerockhouses in eastern United States; 36% are members of Polypodiophyta and the rest belong toMagnoliophyta. 1996. frenchii is problematic; it may have evolved via polyhaploidy (Olah &

DeFilipps, 1968) or by vicariance. H. Ecology 32: 149-151.

Semple, J. 1981. Stratigraphy is based on the law of superposition, which states that in a normalsequence of rock layers the youngest is on top and the oldest on the Â of geologic formations, i.e.,several thick, resistant sandstone layers separated by siltstone siltstone

Hardened sedimentary rock that is composed primarily of angular silt-sized particles (see silt) andthat is not laminated or easily split into thin layers. & W. Stuckenrath & P. Vegetation of sandstoneoutcrops of the Cumberland Plateau. Â forests of eastern North America. Verdun & M. 1987.rotundifolia. Indiana Acad. Cicerello, J. No. Anderson, A. Oxford University Press, New York.

-----. Ecology

Of, characterized by, or adapted to a moderately moist habitat.

mesicÂ Â

Relating or adapted to a moderately moist habitat. Dodecatheonfrenchii (Vasey) Rydb. An example ofa fault scarp is the north face of the San Jacinto Mts. A. M. U.S.D.A. Melampy and Hayworth (1980)noted very few other vascular plants growing in the habitat of T. (EDT EDT

abbr.

Eastern Daylight Time

EDTÂ Eastern Daylight Time

EDTÂ n abbr (US) (= Eastern Daylight Time) -> hora de verano de Nueva York

EDTÂ ) on 1 July 1994, was 30-37 [micro]mol [m.sup.-2] [s.sup.-1], whereas the PPI near plants ofTrichomanes boschianum and above plants of Thalictrum mirabile at the backwall was 3-5[micro]mol [m.sup.-2] [s.sup.-1]. An archaeological assessment of portions of the Red River Gorge,Daniel Boone National Forest, Kentucky. Soil survey of Bell and Harlan Counties, Kentucky. Most ofthe taxa are native C3 phanerophytes or hemicryptophytes that occur sporadically amongrockhouses. Gard. Pace, J. Club 96: 378-379.

Ormerod, D. Gmelin, and M. Martin, S. Â north- and east-facing aspects (Voigt & Swayne, 1955;Tucker, 1984); it occurs only on sandstone. She hypothesized that "seeds [such as those of S. Plantswere growing only in shaded (2.3% [+ or -] 0.8% full sunlight), moist sandy (58% [+ or -] 14% soilmoisture), and generally low soil-nutrient conditions; in 17 populations the substrate was wetsandstone. A new Arenaria (Caryophyllaceae) from the Cumberlands of Tennessee. 4: 73-154.

Timme, S. High levels of calcium, potassium, phosphorus, and magnesium, and high pH, may occurin rockhouses; these levels are associated with materials (e.g., mussel mussel,Â edible freshwater ormarine bivalve mollusk. Genevieve, Missouri. Schilling, J. luciae-brauniae and of S. A guidebook tothe geology of the Arkansas Paleozoic area. albopilosa plants of four sites (Andreasen & Eshbaugh,1973).

Based on a lack of colonization of available habitats and high endemism, Andreasen and Eshbaugh(1973) concluded that Solidago albopilosa was of recent origin. Buschbach, C, Collinson, J. W. 1980.Midl. Oxford University Press, New York.

Smith, B. Hoover-Beeson Rockshelter, 40Cn4, Cannon County, Tennessee Cannon County is a countylocated in the U.S. Pages 23-67 in P.O. 1964. albopilosa and S. C. Geology of the Natural BridgeState Park area. Gardner & R. The 4,953-acre park was acquired in 1965. Wisconsin Acad.appalachiana occupies sites receiving less light than do most mosses and hepatics, but more lightthan do some species of Chlorophyta and Cyanophyta.

Morphological variations occur within and between populations of Vittaria appalachiana. Pace, J. A.Prehistoric and Historic Uses by Humans

The endemic plant taxa occur in some rockhouses that were used and impacted heavily by humansduring prehistoric and historic times. Artificial crosses involving eastern North American Silenes.The typical variety differs from var. Results of field investigations. The delimitation of Arenaria(Caryophyllaceae) and related genera in North America, with 11 new combinations in Minuartia.groenlandica in leaf morphology and general appearance, number of pedicels, seed morphology, andhabitat (Wofford & Kral, 1979; Wofford, 1981); however, flowering times overlap between the twotaxa (Wofford & Kral, 1979).

Arenaria cumberlandensis is sympatric symÂ·patÂ·ricÂ Â

adj. 1928. Microclimates and macroclimate macroclimate

the climate as described by standard meteorological information. frenchii may represent apopulation which, like D. Homoya & D. 1959. Ed. Chromosomes of the independently reproducingAppalachian gametophyte: A new source of taxonomic evidence. The Quaker State Site - An Indianrock shelter. Rexroad & C. Archaeol. 1942. lanceolate Lanceolate

Narrow, leaf shape that is longer than it is wide, and pointed at the end.

Mentioned in: Echinacea ) leaf blade, spreading (vs. Ferns of Alabama and fern allies. virginica L.,and hybrid. Â and in northwestern Alabama. Risk, M. 1990. Kuzoff. [A. The origin of A. Valleymodification by sapping processes in southern Indiana. 16.

----- & W. Elisha Mitchell Sci. 1983. Tafoni. Geol. XIX. They are found in the thylakoid membranes ofplants, algae and cyanobacteria (in plants and algae these are located in the chloroplasts), or in theÂ I, both of which are characteristic of shade plants (Ludlow & Wolf, 1975; Bjorkman, 1981;Nasrulhaq-Boyce & Mohamed, 1987). E., M. state of Pennsylvania. Pages 190-197 in N. [T. KentuckyRep. No. T. , of independent genetic origin (Swayne, 1973), or relict.

Swayne (1973) suggested that the limited range and restricted habitat of Dodecatheon frenchii isdue to its ecological adaptations, inability to compete successfully, limited occurrence of continuoussuitable habitat, and glacial destruction of a previously widespread distribution. Surv. E. Geographyof the Pennyroyal pennyroyal,Â name for two similar plants of the family Labiatae (mint family),usually distinguished as true, or European, pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium) and American, or mock,pennyroyal (Hedeoma pulegioides). To reduce the volume or compass of.

2. 1986. Pap. clavatum." In a letter to J. Reinhold Book, New York.

Jensen, H. D. 81, Suppl. Wildflowers are the source of all cultivated garden varieties of flowers. Areaand endemism. For example, a monitor that is 16 inches wide and displays 1600 pixels across itswidth would have a resolution of 100 ppi (1600 divided by 16). Further, Camburn (1982) recorded113 taxa of diatoms. L. Comprehensive plan for the Illinois nature preserves system, part 2: The

natural divisions of Illinois. Kartesz. Pages 14-20 in J. albopilosa; however, for the other 11 sites of S.It is a prohibition or dry county. intricatum existed until after the Wisconsinan Glaciation. Soc. Thefern guide: Northeastern and midland United States and adjacent Canada. D. an individual or cellhaving two full sets of homologous chromosomes. Pages 141-159 in D. villosa-like prototype aftermigrating to the east. U.S. 1928. 29: 51-65.

Pence, V. Ferns of Tennessee with the fern allies excluded. 69: 451-471.

Andreasen, M. Report submitted to U.S. luciae-brauniae is an endemic nor why A. flexicaulis L. Surv.B. 1988. L. Castanea 49: 74-82.

Segars, C. boschianum may exist independently of the sporophyte; e.g., in Arkansas, gametophytesoccur up to 50 km from the sporophyte (Farrar, 1992). parviflora is given in Wells, 1984.)

Silene rotundifolia Nutt. Syst. It is located at latitude 37Â°29' North, longitude 122Â°9' East.Phytologia 19: 208-229.

Klotz, L. R. altissima is widespread.

Arenaria cumberlandensis Wofford & Kral [Minuartia cumberlandensis (Wofford & Kral) McNeill(McNeill, 1980; Wofford, 1981)], is a passive chamaephyte (cf. Â or abruptly narrowed to the petiole,rather than tapering as they do in D. altissima by its more delicate and slender stem, very thinleaves, the leaf blade being about as long as the petiole petioleÂ /petÂ·iÂ·ole/ (petÂ´e-ol) a stalk orpedicle.

epiglottic petioleÂ the pointed lower end of the epiglottic cartilage, attached to the thyroidcartilage. Notes No. Compendium of Paleozoic rock-unit stratigraphy in Indiana - A revision. Thebackwall is the darkest part of the rockhouse and is usually moist due to groundwater seepage.Ph.D. R., Jr. Univ. Dawson (eds.), Contributions in Quaternary quaternaryÂ /quaÂ·terÂ·nary/(kwahÂ´ter-nar?e)

1. & tr.v. Archaeological surveys in the Daniel Boone National Forest The references in this articlewould be clearer with a different and/or consistent style of citation, footnoting or external linking.

Daniel Boone National Forest is the only national forest completely within the boundary of Kentucky.L. 1996. N. 1938. 1981. All but Arenaria cumberlandensis are thought to be youthful because oftheir narrow geographic ranges and the presence of the putative ancestor in neighboring habitatoutside of rockhouses. Gaddy. The rockhouse endemics "Silene rotundifolia, Heuchera parviflora var.It is concerned with the internal geologic processes of the earth's crust, such as tectonic activity andvolcanism that constructs new ; The role of subsurface water in Earth-surface processes andlandforms. Density of individuals in most populations is sparse, and seedling density is 1-12 [m.sup.-2] (Tucker, 1984). lucifugus (little brown bat).

Â [Myotis leibii (Audubon & Bachman)].

IX. Nat. M. Â among epiphytes in a high-rainfall region of Costa Rica. Several taxa in Koch's (1976)study were relicts with northern affinity. Cambrian System. In a survey of vegetation on sandstoneledges in southern Illinois, Heuchera parviflora was present at 44% of the sites (Winterringer, 1949).8. radicatum (Thompson, 1953; Gleason & Cronquist, 1991).

Dodecatheon frenchii probably originated prior to Illinoian Glaciation, and populations were

destroyed where they were covered by glacial ice or melt-water lakes. R., D, F. (Wells, 1984)] is arosette hemicryptophyte perennial without runners (Hansen, 1952; Gibson, 1961). intricatum mayrequire wetter habitats in the northern than in the southern part of its range (Farrar et al., 1983). M.A., D. Vol. Frye, M, E. Castanea 30: 1-37.

Morris, M. A. having two sets of chromosomes, as normally found in the somatic cells; in humans,the diploid number is 46.

2. F. 1930. alabamensis as threatened (U.S. Revised by J. Stratigraphic and structural framework ofCarboniferous rocks in the central Appalachian Basin in Kentucky. Rugellii [H. Nickelhoff & T.Schwegman, pers. 1988. Soil Conservation Service & U.S.D.A. C. In the Red River Gorge The RedRiver Gorge, located at , is a canyon system on the Red River in east-central Kentucky. albopilosaoccurs, S. Â but not apogamous. .

-----, 1964. missouriensis Rosend. Â cherts) left by prehistoric occupants (Vento, 1985).

Soil pH generally is between 4 and 5 (Table VII; Cowan et al., 1981; Vento, 1985; Morris, 1986), andsoil organic matter is between 0.5 and 21.6% (Table VII). Paleoecology paÂ·leÂ·oÂ·eÂ·colÂ·oÂ·gy

n.

The branch of ecology that deals with the interaction between ancient organisms and theirenvironment. Geol. N. & A. 82: 68-74.

-----. state of Kentucky. Amer. Report submitted to Illinois Department of Conservation, NaturalHeritage Division, Springfield.

Szmuc, E. Final report submitted to U.S. Lineback & J. . 40: 729-742.

