sanchez vazquez adolfo - el mundo de la violencia

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Bolivar Fdifwfssób*

Lou Clóukcou po guvcblgckgrop pkpi¡p rrkpckrko swg rrojkbkgrc mcvcr. Fwgrop lou móu comrc- ukvou dg vodou lou jombrgu, rgro vg©cp cpvg u© gpgmkiou dg lc jwmcpkdcd swg po grc roukblg

vgpcgr mgdkcpvg gl copvgpckmkgpvo. Todo gl cfóp dg lou Clóukcou guvwvo dkrkikdo c lc

crgcck¨p dg ckrcwpuvcpckcu gp lcu swg gl mcvcr {c po ugc rrovgcjouo rcrc pcdkg. Lwcjcrop

copvrc lc vkolgpckc swg cbwuc copvrc lc vkolgpckc swg kmrkdg gl movkmkgpvo. No vccklcrop gp

oropgr vkolgpckc c lc vkolgpckc.

Bgrvolv Brgcjv Me-ti. El libro de las transformaciones

I

EN ESTE FIN dg ukilo, gp lcu rgikopgu ckvklk}cdcu dgl rlcpgvc, lc ccvkvwd domkpcpvg gp lc orkpk¨p r¡blkcc ccgrcc dg lc vkolgpckc jc ccmbkcdo copukdgrcblgmgpvg, uk ug lc comrcrc cop lc swg rrgvc-lgc©c c fkpclgu dgl ukilo rcucdo. Tcmbk°p gpvopcgu, ror uwrwguvo, ug rgrwdkcbc gl gmrlgo dg lc vkolgpckc como rgcwruo rol©vkco dg oroukck¨p c lcu kpuvkvwckopgu guvcvclgu guvcblgckdcu — fwgug °l lo mkumo uk grc wp gmrlgo guropvópgo swg wpo rrgrcrcdo. Pgro cwpswg grc rgcwucdo gp igpgrcl, po dglcbc, ukp gmbcrio, dg ugr lwuvkfkccdo como ckrcwpuvcpckclmgpvg lgi©vkmo gp ckgrvcu co{wp-vwrcu jkuv¨rkccu o gp dgvgrmkpcdcu rgikopgu igoirófkccu. ¿Qw° ug lg rod©c oblgvcr c lc vkolgpckc dg lou "ccmkucu rolcu" dg Gcrkbcldk,

* Profguor dg lc Fccwlvcd dg Fklouof©c { Lgvrcu dg lc UNAM.

365

366 BOLÍVAR ECHEVERRÍA

ror glgmrlo, uk jcb©c ccvwcdo po u¨lo gp bkgp dgl rroirguo { lc lkbgrvcd, ukpo cdgmóu gp Ivclkc? Ho{ gp d©c, gp ccmbko — ugi¡p kpukuvgp gp kpdwckr { gzrrgucr lou mass media —, gug gmrlgo gu rg-cjc}cdo po u¨lo gp igpgrcl ukpo dg mcpgrc cbuolwvc. Dgurw°u dg lc cc©dc dgl kmrgrko uovk°vkco { lc "rguvkvwck¨p" dg lou Euvcdou igpwkpou gp lc Ewrorc cgpvrorkgpvcl, lc orkpk¨p r¡blkcc ckvklk}cdc po crgg roukblg lc gzkuvgpckc dg pkpi¡p ccuo dg gmrlgo dg lc vko-lgpckc copvrc lc gpvkdcd guvcvcl swg rwgdc ugr lwuvkfkccdo. Al Euvc-do, gp uwu dou vgrukopgu comrlgmgpvcrkcu, gu dgckr, como kpuvkvw-ck¨p pcckopcl { como kpuvkvwck¨p vrcpupcckopcl, lg corrguropdgr©c gl moporolko vovcl { dgfkpkvkvo dgl wuo dg lc vkolgpckc. Ep gfgcvo, rcrc lc orkpk¨p r¡blkcc domkpcpvg, vcpvo lc ccrcck-

dcd dg rguolvgr copflkcvou copformg c dgrgcjo como lc ccrcckdcd dg cbcrccr cop uw rodgr gl coplwpvo dgl cwgrro uockcl, jcbr©cp clccp}cdo gp lc gpvkdcd guvcvcl copvgmrorópgc wp ircdo cgrccpo c lc rgrfgcck¨p. Euvc cwcuk rgrfgcck¨p dg lc gpvkdcd guvcvcl ugr©c lwuvcmgpvg lc swg jccg kmrgpucblg gl uwrikmkgpvo dg wp copflkcvo swg llgicrc c ugr vcp ciwdo o vcp kp°dkvo gpvrg gllc mkumc { gl cwgrro uockcl, como rcrc lwuvkfkccr o lgikvkmcr wpc rwrvwrc gp cop-vrc uw{c dg uw moporolko gzclw{gpvg dgl dgrgcjo c lc vkolgpckc. 1 Euvc copfkcp}c gp wpc copcordcpckc rlgpc gpvrg gl Euvcdo { lc uockgdcd gu lc swg po gzkuv©c gp lc orkpk¨p r¡blkcc dg jccg ckgp c´ou { lc swg dkuvkpiwg c lc dg pwguvrou d©cu.

Skgmrrg dg ccwgrdo c lc orkpk¨p r¡blkcc iwkcdc ror lou mass media, lc gpvkdcd guvcvcl cwcuk rgrfgcvc po ugr©c ovrc couc swg gl Euvcdo pgolkbgrcl; gu dgckr, gl guvcdo dg rrgvgpukopgu "roumo-dgrpcu" swg jc rgvorpcdo c uw vgruk¨p rwrc { rwrkvcpc; gl Euvcdo swg, gp wp crrcpswg — °uvg u© lwuvkfkccdo— dg fwpdcmgpvclkumo lkbgrcl, jc rgdwckdo uwu fwpckopgu c lcu swg lg ugr©cp rrorkcu; wp Euvcdo swg jc cbcpdopcdo {c, dgurw°u dg lc "frwuvrcpvg" gzrg-rkgpckc dgl ukilo zz, guc vglgkdcd uockclkuvokdg { modgrpkuvc swg lo llgv¨ c kpvgpvcr copvgrvkrug gp wp "Euvcdo kpvgrvgpvor { bgpg-fccvor", gp wp "Euvcdo uockcl" o "dg bkgpguvcr".

1 E1 wuo "kpformcl" dg lc vkolgpckc rgrrgukvc — gl dg lcu "iwcrdkcu blcpccu", lou irwrou rcrcmklkvcrgu o rcrcrolkckccou, lcu bcpdcu dg l¨vgpgu rgugpvkdou (vkro skinheads), ror glgmrlo — po gu vkuvc ror lc orkpk¨p r¡blkcc domkpcpvg como wpc rwrvwrc dg gug moporolko ukpo como wp rgfor}cmkgpvo guropvópgo o "uclvclg" dgl mkumo. Lo wbkcc, cop rc}¨p, lwpvo c lcu "gzvrclkmkvcckopgu kpgvkvcblgu comrrgpukblgu" dg lc rrorkc vkolgpckc guvcvcl.

VIOLENCIA Y MODERNIDAD 367

Como uwglg uwcgdgr, lcu gvkdgpckcu gp copvrc, ror mwcjo swg ug ccwmwlgp, po uop ccrccgu dg clvgrcr lc l©pgc swg ukiwg lc ork-pk¨p r¡blkcc. Lou mkumou mass media swg gzropgp { copformcp guvc orkpk¨p po dglcp dg docwmgpvcr c dkcrko { cop kpukuvgpckc gl jgcjo cbrwmcdorcmgpvg rgcl dg lc rwrvwrc dg gug moporolko gu-vcvcl dg lc vkolgpckc; gl jgcjo dgl crgckmkgpvo krrgfrgpcblg dgl wuo dg lc "vkolgpckc uclvclg", gu dgckr, po kpuvkvwckopclk}cdc. Rgrgvk-dcmgpvg, { cop frgcwgpckc ccdc vg} mc{or, lc vkolgpckc ug lg gucc-rc dg lcu mcpou c lc gpvkdcd guvcvcl, { gu gmrlgcdc vcpvo ror mo-vkmkgpvou dkufwpckopclgu, "cpvkpcckopclgu", dg lc uockgdcd ckvkl — lou fcmouou "ugcvorgu" mcrikpclgu o kpformclgu —, como ror Euvcdou pcckopclgu "gurwrkou" o mcl kpvgircdou gp lc gpvkdcd gu-vcvcl vrcpupcckopcl dgl pgolkbgrclkumo — rgcckou c uccrkfkccr uw kdgp-vkdcd rglkikouc o kdgol¨ikcc c lc gleichschaltung gzkikdc ror lc ilobclk}cck¨p dgl ccrkvcl. íuvc gu wpc rgclkdcd swg po llgvc, ukp gmbcrio, c lc orkpk¨p r¡blkcc domkpcpvg c dwdcr dg lc lwuvkfkcc-ck¨p olc lgikvkmkdcd dg lc gpvkdcd guvcvcl swg dgvgpvc gl moporo-lko dg lc vkolgpckc. Lc copdwcg, ror gl copvrcrko, c rcvkfkccr uw cugp-vkmkgpvo c gug moporolko, c kpvgrrrgvcr lc rgkvgrcck¨p { gl gpcopo cop swg crcrgcg lc "vkolgpckc uclvclg" como lc rgurwguvc uockcl c wpc kpuwfkckgpckc mgrcmgpvg cwcpvkvcvkvc { rrovkukopcl dg lc cc-rcckdcd dgl Euvcdo, { po c wpc kmrgrfgcck¨p gugpckcl dgl mkumo. Lo swg uwcgdg gu swg °uvg po jcbr©c llgicdo c¡p c uw dgucrrollo rlgpo; po jcbr©c clccp}cdo vodcv©c c cwbrkr rlgpcmgpvg, c gzro-pgr { rguolvgr ror lc v©c kpuvkvwckopcl vodou lou copflkcvou swg ug igpgrcp gp lc uockgdcd ckvkl. Sg vrcvcr©c cdgmóu dg wpc kpuwfk-ckgpckc ccgpvwcdc co{wpvwrclmgpvg gp rc}¨p dgl ¡lvkmo rroirguo gp lc ilobclk}cck¨p dg lc gcopom©c mwpdkcl, swg jc cmrlkcdo uwuvcpckclmgpvg lc uwrgrfkckg uockcl swg gl Euvcdo dgbg cwbrkr, { gp rc}¨p vcmbk°p dg lcu dgformcckopgu swg gug mkumo Euvcdo vrcg copukio como rguwlvcdo dgl rcvgrpclkumo uockclk}cpvg swg rrgvclgck¨ gp gl ukilo zz. Kcpvkcpc, ukp ucbgrlo, lc orkpk¨p r¡blkcc dg lc "°rocc roumodgrpc" po swkgrg mkrcr gp lc gzccgrbcck¨p { lc ciwdk}cck¨p mopuvrwoucu vcpvo dg lc vkolgpckc uockcl "uclvclg" o rgbgldg como dg lc vkolgpckc guvcvcl "ckvklk}cdorc" wpc roukblg rgccvwclk}cck¨p ccvcuvr¨fkcc dg lc vkolgpckc cpcguvrcl po uwrgrcdc ukpo swg ug copvgpvc cop vgpgrlou ror gl rrgcko swg gu kpglwdkblg rcicr gp gl vrgcjo ¡lvkmo { dgfkpkvkvo dgl ccmkpo swg llgvcr©c c lc copswkuvc dg lc "rc} rgrrgvwc".


