AUTOMATIC EMERGENCY LIGHT CIRCUIT

A Major Project ReportSubmitted in Partial Fulfillment of the requirements

For The Award Bachelor of Engineering

RAJIV GANDHI PROUDYOGIKI VISHWAVIDHYALAYABHOPAL (MP)

Submitted By: Under the guidance of:Iram Yameen Khan (0198EC091045) Naveen ChaurasiaJubin Mathew (0198EC091048) (Assistant Professor)Kanchan Goplani (0198EC091049) Karishma Ganpate (0198EC091051)

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering TRINITY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH

BHOPAL SESSION – 2012

TRINITY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH, BHOPAL

Department of Electronics and Communication

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the work embodied in this Project entitled "Automatic Emergency

Light" has been satisfactorily completed by name of students Iram Yameen

(0198EC091045), Jubin (0198EC091048), Kanchan (0198EC091049), Karishma

(0198EC091051).It is a bonafide piece of work, carried out under our guidance in the

Department of Electronics And Communication Engineering, Trinity Institute of

Technology and Research, Bhopal for the partial fulfillment of the Bachelor of

Engineering Degree during the academic year 2012

Project Incharge: Project Guide:Naveen Chaurasia Madhurima Bose(Assistant Professor) (Assistant Professor)

Approved By:Yogesh Khandagre

( Head Of The Department) Electronics and Communication

TRINITY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH, Bhopal

Department of Electronics And Communication Engineering

DECLARATION

We, Iram ,Jubin ,Kanchan and Karishma, students of Bachelor of Engineering,

Electronics and Communication Branch, Trinity Institute of Technology and Research,

Bhopal hereby declare that the work presented in this dissertation Minor Project is outcome

of my own work, is bonafide, correct to the best of my knowledge and this work has been

carried out taking care of Engineering Ethics. The work presented does not infringe any

patented work and has not been submitted to any University for die award of any degree

or any professional diploma.

Iram Yameen Khan (0198EC091045)

Jubin Mathew (0198EC091048)

Kanchan Goplani (0198EC091049)

Karishma Ganpate (0198EC091051)

Date:

LIST OF CONTENTS

Chapter 1. Introduction

1.1 History1.2 Technology1.3 Advantages1.4 Disadvantages1.5 Applications

Chapter 2. Literature Survey 2.1 Study Of First Paper 2.2 Study Of Second Paper 2.3 Related Books 2.4 Websites

Chapter 3. Proposed Scheme 3.1 Block Diagram 3.2 Explanation Of Block Diagram 3.3 Flow Chart

Chapter 4. Implementation 4.1 Circuit Diagram 4.2 Explanation of Circuit Diagram 4.3 Working 4.4 PCB Designing

Chapter 5. Conclusion and Future Work

References

Appendix

ABSTRACT

This is automatic emergency light used in night at emergency time when

the power cut or off by some region. This emergency light takes 230V AC

and it converts it in 12V DC and charge the battery which is used in this

circuit. The power of the battery is used that time when the power is cut

off or we need to use it. This light is used mostly in villages because there

is the lack of electricity is provided.

 In this circuit I use BD 140 transistor the advantage of this emergency

light is that if we Use this emergency light in a room no other light

source is required but in other emergency light we use another light

source when the power is available.

CHAPTER 1

Chapter 1 Introduction

This simple automatic emergency light has the following advantages over conventional

emergency lights:

The charging circuit stops automatically when the battery is fully charged. So you can leave

the emergency light connected to AC mains overnight without any fear.

Emergency light automatically turns on when mains fails. So you don’t need a torch to locate

it.

When mains power is available, emergency light automatically turns off.

The circuit can be divided into inverter and charger sections. The inverter section is built

around timer NE555, while the charger section is built around 3-terminal adjustable regulator

LM317. In the inverter section, NE555 is wired as an astable multivibrator that produces a

15kHz square wave. Output pin 3 of IC 555 is connected to the Darlington pair formed by

transistors SL100 (T1) and 2N3055 (T2) via resistor R4.