Griggs, R. M.S. Biol. Soil moisture varies spatially and temporally within and between rockhouses,but no seasonal patterns exist [ILLUSTRATION FOR FIGURE 5 OMITTED]. Coates (eds.),Groundwater geomorphology geomorphology,Â study of the origin and evolution of the earth'slandforms, both on the continents and within the ocean basins. Great Basin Naturalist 49: 1-30.

-----, N. Knox, P. clavatum DC., which occurs in rich mountain woods, on cliffs and seepage slopes,and along mountain streams from western Virginia and southern West Virginia to eastern Kentucky,south to western South Carolina, northern Georgia, and northern Alabama (Keener, 1976, pers. Onlyone taxon occurs far north of the Wisconsinan Glacial Boundary, and three taxa occur only in singleriver drainages. Â (Cowan et al., 1981; Smith, 1992).

VI. albopilosa plants that exhibit a phenotypically plastic response to increased light. meadia; andgeneral appearance. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1992, 1996a). A first report of the fern genus Vittariain New York. No. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

Lersten, N. Ecology

Occupying the same or overlapping geographic areas without interbreeding. Moore, A. Ed. As of2000, the population was 24,843. albopilosa occur in a rockhouse (Medley, 1980) in whichAndreasen and Eshbaugh (1973) reported no plants of this species in 1969.

Solidago albopilosa is self-incompatible (E. W. Photosynthetic rate was light-saturated at ca. D., J.

boschianum is a relict of the Eocene. R. The species is associated with dry soil conditions (Gilbert,1938; Campbell & Meijer, 1989). villosa (Saxifragaceae). M.S. Amer. Fauna

The fauna of sandstone rockhouses in eastern United States has not been studied per se, butrockhouses are known to provide shelter for animals (Funkhouser, 1925; Funkhouser & Webb,1928). (King & Robinson, 1970)] [2n = 34 (e.g., Grant, 1953)], which occurs in woods and clearingsfrom western Nova Scotia to southeastern Saskatchewan, south to northwestern Florida and centralTexas (Clewell & Wooten, 1971). Rhodora 83:125-131.

Crawford, L. Regist. 30.

Hulten, E. Sci., Arts & Letts. Amer. & W. Illinois Nature Preserves Commission, Springfield.

-----. appalachiana (Farrar, 1978, 1990).

Genetic variation in Vittaria appalachiana is about equal to that in sexually reproducingangiosperms. (2n = 48, 96); however, [F.sub.1] hybrids are sterile (Heaslip, 1951; Kruckeberg,1963). Â of Neotoma, a small valley in central Ohio. Flowering plants: Hollies to loasas. Surv. FloridaSci. L. 1992. 17.

Ludlow, C. Geogr. . Hist. B. Thelypteridaceae Ching ex Pichi-Sermolli - marsh fern family. Risk, V.Relating to, produced by, or involving reproduction that occurs without the union of male and femalegametes, as in binary fission or budding.

3. fourth in order.

2. C. 1984. Rock shelters of Wolfe and Powell Counties, Kentucky. Studer & D. & J. The longestfrost-free period in a rockhouse in Ohio was 276 days (9 March to 29 November), whereas thatrecorded at a nearby weather station was only 160 days (22 April to 29 September). Kentucky Rep.Â has not. Indiana Acad. However, for both species some afterripening may have occurred in thelaboratory before the seeds were tested. Bull. Hobbies, Buffalo Mus. albopilosa and had dark green,flexicaulis-like leaves. Ed. frenchii is unknown.

Heuchera parviflora Bartling var. Kentucky State Nature Preserves Commission The Kentucky StateNature Preserves Commission is an agency of the Commonwealth of Kentucky in the United Statesdedicated to the protection of Kentucky's natural heritage. Kornman, J. A. 1961. . albopilosa had asimilarity of [greater than]50%. pl. C. Naturalist 46: 493-511.

Malott, C. , especially during the War of 1812 and the Civil War (e.g., Webb & Funkhouser, 1936);and the searching by local people for a lost silver mine and treasure (Funkhouser & Webb, 1930)and Native American artifacts (Ferguson & Gardner, 1986). No distributional pattern exists ingemmae form, but gametophytes are smaller in the westernmost than in other parts of the range.1981. Ph.D. Surv. Characterized by separation.

2. 14: 9-23.

Thomas, W. 1989. Cumings, C. D. Torrey Bot. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1993a). 1971. A. 1984.alabamensis has a narrow geographic range, it probably is best to consider it an ancientholoschizoendemic.

Dodecatheon frenchii (Vasey) Rydb. Bull. 1972. Â Dodecatheon frenchii in Illinois. In winter, when

illuminance is optimum, photosynthesis is limited to ca. Surv. The Kentucky River Palisades TheKentucky River Palisades are series of steep, scenic gorges and limestone outcroppings that stretchfor approximately 100 mi (160 km), along the Kentucky River in central Kentucky in the UnitedStates. McAlpin. 1948. The filmy fern in Illinois. Stuckenrath. Trans. It ranges from southern WestVirginia and south-central Ohio to southern Indiana, southern Illinois, and southeastern Missouri,south to northern Georgia and Alabama (Furr, 1971; Wells, 1984).

This taxon grows on the floor and on ledges and in crevices of rockhouses and on ledges and increvices of cliffs (Mohr, 1901; Wherry, 1939; Winterringer, 1949; Gillespie, 1956; Wells, 1984;Schmalzer et al., 1985; Cranfill, 1991; Tobe et al., 1992). Of or relating to phylogeny orphylogenetics.

2. An anther-smut disease (Ustilago violacea) of fire-pink (Silene virginica): Its biology andrelationship to the anther-smut disease of white campion campion:Â see pink.

campion

Any of the ornamental rock-garden or border plants that make up the genus Silene, of the pinkfamily, consisting of about 500 species of herbaceous plants found throughout the world. It is aprohibition or dry county. Lewis (ed.), Polyploidy: Biological relevance. E. Arkansas Archeol. caesiaL. V. The Mississippian and Pennsylvanian (Carboniferous) Systems in the United States -Tennessee. Farrar (1971) observed that during summer, air moving into a rockhouse from the gorgecan be cooled, and moisture can condense conÂ·denseÂ Â

v. Camus, Polygonum Polygonum

genus of toxic plants in the family Polygonaceae, called collectively smartweeds. Geologic map of thePineville quadrangle, Bell and Knox Counties, Kentucky. Palmer-Ball, Jr., M. 1965. The jeweledshooting star (Dodecatheon amethystinum) in Illinois. Kochel, V. comm.). Bull. Rhodora 78: 457-472.

-----. Land Surv. Visher, W. A new Hymenophyllum species in the Appalachians represented byindependent gametophyte colonies. 50: 97-101.

-----. Bot. A. parviflora vat. & C. The interior of rockhouses is shaded and, compared to habitatsoutside of rockhouses, has higher relative humidities and lower rates of evaporation and is warmerduring winter and cooler during summer. 1977. 1987. Farrar, M. However, the gametophytesusually are incapable of producing sporophytes except by apogamy, which has been observed onlyrarely in cultures or in populations of V. Disjunct populations occur in northern Arkansas andChihuahua, Mexico (Farrar, 1993a). U.S. As of the 2000 census, the population was 139,750. W.Andreasen and Eshbaugh (1973) reported plants that were larger than typical S. Braun (1940)remarked that the "whole plant is so delicate that it [A. In eastern Kentucky, archaeological surveysrecord elevations above mean sea level (a.m.s.1.) of rockhouses from 1000 to 1420 ft [305-433 m(Sussenbach, 1990)], 880 to 1160 ft [268-354 m (Wyss & Wyss, 1977)], and 770 to 1295 ft [235-395m (Hoffman, 1987)]. Trans. comm.). Cooperative inventory of endangered, threatened, sensitive andrare species, Daniel Boone National Forest, Morehead Ranger District. Burk & W. Club 97: 40-52.

Webb, W. Forest Service, Daniel Boone National Forest, Winchester, Kentucky.

Yatskievych, G., M. 6: 126-135.

----- & R. & J. Laity & A. 12A. These days much of the Flora is available online. A widow; as A B, relict

of C D. Roy. Bartonia, Suppl. Pages 488-493 in J. M. Castanea 56: 228-267.

----- & M. Fern J. Population analysis indicated significant morphological differences among S. W.Categories depend on the arrangement of flowers on an elongated main axis (peduncle) or on sub-branches from the main axis, and on the timing and position of flowering. Pages 206-222 in N. After30 years, D. Crawford & A. boschianum is characteristic of shade plants [i.e., low compensationpoint, low light-saturation point, and low maximum rate of photosynthesis (Larcher, 1995)].

Trichomanes boschianum probably is a relict that evolved from a tropical taxon that occurred insoutheastern United States during the Early Tertiary (cf. 15: 98-111.

-----. Although Mickel and Smith (U.S. Gardner & R. The endemics have characteristics more typicalof sciophytes [i.e., thin leaves, large leaf area, weak and etiolated stems (Daubenmire, 1974;Larcher, 1995)] than do their parental taxa, The relative age of the endemic flowering plants rangesfrom the Late Tertiary to the Recent.

Rockhouses provide an opportunity for the study of speciation, cause(s) of endemism/rarity, andmicroclimates and microhabitats in eastern United States. Proc. B. Many sources say it was namedfor General Robert E. Only 2% of the 105 pairwise comparisons between sites of A. U.S. Fern J.albopilosa are low, suggesting that rockhouses support many different assemblages of plant species.alabamensis.

The population of Thelypteris pilosa var. M. Echternacht (eds.), Biodiversity of the southeasternUnited States: Upland terrestrial communities. , but those immersed in liquid nitrogen before coldstratification did not germinate, even though the control (cold stratified, no nitrogen) seeds did(Pence, 1991).

Heaslip (1948) suggested that lack of seed dormancy was one of the factors contributing to thelimited distribution of Silene rotundifolia. 1990. comm.). But first, a general overview of thelandscape ecology; geology, formation, and age; human uses; habitats and physical environmentalfactors; flora; and fauna of sandstone rockhouses in the eastern United States is given.

III. Exp. Parks. comm.).

B. T. E. Aldrich & T. Ohio J. 1914. Kentucky Geol. Â in Kentucky and Tennessee (Ferguson &Gardner, 1986) showed that in ca. Feldman (eds.), Guide to the geology of northeastern Ohio.Anthrop. An object produced or shaped by human craft, especially a tool, weapon, or ornament ofarchaeological or historical interest.

2. It prefers shade (Mohr, 1901; Wells, 1984) and north-facing aspects (Winterringer, 1949). D. 50:27-45.

-----, J. Wells and Bohm (1980) suggested that lower diversity of flavonoids in H. T. Amer. Sta. G.deltoides, but since this name was a later homonym homÂ·oÂ·nymÂ Â

n.

1. In all species of Dodecatheon, vegetative reproduction occurs by branching and separation of thecaudex cauÂ·dexÂ Â

n. A survey of folklife Folklife is an extension of, and often an alternate term for the subject of,

folklore. Geology, Formation, and Age

Sandstone rockhouses in eastern United States are formed mostly in Mississippian andPennsylvanian quartzose sandstone [i.e., ca. 1953. villosa are moderately interfertile whenartificially crossed (Wells, 1979). alabamensis Crawford [Leptogramma pilosa (Mart. C. SouthernIllinois University Press, Carbondale.

----- & J. Flora of Hardin County, Kentucky Hardin County is a county located in the U.S. Scofield. II.It most closely resembles T. Illinois Geol. An ecological and experimental investigation of the"copper moss," Scopelophila cataractae (Pottiaceae). Amer. Bull. Also called cleavage site. IndianaAcad. Pteridophytes. Hominy is boiled until tender and served as a vegetable. F. 18: 112-122.

Cranfill, R. Kentucky Geol. F. Thus the endemic taxa have a much greater tendency to form adistinct plant assemblage than does the flora as a whole.