Sk clio c´cdg lc rol©vkcc pgolkbgrcl cl mkumo vkro dg wvor©c swg vg gp lcu ovrcu, c lcu swg copdgpc ror klwucu, gu lc jkrocrgu©c. Sg comrorvc como uk lc uw{c, c dkfgrgpckc dg lcu ovrcu, swg ugr©cp krrgclk}cblgu, guvwvkgrc {c rgclk}ópdoug: jccg como uk lc kplwuvkckc uockcl po fwgrc uw clkcdc ukpo uw gpgmkic. Lo "wv¨rkco" gp lc ork-pk¨p r¡blkcc domkpcpvg gu uw crggpckc gp gl mgrccdo o, mglor dkcjo, gp lc ckrcwlcck¨p mgrccpvkl como gucgpcrko dg lc mglor vkdc roukblg rcrc lou ugrgu jwmcpou. Swropg swg gl "mwpdo fglk}" { lc "rc} rgrrgvwc" uop rgrfgcvcmgpvg roukblgu; swg uk bkgp c¡p po guvóp cj©, ug gpcwgpvrcp, gp wp fwvwro rr¨zkmo, cl clccpcg dg lc vkuvc. Profwpdcmgpvg rgclkuvc ror dgbclo dg uw rgcwlkcr wvorkumo, lc orkpk¨p r¡blkcc pgolkbgrcl vkgpg swg dgfgpdgr, ror lo dgmóu, lc rcrcdolc dg wpc rol©vkcc rcdkcclmgpvg crol©vkcc o po ckwdcdcpc. Sgi¡p gllc, gl vrkwpfo dg lc "uockgdcd lwuvc" { gl cdvgpkmkgpvo dg lc "rc} rgrrgvwc" po dgrgpdgp dg pkpi¡p ccvo volwpvcrko dg lc uockgdcd como "comwpkdcd pcvwrcl" o como "comwpkdcd rol©vk-cc", ukpo gzclwukvcmgpvg dg lc vglockdcd cop swg lc "uockgdcd bwriwguc", ukrvk°pdoug dg uw uwrrcguvrwcvwrc guvcvcl, ugc ccrc} dg "ckvklk}cr" { modgrpk}cr; gu dgckr, ccrc} dg vrcdwckr { copvgr-vkr gp copflkcvou dg ordgp gcop¨mkco, vodou lou copflkcvou swg rwg-dcp rrgugpvcrug gp lc vkdc jwmcpc. Upc "mcpo ocwlvc", lc dgl cwmrlkmkgpvo dg lcu lg{gu mgrccpvklgu dgl kpvgrccmbko ror gswk-vclgpckc, rgrcrvkr©c, ror u© uolc, guropvópgcmgpvg { dg mcpgrc kmrgccblgmgpvg lwuvc, lc fglkckdcd, { lo jcr©c dg ccwgrdo cop lou mgrgckmkgpvou dg ccdc swkgp. Lc rol©vkcc, cwcpdo po gu rgrrgugp-vcck¨p, rgflglo fkgl o uwrrcguvrwcvwrc guvrkcvcmgpvg dgvgrmkpcdc ror lc uockgdcd ckvkl, po ccwucr©c ovrc couc swg guvrciou gp gl mcpglo dg lou cuwpvou r¡blkcou ror rcrvg dg lc "mcpo ocwlvc" dgl mgrccdo. "Vkvkr { dglcr vkvkr" gu lc pormc dg lc uockgdcd ckvkl. No jc{

swg olvkdcr swg rcrc wp rrorkgvcrko rrkvcdo gu ukgmrrg móu rro-vgcjouo gl copvrkpccpvg vkvo —copvgrvkdo copvgpkgpvgmgpvg gp dgwdor — swg gl gpgmkio mwgrvo. Euvrwcvwrclmgpvg rcc©fkcc, lc "uockgdcd ckvkl" dg lou rrorkgvc-

rkou rrkvcdou po rgcopocg, obgdgcg pk copucirc ovro rodgr swg po ugc gl rodgr gcop¨mkco gp gl ccmro dg lc ofgrvc { lc dgmcpdc mgrccpvklgu, gu dgckr, swg po vgpic lc fkiwrc dgl vrcbclo igpgrcdor dg vclor, ccrc} dg mcpkfguvcrug gp wp oblgvo. Pgro, rgug c gllo, lc vkolgpckc gu clio dg lo swg guvc "uockgdcd ckvkl" po rwgdg rrguckp-


dkr. Ep gfgcvo, uw vgrrkvorko po gu gl cbuvrccvo g kdgcl dg lc gufgrc dg lc ckrcwlcck¨p, gp lc swg gl cwgrro dg lou rrorkgvcrkou rrkvcdou po ugr©c móu swg wpc dgrkvcck¨p cpiglkccl dg uw clmc clgpc c lc vko-lgpckc. Sw vgrrkvorko gu, ror gl copvrcrko, gl copcrgvo { rgcl dgl mgr-ccdo, dopdg lou rrorkgvcrkou rrkvcdou vkgpgp wp cwgrro llgpo dg crgvkvou rgbgldgu cl copvrol dgl clmc: wp vgrrkvorko uwmcmgpvg rroclkvg c lc vkolgpckc. Sk gllc ug copuvkvw{g c u© mkumc como Euvc-do gu rrgckuc { gzclwukvcmgpvg rcrc crroicrug gl moporolko gp gl gmrlgo dg lc vkolgpckc, ¡pkcc mcpgrc swg vkgpg dg rrovgigr lc kp-vgirkdcd { lc rwrg}c dgl kpvgrccmbko mgrccpvkl po mgpou dg uwu gpgmkiou gzvgrpou swg dg u© mkumc. Ep rrkpckrko, gl wuo dg lc vkolgpckc swg moporolk}c gl Euvcdo dg lc uockgdcd ckvkl bwriwguc guvó cj© rcrc icrcpvk}cr gl bwgp fwpckopcmkgpvo dg lc ckrcwlcck¨p mgrccpvkl; rcrc rrovgigrlc dg vodo ovro roukblg wuo dg lc mkumc ror rcrvg dg lou rrorkgvcrkou rrkvcdou gp gl vgrrgpo dg lc lwcjc gcop¨mkcc. Lc copfkcp}c swg lc orkpk¨p r¡blkcc pgolkbgrcl dg guvg fkp dg

ukilo vkgpg gp gl Euvcdo rwrcmgpvg icrcpvg, pgwvrcl { cbuvgpcko-pkuvc, { gp lc voccck¨p { lc ccrcckdcd ckvklk}cdorc { rcckfkccdorc dg uw moporolko dg lc vkolgpckc — copfkcp}c swg, como vg©cmou, gu, ror gl ovro lcdo, wpc dgucopfkcp}c kpcopdkckopcl cpvg cwcl-swkgr wuo cpvkguvcvcl dg lc vkolgpckc —, gu gp dgfkpkvkvc wpc cop-fkcp}c gp lc uockgdcd copcgbkdc como uockgdcd ckvkl o uockgdcd dg rrorkgvcrkou rrkvcdou { gp lc ccrcckdcd dg guvc uockgdcd ck-vkl dg rguolvgr, c uw mcpgrc, cop uw rol©vkcc c-rol©vkcc o rrgckw-dcdcpc, lou copflkcvou dg lc vkdc r¡blkcc. Ccbg rrgiwpvcrug, c lc lw} dg vcpvou dcvou kpswkgvcpvgu, swg

rrovkgpgp po u¨lo dg cswgllcu rgikopgu dgl rlcpgvc gp lcu swg lc rol©vkcc dg lc uockgdcd ckvkl ukiwg ukgpdo krrgmgdkcblgmgpvg "kmrwrc", ukpo vcmbk°p, g kpclwuo cop mc{or frgcwgpckc, dg cswg-llcu ovrcu gp lcu swg vcl dgrwrcck¨p gu {c wpc "copswkuvc" dg vkgm-ro cvróu: ¿guvó lwuvkfkccdc guc copfkcp}c ukp fkuwrcu dg lc orkpk¨p r¡blkcc gp lc rrgugpckc rol©vkcc dg lc uockgdcd como uockgdcd ck-vkl { lc dgucopfkcp}c corrglcvkvc, kiwclmgpvg mopol©vkcc, frgpvg c ovrcu formcu dg uw rrgugpckc rol©vkcc: cwcpdo gllc ug copuvkvw{g, ror glgmrlo, como wpc uockgdcd "pcvwrcl" o como wpc uockgdcd "ckwdcdcpc"?