The Darlington pair drives ferrite transformer X1 to light up the tube light. For

fabricating inverter transformer X1, use two EE ferrite cores (of 25×13×8mm size each)

along with plastic former. Wind 10 turns of 22 SWG on primary and 500 turns of 34

SWG wire on secondary using some insulation between the primary and secondary. To

connect the tube-light to ferrite transformer X1, first short both terminals of each side of

the tube-light and then connect to the secondary of X1. (You can also use a Darlington

pair of transistors BC547 and 2N6292 for a 6W tube-light with the same transformer.)

1.1 The History of Emergency Lighting

There was a time when emergency lighting was a source of light backed by a battery or a

generator system, which would go on automatically in case of a power failure or a fire. The

most common uses were the “EXIT” signs in public places or small incandescent light bulbs

that gave just enough light so one could carry out basic activities, like evacuate buildings in

case of emergencies. The early backup power systems were gigantic, compared to the size of

the lights they generated power for. Normally, the back-up power came from lead acid

batteries storing 230 volts of charge. The size, weight, and cost of thse syems meant they

were limited in their use.

With the advent of technology, the need for enduring and brighter lights was recognized and

greater focus was placed on creating lights that would provide more brightness and have the

capability of illuminating larger areas. Here's where the light emitting diode (LED) comes in.

While not a new technology to the 21st century, the earlier generations delivered relatively

little light and so did not gain much popularity. It was not until the third generation, when

they made available an effective source of lighting, that their popularity gained momentum

for all kinds of emergency lighting situations.

1.2 Technology

The reason this new technology lend itself so well to emergency lighting, is because it

contains absolutely no moving parts. There are no motor drives, no belts, and no chains; there

is nothing mechanical to regulate, lubricate or wear out. What’s more, there aren’t even any

bulbs! The LED is a diode - an electronic component that gives off light and lasts much

longer than any bulb. Unlike in conventional bulbs, no heat is produced, so LEDs don’t wear

out. Finally and most importantly, they use a fraction of the power compared to the

traditional emergency lighting. This fact makes LED lights especially useful in applications

of emergency vehicles, as the car’s battery is not drained and there is less probability of

electrical system failures. LEDs are essentially self-contained. Since there are no nonessential

hook ups. The only cable is the main power supply.

The diodes are rated for 100,000 hours of use, which translates to less downtime for

emergency vehicles. Additionally, LED emergency lighting bars can be made very thin, thus

producing minimal wind resistance and drag for emergency vehicles when they are moving

fast.

LED emergency lighting lends itself well for use inside a vehicle also. They can usually be

placed on the dashboard, visor area, or the rear deck. A large variety can be acquired, ranging

from flat LED panels that are used under the sun visors, to strobe light that are mounted on

the rear deck. Options of permanently mounting the lights or just plugging them into the car’s

cigarette lighter are available. When permanently mounted lights are not used, the police car

resembles a civilian car, thus making it harder to identify it as a police car.

1.3 Advantages

1. Emergency lighting systems have come a long way since their inception.

2. LED lights especially useful in applications of emergency vehicles, as the car’s

battery is not drained and there is less probability of electrical system failures.

3. They are cheaper, smaller, and more efficient, while delivering greater brightness.

4. Due to their versatility, they have a greater range of applications.

1.4Applications

The LED based emergency lighting is becoming increasingly popular with

Emergency agencies like 1.police departments,

2. ambulance services, and

3. fire departments.

Besides being efficient in energy use, they have fast on/off transition time,thus facilitating

attention-getting pulses. The diodes are rated for 100,000 hours of use, which translates to

less downtime for emergency vehicles

CHAPTER 2

Chapter 2 Literature Survey

2.1 First Paper of Study:

Presented by:GANGADHAR YADAVDate-12 FEB 2007

This simple automatic emergency light has the following advantages over conventional

emergency lights:

1. The charging circuit stops automatically when the battery is fully charged. So you can

leave the emergency light connected to AC mains overnight without any fear.

2. Emergency light automatically turns on when mains fails. So you don’t need a torch

to locate it.