Some additional associates of the endemic taxa not recorded in our compilation (Table VIII) areAnemonella thalictroides (L.) Spach (Timme & Lacefield, 1991), Aquilegia Aquilegia:Â seecolumbine. & Gal.) Iwatsuki var. Gen. 8.

Hammond, H. S., Jr. R., Jr. Â from parental diploid diploidÂ /dipÂ·loid/ (dipÂ´loid)

1. Farrar & B. Seeds are only slightly dormant, and Heaslip (1948) obtained 65% germination inlight and 66% in darkness at room temperature; cold treatment (1 [degrees] C for 7 days) did notaffect total germination percentages in either light or darkness. Why leaves are sometimes red. )recorded above plants of Solidago albopilosa near the dripline, under partly cloudy conditions at3:30 P.M. 1924. C. Â mass composed primarily of taxa belonging to Cyanophyta, Chlorophyta, andBacillariophyceae (Camburn, 1982). Meadowcroft Rockshelter: Retrospect 1976. T. Also calledaerophyte, air plant. Cooperative inventory of endangered, threatened, sensitive and rare species,Daniel Boone National Forest, London Ranger District. Midl. A size that is larger than usual.

2. Weathering processes have varied in importance over geologic time [e.g., role of periglacial ''Youmay be looking for paraglacial, meaning unstable conditions related to local glaciation in the recentpast.

Periglacial is an adjective referring to places in the edges of glacial areas, normally those related topast ice ages rather than those in the modern era. Inform. C. W. Biology The union of nuclei withinand arising from a single cell, as in certain protozoans and fungi. Hymenophyllum tayloriae occursonly as a gametophyte in the Carolinas, but both the sporophyte and gametophyte occur in Alabama(Raine et al., 1991; Farrar & Davison, 1994). Koenig (ed.), The stratigraphic succession in Missouri.J. Sci. Photosynthetic pigment analysis and determination of the pigment protein complexes ingametophytes of the low light intensity - adapted fern, Vittaria appalachiana. Â (Silene alba).Brittonia 36: 280-292.

-----, J. J., H. pilosa that had a wider distribution in the early Tertiary, when tropical species occurredin southeastern United States (cf. glabra (Michx.) Fern.] [n = 10, 2n = 20 (Weaver, 1970)], whichoccurs on nonshaded sandstone rock outcrops on the Cumberland Plateau above rockhouses(Perkins, 1981). Semple et al. The origin of D. Ohio J. An oversize article or object.

adj. Cushman, R. Army Corps of Engineers, Nashville District, Nashville, Tennessee.

-----, R. Castanea 3: 81-84.

Gillespie, J. 1985. Genetic drift can result in genetic traits being lost from a population or becomingwidespread in a population without Â and weak selection result in the establishment of distinctivecharacters in populations that occupy similar habitats as their parents (Bramwell, 1972). A new fernfor the United States. 53: 61.

-----. Sci. (Additional information on anatomy and morphology of H. Â communities in easternKentucky. Club 95: 186-198.

----- & -----. albopilosa could be used to calculate percent presence; only the 17 sites for whichseparate lists were kept could be used to calculate Sorensen's index (see below).

A total of 99 taxa was recorded in the 15 rockhouses with Ageratina luciae-brauniae, and thenumber of taxa observed in each of the rockhouses ranged from 9 to 39 (mean [+ or -] SE = 19 [+ or-] 2) (Table VIII). Surv. Hymenophyllaceae Link - filmy fern family. Baskin. Sci. 5: 150-174.

Berg, T. Surv. Higgins & D. thysanodes (fringed myotis bat), M. H. 1993. E. Bot. 1963. appalachiana,gametophytes growing on soil are more robust than those growing on rock. Keller, J. Horowitz, H. Asof 2000, the population is 6,556. As of 2000, the population was 39,041. The biogeographicbiÂ·oÂ·geÂ·ogÂ·raÂ·phyÂ Â

n.

The study of the geographic distribution of organisms.

bi oÂ·geÂ·og Â histories of T. Pop. Educ. 1964. Acknowledgments

We thank W. Stratton, P. Club 27: 275-281.

Smalley, G. A general survey of a subject.

2. However, Wells (1984) suggested that they do not hybridize hyÂ·bridÂ·izeÂ Â

intr. Ferguson, R. Ohio Div. Trichomanes is the only genus with two species.

Six endemic taxa occur in seven or more states, and five taxa occur only in one or two states.Homoya, J. Report submitted to U.S.D.A. comm.) found that the species is not geneticallydepauperate, but levels of diversity are lower than those found in more-common Solidago species.82: 357-368.

Nasrulhaq-Boyce, A. containing four elements or groups.

quaÂ·terÂ·narÂ·y

adj.

1. C. Carnegie Mus. The seventh century of additions to the flora of Virginia. 180 m), and possibly inthe Cumberland River area, developed during the past 9 million years.

V. Recent authors have agreed that T. intricatum, illuminance illuminance:Â see photometry.

Illuminance

A term expressing the density of luminous flux incident on a surface. Pages C1-C40 in T. F. 1935.hyÂ·bridÂ·ized, hyÂ·bridÂ·izÂ·ing, hyÂ·bridÂ·izÂ·es

1. W. 40.

Martin, W. U.S. Â and lower evaporative rate in a rockhouse with Dodecatheon frenchii than in thesurrounding forest with D. Â with no apparent closely related extant taxon (Table X; Keener, 1983).1982. In general, algae are found as a gelatinous gelatinousÂ /geÂ·latÂ·iÂ·nous/ (je-latÂ´i-nus) likejelly or softened gelatin.

geÂ·latÂ·iÂ·nous

adj.

1. A. The gross physical character of a rock or rock formation.

2. These two species probably are remnants of taxa that once had a normal life cycle in the area inwhich the sporophyte phase now is greatly reduced or extinct (Farrar, 1985).

Trichomanes intricatum and Vittaria appalachiana occur up to ca. 1110-G.

Miller, J. Thus the species could be characterized as a "pioneer" (Tucker, 1984). Contandriopoulos.Rep. Voigt and Swayne (1955) determined that the highest illuminances in habitats of Dodecatheonfrenchii under Equestrian Property For Sale Bartlett TN a bluff and of D. It occurs at 800-1300 ft(244-396 m) a.m.s.1. Bull. Diploids of S. , Eupatorium rugosum (Asteraceae). 1955. 1981. J. Bull.Hymenophyllum tayloriae: Sporophyte and gametophyte together again after 58 years. Dudley Herb.A. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale.

-----. Medley, D. 1971. G. Soc. 74: 189-193.

Ferguson, T. Amer. The flavonoids of subsection Villosae section Heuchera in the genus Heuchera.1981. Tucker (1984) suggested that intraspecific inÂ·traÂ·speÂ·cifÂ·icÂ Â also inÂ·traÂ·speÂ·cies

adj.

Arising or occurring within a species: intraspecific competition. , the leaf shape of Dodecatheonfrenchii resembled that of D. 1: 37-112.

----- & -----. 1962. Some cytoecological aspects in the evolution of certain species of the plant genusSilene. Walck, pers. 1980. Both taxa are ancient and thus could be classified as palcoendemics;however, each has a possible vicariad taxon in tropical America. 1954. Ed. state of New York.Schwegman (1982) reported that it grows on sandstone around the vertical entrance to a limestonepit-type cave. 1981. Pages 143-201 in W. E. : A volume in memorial to John E. 1986. Reportsubmitted to Kentucky Chapter of The Nature Conservancy, Frankfort.

McDowell, R. Vegetative buds are formed on leaves that have come into contact with a moistsubstrate. 1. E. Towles, J. Buds that form at the joints produce new shoots. Monographie derGattung Silene. Moreover, remains of cultivated plants retrieved from rockhouses have increasedour understanding of the development of horticulture in eastern North America, particularly theEastern Agricultural Complex The term Eastern Agricultural Complex refers to the group of plantsthat originally formed the basis of agriculture in the eastern regions of North America north of

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Mexico. Graham, 1993).

Trichomanes boschianum Sturm [Vandenboschia radicans (Sw.) Copeland in part (Copeland, 1938)]is a perennial, evergreen, rhizomatous fern (Wherry, 1957; Mohlenbrock & Voigt, 1959; Gleason &Cronquist, 1991) that ranges from central West Virginia and south-central Ohio south to westernSouth Carolina, northeastern Georgia, northern Alabama, and northeastern Mississippi, and fromsouth-central Indiana and southern Illinois to western Kentucky (Lowe, 1921; Strausbaugh & Core,1978; Duncan & Kartesz, 1986; Farrar, 1990). 1973. 1929. 1974. G. Phosphorus may be derivedfrom seeping groundwater or the clay component of underlying shale (Hill, 1981). ArkansasGeological Commission, Little Rock.

Butler, B. Amer. Misc. Sporophytes of T. Hasenmueller, A. 1977. Sci. Forms having 3n chromosomesare triploids; 4n, tetraploids; 5n, pentaploids, and so on. 1990. F. pubescentpubescentÂ /puÂ·besÂ·cent/ (pu-besÂ´int)

1. aviculare (wireweed), P. Dodecatheon frenchii has high pollen fertility, but developmentalirregularities in sporogonial tissue, resulting in sterile anthers, have been observed (Olah &DeFilipps, 1968). American Book Co., New York.

Froelich, A. Archaeol. Â deposition (Morris, 1986). var. Edinburgh 86B: 361-369.

-----. Lersten. Introduction

Rockhouses are semicircular recesses that extend far back under cliff overhangs ([ILLUSTRATIONFOR FIGURE 1 OMITTED]; Braun, 1950), mostly of sandstone and limestone (Sauer, 1927; Willard,1960), and they are large enough to provide shelter for humans (Sauer, 1927). 1991. Meijer.Rockhouses occur on a variety of slopes and aspects (Wyss & Wyss, 1977; Ferguson & Gardner,1986), and within a cliffline they may be separated by cliffs or slopes.

Rockhouses are found primarily in the mixed mesophytic, western mesophytic, and oak-hickoryforest regions of Braun (1950). Geol. Both species can form dense, mat-like colonies of 100[cm.sup.2] or more; however, if light is limiting, gametophytes of V. A study of the vegetation of PetitJean Mountain in central Arkansas. Mem. R. Baskin. meadia and has thinner leaves (Olah &DeFilipps, 1968) that are cordate corÂ·date

adj.

Heart-shaped.

cordate

heart-shaped. Droste, D. B. Haley, C. Walck, pers. M. Lit.: Mademoiselle de Maupin. ascending)pinnae with rounded (vs. Hayworth. Trans. albopilosa sites, SIs for the endemics ranged from 33% to100% (mean [+ or -] SE = 69 [+ or -] 2), with 68% of the pairwise comparisons [greater than]50%;an additional 24% of the comparisons were equal to 50%. Â patterns (Schilling, 1996), whichindicates either recent divergence or recent gene flow through hybridizationhybridizationÂ /hyÂ·bridÂ·izaÂ·tion/ (hi?brid-i-zaÂ´shun)

1. (Swayne, 1973; Tucker, 1984).

Dodecatheon frenchii is sympatric with D. The majority of taxa associated with Ageratina luciae-

brauniae and/or Solidago albopilosa are phanerophytes (40%) or hemicryptophytes (36%); 2% arechamaephytes, 13% are cryptophytes, and 9% are therophytes. Fish and Wildlife Service, Atlanta.

-----. Vineyard. The species occurs in crevices, on ledges, on boulders, and under or on cliffs ofnoncalcareous rocks other than sandstone in the Carolinas (Wagner et al., 1970; Raine et al., 1991);however, in Alabama it occurs on sandstone (D. In southern Illinois, D. frenchii has been reported inopen, well-lighted upland woods 50 yd (46 m) from the cliff (Voigt & Swayne, 1955; Olah &DeFilipps, 1969). acutifolia occasionally was associated with Vittaria appalachiana. The classes ofendemics and their characteristics are given in Table X, and their related taxa and chromosomenumbers in Table XI.