II

Yc gp 1940, como comrlgmgpvo pgcgucrko dg uw cr©vkcc dgl Euvcdo vovclkvcrko (pc}k o dg bcugu "ccrkvclkuvcu" { uvclkpkuvc o dg bcugu "uockclkuvcu"), Mcz Horkjgkmgr2 crkvkccbc vcmbk°p lc iguvcck¨p dg ovrc vgruk¨p dgl Euvcdo copvgmrorópgo: lc swg vgmou jo{ gzrcp-dkrug uobrg gl rlcpgvc gp lc fkiwrc dg gug Euvcdo cwcuk rgrfgcvo o guc gpvkdcd guvcvcl vrcpupcckopcl rwguvc ror lc pwgvc ilobclk}cck¨p ccrkvclkuvc — pgolkbgrcl — dg lc gcopom©c mwpdkcl. Sg vrcvcbc, rcrc °l — gp lc mkumc l©pgc dg wp guvwdko cpvgrkor dg Hgrbgrv Mcrcwug — 3 dg lc formc gurgc©fkccmgpvg occkdgpvcl dgl "Euvcdo cwvorkvcrko". Skiwkgpdo c Mcrz, Horkjgkmgr cfkrmcbc swg lc gpvk-dcd guvcvcl gu icrcpvg dg wpc gufgrc dg lc ckrcwlcck¨p swg ug gp-cwgpvrc ocwrcdc, kpvgrvgpkdc { dgformcdc ror lc rrgugpckc gp gllc dg wp vkro dg mgrccpc©c { dg dkpgro swg obuvccwlk}c uwuvcpckclmgpvg gl lkbrg lwgio dg lc ofgrvc { lc dgmcpdc. El ircp ccrkvcl, gucrkb©c, cop uwu dkpgrou { uw mgrccdgr©c, cop gl rguo mopor¨l©co dg lou mkumou uobrg lcu rrorkgdcdgu rrkvcdcu dgl rguvo dg lou mkgmbrou dg lc uockgdcd ckvkl, ckgrrc pgcgucrkcmgpvg gl lwgio dg lcu ororvwpkdcdgu dg kpvgruk¨p rrodwcvkvc, glkmkpc gl c}cr como jork}opvg igpwkpo dg lc gufgrc dg lc ckrcwlcck¨p mgr-ccpvkl { gl mgrccdo lkbrg g kmropg uw dkcvcdwrc gp lc gufgrc dg lc uockgdcd ckvkl. Abuvgpgrug dg kpvgrvgpkr gp lc gufgrc dg lc ckrcwlc-ck¨p, gp gl lwgio lkbrg dg lc copformcck¨p dg lou rrgckou mgrccpvk-lgu; °uvg gu gl rrkmgr mcpdcmkgpvo dgl lkbgrclkumo { gl pgolkbgrclkumo gp lo swg copckgrpg c lc rglcck¨p dgl Euvcdo cop lc gcopom©c dg lc uockgdcd. Pgro lc po kpvgrvgpck¨p dgl Euvcdo gp wpc gcopom©c, swg po gu gllc mkumc lkbrg ukpo uomgvkdc, rguwlvc ugr ovro modo dg kpvgrvgpck¨p gp gllc, u¨lo swg móu uwvkl { móu gfgcvkvo. Lc kpvgrvgpck¨p dgl Euvcdo gp lc gcopom©c po u¨lo gu lc kpvgrvgpck¨p vorrg gp lc gufgrc dg lc ckrcwlcck¨p, lc swg cdlwdkcc crbkvrcrkcmgpvg lou rrgckou c lcu mgrccpc©cu, gp vkolcck¨p cbkgr-vc dg lc lg{ dgl vclor - { swg jcbróp dg ropgr gp rrócvkcc gl Euvc-do fcuckuvc { gl Euvcdo uockclkuvc rgcl —; gu vcmbk°p, { uobrg vodo,

2 Mcz Horkjgkmgr, "Awvorkvórgr Svccv", gp Walter Benjamin zun: Gediichtnis. Lou Ángeles, 1942, rr. 131-136 { 145-148.

3 Hgrbgrv Mcrcwug, "Dgr Kcmrf igigp dgp Lkbgrclkumwu kp dgr vovclkvcrgp Svccvucwffcuuwpi", gp Zeitschrift zur Sozialforschung, v. Hk, 1934, r. 174.


lc kpvgrvgpck¨p kmrgrcgrvkblg swg copukuvg gp copucircr gl domk-pko dgur¨vkco dg lc rgclk}cck¨p dgl vclor-ccrkvcl uobrg lc rgclk}c-ck¨p dg lou dgmóu vclorgu gp gl mwpdo dg lcu mgrccpc©cu. Horkjgkmgr rgvorpc lc kdgc dg Mcrz: lc "mcpo kpvkukblg" dgl

mgrccdo gu wpc mcpo ccricdc gp wp u¨lo ugpvkdo. Lc uockgdcd ckvkl copdkckopc uw lgmc dg "vkvkr { dglcr vkvkr" c lcu pgcgukdcdgu vkvclgu dg lc rkswg}c ccrkvclkuvc. Lc uockgdcd ckvkl po gu gl rgkpo dg lc kiwcldcd ukpo, ror gl copvrcrko, dg lc dgukiwcldcd; dg wpc dgu-kiwcldcd guvrwcvwrcl, ukuvgmóvkccmgpvg rgrrodwckdc, swg lc dkvk-dg gp dkuvkpvcu clcugu, movkdcu ror kpvgrgugu po u¨lo dkvgrigpvgu ukpo gugpckclmgpvg krrgcopcklkcblgu.

No gu wpc uockgdcd ckvkl, cw{ou copflkcvou kpvgrpou ugcp uwu-cgrvkblgu dg ugr wpkfkccdou { wpkformcdou, lc swg ug dc c u© mkumc uw rrorko Euvcdo gp lc ckvklk}cck¨p modgrpc, ukpo wpc uockgdcd rrofwpdcmgpvg dkvkdkdc, gp lc swg vcpvo lc vkolgpckc dg lc gzrlo-vcck¨p gcop¨mkcc corpo lc rgurwguvc c gllc — ugc como gpcopo cwvodguvrwcvkvo o como brovg dg rgbgld©c —, dglcp rgukdwou kpgz-rrgucdou g kpucvkufgcjou swg ug lwpvcp { clmccgpcp gp lc mgmo-rkc rrócvkcc dgl mwpdo dg lc vkdc, { ug uwglvcp dg iolrg, cop ug-iwrc rgro gpkimóvkcc rgiwlcrkdcd, dgucvcpdo uw rovgpckcl dgvcuvcdor. Por guvc rc}¨p, gl moporolko guvcvcl dg lc vkolgpckc po rwgdg glgrcgrug dg ovro modo swg como uclvciwcrdc dg wpc gufgrc dg lc ckrcwlcck¨p mgrccpvkl gp lc swg lcu lg{gu dg lc gswkvc-lgpckc, fwpdkdcu { copfwpdkdcu cop lcu pgcgukdcdgu dg vclork}c-ck¨p dgl vclor dg lc mgrccpc©c ccrkvclkuvc, ukrvgp dg móuccrc c lc gzrrorkcck¨p dgl rlwuvclor; gu dgckr, c lc gzrlovcck¨p dg wpc clcug uockcl ror ovrc, { gp lc swg gl "rro{gcvo" dg uwrrcguvrwcvwrc rol©-vkcc o Euvcdo pcckopcl, rrorko dg wpc frccck¨p dg lc uockgdcd — lc glgcwvorc ({ bgpgfkckcrkc) dg lcu dkuroukckopgu dgl ccrkvcl — ug lg-vcpvc como uk fwgrc gl dg lc uockgdcd gp uw coplwpvo.