3. When mains power is available, emergency light automatically turns off.

The circuit can be divided into inverter and charger sections. The inverter section is built

around timer NE555, while the charger section is built around 3-terminal adjustable regulator

LM317. In the inverter section, NE555 is wired as an astable multivibrator that produces a

15kHz square wave. Output pin 3 of IC 555 is connected to the Darlington pair formed by

transistors SL100 (T1) and 2N3055 (T2) via resistor R4.

The Darlington pair drives ferrite transformer X1 to light up the tube light. For fabricating

inverter transformer X1, use two EE ferrite cores (of 25×13×8mm size each) along with

plastic former. Wind 10 turns of 22 SWG on primary and 500 turns of 34 SWG wire on

secondary using some insulation between the primary and secondary. To connect the tube-

light to ferrite transformer X1, first short both terminals of each side of the tube-light and

then connect to the secondary of X1. (You can also use a Darlington pair of transistors

BC547 and 2N6292 for a 6W tube-light with the same transformer.)

2.2 Second Paper Of Study:

Presented by- G.D ShahDate-27 Oct 2006

This is automatic emergency light used in night at emergency time when the power cut or off

by some region. This emergency light takes 230V AC and it converts it in 12V DC and

charge the battery which is used in this circuit. The power of the battery is used that time

when the power is cut off or we need to use it. This light is used mostly in villages because

there is the lack of electricity is provided.

In this circuit I use BD 140 transistor the advantage of this emergency light is that if we Use

this emergency light in a room no other light source is required but in other emergency light

we use another light source when the power is available. 

First the power supply is given 230 through the step down transformer, the transformer

convert it into 12V 1A but it is not gives dc so rectifier is used in it to convert it into dc. For

filter the signals in the circuit a capacitor is used on it which filter the signals and convert it

into pure DC. It also charged the battery when the power is given in the circuit. A transistor is

used to maintain the power supply regularly and the control units (Zener diode) it maintain

the zener voltage and also used it as a switch in reverse biased condition after that battery is

the second power supplier which charged first and give backup power when the main power

is cut off. 

2.3 BOOKS

Electricians guide to emergency lighting by Paul Cook – 6th Edition

This book provides step-by-step guidance on the design of electrical installations, from

domestic installation final circuit design to fault level calculations for LV/large LV systems.

Apprentices and trainees will find it very helpful in carrying out the calculations necessary

for a basic installation. It has also been prepared to provide a design sequence, calculations

and data for a complete design to be carried out. It is intended to include all necessary cable

and equipment data to carry out the calculations. Consultants will be able to check the

calculations of their design packages.

It includes calculations and necessary reference data not found in the design packages, such

as cable conductor and sheath temperatures and allowances for harmonics.

Electrical Engineering 101 by Darren Ashby

A new book for Electronic and Electrical Engineers, this book covers the basics of electronics

from circuit theory through to op-amps and digital circuits. Together with plenty of practical

advise on real-world implementation, what to avoid, together with good circuit design. There

is also a number of chapters on what tools to use, how to use test equipment and some

practical advise for young engineers on communication skills. This is an ideal refresher book

or as a quick learning guide to teach practical design skills.

CHAPTER 3

Chapter 3 Proposed Scheme

This is automatic emergency light used in night at emergency time when the power cut or off

by some region. This emergency light takes 230V AC and it converts it in 9V DC and charge

the battery which is used in this circuit. The power of the battery is used that time when the

power is cut off or we need to use it. This light is used mostly in villages because there is the

lack of electricity is provided.

3.1 Block Diagram Of Automatic Emergency Light

3.2 Explanation Of Block Diagram

The voltage from the step down transformer is rectified by diode D1 and filtered by C1. The

battery gets charged with about 100 mA. The battery must have a capacity of at least 9 Ah to

tolerate the charging rate.When the main power supply fails during a blackout, the charging

current is interrupted and a current flows and the two emergency lamps light up. When the

main power returns, the charging current flows again and the lamps go off. Replace R1 with

a higher value resistor to avoid exceeding the maximum charging current 

3.3 Flowchart of Emergency Light

CHAPTER 4

Chapter 4 Implementation

4.1 Circuit Diagram\

Fig.4.1 Schematic diagram of Automatic Emergency LightDepicting the conversion of 230 Volts AC into 9 Volts AC

Further converted to DC by bridge rectifier.