[TABULAR DATA FOR TABLE X OMITTED]

A. Kentucky Program Cult. L. Gunn, J. 1980. Ferns and fern allies of Kentucky. In addition, retentionof leaf characteristics on plants of D. Surv. Ed. virginica were more dormant than those of S. & J. Asof 2000, the population is 14,243. , Provo, Utah.

Wherry, E. Kiser, J. Seeds of S. Evolution of heavy metal tolerance in bryophytes II. altissimaprobably can. 1953. Brittonia 31: 257-260.

----- & T. The species usually grows in deep soil, but has been observed "on ledges and amongboulders with little sandy fill" (Campbell et al., 1991) and on a "large slab of sandstone" (Wofford &Patrick, 1980). Plateau surfaces of the Ozarks. Powell. J. Bull. 1961. Bureau of Publications, GeorgePeabody College for Teachers, Nashville, Tennessee.

Shaver, R. Heuchera parviflora vat. A single, homogeneous culture without diversity or dissension.Â (vs. 1927. parviflora, Silene rotundifolia, Thelypteris pilosa var. Statler. However, the rockhousehabitat, decumbent stems, white-pilose stems and lower leaf surfaces, and thinner leaves areimportant differences between S. 1979. 6: 1-921.

Moore, J. Â survey. Dodecatheon in eastern North America. Bot. frenchii may be greater thanintraspecific shoot competition, because of shallow, dry soil in rockhouses, and that interspecificcompetition would be detrimental.

Other species of Dodecatheon are almost exclusively insect pollinated (e.g., Macior, 1970); however,Tucker (1984) observed few insects (small members of Diptera and small bees) visiting flowers in anArkansas population of D. White Rocks: A Woodland rockshelter in Monroe County, Ohio. 1960.Profess. boschianum are similar to those of Trichomanes intricatum and Vittaria appalachiana.Ferguson, R. In addition, many of the endemics occur in small populations. Special Publ. H. a stoneor rock entirely composed of the mineral dolomite. No. Dodecatheon frenchii is diploid (n = 22) andD. 1936. rotundifolia are sympatric with their closest relatives and are considered "mature"holoschizoendemics that evolved via adaptive radiation.

Thelypteris pilosa var. In addition, differences between levels of soil nutrients inside and outside thedripline vary between rockhouses (Table VII; Vento, 1985). F. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1992,1993a). Ser. R. Shaughnessy. Oxford University Press, New York.

----- & P. J. Francis, unpubl.). Magill I, 542-543]

See : Courtesanship

(language) Rosette - A concurrent object-oriented language from MCC. 1918. Â species (Farrar,1990). Forest Service Techn. 4.

Outerbridge, W. Fern J. Pap, No, 9.

Cain, S. Autecological studies of Silene rotundifolia Nutt. N. 1981. W. 1993. Fern J. 4.

Bicker, A. Thus, the effect of low temperatures in winter is compensated by an increase inilluminance due to the absence of a leaf canopy in the surrounding forest. Â 46: 337-377, 391-445,453-487.

Bramwell, D. N. . D. 1965. Â root competition in D. 1974. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington,DC.

Smith, E. Morin et al. & J. frenchii in an open woods received 5000-6500 ft-c (53,825-69,972 lux).

Although light quantity is lower inside than outside rockhouses, plants at the dripline receive morelight than those at the back of the rockhouse. Kral, pers. R. Its county seat is Woodbury6. intricatumor to V. 1980. W. This situation may have led to the loss of sexual reproduction sexual reproduction

n.

Reproduction by the union of male and female gametes to form a zygote. comm.), and on the floor atthe backwall of a rockhouse (Evers, 1961). Cooperative inventory of endangered, threatened,sensitive and rare species, Daniel Boone National Forest, Stearns Ranger District. 1995. Thegametophyte is haploid, that is, each cell contains a single complete set of chromosomes, and arisesfrom the Â size occur between populations. C. (eds.), Flora of North America north of Mexico. Theextent to which clones develop in D. If gametophytes grow where sporophytes cannot grow, theselective pressure for maintenance of alternation of generations and production of sex organs wouldbe lessened while each gametophyte survived independently via asexual reproduction asexualreproduction

n.

Reproduction occurring without the sexual union of male and female gametes. Academic Press,London.

Braun, E. W. Andreasen and Eshbaugh (1973) found that S. The 2005 Census Estimate placed thepopulation at 13,337 [1]. 1971. H., C. A red-letter day in South Carolina. Fish and Wildlife Service,1993a).

Timbering or other large-scale activities (e.g., mining) may change the rockhouse environment byaltering water and nutrient flow, and the cutting of trees directly in front of rockhouses could altertemperature, humidity, and light conditions (U.S. Simon. (Pace et al., 1986)].

In historic time, rockhouses have been used as dwellings and as barns by lumbermen and localfamilies, campsites by hunters and trappers, shelters for whiskey stills (e.g., Funkhouser & Webb,1928, 1929, 1930; Howell, 1981), a site for graveside graveÂ·sideÂ Â

n.

The area beside a grave. luciae-brauniae achenes occurred in autumn in an unheated greenhouse,whereas peak germination of A. 57: 30164-30168.

-----. Farrar, pers. Stone. D. Of the dicots, the majority are hemicryptophytes without vegetativereproduction. Â flora and vegetation. Amer. R. Cumberland sandwort recovery plan. L. A., R. C.parviflora and S. Robinson. Genetics.

Boivin, B. J. A much larger number of people reside in Greater Falls Church .

Beamish, K. However, Beaudry's (1959) argument of different chromosome numbers between thetwo taxa was based on incomplete data (Semple et al., 1984). Â vertebrate paleontologypaleontologyÂ (p?'l??nt?l`?j?)Â [Gr.,= study of early beings], science of the life of past geologicperiods based on fossil remains. C. G. ; it occurs in four adjacent counties in Tennessee List of 95counties in the U.S. pilosa var. Rhodora 86: 421-423.

Paul, C. R. Such hybrid ferns produce viable diploid spores that form gametophytes. 1.

-----. Map GQ-1183.

Wells, E. Baskin. Pteridology of the Highlands Biological Station area, southern Appalachians.frenchii for moist, rocky habitats; its geographic distribution south of the Wisconsinan GlacialBoundary; a more delicate habit, fewer-flowered inflorescences, and much thinner capsules than D.J. S. Problems in the identity and origin of the Appalachian Vittaria gametophyte, a sporophytelessfern of the eastern United States. Selbyana 15: 104-106.

Chesnut, D. Wild life in Kentucky. However, a very high degree of genetic uniformity occurs withinpopulations, indicating very little gene flow between populations (Farrar, 1990).

A third species of fern with similar life cycle and evolutionary history as Trichomanes intricatum andVittaria appalachiana that might be expected to occur in sandstone rockhouses is Hymenophyllumtayloriae Farrar & Raine, which is found in southwestern North Carolina North Carolina,Â state inthe SE United States. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1993a, 1996a). radicatum than to D. state ofTennessee. Thalictrum clavatum has been reported as an associate of other rockhouse endemics ineastern Kentucky (Medley, 1980; Campbell et al., 1992), Tennessee (Wofford & Patrick, 1980;Wofford & Smith, 1980; Kral, 1983), and Alabama (Gunn, 1991).

Fifteen of the 18 populations of Thalictrum clavatum (probably T. Temperatures are less extreme inrock crevices with S. albopilosa and S. Klotz, N. Vascular plants from habitats in the vicinity ofrockhouses occur with endemic taxa on the floor and backwall. comm.). Heuchera parviflora and H.R. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1993a).

Esselman (E. meadia is from Washington, DC, to western Wisconsin and south to Georgia and Texas.R. These endemics are confined to a certain habitat (habitat endemism sensu Anderson, 1994), andthree of them are known only from single river gorges (geographic endemism sensu Anderson,1994).

In this paper, we classify the endemics following the cytologically based scheme of Favarger andContandriopoulos (1961) with modifications by Keener (1983). New York Bot. It is bordered byMassachusetts (S), Vermont, with the Connecticut R. luciae-brauniae (N. 1984. J. 1. to No. W.Â restriction site restriction site

n.

A site in a DNA segment in which the bordering bases are vulnerable to restriction enzymes. D.Farrar (1992) speculated that sporophytes of T. On the distribution of Utah's hanging gardens. C.albopilosa are "so thin that coarse print is readable through [them]."

Fernald (1950) considered Solidago albopilosa an "ecological development of [S. 1955. 1960. Â DNADNA:Â see nucleic acid.

DNA

Â or deoxyribonucleic acid

One of two types of nucleic acid (the other is RNA); a complex organic compound found in all livingcells and many viruses. 1979. Madrono 15: 205-215.

-----. 1950. J. D. (Gunn, 1991), Lygodium palmatum (Bernh.) Sw., Saxifraga michauxii Britton(Wofford & Smith, 1980), Stenanthium gramineum (Ker Gawler) Morong (J. Some features of theflora of the Ozark Region in Missouri. & G.) Britton (Wolfe, 1951).

Table IX

Percentages of Raunkiaer life forms of spermatophytes and of growth

forms of all plant taxa associated with Ageratina luciae-brauniae

and Solidago albopilosa in eastern Kentucky compared to the flora of

Kentucky (determined from Gibson, 1961)

Associated with

A. The Arenarias of the southeastern granitic flat-rocks. Studies in the Eupatorieae (Compositae).Vittaria appalachiana ranges southward from southwestern New York and northeastern Ohio tosoutheastern Pennsylvania, northeastern Maryland, northern Georgia, northern Alabama, westernKentucky, and south-central Indiana (Parks, 1987; Farrar & Mickel, 1991). Buffalo Soc. Geol. .Missouri Div. concerned with growth and nutrition, as opposed to reproduction.

3.

Â budding (Farrar, 1971). It grows on the floor and on ledges and in crevices of rockhouses and onledges and in crevices of cliffs (Heaslip, 1948; Andreasen & Eshbaugh, 1973; Campbell & Meijer,1989; Schmalzer et al., 1985; Cranfill, 1991; Cusick, 1994). Kent State Res. Relating to orcharacteristic of an herb as distinguished from a woody plant.

2. Environmental relations and ecological responses of some higher plant species on rock cliffs innorthern Tasmania. Â enthusiasts threaten the endemic taxa (Tucker, 1984; U.S. The microscopicstudy, description, and classification of rock. However, Stebbins (1980) argued that diploidpopulations may be derived from neighboring tetraploids by polyhaploidy only if the tetraploids are"unaltered autotetraploid strains." Otherwise, diploids are much more likely to be relictual disjunctsevolved from other diploid species.

Iltis and Shaughnessy (1960) suggested that Dodecatheon frenchii is related more closely to the D.Roberts Printing, Frankfort, Kentucky.

Kawano, S. II. Seeds of S. Genera Hymenophyllacearum. The floor consists of sandy soil and/or smallto large boulders, and leaf litter usually accumulates only at the dripline. D. 1980. E. parviflora(Wells, 1984)], and Thalictrum clavatum [probably T. albopilosa, the number of sites in which eachtaxon taxonÂ (pl. 73: 79-86.

Cusick, A. Thus, all 28 rockhouses with S. Atherton, T. altissima (Asteraceae). The term gainedusage in the United States in the 1960s from its use by such folklore scholars as Don Yoder andWarren Roberts, who wished to recognize that the study of folklore goes beyond oral Â along the BigSouth Fork of the Cumberland River. The Mississippian System. 1993a. boschianum as an unnamedvariety of T. altissima achenes occurred in spring (Walck et al., in press). Â data suggest a highdegree of similarity between H. graminifolia Kaulfuss, that occur in southeastern United States.Lacefield. J. 1968. F. & J. 101: 375-387.

Campbell, J. 290: 569-599.

Mohlenbrock, R. 64.

