sandalwood identification and analysis
TRANSCRIPT
Identification and oil analysis of sandalwood
varieties in Vanuatu and Cape YorkVanuatu Department of Forests
Santalum austrocaledonicum
Methodology• Tree
– Leaf length & width
– Fruit diameter
– Trunk diameter
– Tree height
– Depth of heartwood
– Colour of heartwood & bark blaze
– Est. bud, flower & fruit number
– Heartwood core sample
– Dried leaf sample
– Herbarium specimen
Methodology• Environmental
– GPS location
– Aspect
– Canopy gap fraction
– Soil descriptions
• Vegetation– Vegetation Type
– Recruitment
– Nearest Sandalwood
– Species ID within 5m
EnvironmentTree and
Trunk diameter at base and breast height (1.3m) in 9 populations of
Santalum austrocaledonicum in Vanuatu
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Aniwa E-Ponive E-Punalvaad E-Tamsel Malekula Moso S-Penouru S-Wusi Tanna
Populations
Tru
nk D
iam
ete
r (c
m)
Dia. @ base
DBH
Heartwood % by Population
0
10
20
30
40
Aniwa Ponive Punalvaad Tamsel Malekula Moso Santo Tanna
He
art
wo
od
%
19%
34% 29% 36%27%
21%
19%
32%
Dia @
base (cm)
Tree habit proportions by population
0
20
40
60
80
Ponive Santo Punalvaad Tamsel Malekula Aniwa Moso Tanna
% P
resen
t
ST
TF
MS
12% 14% 16% 43% 13% 22% 42% 33%Canopy
Gap Fr.
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
Single Trunk Trunk Forking
Tree Form
Ca
no
py
Sp
rea
d (
sq
m)
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
Single Trunk Trunk Forking
Tree Form
Can
op
y G
ap
Single Trunk 56%
Trunk Forking 40%
Multistemmed 4%
% trees with
‘Seedlings’
Aniwa Erromango Malekula Moso Santo Tanna
Recruitment per tree
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Nu
mb
er
of
pro
pa
gu
les
80% 54% 7% 24% 34% 43%
10.6 4.1 1.0 2.7 4.6 4.6Mean No.
Recruitment
Vegetation
Species Frequency Differences
Int. StandardEuphorbiaceae 33%
Psychotria forsteriana 33%
Malaisia scandens 31%
Clematis glycinoides 20%
Vitex campanulata 19%
Diospyros samoensis 19%
Eurycles amboinensis 18%
Maesa sp. 18%
Gyrocarpus americanus 17%
Micromelum minutum 16%
Pterocarpus indicus 16%
Gardenia tannaensis 16%
Rhamnella sp. 16%
Oplismenus hirtellus 14%
Pteris heteromorphophylla 14%
Pongamia pinnata 13%
Tylophora sp. 12%
Acalypha forsteriana 11%
Ventilago austrocaledonica 11%
Alphitonia ziziphoides 11%
Litsea imthurnei 11%
Top 5 SantalolPterocarpus indicus 12%
Euphorbiaceae 11%
Annona muricata 8%
Acacia spirorbis 7%
Macaranga dioica 7%
Vitex campanulata 7%
Rhamnella sp. 7%
Tarenna efatensis 6%
Macaranga tannarius 6%
Elattostachys falcata 6%
Cupaniopsis aneityensis 5%
Litsea imthurnei 5%
Trema orientalis 5%
Psychotria forsteriana 5%
Phyllanthus ciccoides 5%
Maesa sp. 5%
Miscanthus sinensis 5%
Pteris heteromorphophylla 5%
Flacourtiaceae 5%
Pittosporum sp. 5%
Lantana camara 4%
Top 5 YieldLeucaena leucocephala 11%
Cordyline fruticosa 10%
Syzygium clusifolium 6%
Murraya paniculata 6%
Tarenna efatensis 6%
Albizia lebbeck 6%
Derris trifoliata 5%
Acalypha forsteriana 5%
Eurycles amboinensis 5%
Celtis paniculata 4%
Aglaia sp. 4%
Eugenia sp. 4%
Lindsaea sp. 4%
Mimusops elengi 4%
Ervatamia sp. 4%
Similar to Polysias (Nas) 4%
Ficus prolixa 4%
Streblus pendulinus 3%
Gyrocarpus americanus 3%
Elattostachys falcata 3%
Ficus obliqua 3%