Pgro Horkjgkmgr po u¨lo rgvorpc guvg rlcpvgcmkgpvo dg Mcrz ukpo swg lo dgucrrollc dg mcpgrc vólkdc rcrc lc ugiwpdc mkvcd dgl ukilo zz. El "Euvcdo cwvorkvcrko" —gl swg dgurw°u ugró llcmc-do "pgolkbgrcl" — ug dkuvkpiwg dgl Euvcdo lkbgrcl c rcrvkr dg uw bcug: lc uockgdcd ckvkl swg vkgpg ror kpfrcguvrwcvwrc po gu {c wpc uockgdcd "cbkgrvc" ukpo wpc uockgdcd "gpclcwuvrcdc". Lc dgukiwcl-dcd gpvrg lou copilomgrcdou dg rrorkgdcd rrkvcdc po gu {c u¨-lo wpc dkfgrgpckc cwcpvkvcvkvc o dg ircdo, ukpo wpc dkfgrgpckc cwclkvcvkvc, dg rcpio o ccuvc. Upc l©pgc dkvkuorkc ccmbkcpvg rgro


kmrlcccblg ugrcrc c lou rrorkgvcrkou swg guvóp cop uwu ccrkvclgu ror dgbclo dg wp dgvgrmkpcdo pkvgl dg copcgpvrcck¨p dg cswg-llou ovrou swg guvóp ror gpckmc dgl mkumo: lou rrkmgrou rouggp wp ugiwro copvrc lou gfgcvou rgrpkckouou dg lc comrgvgpckc, lou ugiwpdou, po. Ipcorrwrvkblg { rkiwrouc gp uw jgmkufgrko bclo, lc gufgrc dg lc ckrcwlcck¨p uwurgpdg lc vkigpckc dg uwu lg{gu gp uw jgmkufgrko clvo; rlgpcmgpvg vólkdc gp gl rrkmgro, ug gpcwgpvrc gp ccmbko "rglcvkvk}cdc", "cpwlcdc" kpclwuo (liquidiert), llgic c gu-crkbkr Horkjgkmgr, 4 gp gl ugiwpdo, dopdg ug dglc uwuvkvwkr ror crrgilou v°cpkco-bwrocróvkcou gp lcu cwmbrgu mopor¨lkccu. Todou kiwclgu, rgro wpou móu { ovrou mgpou swg lou dgmóu, lou mkgm-brou dg lc uockgdcd ckvkl pgolkbgrcl gpvkgrrcp gl copflkcvo bóukco g krrguolwblg gpvrg gzrlovcdorgu { gzrlovcdou bclo wpc pwgvc ccrc dg copflkcvou, lc dg lc dkucrgrcpckc gpvrg lou swg guvóp kpmgruou gp lc lgiclkdcd dg lc gufgrc dg ckrcwlcck¨p mgrccpvkl { lou swg flo-vcp uobrg gllc, gpvrg lou swg dgbgp cvgpgrug cl ccmro dg ircvkvc-ck¨p dg lc ofgrvc { lc dgmcpdc, dglkmkvcdo ror lcu crkuku rgcwrrgp-vgu, { lou swg uop ccrccgu dg mcpkrwlcrlo { dg uclvcr cop rrovgcjo ror gpckmc dg vclgu crkuku. El Euvcdo pgolkbgrcl, gl Euvcdo cwvork-vcrko "occkdgpvcl", gu gl Euvcdo dg wpc uockgdcd ckvkl cw{c guck-uk¨p copuvkvwvkvc — gpvrg vrcbclcdorgu { ccrkvclkuvcu — guvó uobrgdgvgrmkpcdc ror lc guckuk¨p gpvrg ccrkvclkuvcu mcpkrwlcdou ror lc ckrcwlcck¨p mgrccpvkl { ccrkvclkuvcu mcpkrwlcdorgu dg lc mkumc. Eu gl Euvcdo dg wpc uockgdcd ckvkl copuvrwkdc uobrg lc bcug dg rglcckopgu uockclgu dg comrgvgpckc mgrccpvkl gp vcpvo swg uop rglcckopgu swg guvóp ukgpdo rgbcucdcu, ccovcdcu { domkpcdcu ror ovrcu, dg rodgr mgvcmgrccpvkl ("roumgrccpvkl"). Euvc vrcpuformc-ck¨p guvrwcvwrcl dg lc uockgdcd ckvkl ofrgcg lc clcvg rcrc gmrrgp-dgr lc comrlgmgpvcrkgdcd copflkcvkvc swg jc{ gpvrg lc vgruk¨p pcckopcl { lc vgruk¨p vrcpupcckopcl dg lc gpvkdcd guvcvcl copvgm-rorópgc. Lc dkuroukck¨p mopor¨lkcc uobrg wp cwgrro comwpkvc-rko (fwgr}c dg vrcbclo) { wp cwgrro pcvwrcl (vgrrkvorko) fwg lc bcug dg lc uobgrcp©c dgl Euvcdo pcckopcl gp lou vkgmrou dg lc gufgrc dg lc ckrcwlcck¨p mgrccpvkl c¡p po mcpkrwlcdc, gp lc °rocc dg lc com-rgvgpckc kpvgrpcckopcl gfgcvkvc. Ep lou vkgmrou ccvwclgu, cwcpdo lou rguwlvcdou dg guvc comrgvgpckc rwgdgp ugr clvgrcdou ror crrg-ilou dg rodgr mgvcckrcwlcvorkou; cwcpd¨ gl ccrkvcl, swg, como dkcg

4 M. Horkheimer, "Autoritarer Staat", en op. cit., p. 123.


Horkjgkmgr, "gu ccrc} dg uobrgvkvkr c lc gcopom©c dg mgrccdo", 5 jc comgp}cdo c jcblcr lc lgpiwc wpkvgrucl dg "lc ckvklk}cck¨p jwmcpc" { ug olvkdc dg uwu "dkclgcvou" rcrvkcwlcrgu, gl Euvcdo pcckopcl, ukp dglcr dg ugr kpdkurgpucblg, jc dglcdo dg ugr wp fkp gp u© mkumo. Sw uobgrcp©c, cl rglcvkvk}crug { dkumkpwkrug, ug jc dguvcpgckdo. Ep lc pwgvc gufgrc dg lc ckrcwlcck¨p, mgrccpvkl o pgolkbgrcl, gl ccrkvcl dgurkdg cl Euvcdo pcckopcl dg uw fwpck¨p dg vocgro rrkpckrcl uw{o. Ep igpgrcl, dgucopocg lc kmrorvcpckc dg lc ccrcckdcd dg kpvgrrrgvcr, copfkiwrcr { rlcumcr lou lkpgcmkgpvou dg uw ccwmwlcck¨p gp cclkdcd dg mgvcu cwclkvcvkvcu dg wpc gm-rrguc jkuv¨rkcc. Lc pwgvc uockgdcd ckvkl, lc dg "mgpou Euvcdo { móu uockgdcd", po dgvwglvg c lc uockgdcd lc uobgrcp©c swg crrg-bcvc cl Euvcdo. Sw rrocgdgr gu móu copvwpdgpvg: glkmkpc lc rouk-bklkdcd dg vodc cwvcrsw©c, rkdkcwlk}c lc kdgc mkumc dg uobgrcp©c. El ugr jwmcpo pgolkbgrcl po guvó cj© rcrc kpvgpvcr { vrcpuformcr uw rrorko rroircmc dg vkdc, ukpo rcrc cdkvkpcr { glgcwvcr wp rro-ircmc swg guvcr©c {c dcdo { ugr©c kpclvgrcblg. Au© como rcrc lc orkpk¨p r¡blkcc pgolkbgrcl lc ¡pkcc jkuvorkc swg lg swgdc ror jc-cgr cl ugr jwmcpo gu wpc po jkuvorkc, cu© vcmbk°p, rcrc gllc, lc ¡pk-cc rol©vkcc swg dgbg rgcopocgrug como vkcblg gu, gp vgrdcd, wpc po-rol©vkcc.

III

Podr©c dgfkpkrug c lc vkolgpckc cfkrmcpdo swg gu lc cwclkdcd rro-rkc dg wpc ccck¨p swg ug glgrcg uobrg gl ovro rcrc kpdwckr gp °l ror lc fwgr}c — gu dgckr, a la limite, mgdkcpvg wpc cmgpc}c dg mwgr-vg — wp comrorvcmkgpvo copvrcrko c uw volwpvcd, c uw cwvopo-m©c, swg kmrlkcc uw pgicck¨p como uwlgvo jwmcpo lkbrg.

Pcrgcg ugr swg ckgrvo vkro dg vkolgpckc po u¨lo gu kpglwdkblg gp lc copdkck¨p jwmcpc, ukpo copuvkvwvkvo dg gllc, dg uw rgcwlkcrk-dcd — dg uwu ircpdg}cu { uwu mkugrkcu, dg uwu mcrcvkllcu { uwu cbomkpcckopgu — gp mgdko dg lc copdkck¨p dg lou dgmóu ugrgu.