Bartlett, C. Soc. S. meadia did not resemble that of D. Proc. . Its county seat is Stanton6. Its countyseat is at Elizabethtown6. A. Studies in the Ranunculaceae of the southeastern United States. Tucker& J. Â and ecology of algae on sandstone cliffs in east-central and southeastern Ohio. & Bush) Wells,occurs mostly in Arkansas and Missouri, but it has been collected in western Kentucky and southernIndiana. , Lexington.

-----, H. Further, all other members of the genus in southeastern United States occur on nonshadedrock outcrops (Weaver, 1970). Surv. Disjunct occurrences of D. Bot. Hoffman (eds,), Anarchaeological reconnaissance and testing of indirect impact areas within selected developmentsites of the Big South Fork National River and Recreation Area. Although rockhouses are protectedfrom direct precipitation, water enters them primarily by groundwater seepage and by dripping fromthe ceiling. The geographic range of D. C. virginica], and is apparently restricted to a drier, moreexposed habitat" (Hitchcock & Maguire, 1947). Naturalist 66: 1-60.

Gilbert, F. 13: 1-73.

Hoffman, R. 1987. Contrib. Heaslip (1950, 1951) suggested that in both species self-pollinationoccurs; however, Fenster et al. Endemic Plant Taxa

The most distinctive aspect of the flora of sandstone rockhouses is the 11 plant taxa endemic tothem (Table I); these taxa occur exclusively, or nearly so, behind the dripline of rockhouses[ILLUSTRATION FOR FIGURE 4 OMITTED] throughout their geographic range. 1. Ed. 1979, TheMississippian and Pennsylvanian (Carboniferous) Systems in the United States - Kentucky. 1994.Arrangement or formation in zones; zonate structure.

2. 17: 441-449.

Coker, W. However, it does appear that S. Several age classes can be found within populations. R. C.X. 1994. M. C. Ziegler (eds.), Physiological plant ecology I: Responses to the physical environment.Wier. & J. M. Sci. 41.

Wyss, J. 5: 17-29.

-----. Rhodora 53: 105-109.

-----, F. Surv. Surv. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

COPYRIGHT 1996 New York Botanical Garden

No portion of this article can be reproduced without the express written permission from thecopyright holder.

Copyright 1996 Gale, Cengage Learning. Morris [TABULAR DATA FOR TABLE V OMITTED][TABULAR DATA FOR TABLE VI OMITTED] (1986) reported that organic matter content was highestin top layers of sediment profiles (2.3-10%) but decreased sharply to 0% with increase in depth. No.meadia subsp. Ges. 1995. thesis, University of Tennessee, Knoxville.

Prufer, O. The two species are sympatric, and they flower at the same time. The presence of downyor fine short hair. Amer. Bird flowers in the eastern United States. 1970. T. Geologic map of theSlade quadrangle, east-central Kentucky. Bot. In addition, gametophytes growing on soil frequentlyproduce archegonia, whereas those growing on rock have high gemmae production (Farrar, 1978).1954. R. Walck & S. Chloroplast DNA restriction site analysis of Eupatorieae (Asteraceae) fromeastern North America. In an archaeological survey in eastern Kentucky, the floors in rockhousesaveraged 50% dry, 39% damp (visible moisture but not total saturation), and 11% wet (standingwater) (Hoffman, 1987).

Soil depth to bedrock in rockhouses in eastern Kentucky ranged from 0 to 90 cm and averaged 48cm (Hoffman, 1987; Sussenbach, 1990). Tennessee Archaeol. Soc., Fayetteville.

Baskin, C. H. L. Goodrich & L. Ed. M. 2. Although some populations of these taxa occur in isolatedsites not easily accessible, others occur in rockhouses heavily visited by tourists. flexicaulis occurson slopes in the forest below rockhouses, especially on soils derived from limestone (U.S. Soc.oÂ·verÂ·size also oÂ·verÂ·sized

Larger in size than usual or necessary.

Adj. Martin. Ph.D. C. A filmy fern from North Carolina. linear, coiled) petals; smooth (vs. R. Monogr.Smith, L. Walck dated 15 June 1993, R. echinate) seeds; longer pedicels and internodes of floralbranches; and slightly shorter free hypanthia (Wells, 1984). M. The biosystematics of Dodecatheon.Illinois Nat. meadia. Voigt and Swayne (1955) reported no appreciable differences in soil organicmatter, moisture content, or pH between the habitats of D. M.S. Army Corps of Engineers, NashvilleDistrict, Nashville, Tennessee.

Palmer-Ball, B., Jr., J. flexicaulis L., which occurs in woods from Nova Scotia to North Dakota andsouth to Georgia and Arkansas (Semple et al., 1984; Gleason & Cronquist, 1991). E. Sci. McAlpin.Independent fern gametophytes in the wild. Disjunct populations occur in northeastern Kentucky[two counties (Campbell et al., 1992)], northwestern Alabama [one county (Timme & Lacefield,1991)], and northern Arkansas [two counties (Smith, 1988)]. Clairsville6. U.S. Handbook of Illinoisstratigraphy. of, pertaining to, or characteristic of plants.

2. Although sporophytes of the fern Pyrrosia longifolia (N. Wooten. Vernalization thus concerns thefirst of the three phases of flower formation in plants. Ringius, C. W. 72-95% sand, with minor

amounts of clay and silt (Table VII; Cowan et al., 1981; Vento, 1985; Morris, 1986). Andrews, B.Morton. Mohlenbrock. Pennsylvanian System of northeast Ohio. Among the A. Amer. Morphometricassessment of lithologic liÂ·tholÂ·oÂ·gyÂ Â

n.

1. Pap. 1994. Pap. Surv. 1942. Values of SIs [greater than]50% between the floras of two rockhousesindicate that they represent the same community (Barbour et al., 1987).

[SI.sub.s] based on total species composition ranged from 8% to 53% (mean [+ or -] SE = 29 [+ or -]1) among the 15 Ageratina luciae-brauniae sites and from 7% to 57% (mean [+ or -] SE = 30 [+ or -]1) among the 17 Solidago albopilosa sites. pilosa var. A. Blakiston, Philadelphia.

Bryant, W. Amer. S. 15. virginica does not autogamously self-fertilize, although it is self-compatible(Antonovics et al., 1996).

Plants of Silene rotundifolia require vernalization Vernalization

The induction in plants of the competence or ripeness to flower by the influence of cold, that is,temperatures below the optimal temperature for growth. T. laciniata Cav. pulchellum (Iltis &Shaughnessy, 1960). Morin et al. Â outcrops, east/west aspect (Sussenbach, 1990), and size(Ferguson & Gardner, 1986). Esselman, pers. Conf. This is the only eastern Heuchera species that isnot evergreen (Wells, 1984). Â in nature because of spatial barriers and ecological differences: H.1977. H. Patrick & H. Elevations at which both species occur are in the range of ca. Amer. & E.Canad. comm.) found that S. 1969. Fern J. flexicaulis (Braun, 1942; Andreasen & Eshbaugh, 1973).R. Jackson, K. History of the vegetation: Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)-Tertiary. 1955. Asexualreproduction occurs by gemmae (Farrar, 1993a), rhizomes (Gleason & Cronquist, 1991), andvegetative vegetativeÂ /vegÂ·eÂ·taÂ·tive/ (vej?e-ta?tiv)

1. Braun (1942) reported plants intermediate in leaf shape, inflorescence pattern, growth form, anddegree of hairiness. R. Subaerial diatom diatomÂ (d?`?t?m', -t?m'), unicellular organism of thekingdom Protista, characterized by a silica shell of often intricate and beautiful sculpturing. Midl. : Apreliminary report. 19: 235-251.

Perkins, B. A. Cusick, pers. In addition, epipetric ferns (e.g., Asplenium spp.) occur on the backwalland on the ceiling. Some cause nitrate-nitrite poisoning, some cause photosensitization; includes P.J. W. 1969. Mag. In addition, Farrar (1971) noted that reproduction by spores, if it occurs, probablyis limited to diploid populations, since the spores of polyploid polÂ·yÂ·ploid

adj.

Having extra sets of chromosomes.

n.

An organism with more than two sets of chromosomes.

pol Â populations appear to be abortive. No. Kentucky Geol. Likewise, D. Fern J. Way & D. Vol. Surv.comm.) may be present in narrow, irregular seams (McFarlan, 1954), and tafoni (cavities) may beformed by honeycomb weathering (Jennings, 1968) in the sandstones (e.g., Cumings, 1922; Wolfe etal., 1949).

Table III

Density and dimensions of sandstone rockhouses reported in

archaeological surveys in eastern Kentucky

Survey

Measured variables 1(a) 2(b) 3(c)

Density (per [ha.sup.-1]) 0.047(d) 1.33(e) 0.021(f)

Length (m)

N 137 956 54

Range 4.5-121.9 2-110 4-50

Median 18.3 -(g) 12

Mean 23.5 15.7 12

Depth (m)

N 131 952 54

Range 2-30.5 1-46.5 2-10

Median 7.0 - 4

Mean 7.9 4.7 4

Height (m)

N 126 926 54

Range 1-45.7 0.5-40 0.85-9.9

Median 8.0 - ca. Burm.) Morton have CAM, gametophytes of this species use the [C.sub.3] pathway(Martin et al., 1995). The distribution of this species may have been extended northward to NewEngland during the Hypsithermal Interval by dispersal of spores. M., J. Seeds of H. frenchii Vasey, D.Arkansas Acad. The highest concentrations of endemic taxa are found in the Appalachian Plateausand Interior Low Plateaus physiographic provinces, with the greatest number in the Red River andCumberland River drainages on the Cumberland Plateau [ILLUSTRATION FOR FIGURE 2OMITTED].

Rockhouses occur in gorges of highly dissected uplands and nearly-level plateaus where streamshave cut downward through sandstone, producing vertical cliffs and steep-sided valleys as in theCliff Section of the Cumberland Plateau [ILLUSTRATION FOR FIGURE 3 OMITTED] (cf. Bot. Set.Pages F1-F32 in T. A. & Gal.) Crawford var. 1985.

II. Peak germination germination,Â in a seed, process by which the plant embryo within the seedresumes growth after a period of dormancy and the seedling emerges. D. groenlandica var. tenerumHuth might resemble those of T. 74: 813-821.

Short, J. Most diatoms exist singly, although some join to form colonies. albopilosa (E. appalachiana(Parks, 1989); however, T. Leeder & G. Â of eastern Kentucky, rockhouses occur in gorges downcutbetween the Eocene and Pleistocene (Jillson, 1969). meadia, Olah and DeFilipps (1968) concludedthat D. Trichomanes boschianum in Madison County, Arkansas Madison County is a county locatedin the U.S. University of Tennessee Press The University of Tennessee Press (or UT Press), foundedin 1940, is a university press that is part of the University of Tennessee. 3: 45-121.

----- & B. & T. It's a prohibition or dry county. E. Iowa State University Academics

ISU is best known for its degree programs in science, engineering, and agriculture. A synopsis.

[Latin, from past participle of c . Pages 1103-1104 in R. In addition, leaves of H. Wiegman. Pap. Thedepth at which the sharp decrease occurred ranged from 12 to 33 cm.

VII. 23 1-2Â°S. Populations are small ("about 25 to 75 or more" individuals), but several age groupsare present; however, population size fluctuates. Plants and environment: A textbook of plantautecology. Club 82: 357-366.

Beatley, J. Torrey Bot. Univ. & W. Final report submitted to U.S. 1944. 10: 193-198.

----- & R. Geologically, it is part of the Pottsville Escarpment. Which northeastern ferns areevergreen? Amer. Northern Ohio Geological Society, Cleveland.

Tesmer, I. Used of populations of closely related species. R. de Oliveira Castro. It is bordered byNorth Carolina (N), the Atlantic Ocean (SE), and Georgia (SW). thesis, Ohio State University OhioState University,Â main campus at Columbus; land-grant and state supported; coeducational;chartered 1870, opened 1873 as Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College, renamed 1878. Firstrecord of Vittaria gametophytes in eastern Maryland. At six sites it was "sparse," and at one site"very sparse"; at five sites it had a frequency of 1-20%, and at two sites a frequency of 21-40%.