4.2 Explanation Of Circuit Diagram

All the electronics circuit works on DC power supply. So we require a rectifier circuits

which gives a pure dc supply. Rectifiers are two type half wave rectifier and full wave

rectifier. A full wave rectifier gives good performance than the half wave rectifier.

In the rectifier circuit step down transformer is used which converts

230 volts AC into 9 volts AC. This 9 volts ac is converted into dc with the help of four

diodes. Diodes are used to change negative half cycle into positive half cycle and this dc is

not pure and this is further filtered with the help of electrolytic condenser of 1000 micro-

farad. Final output is dc. The output is fed into the relay.

Full wave rectifier is very good in efficiency. For power supply

indication, a sequence of led is used which is in series with a resistance to protect the LEDs. a

9 V battery is used to switch on the L.E.D. when light is cut of then the LEDs are ON.

4.3 Working

All the electronics circuit works on DC power supply. So we require a rectifier circuits

which gives a pure dc supply. Rectifiers are two type half wave rectifier and full wave

rectifier. A full wave rectifier gives good performance than the half wave rectifier.

In the rectifier circuit step down transformer is used which converts

230 volts AC into 9 volts AC. This 9 volts ac is converted into dc with the help of four

diodes. Diodes are used to change negative half cycle into positive half cycle and this dc is

not pure and this is further filtered with the help of electrolytic condenser of 1000 micro-

farad. Final output is dc. The output is fed into the relay.

Full wave rectifier is very good in efficiency. For power supply

indication, a sequence of led is used which is in series with a resistance to protect the LEDs. a

9 V battery is used to switch on the L.E.D. when light is cut of then the LEDs are ON.

4.4 PCB Designing

A printed circuit board, or PCB, is used to mechanically support and electrically connect

electronic components using conductive pathways, tracks or signal traces etched from copper

sheets laminated onto a non-conductive substrate. It is also referred to as printed wiring board

(PWB) or etched wiring board.

A PCB populated with electronic components is a printed circuit assembly (PCA), also

known as a printed circuit board assembly or PCB Assembly (PCBA). Printed circuit boards

are used in virtually all but the simplest commercially produced electronic devices.

Alternatives to PCBs include wire wrap and point-to-point construction. PCBs are often less expensive and more reliable than these alternatives, though they require more layout effort and higher initial cost. PCBs are much cheaper and faster for high-volume production since production and soldering of PCBs can be done by automated equipment. Much of the electronics industry's PCB design, as

sembly, and quality control needs are set by standards that are published by the IPC

organization.

4.4.1 MANUFACTURING:

Materials:

A PCB as a design on a computer (left) and realized as a board assembly populated with

components (right). The board is double sided, with through-hole plating, green solder resist,

and white silkscreen printing. Both surface mount and through-hole components have been

used.

Component and solder side:

Conducting layers are typically made of thin copper foil. Insulating layers dielectric are

typically laminated together with epoxy resin prepared. The board is typically coated with a

solder mask that is green in color. Other colors that are normally available are blue, black,

white and red. There are quite a few different dielectrics that can be chosen to provide

different insulating values depending on the requirements of the circuit. Some of these

dielectrics are polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon), FR-4, FR-1, CEM-1 or CEM-3. Well known

prepreg materials used in the PCB industry are FR-2 (Phenolic cotton paper), FR-3 (Cotton

paper and epoxy), FR-4 (Woven glass and epoxy), FR-5 (Woven glass and epoxy), FR-6

(Matte glass and polyester), G-10 (Woven glass and epoxy), CEM-1 (Cotton paper and

epoxy), CEM-2 (Cotton paper and epoxy), CEM-3 (Non-woven glass and epoxy), CEM-4

(Woven glass and epoxy), CEM-5 (Woven glass and polyester). Thermal expansion is an

important consideration especially with ball grid array (BGA) and naked die technologies,

and glass fiber offers the best dimensional stability.