Sg vrcvc dg wpc vkolgpckc c lc swg rodr©cmou llcmcr "dkcl°cvkcc", rwguvo swg swkgp lc glgrcg { swkgp lc uwfrg mcpvkgpgp gpvrg u© c vrcv°u dgl vkgmro, móu clló dgl momgpvo ccvwcl, wp lc}o ef rgck-rrockdcd, wpc comrlkckdcd swg copvkgrvg cl ccvo vkolgpvo gp lc

5 Ibid., p. 125.


v©c dg vrópukvo c wpc fkiwrc móu rgrfgcvc dg uw gzkuvgpckc coplwp-vc. Sg vrcvc dg lc vkolgpckc rrccvkccdc como rckdgkc, como dkuckrlk-pc o cucguku swg llgvc vcpvo cl ccvor como cl rcckgpvg dg lc vkolgp-ckc, vcpvo cl "gdwccdor" como cl "gdwccpdo", c ccmbkcr wp pkvgl móu rrgccrko { glgmgpvcl dg comrorvcmkgpvo ror wpo móu rlgpo { ucvkufccvorko. Eu lc vkolgpckc swg kmrlkcc lc vrcpukck¨p como rwr-vwrc dg wp continuum c lc swg ug rgfkgrg Wclvgr Bgplcmkp gp uwu Tesis sobre la historia { dg lc swg Mcrk { Epiglu jcblcbcp como "rcrvgrc dg lc jkuvorkc". Vkolgpckc dkcl°cvkcc ugr©c, ror glgmrlo, rcrc po mgpckopcr lc

vkolgpckc kpvgruwblgvkvc móu copockdc swg gu lc swg rrgvclgcg gp gl mwpdo dgl grovkumo, lc dgl cucgvc m©uvkco ccv¨lkco dgl ukilo XVII, swg dkvkdg { dgudoblc uw {o, { ug ropg cpvg u© mkumo como rwro cwgrro, como wp ovro cl swg mcrvkrk}c, uobrg gl swg glgrcg vkolgp-ckc cop gl fkp dg pgicr uw modo ccvwcl dg gzkuvgpckc { cucgpdgr c wp modo dg gzkuvgpckc uwrgrkor gp gl swg °l mkumo { uw ovro {o, uw cwgrro rgcobrcdo, clccp}cp momgpvópgcmgpvg gl status dg lc uclvcck¨p. Eugpckclmgpvg dkfgrgpvg dg lc vkolgpckc dguvrwcvkvc — swg gu lc

swg rgrukiwg lc cbolkck¨p o glkmkpcck¨p dgl ovro como uwlgvo lk-brg, lc swg copuvrw{g cl ovro como gpgmkio, como cliwkgp swg u¨lo rwgdg ugr cpkswklcdo o rgbclcdo c lc cpkmclkdcd —, lc vkolgp-ckc dkcl°cvkcc gu lc swg uwb{ccg gp vodcu lcu copuvrwcckopgu dg mwpdo uockcl lgvcpvcdcu ror gl ugr jwmcpo gp lcu °roccu crcck-ccu swg uwcgdkgrop c lc llcmcdc "rgvolwck¨p pgol©vkcc" { swg gp mwcjou curgcvou gugpckclgu jcp rgrdwrcdo jcuvc pwguvrou d©cu, c vrcv°u kpclwuo dg vodc lc jkuvorkc dg lc modgrpkdcd. Upc "vkolgp-ckc bgpkipc", swg uccc dg uw pcvwrclkdcd cl ugr jwmcpo, rgrrk-mkgpdo o forvclgckgpdo dgumguwrcdcmgpvg dgvgrmkpcdou curgc-vou dg uw uwuvcpckc cpkmcl, rcrc cdgcwcrlc ukuvgmóvkccmgpvg gp wpc fkiwrc dg jwmcpkdcd; wpc vkolgpckc swg copvkgrvg gp vkrvwd, gp wp jgcjo crm¨pkco o "cmcblg", lc pgcgukdcd guvrcv°ikcc dg uccrkfkccr ckgrvcu roukbklkdcdgu dg vkdc gp fcvor dg ovrcu, rgco-pockdcu como lcu ¡pkccu kpdkurgpucblgu rcrc lc uwrgrvkvgpckc comwpkvcrkc gp mgdko dg lc guccug} dg ororvwpkdcdgu dg vkdc o lc jouvklkdcd dg lo gzvrcjwmcpo .6 Upc vkolgpckc copuvrwcvkvc,

6 "Amcblg" jcckc cdgpvro, lc vkolgpckc crcckcc gu — gp lou rgrkodou po ccvcuvr¨-fkcou — kmrlcccblgmgpvg dguvrwcvkvc, cpkswklcdorc, cwcpdo ug vkgrvg jcckc cfwgrc,


dkcl°cvkcc o rckdgkcc, guvó ukp dwdc gp gl fopdo dg lc vkdc jwmcpc kpuvkvwckopcl { ckvklk}cdc. Cwlvwrc gu pcvwrc uwblkmcdc, vrcpupc-vwrclk}cdc, gpugćbc, lwpvo cop ovrou, Mcrcwug jccg vrgkpvc cóu; { uwblkmcck¨p, dgc©c, gu cwvovkolgpckc rgrfgcckopcdorc, gu uccrkfk-cko crgcvkvo. Lc vkolgpckc dkcl°cvkcc dg lcu comwpkdcdgu crcckccu gu jklc dg

wpc ukvwcck¨p dg "guccug} cbuolwvc"; gu dgckr, dg wpcu copdkcko-pgu gp lcu swg gl mwpdo pcvwrcl rrgugpvc wp ccrócvgr kpcopdk-ckopclmgpvg kpjürkvo rcrc lcu gzkigpckcu gurgc©fkccu dgl mwpdo jwmcpo. Lc guccug} cbuolwvc gu wpc copdkck¨p swg vwglvg c lc gzkuvgpckc jwmcpc couc dg mklciro, cfkrmcck¨p dgugurgrcdc, ukgm-rrg gp rglkiro, gp mgdko dg lc cmgpc}c ompkrrgugpvg; swg ropg cl rccvo móikco cop lo Ovro como wp rgcwruo móu gfgcvkvo dg rro-dwcck¨p dg lou bkgpgu pgcgucrkou swg lc ccck¨p v°cpkcc uobrg lc pcvwrclg}c. Lc fcuckpcck¨p cbkumcl swg glgrcgp lcu "cwlvwrcu rrkmkvkvcu"

uobrg gl gpvgpdkmkgpvo modgrpo rgukdg gp swg lc guccug} cbuolw-vc uobrg lc swg copuvrw{gp gl gdkfkcko kpfkpkvcmgpvg comrlglo, { cl mkumo vkgmro vcp swgbrcdk}o dg uwu kpuvkvwckopgu, mcpkfkguvc o ccvwclk}c dg lc mcpgrc móu rwrc guc ovrc "guccug}" swg rodr©c llcmcrug "opvolïkcc" { swg ugr©c gl corrglcvo dg lo swg Kcpv llc-mcbc gl "mcl rcdkccl", Hgkdgiigr { Scrvrg lc "lkbgrvcd", { swg gp lc mkvoloi©c lwdgocrkuvkcpc crcrgcg como cswgllc uobgrbkc, gpccr-pcdc gp lc Sgrrkgpvg, swg llgvc c Adóp c vgrug "como Dkou", dwg-ó dg "wpc rclcbrc swg po u¨lo pombrc, ukpo swg, cl pombrcr, crgc lc couc pombrcdc" (Bgplcmkp), { c mgpourrgckcr gl ordgp dg lc Crgcck¨p, c vgpgr cl Pcrc©uo vgrrgpcl como "rocc couc", c ro-pgrlo como "guccuo" rgurgcvo dg uwu cmbkckopgu. Lcu "cwlvwrcu rrkmkvkvcu" ropdr©cp cl dgupwdo lc cmbkvclgpckc rcdkccl dgl gu-vcr gzrwlucdou dgl Pcrc©uo, dg lc "copdgpc c lc lkbgrvcd" (Scrvrg)

copvrc gl ovro. Eu wpc vkolgpckc swg vkgpg dou roukbklkdcdgu gzvrgmcu, lc dg cpkswk-lcr cl ovro o lc dg "dgvorcrlo"; lc dg dgvolvgrlo c lc kpgzkuvgpckc "dg dopdg po dgbk¨ jcbgr uclkdo", o lc dg crrovgcjcr cswgllou glgmgpvou dg °l swg fwgrop fgfd.ujwpt gp gl rccvo cop lo Ovro. Euvc ugiwpdc roukbklkdcd, gp rgrkodou dg ccvóuvrofg, cwcpdo lc comwpkdcd guvó gp vrcpcg dg rgvkucr uw copuvkvwck¨p, dg rgrlcpvgcr uw rrorko rccvo cop lo Ovro, gu lc swg jc cbkgrvo lc v©c c lc jkuvorkc dg lc cwlvwrc como jkuvorkc dg wp mguvk}clg kpcgucpvg. Lc "cbuorck¨p dgl ovro" ug dc como wpc rg-copuvrwcck¨p dg u© mkumo, como wp jgcjo gp gl swg gl vrkwpfo rrorko ug rgvglc co-mo wpc dgrrovc, lc dgrrovc dgl ovro como wp vrkwpfo.


swg ccrccvgrk}c c lc copdkck¨p jwmcpc: dgucmrcro, copvkpigpckc, vorrg}c, ror wp lcdo, rgro cwvcrsw©c, cwvocfkrmcck¨p, crgcvkvkdcd, ror ovro. Lc vkolgpckc rrkmkvkvc fcuckpc ror lo swg gp gllc jc{ dg wp uobrgropgrug c lc pcdc.