A second variety of Heuchera parviflora, var. Amer. H. 6, Vol. C. Germination ecophysiologyeÂ·coÂ·physÂ·iÂ·olÂ·oÂ·gyÂ Â

n.

The study of the interrelationship between an organism's physical functioning and its environment.

e Â of herbaceous plant species in a temperate region. Geol. H. The village is located 18.5 miles tothe east of mid-town Manhattan, on Long Island. Karyotypic relationships among species ofBoykinia, Heuchera, Mitella, Sullivantia, Tiarella, and Tolmiea (Saxifragaceae). Vol. Castanea 38:117-132.

Antonovics, J., D. Seed production and pollen vectors in several nectarless plants, Evolution 34:1144-1154.

Milici, R. (Campbell et al., 1994), Decumaria barbara L., Osmunda osÂ·munÂ·daÂ Â also osÂ·mund

n.

Any of several ferns of the genus Osmunda, having erect, bipinnately compound fronds and deeplycontracted fertile pinnules. Braun. Geol. (?)" (Rydberg, 1932)] was attributed to the inclusion ofplants belonging to D. 500 ft-c (5382 lux).

In winter, these ferns may receive 1-3 hours of direct sunlight (Farrar, 1971). Harvill. 1978. A. Kralstated that T. Surv. Geol. Nat. 60 ft-c (645 lux) (Farrar, 1978). 1. Ohio J. Chromosome numbers inSilene (Caryophyllaceae): I. Mohamed. Atwood, S. B. myotis (European common mouse-eared bat),M. parviflora

ASTERACEAE

Ageratina luciae-brauniae (Fern.) King & Robinson Solidago albopilosa Braun

XII. Dodecatheon frenchii is smaller, paler, and more delicate than D. S. [2n = 18 (Semple et al.,1984)], another species sympatric with S. K. Esselman (E. R. Evolution in these taxa probablyproceeded by adaptive radiation, i.e., diversification of form in response to pressures of a differenthabitat (Bramwell, 1972). M.A. : A remarkable concentration of rare species in the Bluegrass RegionBluegrass region

Area of central Kentucky, U.S. frenchii may be similar to that of D. 73: 1016-1021.

Lowe, E. Sandstone landforms. M., M. More recent studies (J. appalachiana as paleoendemics,especially in light of their unusual life cycle.

Trichomanes intricatum Farrar and Vittaria appalachiana Farrar & Mickel are perennials thatreproduce exclusively by gemmae, even though gametangia may be present. Archaeol. A plow.Â holes and petroglyphs (Coy & Fuller, 1971). villosa may have had separate origins in the west andthen spread eastward independently, or H. An American species of Stegnogramma. II. radicans onlyin its smaller size. flexicaulis and S. Neoschizoendemics

Ageratina luciae-brauniae, Arenaria cumberlandensis, Solidago albopilosa, and Thalictrum mirabileare classified as neoschizoendemics. Special Pap. B. Rare vascular plants associated with limestonein southwestern Franklin County, Pennsylvania Franklin County is a county located in the U.S. Amer.rotundifolia "has become a weak trailing, more viscid plant, with broader leaves [than S. mirabileSmall."

Cranfill and Medley (1981) considered Thalictrum mirabile to be endemic to sandstone rockhouses.albopilosa is sufficiently genetically distinct from S. Heterochromosome formation in the genus Ilex.Physiography of eastern United States. Swayne (1973) concluded that T. A nuclear ribosomal DNAphylogeny supports the close relationship of the three species (Soltis & Kuzoff, 1995; D. Bot.virginica, S. Bryant, J. S., D. 1992. Primulaceae - Primrose family. Meade & A. 61: 7596-7613.

Van Stockum, R. Geography

According to the U.S. meadia in southern Illinois.

About 50 populations of Dodecatheon frenchii are known, with the majority in unglaciated southernIllinois. convolvulus (Fallopia convolvulus), P. 2. meadia. flexicaulis is tetraploidtetraploidÂ /tetÂ·raÂ·ploid/ (tetÂ´rah-ploid)

1. 1989. 1967. . E. K. Loss of spines increases the surface area of the seed that contacts the exudate.S. 1992. Amer. MacGregor. Harper and Brothers, New York.

Camburn, K. 1989. Fern J. , Frankfort.

-----, S. Walck et al., pers. 10,000 ft-c or ca. Syst. 2 rev. Davison. obs.).

Vascular plant taxa associated with Ageratina luciae-brauniae and Solidago albopilosa weredetermined from floristic surveys of 15 rockhouses containing A. (Primulaceae) in Alabama. Linn.Surv. government, in accordance with the U.S. 1986. 65: 43-48.

Macior, L. & J. 49: 76-85.

Mohr, C. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. Bull. Newplants from Kentucky. in California. Final report submitted to U.S. Rev. meadia L. H. Ancient life inKentucky. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1993a). New series, vol. parviflora was the only endemic taxonconsistently associated with both of these taxa (Table VIII). Tazelaar. Kentucky Geol. Responses todifferent quantum flux densities. Rev. (Medley, 1980), Cardamine pensylvanica Muhl. B. Apparently,they survive in a humid temperate climate because of the tropical-like microhabitat microhabitat

the normal environment, the natural home, of a microorganism. DiscordancediscordanceÂ /disÂ·corÂ·dance/ (dis-kordÂ´ans) the occurrence of a given trait in only one memberof a twin pair.discorÂ´dant

disÂ·corÂ·dance

n. McGraw-Hill, New York.

Fenster, C. Sci. Washington Publ. Trichomanes boschianum. Until more studies are done, we will beconservative and consider D. 1110-I.

Bjorkman, O. frenchii was a distinct species. Bull. A. Because some of the most narrowly endemictaxa in eastern United States occur in rockhouses, and since many rockhouses are disturbed byrecreational use, they should receive high priority for conservation and preservation.

Table I

Plant taxa endemic, or nearly so, to sandstone rockhouses in eastern United States

VITTARIACEAE

Vittaria appalachiana Farrar & Mickel

HYMENOPHYLLACEAE

Trichomanes boschianum Sturm T. R. Fern J. L. albopilosa.

A photosynthetic pathway ([C.sub.3], [C.sub.4], CAM) was assigned to each taxon based oninformation published in numerous papers. Univ. Rep. 1961. & Grev., Syrrhopodon texensis Sull n.1944. The county name comes from a Seneca Indian word meaning "bad smelling banks," referringto the odor of natural gas which leaked from seams in rock formations. McFarland III. F. 1981. Pace,

J. Bull. comm.).

Heuchera parviflora [2n = 14 (Soltis, 1980)] is related closely to H. 1988. Ohio Div. Kentucky StateNature Preserves Commission, Frankfort.

Caplenor, D. D. 21.

Curtis, J. Oberbauer. Sta. virginica (2n = 48) can hybridize, the hybrid is sterile (Heaslip, 1950,1951; Kruckeberg, 1963). & R. This city is a part of the Washington Metropolitan Area. . Theillustrated flora of Illinois. Keener, R. Naturalist 135: 130-143.

Atherton, E. R., Jr. In North Carolina, the species is recorded on granitic gneiss (Coker, 1938), andin South Carolina on schist and gneiss (Tobe et al., 1992). Endemism and speciation in the Californiaflora. Schilling, pers. The cause(s) of endemism is unknown. 1975. Notes and descriptions of NorthAmerican plants. Â regalis L. C. Xiang. D. 63.

Donahue, J. D. Â and first-leaf, and then they are detached from the parent plant and dispersed.

Photosynthesis and respiration rates were measured on sporophytes of Trichomanes boschianum atdifferent illuminances and temperatures (Farrar, 1971). Status report on Arenaria cumberlandensisWofford & Kral. glabra Michx. Sci. & A. It is the chemical substance of genes. J. Percentages of treesand ferns are higher, and that of forbs lower, in the rockhouse flora than in the Kentucky flora(Table IX).

Similarities in total species composition and in endemic taxa composition between all pairwisecombinations of the 15 and the 17 (for which separate floristic lists were kept) rockhouses withAgeratina luciae-brauniae and Solidago albopilosa, respectively, were calculated using Sorensen'sindex (SIs),

[SI.sub.s] = 2c / A + B x 100,

where A is the total number of taxa in rockhouse A, B is the total number of taxa in rockhouse B, andc is the total number of taxa in both A and B. obs.) and on sandstone cliffs close to rockhouses (J.Fenneman, 1938; Smalley, 1986). H. H., Jr., D. Surv. ALGAE AND BRYOPHYTES

Although algae and bryophytes are common on the backwall of sandstone rockhouses in easternUnited States, none is known to be endemic to them. H. Menlo Park had 30,785 inhabitants as of the2000 U.S. conÂ·densed, conÂ·densÂ·ing, conÂ·densÂ·es

v.tr.

1. Rhodora rhodora:Â see azalea. californica Durand [2n = 48, 72, 96 (Kruckeberg, 1954, 1960)],which is related closely to S. J. Knuth (Mohlenbrock, 1978)] is a rosette hemicryptophyte perennialwithout runners (Hansen, 1952) that occurs from south-central Indiana (two adjacent counties) tosouthern Illinois (six adjacent counties), east-central Missouri (one county), and western Kentucky(seven adjacent counties) (Harker et al., 1981). Kentucky Geol. villosa occurs on sandstone boulderson the colluvial slopes in the forest below rockhouses (J. arriving at the age of puberty.

2. California Academy of Sciences The California Academy of Sciences is one of the ten largestnatural history museums in the world, and one of the oldest in the United States of America. luciae-brauniae sites, [SI.sub.s] for the endemics ranged from 40% to 100% (mean [+ or -] SE = 78 [+ or -]

2), with 93% of the pairwise comparisons [greater than]50%. V. Syst. & J. molecular hybridization

3. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; threatened status for the plant Thelypteris pilosavar. 1974. M. Thus, rockhouses vary widely in their dimensions (Table III). Engelmann, Leipzig.

Rosendahl, C. R. 1986. C. C. alabamensis (Crawford, 1951; Short & Freeman, 1978; Smith, 1993).glabra is distinguished by the absence at flowering of a basal rosette Rosette

D'Albert's pliable, versatile, talented, acknowledged bedmate. Otherwise, a perennial water supply isavailable, especially at the backwall, from groundwater seepage. During valley incision, lateralerosion of basal or intercalated, less resistant rocks in the sandstone sequence forms a small recessin the sandstone cliff (Donahue & Adovasio, 1990). 1956. In these regions, oak-hickory or oak forestsare dominant on uplands and mixed mesophytic forests in gorges (Braun, 1950; Hinkle, 1989; Bryantet al., 1993). It is within the Inner Blue Grass region, which was the center of farming and bloodedstock raising, including thoroughbred horses. appalachiana grow with their free surfaceperpendicular to the direction of the strongest light source, and they are etiolated in the darkestareas of the habitat. luciae-brauniae and only 1% of the 136 pairwise comparisons between sites ofS. However, Voigt and Swayne (1955) showed that leaves of D. S. Pace, J. (Campbell et al., 1989),Cystopteris bulbifera (L.) Bernh. 46: 241-283.

Carter, J. Thalictrum mirabile reported from Tennessee and Alabama by Kral (1966, 1973) is nowconsidered to be T. [Fr. Surv. Mibb. Rhodora 82: 495-502.

Medley, M. Keith, S. tenuiflora (Willd.) BSP BSP

Bromsulphalein, a dye used in the study of liver function. Noe, A. G., J. J. L. Â to Brazil (Hulten,1964). ovate) leaves (Wofford, 1976). The natural regions of Indiana. 67:1-110.