Species by Species
Annona muricata
Aniwa 24% -16% 84%*
Tamsel 12% - 8% -
Tanna -2.7% -2% -
Total 8% -4% 6%
Bambusa vulgaris
Malekula 2% 26% 26%
Santo -37% -33% -33%
Tanna - 3% -17% -
Total -4% 1% 2%
sant yield std
Pterocarpus indicus
Aniwa -12% -12% -12%
Malekula 12% 32% 23%
Moso 9% 10% -
Ponive 16% 16% -
Punalvaad 37% 17% -
Santo 40% -40% 4%
Tamsel - 4% - 4% -
12% 2% 3%
Species by Species
Micromellum minutum
Aniwa 0% -20% -20%
Malekula 39% 23% 20%
Ponive - 4% - 4% -
Santo 27% - 13% 4%
Tamsel - 4% - 4% -
2% - 3% 16%
sant yield std
Macaranga dioica
Malekula 9% -11% 3%
Ponive 0% 0% -
Punalvaad 15% 15% -
Santo 0% -40% -7%
Tamsel 24% 4% -
Tanna -11% 13% -
7% - 3% %
Species by SpeciesAcalypha grandis
Aniwa 4% -16% 14%
Malekula 13% - 7% 21%
Tamsel 20% 40% -
Tanna - 2% -21% -
3% - 2% 3%
Litsea imthurnei
Malekula 13% - 7% 7%
Santo 30% -10% 12%
Litsea sp. Santo 33% - 7% 16%
Total 5% -2% 11%
Miscanthus sinensis
Moso - 5% - 5% -
Santo 37% -23% 10%
Tamsel 12% 12% -
Tanna - 4% - 3% -
5% - 3% 8%
Macropiper latifolium
Santo -13% -13% -13%
Tamsel - 8% 12% -
Tanna - 9% -3% -
- 3% - 3% -5%
sant yield std
Species by SpeciesCeltis paniculata
Moso -48% - 8% -
Ponive -24% - 4% -
Punalvaad 5% 25% -
Santo -17% 3% - 6%
- 8% 4% -1%
Ixora triflora
Malekula - 7% - 7% 7%
Moso - 5% - 5% -
Punalvaad -12% -12% -
Santo -27% 13% - 4%
- 7% - 2% 4%
sant yield std
Leucaena leucocephala
Aniwa -44% 16% -64%
Malekula 8% 28% 20%
Moso 0% 0% -
Ponive -12% -12% -
Punalvaad 5% 25% -
Tamsel 12% - 8% -
Tanna 9% 13 % -
- 4% 11% -9%
Candidate Species for Genotype x Host
• Micromellum minutumOccurs on Santo & Malekula and grows more frequently with those of high
oil quality in both sites
• Pterocarpus indicusGrows more frequently with trees of high oil quality in most of the sample
sites
• Litsea imthurneiOccurs on Santo & Malekula and grows more frequently with those of high
oil quality in both sites
Mean Leaf Length & Width in Vanuatu Sandalwood Populations
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Aniw a E-Ponive E-Punalvaad E-Tamsel Malekula Moso S-Penouru S-Wusi Tanna
Population
Len
gth
/Wid
th (
mm
)
Mean Length
Mean Width
Nested ANOVA: Length versus Population, Accession, Aspect
Variance Components
Source Var Comp. % of Total StDev
Population 36.218 23.00 6.018
Accession 45.390 28.82 6.737
Aspect 33.588 21.33 5.795
Error 42.304 26.86 6.504
Total 157.500 12.550
Nested ANOVA: Width versus Population, Accession, Aspect
Variance Components
Source Var Comp. % of Total StDev
Population 2.907 11.77 1.705
Accession 6.808 27.57 2.609
Aspect 6.890 27.90 2.625
Error 8.088 32.75 2.844
Total 24.693 4.969
Oil & Heartwood
Heartwood colour frequency histogram
5D6
6C6
6D5
6D6
6E5
6E6
6E7
7D6
7E5
7E6
7E7
8E5
8E6
8E7
9E5
9E7
0
5
10
15
20
25
Fre
qu
en
cy
Heartwood Saturation Vs Oil Yield mg/g
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
A B C D E F
Saturation Category
Oil Y
ield
mg
/g
Primary oil constituents in sandalwood populations of Vanuatu
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Aniw a E-Ponive E-Punalvaad E-Tamsel Malekula Moso S-Penouru S-Wusi Tanna
Populations
Perc
en
tag
e
α-santalol
β-santalol
cis-nuciferol
c-cur12ol
16%
24%
41%
%b-santalol
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