Ncckdc gp vkrvwd dg wpc rgcwlkcr guvrcvgikc dg uobrgvkvgpckc, dg rgbgld©c frgpvg c lc copdgpc c mwgrvg swg gl coplwpvo de lc vkdc cpkmcl dkcvc copvrc lc vkdc jwmcpc, lc comwpkdcd crcckcc vg gp lc f¨rmwlc dg guc guvrcvgikc gl ugcrgvo swg icrcpvk}c lc gzku-vgpckc mkumc dg gllc { uw mwpdo. F¨rmwlc dg wpc mcpgrc rgcw-lkcr dg glgrcgr lc vkolgpckc copvrc lc cpkmclkdcd pcvwrcl { gp fcvor dg wpc cpkmclkdcd uockcl; dg wucrlc dg mcpgrc rrodwcvkvc, "uw-blkmcdorc" o dkcl°cvkcc. Lc f¨rmwlc dg lc guvrcvgikc dg uwrgrvk-vgpckc gp vorpo c lc cwcl ug copuvkvw{g lc comwpkdcd crcckcc gu rwguvc ror °uvc gp cclkdcd dg p¡clgo dg lc formc swg lc dkuvkpiwg, dg uw kdgpvkdcd o mkumkdcd, { cl mkumo vkgmro dg icrcpv©c dg uw rgrmcpgpckc gp gl mwpdo. Lc vkolgpckc copvrc pcvwrc swg guvó gp lc bcug dg lc copuvrwcck¨p crcckcc dg lc kdgpvkdcd llgvc pgcgucrkc-mgpvg cl jgcjo dg swg lc comwpkdcd po rwgdc rrguckpdkr dg lc "copuvrwcck¨p" dgl ovro - dgl ovro vcpvo cl kpvgrkor dg gllc como frgpvg c gllc — gp cclkdcd dg gpgmkio, dg roukblg oblgvo dg uw vko-lgpckc dguvrwcvkvc. El ovro, ugc gl swg dgucopocg lc pormc o gl swg vkgpg ovrcu pormcu, ugrkc gugpckclmgpvg dkipo dg odko rorswg rgr-uopkfkcc wpc clvgrpcvkvc frgpvg cl ethos swg — copucircdo gp lc for-mc— ukpiwlcrk}c g kdgpvkfkcc cl cwgrro comwpkvcrko { cl mwpdo dg uw vkdc. Lo ugr©c rorswg, cl jccgrlo, cl mouvrcr swg lc vkdc vcmbk°p rwgdg ugr rgrrodwckdc dg ovrc mcpgrc, vwglvg gvkdgpvg lo swg gu kpdkurgpucblg swg guv° ocwlvo: lc copvkpigpckc dgl fwp-dcmgpvo dg lc rrorkc kdgpvkdcd, gl jgcjo dg swg lc formc dg °uvc po gu lc ¡pkcc roukblg; dg swg po gu kpcopdkckopclmgpvg vólkdc { uw copukuvgpckc po vkgpg lc cwvorkdcd dg lo Ovro; dg swg po gu wpc copukuvgpckc "pcvwrcl" ukpo "copvrcpcvwrcl", ukmrlgmgpvg jwmc-pc: crvkfkckcl, uwuvkvwkblg.

IV

El fwpdcmgpvo dg lc modgrpkdcd rcrgcg guvcr gp wp fgp¨mgpo dg lc jkuvorkc rrofwpdc { dg mw{ lcric dwrcck¨p, cw{ou kpkckou lc cpvroroloi©c jkuv¨rkcc dkuvkpiwg {c cop pkvkdg}, ror lo mgpou gp


gl copvkpgpvg gwrorgo, 7 clrgdgdor dgl ukilo zII: gl rgvolwckopc-mkgpvo "roupgol©vkco" dg lcu fwgr}cu rrodwcvkvcu. Sg vrcvc dg wpc vrcpuformcck¨p "groccl" rorswg kmrlkcc gl cdvgpkmkgpvo dg wp vkro dg guccug} pwgvo, dgucopockdo jcuvc gpvopcgu ror gl ugr jw-mcpo, gl dg lc "guccug} rglcvkvc" o, vkuvo cl rgv°u, gl crcrgckmkgpvo dg wp vkro kp°dkvo dg "cbwpdcpckc", lc cbwpdcpckc igpgrcl rgcl-mgpvg roukblg. El ircdo dg rrobcbklkdcd dg swg lc ccvkvkdcd jw-mcpc rguwlvg rrodwcvkvc gp uw vrcbclo uobrg wp vgrrkvorko { gp wp rgrkodo dgvgrmkpcdou, ukp dgrgpdgr dg uwu rgcwruou móikcou, rcucbc clcrcmgpvg dg lcu ckfrcu "gp rolo" c lcu ckfrcu "gp pgiro". Ep vkrvwd dg guvg jgcjo dgckukvo, lc cukmgvr©c kpuclvcblg gpvrg lo jwmcpo { lo gzvrcjwmcpo, gpvrg lc rrgccrkgdcd dg lo wpo { lc fwgr}c crrollcdorc dg lo ovro, swg rrgvclgck¨ "dgudg gl rrkpckrko" gp gl gucgpcrko dg uwu rglcckopgu rrócvkccu, vgpdr©c c ugr uwuvkvwk-dc ror wpc ukmgvr©c roukblg, ror wp gswklkbrko kpguvcblg o wp gm-rcvg rglcvkvo gpvrg lou dou. Lc guccug} dglcr©c dg mgdkrug jcckc cbclo, rgurgcvo dg lc mwgrvg roukblg, dg lc pgicck¨p { lc dkumkpw-ck¨p dg lc vkdc, { comgp}cr©c c mgdkrug jcckc crrkbc, copvgrvkdc {c gp "cbwpdcpckc", rgurgcvo dg lc vkdc roukblg, dg uw cfkrmcck¨p { gprkswgckmkgpvo. Eu wp ikro jkuv¨rkco swg rgvkgrvg rcdkcclmgpvg lc ukvwcck¨p rgcl dg lc copdkck¨p jwmcpc. Lc roukbklkdcd dg wpc cbwpdcpckc rglcvkvc igpgrclk}cdc vrcg copukio wpc "rromguc" dg gmcpckrcck¨p: ropg gp gpvrgdkcjo lc pgcgukdcd dg rgrgvkr gl wuo dg lc vkolgpckc copvrc lcu rwlukopgu — gl uccrkfkcko — como conditio sine qua non vcpvo dgl ccrócvgr jwmcpo dg lc vkdc como dgl mcp-vgpkmkgpvo dg uwu formcu ckvklk}cdcu. Lkbgrc c lc uockgdcd dg lc pgcgukdcd dg ugllcr uw oricpk}cck¨p cop wpc kdgpvkdcd gp lc swg ug crkuvclk}c wp rccvo cop lo Ovro, { swkvc cu© gl rkuo c lc pgcgukdcd dg "copuvrwkr" cl ovro, kpvgrpo o gzvgrpo, como gpgmkio. 8

7 Dgudg gl dgucrrollo dgl crcdo rgucdo { lc vrccck¨p cpkmcl, rcucpdo ror lc kp-vrodwcck¨p dg lou molkpou dg ciwc { dg vkgpvo { lc modkfkccck¨p ad hoc dgl dkugó mgcópkco, jcuvc lc copformcck¨p dg lc vovclkdcd dgl rgswgó copvkpgpvg gwrorgo como wp uolo ccmro kpuvrwmgpvcl (wp "mccromgdko dg rrodwcck¨p"), vodo cop-vrkbw{g c swg, dgurw°u dg Mcrc Blocj, ugcp {c mwcjou lou cwvorgu swg kpukuvgp gp rgcopocgr lc ccck¨p dg wpc rgvolwck¨p vgcpolïkcc dg clccpcg "groccl" dwrcpvg lc Edcd Mgdkc vcrd©c. Cf. L{pp Wjkvg Jr., Medieval technology and social change. Oz-ford, 1980.

8 Eu ucp Frcpckuco dg Au©u, rcrcd¨lkccmgpvg, gl swg, cop uw copfkcp}c ckgic gp swg "Dkou rrovggró", rgrckbg { cpwpckc c uw mcpgrc lc rrgugpckc dg guvg vkrclg jkuv¨rkco.


Tcl vg} lo ccrccvgr©uvkco — lo vróikccmgpvg ccrccvgr©uvkco — dg lc modgrpkdcd, cw{c crkuku vkvkmou gp guvg fkp dg ukilo, guvó gp swg gllc jc ukdo c lc vg} lc rgclk}cck¨p { lc pgicck¨p dg gug rgvolwckopcmkgpvo dg lcu fwgr}cu rrodwcvkvcu swg comgp}¨ c rgrfklcrug jccg {c vcpvou ukilou. Lc modgrpkdcd dgbk¨ gpvrgicrug cl comrorvcmkgpvo ccrkvclkuvc dgl mgrccdo — swg copukuvg gp uc-ccr wp rlwuvclor comrrcpdo bcrcvo rcrc vgpdgr ccro — como m°vodo { dkuroukvkvo ccrc} dg kpvrodwckr gp lc vkdc gcop¨mkcc gl rroirgukumo { gl wpkvgruclkumo kpdkurgpucblgu rcrc gl dgurlkg-iwg gfgcvkvo dg dkcjo rgvolwckopcmkgpvo. Lc uwbordkpcck¨p dgl gprkswgckmkgpvo cwclkvcvkvo dgl mwpdo dg lc vkdc c lcu dkrgcvkvcu rrovgpkgpvgu dg lc vorcckdcd dgl ccrkvcl gp uw cwvovclork}cck¨p; lc kpuvcwrcck¨p dgl rrodwcvkvkumo cbuvrccvo g klkmkvcdo como jo-rk}opvg dg lc ccvkvkdcd jwmcpc, dgbkgrop, rcrcd¨lkccmgpvg, cpw-lcr lwuvo cswgllo swg dgb©cp rromovgr, uw rrorko fwpdcmgpvo: lc guccug} rglcvkvc, lc cbwpdcpckc roukblg. Ep gfgcvo, cl iwkcrug ror gl lgmc dg "lc rrodwcck¨p ror lc rro-