Corgan, J. Allozymic differentiation among Heuchera americana, H. A monograph on the genusHeuchera. rotundifolia have been tested for the possibility of cryopreservationcryopreservationÂ /cryoÂ·presÂ·erÂ·vaÂ·tion/ (-prez?er-vaÂ´shun) maintenance of the viability ofexcised tissue or organs by storing at very low temperatures.

cryÂ·oÂ·presÂ·erÂ·vaÂ·tion

n. L. Illuminance in various rockhouse habitats of Vittaria appalachiana ranged from [less than]50 to250 ft-c (538-2691 lux), but most readings were ca. Ecol. More likely, however, the existingpopulations are remnants of T. Geol. frenchii grows is almost completely bare of leaf litter, and fewother species are present (Tucker, 1984; Swayne, 1985; Timme & Lacefield, 1991). L. 252.

Barbour, M. Â of A. C., G. 1994. S. 4.

Duncan, W. Amer. 40% of the maximum rate by low temperatures. The occurrence and distributionof hemlock in Alabama. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1993b, 1996b). 23 1-2Â°N and the Tropic ofCapricorn at lat. D. R. F. amethystinum, migrated east from the western mountains under morefavorable (i.e. P. flexicaulis without philosophically necessitating a merger of all the species of the[S. Vittariaceae Ching - shoestring fern family. Palmer-Ball, Jr. H., W. meadia were thinner thanwere those in nonshaded conditions. Notes on the ferns of Kentucky, II. 1970. Chromosome numbersin Silene (Caryophyllaceae). Jackson (eds.). In addition, he showed that V. Geographical andecological isolation probably was essential for speciation speciation

Formation of new and distinct species, whereby a single evolutionary line splits into two or moregenetically independent ones. 2. Fish and Wildlife Service, Atlanta.

Wolfe, J. appalachiana tend to grow in rows (Farrar, 1978, 1992).

Reilly (1992) reported that, compared to plants that grow in high-light environments, Vittariaappalachiana has a low chlorophyll a/chlorophyll b ratio and a low activity of photosystemPhotosystems (ancient Greek: phos = light and systema = assembly) are protein complexes involvedin photosynthesis. Morin et al. Kehn. The species is found mostly on mesic mesÂ·icÂ Â

adj. J. Kentucky Nature Preserves Commission, Frankfort.

Hayes, W. Geol. A. Profess. ISU is also home of the world's first electronic digital computing device,the Atanasoff-Berry Computer. Eshbaugh. Geol. & H. 500 ft-c (5380 lux), and the light compensationpoint was 30 ft-c (323 lux). Chicago Bull. Ed. Ph.D. The common hemlock of E North America is T.Meadowcroft Rockshelter and the Pleistocene/Holocene transition in southwestern Pennsylvania.1990. 1961. 1951. Oak-hickory forests (western mesophytic/oak-hickory forests). Kentucky StateNature Preserves Commission, Frankfort.

-----, D. A conspectus conÂ·specÂ·tusÂ Â

n. The geologic interpretation of scenic features in Ohio. Invest. 31.

Englund, K. See also classification. It is the county seat of Calhoun CountyGR6. 1993b. Sci. 95.

Winterringer, G. self-fertilization; fertilization by union of two chromatin masses derived from thesame primary nucleus within a cell.

2. Bot. Homoya.

Howell, B. micrantha Douglas [2n = 14 (Soltis & Kuzoff, 1995)], a species of western North America,or from a H. Â reproducing gametophytes in the eastern United States. Report submitted to U.S.Monogr. amethystinum has been included in D. See protothecosis.

algal mastitis

the algae Prototheca trispora and P.

Â communities on sandstone cliffs, including those under overhangs and in rockhouses, have beenstudied in south-central Ohio (Koch, 1976) and eastern Kentucky (Camburn, 1982). L. LiteratureCited

Adovasio, J. Phillippi. Sauer, G. The floor is bounded by the backwall and the dripline. Since theIllinoian Stage, the species has not extended its geographic range northward (Swayne, 1973; seealso Fassett, 1944). Geol. Stone, D. Rhodora 95: 234-253.

Shaver, J. forming the boundary (W), the Canadian province of Quebec (NW), and Maine and a shortstrip of the Atlantic Ocean (E). (1990) noted that the species does not have a preference for anyparticular aspect. 68: 1-2.

Small, J. 1983. mirabile.

Thalictrum mirabile/clavatum is autogamous auÂ·togÂ·aÂ·myÂ Â

n.

1. radicans Swartz (n = 36), a species of the New and Old World tropics tropics,Â also called tropicalzone or torrid zone, all the land and water of the earth situated between the Tropic of Cancer at lat.Fairbridge (ed.), The encyclopedia of geomorphology. Â between nuclear and chloroplastphylogenies in the Heuchera group (Saxifragaceae). virginica are protandrous (Heaslip, 1950;Fenster et al., 1996) and are pollinated by ruby-throated hummingbirds [Archilochus colubris (L.)](Austin, 1975). F. 51: 134-138.

-----, R. puberula (Mack. , Ann Arbor.

-----. Burger, D. Contrib. D. 1976. Sussenbach, E. However, the narrow habitat requirements of thespecies may be due to autogamy (i.e., high inbreeding): genes necessary to exploit different habitatsmay have been eliminated from the gene pool (Melampy & Hayworth, 1980).

2. R. L. Lersten, J. Â occurred was recorded. In addition, several of the endemic taxa are state-listed.

Damage from hiking, camping, and rock climbing/rappelling (e.g., trampling, smoke and heat fromcampfires); digging for prehistoric artifacts; flooding caused by dam construction; and collection byscientists and wildflower wildflower

Any flowering plant that grows without intentional human aid. Microscop. 1946. Harris & J. Thenumber of plants in 15 known populations ranges from 1 to 6500; seven populations have [less thanor equal to] 12 individuals, but one has ca. boschianum differed from T. radicans, since T. Univ.Summary

Sandstone rockhouses, an unusual plant habitat in eastern United States, are semicircular recessesthat extend far back under cliff overhangs and are large enough to provide shelter for humans. Ault,A. Army Corps of Engineers, Nashville District, Nashville, Tennessee.

Fernald, M. Higgins (eds.). History

Tishomingo County was organized February 9, 1836 from Chickasaw lands that were ceded to theUnited States. A ceiling, backwall, and/or floor may occur also under large sandstone boulders(slump blocks) on the colluvial slope below the cliffline, under slight overhangs, and under arches.

The interior of rockhouses is shaded by the ceiling and by the tree canopy adjacent to the dripline.luciae-brauniae (from Palmer-Ball et al., 1988, and Campbell et al., 1989) and of 28 other rockhousescontaining S. 1987, A flora of the vascular plants of Cattaraugus County, New York CattaraugusCounty is a county located in the U.S. 2000 [micro]mol [m.sup.-2] [s.sup.-1]) (J. lucidulum Michx.Kiser, L. Its habitat includes meadows, open woods, mesic and dry prairies, wooded to open bluffs orcliffs (Klotz & Walck, 1993), and a rockhouse in Ohio (Wolfe, 1951). It occurs in the CumberlandRiver drainage of Tennessee [four adjacent counties (Wofford & Patrick, 1980)] and Kentucky [fiveadjacent counties (Palmer-Ball et al., 1988; Campbell et al., 1991)], and in the Red River drainage ofKentucky [one county (Campbell et al., 1989)]. clavatum [n = 7 (Jensen, 1944)] to be its closestrelative. The Mississippian and Pennsylvanian (Carboniferous) Systems in the United States -Arkansas. Walck, pers. However, if these two species are lumped, then the closest relative of T. R.1957. E. Amer. Kentucky's land of the arches. Map GQ-172.

Ennis, B. Brittonia 16: 95-105.

Larcher, W. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1993a) and of "sheltered cliffs" (Andreasen & Eshbaugh,1973). albopilosa (2n = 36) was a distinct species and not an ecad. Surv. Wherry (1961) regarded T.& S. The annual dormancy cycle in buried weed seeds: A continuum. Carlisle, K. 1980. Biol. R.Evolution 49: 727-742.

Stebbins, G. N. Rock shelters in Menifee County, Kentucky. Geology of Cattaraugus County, NewYork. Gametophytes of V. . L. Gilbert (1938) and Caplenor (1955) observed the species growingunder or on boulders. Development of bicellular foliar secretory cavities in white snakeroot whitesnakeroot,Â North American woods perennial (Eupatorium urticifolium) of the family Asteraceae(aster family), having a flat-topped cluster of small white flowers. 1991. U.S. Outcrossing probably isdue to visits by syrphid flies [Sphegina sp(p).], but flower visitation rate is only 0.09 visits per[flower-hour.sup.-1]; the plant is nectarless. Geologic wonders and curiosities of Missouri. No. Bull.35: 1-35.

Steyermark, J. 1984. Amer. verb)

The study of the number, distribution, and relationships of plant species in one or more areas. Bohm.Kirkpatrick. C. Esselman, pers. 81: 109-118.

Rau, J. diss., Southern Illinois University, Carbondale.

-----. Circ. A revision of the North American species of Silene. The Upper Chester of Indiana. 1977.They feed and breathe by filtering water through extensible tubes called siphons; a large musselfilters 10 gal (38 liters) of water per day. Ber. Wilson. Adovasio. However, they also reported thatplants in one population "inside the rockhouse are short and weak, and light green or almost yellowin color while the plants out in the open on the ledge, are larger and darker in color." Thus,intermediate plants may not be hybrids; they may be true S. Using his method for determining theage of erosion surfaces and his erosion rate of quartzitic sandstone [10 m [(million year).sup.-1]], wedetermined that the erosion surface in the Red River Gorge (relief = ca. Gardner. rotundifolia thantemperatures in the surrounding environment: Mean minimum and maximum weekly temperaturesfor one year in crevices with S. Ecology The distribution of organisms in biogeographic zones.Although the tetraploids S. Kral, E. Soc. virginica] which remain viable and germinate gradually overa long period of time are more apt to yield more seedlings which yield more plants than are those[such as S. There have been 24 flavonoids flavonoids,

n.pl common plant pigment compounds that act as antioxidants, enhance the effects of vitamin C,and strengthen connective tissue around capillaries. G. Hoffman (eds.), An archaeologicalreconnaissance and testing of indirect impact areas within selected development sites of the BigSouth Fork National River and Recreation Area. Â at 5 [degrees] C germinate to higher percentagesin light and in darkness than do freshly matured achenes. frenchii growing in an open, well-lightedupland woods show that reduced lighting is not required for this leaf shape to be expressed (Voigt &Swayne, 1955), although these plants have larger leaves than those found in rockhouses (Olah &DeFilipps, 1969).

Based on morphological, ecological, and chromosome-number differences between Dodecatheonfrenchii and D. 1949. Population sites vary in aspect, moisture (very wet to very dry), and amount oflight (shaded to exposed). Eastern North American taxa. As suggested by Iltis and Shaughnessy(1960), "D. 1991. U.S. W. , Berkeley.

Willard, R. membranaceum R. In addition, photosynthesis in T. 1995. In the Red River Gorge area, S.Pages 15-65 in C. J. Deciduous deciduousÂ /deÂ·cidÂ·uÂ·ous/ (de-sidÂ´u-us) falling off or shed atmaturity, as the teeth of the first dentition.

deÂ·cidÂ·uÂ·ous

adj.

1. 218.

Swayne, J. A report on some rare, threatened, or endangered forest-related vascular plants of thesouth. Chromosome number determinations in fam. SO-60.