FR-4 is by far the most common material used today. The board with copper on it is called

"copper-clad laminate".

Copper foil thickness can be specified in ounces per square foot or micrometers. One ounce

per square foot is 1.344 mils or 34 micrometers.

Patterning (etching)

The vast majority of printed circuit boards are made by bonding a layer of copper over the

entire substrate, sometimes on both sides, (creating a "blank PCB") then removing unwanted

copper after applying a temporary mask (e.g., by etching), leaving only the desired copper

traces. A few PCBs are made by adding traces to the bare substrate (or a substrate with a very

thin layer of copper) usually by a complex process of multiple electroplating steps. The PCB

manufacturing method primarily depends on whether it is for production volume or

sample/prototype quantities. Double-sided boards or multi-layer boards use plated-through

holes, called vias, to connect traces on either side of the substrate.

4.4.2 CHEMICAL ETCHING:

Chemical etching is done with ferric chloride, ammonium per sulfate, or sometimes

hydrochloric acid. For PTH (plated-through holes), additional steps of electro less deposition

are done after the holes are drilled, then copper is electroplated to build up the thickness, the

boards are screened, and plated with tin/lead. The tin/lead becomes the resist leaving the bare

copper to be etched away.

The simplest method, used for small-scale production and often by hobbyists, is immersion

etching, in which the board is submerged in etching solution such as ferric chloride.

Compared with methods used for mass production, the etching time is long. Heat and

agitation can be applied to the bath to speed the etching rate. In bubble etching, air is passed

through the etchant bath to agitate the solution and speed up etching. Splash etching uses a

motor-driven paddle to splash boards with etchant; the process has become commercially

obsolete since it is not as fast as spray etching. In spray etching, the etchant solution is

distributed over the boards by nozzles, and recirculated by pumps. Adjustment of the nozzle

pattern, flow rate, temperature, and etchant composition gives predictable control of etching

rates and high production rates.

As more copper is consumed from the boards, the etchant becomes saturated and less

effective; different etchants have different capacities for copper, with some as high as 150

grams of copper per liter of solution. In commercial use, etchants can be regenerated to

restore their activity, and the dissolved copper recovered and sold. Small-scale etching

requires attention to disposal of used etchant, which is corrosive and toxic due to its metal

content.

The etchant removes copper on all surfaces exposed by the resist. "Undercut" occurs when

etchant attacks the thin edge of copper under the resist; this can reduce conductor widths and

cause open-circuits. Careful control of etch time is required to prevent undercut. Where

metallic plating is used as a resist, it can "overhang" which can cause short-circuits between

adjacent traces when closely spaced. Overhang can be removed by wire-brushing the board

after etching.

Lamination

Some PCBs have trace layers inside the PCB and are called multi-layer PCBs. These are

formed by bonding together separately etched thin boards.

4.4.3 SOLDERING:

Soldering is a process in which two or more metal items are joined together by melting and

flowing a filler metal (solder) into the joint, the filler metal having a lower melting point than

the work piece. Soldering differs from welding in that soldering does not involve melting the

work pieces. In brazing, the filler metal melts at a higher temperature, but the work piece

metal does not melt. Formerly nearly all solders contained lead, but environmental concerns

have increasingly dictated use of lead-free alloys for electronics and plumbing purposes.

Soldering is used in plumbing, in electronics and metalwork from flashing to jewelry.

Soldering provides reasonably permanent but reversible connections between copper pipes in

plumbing systems as well as joints in sheet metal objects such as food cans, roof flashing,

rain gutters and automobile radiators.

Jewelry components, machine tools and some refrigeration and plumbing components are

often assembled and repaired by the higher temperature silver soldering process. Small

mechanical parts are often soldered or brazed as well. Soldering is also used to join lead came

and copper foil in stained glass work. It can also be used as a semi-permanent patch for a leak

in a container or cooking vessel.