% b
-san
talo
l
%a-santalol
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
50.0
% a
-san
talo
l
%cis-nuciferol
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
50.0
% c
is-n
ucif
ero
l
% c-cur12ol
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
%c-c
ur1
2o
l
1
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Bi-
Tri
cyclic :
Mo
no
cyclic R
ati
o
48%
Proportion of trees with a Bi-Tricyclic : Monocyclic Ratio of greater than 1
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Aniw a E-Ponive E-Punalvaad E-Tamsel Malekula Moso S-Penouru S-Wusi Tanna
Pro
po
rtio
n o
f in
div
idu
als
Ratio of Tri/bicyclic : Monocycyclic Sequiterpenes
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
E-Ponive E-Tamsel E-Punalvaad Moso Tanna Aniw a Malekula S-Wusi S-Penouru
Rati
o
%Z-α-santalol across six islands of Santalum austrocaledonicum in Vanuatu
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
50.0
Accession
% Z
-α-s
an
talo
l
Aniw a
Erromango
Malekula
Moso
Santo
Tanna
26.5%
3.6%
34.4%
17.6%
40.2%
18.8%
Int. Std. 41%
Aniwa Erromango Malekula Moso Santo Tanna
7 92
Indiv
Meeting
standard
%Z-β-santalol across six islands of Santalum austrocaledonicum in Vanuatu
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
Accession
%Z
-β-s
an
talo
l
Aniw a
Erromango
Malekula
Moso
Santo
Tanna
14.3%
11.2%
18.7%
14.6%
20.3%
14.9%
Int. Std. 16%
Int. Std. 24%
Aniwa Erromango Malekula Moso Santo Tanna
10 5 22 9 19 14
Indiv
Meeting
standard
%cis-nuciferol across six islands of Santalum austrocaledonicum in Vanuatu
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
50.0
Accession
%cis
-nu
cif
ero
l
Aniw a
Erromango
Malekula
Moso
Santo
Tanna
Aniwa Erromango Malekula Moso Santo Tanna
10.6%
17.4%
3.7%
9.8%
4.0%
12.2%
Oil Yield for 6 islands in Vanuatu
0.00%
1.00%
2.00%
3.00%
4.00%
5.00%
6.00%
7.00%
8.00%
9.00%
Island
% o
il
Aniw a
Erromango
Malekula
Moso
Santo
Tanna1.3% 2.3%
3.6%
1.7% 1.7% 1.9%
2.1%
Aniwa Erromango Malekula Moso Santo Tanna
Yield & Composition of volatiles extraction by various extraction techniques
Moretta P (2001) Extraction and variation of the essential oil from Western Australian sandalwood (Santalum spicatum). Ph.D. thesis, University of W.A.
Summary• Significant divergence found between populations for a range of characters
• Significant tree-to-tree variation for important oil characters
• Variation in heartwood %, which is independent of DBH
• Heartwood and bark-blaze colour have no relationship with heartwood oil quantity or quality and cannot be used as a selection criteria
• Considerable potential for short term improvement in oil quality using highest quality individuals from each population
• Two highest quality populations (Santo & Malekula) are known to have a high incidence of homozygosity.
• Require greater species survey to identify other ‘high quality’ populations and individuals.
• Continuous variation found for all oil constituents
• Very little evidence for vegetation type to have any influence on the oil characters measured
• Three possible candidate species for use in the host by genotype interaction experimentMicromellum minutum, Pterocarpus indicus & Litsea imthurnei
Santalum austrocaledonicum