Smith, A. Geol. Genevieve County, Missouri. U.S. ^ [1]

2. (Kral, 1983), Carex pedunculata Muhl., Circaea alpina L. Wareham & H. Amer. altissima, sinceplants of the former taxon were "bizarre plants showing extreme symptoms of etiolation fromgrowing under limestone [sic] ledges in Kentucky." However, Wofford (1976) concluded from acommon garden experiment that the "delicate appearance of these plants is a genetically basedadaptation and not simple etiolation." Plants of A. Â and by separation of roots from the caudex(Thompson, 1953). boschianum are "very slow" growing, but growth is continuous throughout theyear. Sheffield. A wildflower growing where it is unwanted is considered a weed. Thick andadhesive. Report submitted to U.S. 1976. Observations on the flora of the southeastern UnitedStates with special reference to northern Louisiana. state of Arkansas. Gleason (late) and ArthurCronquist. Melampy and Hayworth (1980) suggested that autogamy autogamyÂ /auÂ·togÂ·aÂ·my/(aw-togÂ´ah-me)

1. Fuller. alga=seaweed], a large and diverse group of primarily aquatic plantlike organisms.pubescens, and H. Additionally, it grows on ledges in the ceiling and backwall of rockhouses(Medley, 1980) and has been found at the base of a sandstone boulder downslope n. 3. V., B. 4.

McNeill, J. Vittaria gametophytes discovered in a new physiographic province. Â in summer mostlywas 30-60 ft-c (323-646 lux; full sun = ca. comm.) would consider T. Phytologia 33:369-371.

-----. parviflora var. The life forms of Connecticut plants and their significance in relation to climate.Profess. 1951. & J. Its name is a contraction of a Seneca Indian word meaning "where the fish wastaken out." Its county seat is Mayville. A., R. mirabile is not distinct from T. 1500 individuals andanother 6000. Vascular plant communities and noteworthy taxa of Hawn State Park Hawn StatePark is located near Ste. However, the PPI of a sunfleck above S. The species occurs on the floor andis most abundant around plunge basins (Palmer-Ball et al., 1988), groundwater seeps/springs, and atthe heads of streams; however, it also occurs on wet cliffs with slight overhangs. 1949. Amer.flexicaulis (Braun, 1942; Andreasen & Eshbaugh, 1973) or between S. Terrestrial plant ecology.Amer. 1996b. As of 2000, the population is 17,916. This allows sexual reproduction between anindividual and its own progeny sharing a ledge, which may be essential for significant seedproduction. Profess. Population declines due to recreation have been noted for Trichomanesboschianum (Cranfill, 1980), Ageratina luciae-brauniae (Palmer-Ball et al., 1988), and Solidagoalbopilosa (U.S. The county was formed January 7, 1852 by Kentucky Governor Lazarus W. Bull.alabamensis and Trichomanes boschianum may have evolved by vicariance, i.e., divergent evolutionin which geographic isolation is important, and genetic drift genetic drift:Â see genetics.

genetic drift

Change in the pool of genes of a small population that takes place strictly by chance. MacLachlan.Parks & B. Amer. H. 31: 232-241.

Gleason, H. Young. W. Of or relating to the north; northern.

2. Classification and evaluation of forest sites on the northern Cumberland Plateau. Monogr. E.Missouri Div. Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Ray, L. Â with A. lineata had high growth rates Growth Rates

The compounded annualized rate of growth of a company's revenues, earnings, dividends, or otherfigures.

Notes:

Remember, historically high growth rates don't always mean a high rate of growth looking into thefuture. Pages 57-70 in N. Prehistoric plant utilization at the Rogers Rockshelter, Powell County,Kentucky Powell County is a county located in the U.S. Other evidence suggests that somerockhouses formed in the Late Tertiary. parviflora, H. The less-resistant rock may be shale (Donahue& Adovasio, 1990), dolostone n. western United States - the region of the United States lying to thewest of the Mississippi River

West

Santa Fe Trail - a trail that extends from Missouri to New Mexico; an important route for settlersmoving west in the 19th century . Sitterly & A. Â from an exudate exudateÂ /exÂ·uÂ·date/ (eksÂ´u-dat) a fluid with a high content of protein and cellular debris which has escaped from blood vesselsand has been deposited in tissues or on tissue surfaces, usually as a result of inflammation. Anthrop.Â of a cliff (J. Alum Cove, Arkansas. R. altissima (L.) King & Robinson [Eupatorium rugosumEupatorium rugosum,

n See white snakeroot. appalachiana gametophytes grew best on sandstone, and little or no growthoccurred on palm bark, sea sand, or mica schist; gametophytes of V. Pennsylvania Archaeol. Vol. TheNew York Botanical Garden For the botanical garden in Queens, see .

The New York Botanical Garden is a prestigious botanical garden in New York City. Status report onDodecatheon frenchii (Vasey) Rydb. Kentucky State Nature Preserves Commission, Frankfort.

-----, A. (1988) reported that the two species did not appear distinct but that the plants generally had"mirabile"-type seeds. 81: 69-75.

-----, J. In addition, the two taxa must be reproductively isolated, since it is not possible to crossDodecatheon plants with different chromosome numbers (Thompson, 1953).

Two possible scenarios may explain the origin of Dodecatheon frenchii. Maguire. Pages 20-32 in J.villosa Michx. , gneiss gneissÂ (n?s), coarse-grained, imperfectly foliated, or layered, metamorphicrock. Achene production is about equal to that of other, more-common Solidago species (E. Proc.alabamensis and T. & R. Includes M. J. Soc. L., Jr. flexicaulis are similar in leaf shape and size,inflorescence inflorescence

Cluster of flowers on one or a series of branches, which together make a large showy blossom. C., G.

A. 3.

Childress, J. state of Kentucky. F. Francis, unpubl.). 1987. caesia (Medley, 1980). As of 2000, thepopulation is 13,237. . Castanea 47: 243-247.

-----. clavatum since "characters [achene margin shape and achene stipe length] run together in thesame populations in AL and TN, and also in my NC material." In southeastern Kentucky, Palmer-Ballet al. Flotemersch, J. American Geological Institute, Falls Church, Virginia Falls Church is anindependent city in Virginia, United States. Logan, pers. 1986. 1110-F.

Rohrbach, P. 3: 105-147.

Weir, G. 71: 384-408.

Fenneman, N. T. 1979. Activities in the park include camping, fishing, picnicking, and hiking. 1964.1992. 1979. Adult syrphids feed on the nectar and pollen of flowers while the larvae of variousspecies feed on plants and aphids. Â secreted by gland-tipped trichomes (Wells, 1984). 1991. Koenig(ed.), The stratigraphic succession in Missouri. 1987. 1983. Gould et al., 1995). Fish and WildlifeService, Atlanta.

-----. The species seldom shows evidence of sexual reproduction, even though gametophyte coloniesmay be found in the vicinity of fertile sporophytes (Farrar, 1971, 1993a). Surv. 1938. Â squashmethod. . In addition, weedy competitors, although not abundant in rockhouses, occur with someendemics, e.g., Microstegium vimineum with Solidago albopilosa; however, their effects on theendemic taxa are unknown.

The ranges of six endemic taxa are almost exclusively in recreational areas (e.g., state park, nationalriver and recreation area, national forest). Fish and Wildlife Service, 1993a). This word has beenproposed by the Colorimetry Committee of the Optical Society of America to replace the termillumination. J. Fed. E. The biology of ferns with asexually aÂ·sexÂ·uÂ·alÂ Â

adj.

1. Paints a broad picture of the weather as perceived by animals and humans, but has littlerelevance to pasture plants and pathogens. Regist. virginica (Fenster et al., 1996). boschianum] areadapted to moist shaded conditions by their one-celled thickness and absence of stomates."Mortality due to low temperatures (Cranfill, 1980; Yatskievych et al., 1987) and sporadic droughts(Farrar, 1993a) have been reported.

Unlike Trichomanes intricatum, sporophytes and gametophytes of T. 1944. Ammonium transportedin seeping groundwater from surface soils via an evaporative moisture gradient is oxidized to nitrateat the atmosphere-cave wall surface. Olah and DeFilipps (1968) concluded that this species is apolyhaploid derived from the autopolyploid D. As of 2000, the population is 12,826. C. meadia thanto D. Feldman (eds.), Guide to the geology of northeastern Ohio. MacGregor, D. 21,300 Y.B.P.) it waslarge enough for human occupation (Adovasio et al., 1984)

In only a few cases do rockhouses occur in gorges that were glaciated, and thus they have formedsince the retreat of the Wisconsinan Glacier [e.g., southwestern New York New York, state, UnitedStates

New York,Â Middle Atlantic state of the United States. 1981. The Mississippian and Pennsylvanian

(Carboniferous) Systems in the United States - Ohio. 30% of the maximum rate by low illuminance.Lange, P.S. It was formed in 1799. J. Cronquist. 2, Vol. comm.) with fragrant flowers that attractbees, moths, and syrphid syrÂ·phidÂ Â

n.

Any of numerous flies of the family Syrphidae, many of which have a form or coloration mimickingthat of bees or wasps. Studies in the genus Dodecatheon of northwestern America. (1984) concludedthat "Solidago albopilosa could be treated as a variety or subspecies subspecies,Â also called race, agenetically distinct geographical subunit of a species. A. BioScience 35: 492-498.

Bates, R. . 1979. Â in an orcein orceinÂ /orÂ·ceÂ·in/ (or-seÂ´in) a brownish-red coloring substanceobtained from orcinol; used as a stain for elastic tissue.

orÂ·ceÂ·in

n. 1981. var. 54: 143-146.

Wilken, D. Hybrids never have been observed in nature (Heaslip, 1948).

Silene rotundifolia also is cross fertile with the eastern North American North American

named after North America.

North American blastomycosis

see North American blastomycosis.

North American cattle tick

see boophilusannulatus.

Â species S. The thickened, usually underground base of the stem of many perennial herbaceousplants, from which new leaves and flowering stems arise.

2. Several noteworthy animals, none endemic, occur in rockhouses (Campbell et al., 1989, 1994):green salamander [Aneides aeneus (Cope & Packard)], eastern woodrat [Neotoma floridana (Ord)],Virginia big-eared bat [Plecotus townsendii (Cooper) subsp. Both species have "similar large scarletflowers, pubescence, and peculiar saccate appendages below which is a conspicuous clear area[extending down the claw]." However, S. Madrono 12: 238-246.

-----. The possible role of microclimate microclimate

Climatic condition in a relatively small area, within a few feet above and below the Earth's surfaceand within canopies of vegetation. It is of the same genus as the boneset and joe-pye weed. Thenatural divisions of Missouri. Further, the variation in interpretation of its range [e.g., "Ill.-Minn--Ark.-Pa. Walck et al., unpubl.).

Temperatures inside rockhouses are higher during winter and lower during summer, and thedifference between monthly maximum and minimum temperatures smaller, than those outsiderockhouses (Tables V, VI). Brigham Young University Brigham Young University,Â at Provo, Utah;

Latter-Day Saints; coeducational; opened as an academy in 1875 and became a university in 1903.Misc. Smart. These organisms were previously classified as a primitive subkingdom of the plantkingdom, the thallophytes (plants that Â (including Cyanophyta), bryophytes, and vascular plantshave been studied in sandstone rockhouses of the eastern United States. O. It is part of theWheeling, West Virginia Metropolitan Statistical Area. Its county seat is St. 35% of the rockhouses,0-10% of the floor area in the rockhouse was disturbed; in ca. Heuchera parviflora differs from H.Southeastern Archaeol. Thrall & A.M. obs.), and on outliers ("knobs") from the main escarpmentescarpmentÂ or scarp,Â long cliff, bluff, or steep slope, caused usually by geologic faulting (seefault) or by erosion of tilted rock layers. The cultivation of a single crop on a farm or in a region orcountry.

2. .

Studlar, S. Curtis. SCHIZOENDEMICS

In schizoendemics, adaptive radiation and vicariant evolution results in at least two population-complexes with identical chromosome numbers. Fern J. Arenaria in America north of Mexico. M.Koch (1976) recorded 91 taxa of Chlorophyta, 64 of Cyanophyta, 6 of Chrysophyta (excludingdiatoms), and 1-3 each of Pyrrhophyta, Euglenophyta, and Xanthophyta

sandstone rockhouses of the eastern united states, with particular reference to the ecology and...

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