Soldering filler materials are available in many different alloys for differing applications. In

electronics assembly, the eutectic alloy of 63% tin and 37% lead (or 60/40, which is almost

identical in performance to the eutectic) has been the alloy of choice. Other alloys are used

for plumbing, mechanical assembly, and other applications. Some examples of soft-solder

types and their applications include tin-lead for general purposes, tin-zinc for joining

aluminum, lead-silver for strength at higher than room temperature, cadmium-silver for

strength at high temperatures, zinc-aluminum for aluminum and corrosion resistance, and tin-

silver and tin-bismuth for electronics.

A eutectic formulation has several advantages for soldering; chief among these is the

coincidence of the liquidous and solidus temperatures, i.e. the absence of a plastic phase. This

allows for quicker wetting as the solder heats up, and quicker setup as the solder cools. A

non-eutectic formulation must remain still as the temperature drops through the liquidus and

solidus temperatures. Any differential movement during the plastic phase may result in

cracks, giving an unreliable joint. Additionally, a eutectic formulation has the lowest possible

melting point, which minimizes heat stress on electronic components during soldering.

There are three forms of soldering, each requiring progressively higher temperatures and

producing an increasingly stronger joint strength:

Soft soldering, this originally used a tin-lead alloy as the filler metal

Silver soldering, which uses an alloy containing silver,

Brazing which uses a brass alloy for the filler.

In this soldering process, heat is applied to the parts to be joined, causing the solder to melt

and to bond to the work pieces in an alloying process called wetting. In stranded wire, the

solder is drawn up into the wire by capillary action in a process called 'wicking'. Capillary

action also takes place when the work pieces are very close together or touching. The joint

strength is dependent on the filler metal used. Soldering produces electrically-conductive,

water- and gas-tight joints.

CHAPTER 5

Chapter 5 Conclusion and Future Work

5.1 Conclusion

At last we want to conclude that it possess various applications in conventional source of

light in use of fraction of power compare to other traditional emergency lighting. Led used in

the circuit essentially self contained.

This facts makes led lights specially useful in applications of emergency vehicles, as the car’s

battery is not drained and there is less probability of electric system failure. Hence being

cheaper, smaller and more efficient, they deliver greater brightness they have great range of

application.

5.2 Future Work

Automatic emergency light circuit has applications and future aspects in emergency areas as

in security purpose, police departments, hospitals, rural areas where there is frequent power

cut.

References

Papers

[1] Electronic Circuits and Diagrams Presented by- G.D Shah on 27 Oct 2006 [2] “Emergency lights” Business Weeks Issues publishe in McGraw-Hill, 1956 

[3] “Magnetic Emergency light” in Popular science published on march 1961

[4] automatic emergency light paper on Tata Mc Graw Hills

[5] Automatic Switching Emergency Lights in gazette international: Volume 67

Books

[6] Electrician’s Guide To Emergency Lighting By Paul Cook

[7] Electronic Projects For Beginners-author:"A.K.Maini"

[8] Fundamentals of power electronics BY S. Rama Reddy [9] Power electronics: converters, applications, and design: Volume 1

[10] Audio electronics by John Linsley Hood - 1998

Links

[11] http://www.seminarpaper.com/2011/12/automatic-emergency-light.html

[12] . http://www.extremecircuits.net/2010/05/fully-automatic-emergency-light.html

[13] .www.circuitstoday.com/ automatic -led- emergency - ligh

[14] http://www.seminarpaper.com/2011/12/automatic-emergency-light.html

[15] http://www.circuitmaniac.com/2010/01/05/fully-automatic-emergency-light/

READ THE INPUT FROM DTMF DECODER (PORT 1)

STAR

IF INPUT=2

IF INPUT=2

IF INPUT=2

IF

IF INPUT=2

M1=FWD

M1=REV

M2=REV

M1=STOP

M1=REV

M2=FW

M1=FWDM2=REV

CALL APPROPRIATEDELAY

CALL APPROPRIATEDELAY

CALL APPROPRIATEDELAY

CALL APPROPRIATEDELAY

CALL APPROPRIATEDELAY