dwcck¨p mkumc", lc modgrpkdcd dgbk¨ vcmbk°p rgrmkvkr gl kpirg-uo dgl ccrkvclkumo gp lc gufgrc dg lcu rglcckopgu dg rrodwcck¨p. Dgbk¨ rgrmkvkr lc rrodwcck¨p ukuvgmóvkcc dg gug rlwuvclor mg-dkcpvg lc comrrcvgpvc dg lc fwgr}c dg vrcbclo dg lou vrcbclcdorgu { lc gzvrccck¨p dkrgcvc dgl rlwuvclor. Y como lc orvkmk}cck¨p dg °uvc dgrgpdg dg lc vgpdgpckc c lc dgrrguk¨p rglcvkvc dgl vclor dg lc fwgr}c dg vrcbclo rgurgcvo dgl dg lcu ovrcu mgrccpc©cu, { como gl ugcrgvo dg guc vgpdgpckc guvó gp lc crgcck¨p ukuvgmóvkcc dg wpc dgmcpdc gzcgdgpvg dg rwguvou dg vrcbclo, dg wpc "rrguk¨p dgl gl°rckvo kpdwuvrkcl dg rgugrvc uobrg lcu ororvwpkdcdgu dg vrcbclo" — como guvcblgck¨ Mcrz gp lc "lg{ igpgrcl dg lc ccwmwlcck¨p cc-rkvclkuvc" —, lc modgrpkdcd ccrkvclkuvc vwvo swg vglcr, cpvgu swg pcdc, ror swg gl coplwpvo dg lou vrcbclcdorgu guv° ukgmrrg ccouc-do ror lc cmgpc}c dgl dgugmrlgo o gl mcl gmrlgo; gu dgckr, ukgm-rrg gp vrcpcg dg rgrdgr uw dgrgcjo c lc gzkuvgpckc. Dgbk¨ ror gllo rrodwckr { rgrrodwckr, rrkmgro { uobrg vodo, guvc copdkck¨p dg u© mkumc: lc uobrgroblcck¨p, lc kpuwfkckgpckc dg lc rkswg}c. Dgbk¨ cfgrrcrug cl guswgmc crcckco dg lc guccug} cbuolwvc; rg-crgcrlc crvkfkckclmgpvg dgpvro dg lc pwgvc ukvwcck¨p rgcl, lc dg lc guccug} o cbwpdcpckc rglcvkvcu. Al volvgrug copvrc uw rrorko fwpdcmgpvo, cl rgcbuolwvk}cr

crvkfkckclmgpvg lc guccug}, lc modgrpkdcd ccrkvclkuvc rwuo c lc uo-


ckgdcd jwmcpc, gp rrkpckrko, como copuvkvwvkvcmgpvg kpucckcblg o kpfkpkvcmgpvg vorc} {, cl mkumo vkgmro, c lc rkswg}c como ukgm-rrg fclvcpvg o krrgmgdkcblgmgpvg kpcomrlgvc. Rgkpuvcl¨ cu© lc pg-cgukdcd dgl uccrkfkcko como conditio sine qua non dg lc uockclkdcd, { lo jk}o mwlvkrlkcópdolc ror dou, dovópdolc dg wpc gfkccckc dguco-pockdc gp lou vkgmrou crcckcou. Rgrwuo gl gucgpcrko "rrkmkvkvo" dg lc vkolgpckc, rgro swkvópdolg uw dkmgpuk¨p dkcl°cvkcc o rckdgkcc { dglópdolg ¡pkccmgpvg uw dkmgpuk¨p dguvrwcvkvc. Eu wp gucgpc-rko swg po cdmkvg uolkdcrkdcd cliwpc gpvrg "vgrdwio" { "v©cvk-mc" { swg po ug cbrg jcckc lc rgrfgcck¨p ukpo jcckc gl dgvgrkoro. No gu ircckcu c lc formc ccrkvclkuvc dg lc modgrpkdcd swg cl mwp-do modgrpo lg guvó dcdo vgpgr wpc gzrgrkgpckc dg lc cbwpdcpckc { lc gmcpckrcck¨p, ukpo c rgucr uw{o. 9 Lc vkolgpckc fwpdcmgpvcl gp lc °rocc dg lc modgrpkdcd ccrk-

vclkuvc — cswgllc gp lc swg ug cro{cp vodcu lcu ovrcu, jgrgdcdcu, rgccvkvcdcu o kpvgpvcdcu — gu lc swg rguwglvg d©c c d©c lc copvrc-dkcck¨p swg jc{ gpvrg lc cojgrgpckc "pcvwrcl" dgl mwpdo dg lc vkdc: lc "lïkcc" dgl vclor dg wuo, { lc cojgrgpckc ccrkvclkuvc dgl mkumo: lc "lïkcc" dg lc vclork}cck¨p dgl vclor. Lc vkolgpckc uo-mgvg o uwbordkpc ukuvgmóvkccmgpvg lc rrkmgrc dg guvcu dou cojg-rgpckcu o "lïkccu" c lc ugiwpdc. Eu lc vkolgpckc rgrrgukvc glgmgp-vcl swg po rgrmkvg swg lo swg gp lou oblgvou dgl mwpdo jc{ dg crgcck¨p, ror wp lcdo, { dg rromguc dg dkufrwvg, ror ovro, ug rgc-lkcg gfgcvkvcmgpvg, ukpo gu como uororvg o rrgvgzvo dg lc vclork-}cck¨p dgl vclor. Eu lc vkolgpckc swg gpcwgpvrc cl comrorvcmkgp-vo jwmcpo guckpdkdo { dgudoblcdo gp dou ccvkvwdgu dkvgrigpvgu, copvrcdkcvorkcu gpvrg u©: lc wpc cvrc©dc ror lc "formc pcvwrcl" dgl mwpdo { lc ovrc uwb{wicdc ror uw formc mgrccpvkl-ccrkvclkuvc, wpc formc °uvc swg ccuvkic { uccrkfkcc ukgmrrg c lc rrkmgrc gp bkgp { rrovgcjo dg lc ugiwpdc. Lc cmgpc}c ompkrrgugpvg gp swg guvó wpo, gp vcpvo swg ug gu

uwlgvo dg crgcck¨p { iocg o "fwgr}c dg vrcbclo { dkufrwvg", dg ugr copvgrvkdo gp wp ovro-gpgmkio, oblgvo "lwuvkfkccdo" dgl wuo cogr-

9 El copuwmkumo, ror glgmrlo, como wp fwrkouo copuwmkr o wpc vkolgpckc copvrc lcu coucu —swg copukuvg gp rcucr uobrg gllcu dglópdolcu como rgswgóu mopvopgu dg rgukdwou, dguvkpcdou c kpcrgmgpvcr wpc uolc kpmgpuc mopvcć dg bcuwrc —, rwgdg ugr vkuvo como wpc rgccck¨p cpvg lc kpccrcckdcd dg dkufrwvcr gl vclor dg wuo dgl swg ug gu rrorkgvcrko, cpvg lc copdgpc c rgrmcpgcgr gp lc gucc-ug} guvcpdo gp lc cbwpdcpckc.


ckvkvo dg lc fwgr}c, rgro po ror rcrvg dg lou ovrou, dgudg fwgrc, como uwcgdg gp ukvwcckopgu rrgmodgrpcu, ukpo ror rcrvg dg wpo mkumo —como rrorkgvcrko dg mgrccpc©c swg kpvgrkork}c gl kpvg-r°u dgl mgrccdo —, guvo gu lo swg dc uw copukuvgpckc gurgc©fkcc c lc vkolgpckc modgrpc. Eu wpc ccdgpc o wpc rgd, vodo wp vglkdo dg ukvwcckopgu dg vkolgpckc vkrvwcl swg ircvkvc ror dgpvro { rgcorrg gl coplwpvo dgl cwgrro uockcl kmropkgpdo gp lc vkdc covkdkcpc wpc cucguku rrodwcvkvkuvc, wp ethos ccrccvgr©uvkco.

1Í Eu rrgckucmgpvg guvc cucguku rrodwcvkvkuvc, swg cuwmg g

kpvgrkork}c lc vkolgpckc dg lcu rglcckopgu ccrkvclkuvcu dg rrodwc-ck¨p, lc swg, igpgrclk}cdc gp gl comrorvcmkgpvo dg lc comwpk-dcd, ccwmwlc wpc gpormg mcuc dg frwuvrcck¨p kpgvkvcblg. Cop-vgrvkdc gp rwluk¨p cwvodguvrwcvkvc, lc vkolgpckc bóukcc dg lc modgrpkdcd ccrkvclkuvc po clccp}c c ccuvkicr dgfkpkvkvcmgpvg cl cwgrro uockcl, swg lc bwrlc ukgmrrg { uobrgvkvg. Frwuvrcck¨p ccwmwlcdc como rgpcor { rgugpvkmkgpvo oblgvkvou, kpucrkvou gp gl mwpdo, swg ug vkgrvg gpvopcgu uobrg gl ovro, wp ovro "gzvgrkor", rgclwvcdo gpvrg lou clgpou c lc comwpkdcd, gpvrg lou swg po ug lg uomgvgp —lou "po gucoikdou" —, cl swg "copuvrw{g" gp cclkdcd dgl ovro-gpgmkio, gp lc fkiwrc dg wpc ugrkg dg colgcvkvou "jouvk-lgu" c lc "kpvgirkdcd" comwpkvcrkc. Lcu formcu crcckccu dg lc vkolgpckc dguvrwcvkvc po u¨lo po dgu-

crcrgcgp o vkgpdgp c dgucrcrgcgr gp lc modgrpkdcd ccrkvclkuvc ukpo swg, ror gl copvrcrko, rgcrcrgcgp rgfwpckopclk}cdcu uobrg wp vgrrgpo doblgmgpvg rrorkcko, gl dg wpc guccug} swg po vkgpg {c pkpiwpc rc}¨p v°cpkcc dg ugr { swg, ukp gmbcrio, ukiwkgpdo wpc "l¨ikcc rgrvgruc", dgbg ugr rgrrodwckdc. Lc jkuvorkc dgl rrolgvc-rkcdo gp lou ukilou XVIII { zkz; dg lcu roblcckopgu colopk}cdcu gp lou ukilou zkz { zz; dg lou "lwmrgp", kpformclgu o mcrikpcdou; dg lcu "mkpor©cu" dg rc}c, i°pgro, rglkik¨p, orkpk¨p, gvc°vgrc, uop ovrcu vcpvcu jkuvorkcu dg lou ovrou-gpgmkiou swg lc "comwpkdcd pccko-pcl", lgvcpvcdc ror lou rrorkgvcrkou rrkvcdou gp vorpo c wpc ccw-

10 Lc vkolgpckc dguvrwcvkvc swgdc cu© vovclmgpvg dkufrc}cdc dg vkolgpckc dkcl°cvkcc { u¨lo ror gzcgrck¨p, gp lou grkuodkou dg rgrrguk¨p cbkgrvc o gp lcu iwg-rrcu, ug rrgugpvc como lo swg gu. Ep °roccu rrgmodgrpcu, lc vkolgpckc dguvrwcvkvc po pgcgukv¨ dkufrc}crug dg este modo; lo jcc©c u¨lo gzcgrckopclmgpvg, rwgu lc rgilc grc rgcopockdc { lwuvkfkccdc ror rc}opgu "pcvwrclgu". Sobrg guvg vgmc v°cug, dgl cwvor, "Modgrpkdcd { ccrkvclkumo" (Tguku 10), gp Ilusiones de la modernidad. M°zkco, El Eswklkbrkuvc, 1995.


mwlcck¨p dgl ccrkvcl, jc ucbkdo "copuvrwkr" rcrc uw cwvocfkrmc-ck¨p. "A copvrcrglo" — como Bgplcmkp dgc©c swg wp mcvgrkclkuvc dgbg copvcr lc jkuvorkc —, lc jkuvorkc dgulwmbrcpvg dg lc modgrpk-dcd ccrkvclkuvc, dg uwu rroirguou { uwu lkbgrcckopgu, mouvrcr©c uw lcdo uombr©o. Sw pcrrcck¨p vgpdr©c swg vrcvcrlc rrkmgro como wpc jkuvorkc dg orrgukopgu, rgrrgukopgu { gzrlovcckopgu; como lc jku-vorkc dg lou kppwmgrcblgu joloccwuvou { igpockdkou dg vodo vkro swg jcp vgpkdo lwicr dwrcpvg lou ukilou swg jc dwrcdo, {gp gurg-ckcl gp °uvg swg guvó ror vgrmkpcr.

V

Lc b¡uswgdc dg wpc uockgdcd lwuvc, lc grrcdkccck¨p dg lc vkolgp-ckc dguvrwcvkvc, lc copswkuvc dg lc "rc} rgrrgvwc" po ug gpcwgp-vrcp dgpvro dg lou rlcpgu dg lc modgrpkdcd ccrkvclkuvc. 11 Por guvc rc}¨p, gl rgvorpo vcp fguvglcdo c lc fkiwrc orvodozc dgl Euvcdo lk-bgrcl, swg móu swg "roumodgrpo" dgbgr©c llcmcrug "wlvrc-modgrpo", cu© como lc rgcopuvrwcck¨p dg lc rol©vkcc como rol©vkcc "rwrc" o como rwrc uwrrcguvrwcvwrc dg lc uockgdcd ckvkl bwriwg-uc — ukp "rwkdo" dg pkpi¡p vkro, pk "pcvwrcl" pk "ckwdcdcpo" —, po rcrgcgp cpwpckcr vkgmrou dg mgpor bcrbcrkg, ukpo móu bkgp dg lo copvrcrko.

12 Ep gfgcvo, gl m°vodo gcop¨mkco dg lc ccwmwlcck¨p dgl ccrkvcl

swg, gp rrkpckrko o "formclmgpvg", copvkgrvg c vodc lc rkswg}c

11 Ipclwuo gp lcu fcpvcu©cu swg gllc ug rgrmkvg, como lc dg Kcpv, lc "rc} rgrrg-vwc" rgswgrkr©c wp rgvorpo kd©lkco c lc kpocgpckc cpkmcl, rrgvkc c lc crcrkck¨p dg lc lkbgrvcd { uw "mcldcd rcdkccl". Como °l dkcg: "Todo lo swg rgrvgpgcg c lc pcvwrc-lg}c gu bwgpo; lo swg rgrvgpgcg c lc lkbgrvcd gu móu mclo swg bwgpo". (Rgfl. Mor., zkz, r. 192.)

12 Sk gl Euvcdo cwvorkvcrko gu gl swg glgrcg lc vkolgpckc dguvrwcvkvc, °uvc gu glo-ikcdc ukp rgugrvcu ror gl dkucwruo pgolkbgrcl. Sg vrcvcr©c, rcrc °l, dg wpc vkolgpckc dkcl°cvkcc; como uk lc uockgdcd po rwdkgrc móu swg gpvrgicr c lc dguircckc { lc mwgrvg c wpc rcrvg dg u© mkumc cop gl fkp dg rguccvcr dg lc crkuku { lc bcrbcrkg cl rguvo, { icrcpvk}crlg lc cbwpdcpckc { lc ckvklk}cck¨p. Cwcpdo uw gloiko gu rcukvo, gl dkucwruo pgolkbgrcl gu ukmrlgmgpvg wp dkucwruo c©pkco; cwcpdo lo jccg dg mc-pgrc mklkvcpvg ug vwglvg wp dkucwruo kpcopfwpdkblgmgpvg fcuckuvc. Lc vkolgpckc dkcl°cvkcc dg swkgpgu rgukuvgp vkolgpvcmgpvg c lc vkolgpckc dguvrwcvkvc mgrgcg gp ccmbko wpc dgucclkfkccck¨p kpmgdkcvc ror rcrvg dgl dkucwruo pgolkbgrcl: como uk fwgrc gllc lc vkolgpckc dguvrwcvkvc.


rrodwckdc, swg gu gzcgdgpvg gp gl rlcpo dgl vclor dg wuo, gp wpc mcipkvwd kpuwfkckgpvg gp v°rmkpou dg vclor, gu dgckr, guccuc, cfgc-vcdc ror wp fclvcpvg swg gu pgcgucrko cwbrkr, gu wp m°vodo swg jc vgrmkpcdo ror copvgrvkrug gp wpc crgcck¨p "rgcl" { {c po u¨lo "formcl": gp wp dkuroukvkvo kpcorrorcdo c lc guvrwcvwrc v°cpkcc dgl ukuvgmc dg rrodwcck¨p/copuwmo, kpjgrgpvg c gllc. El ccmro kpuvrwmgpvcl swg rg¡pg cl coplwpvo dg lou mgdkou dg rrodwcck¨p gp guvc ¡lvkmc °rocc dg lc modgrpkdcd ccrkvclkuvc jc dgucrrollc-do vcl ircdo dg cdkcck¨p c lc guccug} cbuolwvc crvkfkckcl, swg guvó c rwpvo dg copvgrvkr cl Hombrg gp wp cpkmcl dg vorcckdcd ukp l©-mkvgu, krrgmgdkcblgmgpvg kpucvkufgcjo g kpucckcblg, { ror lo vcpvo c lc Ncvwrclg}c gp wp rgugrvorko copuvkvwvkvcmgpvg guccuo; gp wpc ukmrlg mcuc dg "rgcwruou po rgpovcblgu". Ckgrvou guswgmcu dg copuwmo cbuwrdcmgpvg gzclw{gpvgu g kpuwuvgpvcblgu, rrorkou vcp u¨lo dg wpc modgrpkdcd dg bcugu ccrkvclkuvcu, cmgpc}cp cop rgr-dgr uw ccrócvgr crvkfkckcl, { ror vcpvo rrguckpdkblg rcrc lc guvrwcvw-rc v°cpkcc dgl ccmro kpuvrwmgpvcl, { cdswkrkr wpo "pcvwrcl" g kp-dkurgpucblg. Sop guswgmcu dg copuwmo "dg cvcp}cdc" — dg "rrkmgr mwpdo" — cw{c ucvkufccck¨p ropg gp rglkiro lcu roukbklk-dcdgu dg rgrrodwcck¨p dgl rguvo dgl i°pgro jwmcpo swg po vkgpg cccguo c gllou. Apvg guvc pgcgukdcd, swg ug jc vwglvo rgcl rcrc gl coplwpvo dg

lc uockgdcd, lc dg glgikr gpvrg lc uwuvkvwck¨p dg guou guswgmcu, ror wp lcdo, { gl uccrkfkcko dgl bkgpguvcr mc{orkvcrko, ror ovro, { vgpkgpdo gp cwgpvc lc vgpdgpckc kpjgrgpvg c lc gpvkdcd guvcvcl cw-vorkvcrkc o pgolkbgrcl, rcrgcg ockouc lc rrgiwpvc ccgrcc dg lc dkrgc-ck¨p gp swg ug glgrcgró gl moporolko dg lc vkolgpckc gp guvc vwglvc dg ukilo { dg mklgpko.

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